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Doron I, Kusakabe T, Iliev ID. Immunoglobulins at the interface of the gut mycobiota and anti-fungal immunity. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101757. [PMID: 37003056 PMCID: PMC10192079 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and complex community of microbes that colonizes the intestines is composed of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. At the mucosal surfaces, immunoglobulins play a key role in protection against bacterial and fungal pathogens, and their toxins. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is the most abundantly produced antibody at the mucosal surfaces, while Immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes play a critical role in systemic protection. IgA and IgG antibodies with reactivity to commensal fungi play an important role in shaping the mycobiota and host antifungal immunity. In this article, we review the latest evidence that establishes a connection between commensal fungi and B cell-mediated antifungal immunity as an additional layer of protection against fungal infections and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Doron
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Takato Kusakabe
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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2
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Woodring T, Deepe GS, Levitz SM, Wuethrich M, Klein BS. They shall not grow mold: Soldiers of innate and adaptive immunity to fungi. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101673. [PMID: 36459927 PMCID: PMC10311222 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous commensals, seasoned predators, and important agents of emerging infectious diseases [1 ]. The immune system assumes the essential responsibility for responding intelligently to the presence of known and novel fungi to maintain host health. In this Review, we describe the immune responses to pathogenic fungi and the varied array of fungal agents confronting the vertebrate host within the broader context of fungal and animal evolution. We provide an overview of the mechanistic details of innate and adaptive antifungal immune responses, as well as ways in which these basic mechanisms support the development of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Woodring
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - George S Deepe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Marcel Wuethrich
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA; Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI, USA.
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3
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Sprague JL, Kasper L, Hube B. From intestinal colonization to systemic infections: Candida albicans translocation and dissemination. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2154548. [PMID: 36503341 PMCID: PMC9746630 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2154548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are the most prevalent cause of invasive fungal infections, of which Candida albicans is the most common. Translocation across the epithelial barrier into the bloodstream by intestinal-colonizing C. albicans cells serves as the main source for systemic infections. Understanding the fungal mechanisms behind this process will give valuable insights on how to prevent such infections and keep C. albicans in the commensal state in patients with predisposing conditions. This review will focus on recent developments in characterizing fungal translocation mechanisms, compare what we know about enteric bacterial pathogens with C. albicans, and discuss the different proposed hypotheses for how C. albicans enters and disseminates through the bloodstream immediately following translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob L. Sprague
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Contact: Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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4
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Sousa-Silva M, Vieira D, Soares P, Casal M, Soares-Silva I. Expanding the Knowledge on the Skillful Yeast Cyberlindnera jadinii. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 33435379 PMCID: PMC7827542 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyberlindnera jadinii is widely used as a source of single-cell protein and is known for its ability to synthesize a great variety of valuable compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Its capacity to produce compounds such as food additives, supplements, and organic acids, among other fine chemicals, has turned it into an attractive microorganism in the biotechnology field. In this review, we performed a robust phylogenetic analysis using the core proteome of C. jadinii and other fungal species, from Asco- to Basidiomycota, to elucidate the evolutionary roots of this species. In addition, we report the evolution of this species nomenclature over-time and the existence of a teleomorph (C. jadinii) and anamorph state (Candida utilis) and summarize the current nomenclature of most common strains. Finally, we highlight relevant traits of its physiology, the solute membrane transporters so far characterized, as well as the molecular tools currently available for its genomic manipulation. The emerging applications of this yeast reinforce its potential in the white biotechnology sector. Nonetheless, it is necessary to expand the knowledge on its metabolism, regulatory networks, and transport mechanisms, as well as to develop more robust genetic manipulation systems and synthetic biology tools to promote the full exploitation of C. jadinii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sousa-Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.S.-S.); (D.V.); (P.S.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniel Vieira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.S.-S.); (D.V.); (P.S.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Soares
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.S.-S.); (D.V.); (P.S.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Margarida Casal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.S.-S.); (D.V.); (P.S.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Isabel Soares-Silva
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.S.-S.); (D.V.); (P.S.); (M.C.)
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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5
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Moreno-Sabater A, Autaa G, Sterlin D, Jerbi A, Villette R, Holm JB, Parizot C, Selim S, Senghor Y, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Bachmeyer C, Hennequin C, Gorochov G, Larsen M. Systemic anti-commensal response to fungi analyzed by flow cytometry is related to gut mycobiome ecology. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 33190643 PMCID: PMC7667786 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interest for the study of gut mycobiota in relation with human health and immune homeostasis has increased in the last years. From this perspective, new tools to study the immune/fungal interface are warranted. Systemic humoral immune responses could reflect the dynamic relationships between gut mycobiota and immunity. Using a novel flow cytometry technology (Fungi-Flow) to determine immunoglobulin (Ig) responses to fungi, we studied the relationships between gut mycobiota and systemic humoral anti-commensal immunity. RESULTS The Fungi-Flow method allows a sensitive and specific measurement of systemic IgG responses against 17 commensal and environmental fungi from the two main divisions; Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. IgG responses exhibited a high inter-individual variability. Anti-commensal IgG responses were contrasted with the relative abundance, alpha-diversity, and intra-genus richness of fungal species in gut mycobiota of twenty healthy donors. Categorization of gut mycobiota composition revealed two differentiated fungal ecosystems. Significant difference of anti-Saccharomyces systemic IgG responses were observed in healthy donors stratified according to the fungal ecosystem colonizing their gut. A positive and significant correlation was observed between the variety of IgG responses against fungal commensals and intestinal alpha-diversity. At the level of intra-genus species richness, intense IgG responses were associated with a low intra-genus richness for known pathobionts, but not commensals. CONCLUSIONS Fungi-Flow allows an easy and reliable measure of personalized humoral responses against commensal fungi. Combining sequencing technology with our novel Fungi-Flow immunological method, we propose that there are at least two defined ecosystems in the human gut mycobiome associated with systemic humoral responses. Fungi-Flow opens new opportunities to improve our knowledge about the impact of mycobiota in humoral anti-commensal immunity and homeostasis. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Autaa
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Sterlin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
- Service d’immunologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR1222 Inserm, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Amenie Jerbi
- Service d’immunologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Remy Villette
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Service d’immunologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sameh Selim
- College of Agricultural Sciences AGHYLE Res, Unit. Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 60026 Beauvais, France
| | - Yaye Senghor
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Hennequin
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Guy Gorochov
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
- Service d’immunologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Martin Larsen
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
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6
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Soto ER, Kim HC, Yagita H, De Jesus M, Ostroff GR. Polydopamine Coating of Glucan Particles Increases Uptake into Peyer's Patches. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3748-3754. [PMID: 35021348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glucan particles (GPs) are hollow, porous 3-4 μm microspheres derived from the cell walls of Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The β-1,3-D glucan outer shell of GPs provides for receptor-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells expressing β-glucan receptors. GPs have been used for efficient encapsulation of different types of payloads (DNA, siRNA, proteins, antigens, small molecules), and these payloads have been delivered in vivo by a variety of routes including oral delivery. It is known that GPs are transported across the intestinal epithelium by Peyer's patch M-cells and accumulate in a subset of CD11c+Langerin-positive dendritic cells (DC) in the subepithelial dome (SED). An increase in GP uptake in the intestinal epithelium is needed to improve our efforts to develop GPs for oral delivery of therapeutics and vaccines. In this Article, we report that polydopamine coating of GPs (PDA-GPs) increases transepithelial uptake. Synthesis of PDA-GPs was optimized to allow for encapsulation of payloads inside the hollow cavity of GPs. PDA-GPs and GP controls were orally administered to mice, and PDA-GPs showed a 42% increased uptake in SED phagocytes. PDA-GP uptake by SED phagocytes in control and M-cell-depleted mice demonstrated both M-cell-dependent and -independent mechanisms. In future studies, we will evaluate PDA-GPs for oral vaccine delivery and the use of PDA-functional groups for secondary surface derivatization to generate particles with ligands targeting other intestinal epithelium cell-surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto R Soto
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Heather C Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Magdia De Jesus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester Massachusetts 01605, United States
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7
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Candida albicans Elicits Pro-Inflammatory Differential Gene Expression in Intestinal Peyer's Patches. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:461-478. [PMID: 31230200 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The details of how gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as Peyer's patches (PPs) in the small intestine play a role in immune surveillance, microbial differentiation and the mucosal barrier protection in response to fungal organisms such as Candida albicans are still unclear. We particularly focus on PPs as they are the immune sensors and inductive sites of the gut that influence inflammation and tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that CD11c+ phagocytes that include dendritic cells and macrophages are located in the sub-epithelial dome within PPs sample C. albicans. To gain insight on how specific cells within PPs sense and respond to the sampling of fungi, we gavaged naïve mice with C. albicans strains ATCC 18804 and SC5314 as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We measured the differential gene expression of sorted CD45+ B220+ B-cells, CD3+ T-cells and CD11c+ DCs within the first 24 h post-gavage using nanostring nCounter® technology. The results reveal that at 24 h, PP phagocytes were the cell type that displayed differential gene expression. These phagocytes were able to sample C. albicans and discriminate between strains. In particular, strain ATCC 18804 upregulated fungal-specific pro-inflammatory genes pertaining to innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, PP CD11c+ phagocytes also differentially expressed genes in response to C. albicans that were important in the protection of the mucosal barrier. These results highlight that the mucosal barrier not only responds to C. albicans, but also aids in the protection of the host.
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8
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Iberg CA, Hawiger D. Advancing immunomodulation by in vivo antigen delivery to DEC-205 and other cell surface molecules using recombinant chimeric antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 73:575-580. [PMID: 31228685 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A targeted delivery of defined antigens in vivo allows for the probing of relevant functions of the immune system. Recombinant chimeric antibodies, produced by genetically modifying original monoclonal antibodies specific for molecules expressed on dendritic cells and other immune cells, have paved the way for the development of such strategies and have become reliable tools for achieving a specific immunomodulation. These antibodies have proven important in both basic research and clinical applications, extending data obtained in disease models of autoimmunity and cancer. Here we will describe the advances gained from the experimental and therapeutic strategies based on the targeting of the specific antigens by recombinant chimeric antibodies to the multilectin receptor DEC-205 and other cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Iberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1205 Carr Lane, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Daniel Hawiger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1205 Carr Lane, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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9
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Childers DS, Avelar GM, Bain JM, Larcombe DE, Pradhan A, Budge S, Heaney H, Brown AJP. Impact of the Environment upon the Candida albicans Cell Wall and Resultant Effects upon Immune Surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:297-330. [PMID: 31781866 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is an essential organelle that maintains cellular morphology and protects the fungus from environmental insults. For fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, it provides a degree of protection against attack by host immune defences. However, the cell wall also presents key epitopes that trigger host immunity and attractive targets for antifungal drugs. Rather than being a rigid shield, it has become clear that the fungal cell wall is an elastic organelle that permits rapid changes in cell volume and the transit of large liposomal particles such as extracellular vesicles. The fungal cell wall is also flexible in that it adapts to local environmental inputs, thereby enhancing the fitness of the fungus in these microenvironments. Recent evidence indicates that this cell wall adaptation affects host-fungus interactions by altering the exposure of major cell wall epitopes that are recognised by innate immune cells. Therefore, we discuss the impact of environmental adaptation upon fungal cell wall structure, and how this affects immune recognition, focussing on C. albicans and drawing parallels with other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delma S Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gabriela M Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Daniel E Larcombe
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Susan Budge
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Helen Heaney
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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10
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Singh N, Gallagher HC, Song R, Dhinsa JK, Ostroff GR, De Jesus M. RNA isolation from Peyer's patch lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes to determine gene expression profiles using NanoString technology. J Biol Methods 2018; 5:e95. [PMID: 31453245 PMCID: PMC6706143 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2018.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sampling and immune surveillance within gut-associated lymphoid tissues such as the intestinal Peyer’s patch (PP) occurs by an elegantly orchestrated effort that involves the epithelial barrier, B and T lymphocytes, and an extensive network of mononuclear phagocytes. Although we now understand more about the dynamics of antigen and microbial sampling within PPs, the gene expression changes that occur in individual cell subsets during sampling are not well characterized. This protocol describes the isolation of high-quality RNA from sorted PP, B and T-lymphocytes, and CD11c+ phagocytes for use with nCounter-NanoString technology. This method allows investigators to study gene expression changes within PPs in response to antigens, microbes, and oral vaccine delivery vehicles of interest that are sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Singh
- Division of Molecular Genetics Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Heather C Gallagher
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health Albany, Albany NY, USA
| | - Renjie Song
- Biochemistry and Immunology Core, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Jaskiran K Dhinsa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Magdia De Jesus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, School of Public Health Albany, Albany NY, USA
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11
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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12
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Ganda Mall JP, Casado-Bedmar M, Winberg ME, Brummer RJ, Schoultz I, Keita ÅV. A β-Glucan-Based Dietary Fiber Reduces Mast Cell-Induced Hyperpermeability in Ileum From Patients With Crohn's Disease and Control Subjects. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:166-178. [PMID: 29272475 PMCID: PMC6166688 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of β-glucan has shown immune-enhancing effects. Our aim was to investigate whether β-glucan could attenuate mast cell (MC)-induced hyperpermeability in follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and villus epithelium (VE) of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and in noninflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-controls. Further, we studied mechanisms of β-glucan uptake and effects on MCs in vitro. METHODS Segments of FAE and VE from 8 CD patients and 9 controls were mounted in Ussing chambers. Effects of the MC-degranulator compound 48/80 (C48/80) and yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6 glucan on hyperpermeability were investigated. Translocation of β-glucan and colocalization with immune cells were studied by immunofluorescence. Caco-2-cl1- and FAE-cultures were used to investigate β-glucan-uptake using endocytosis inhibitors and HMC-1.1 to study effects on MCs. RESULTS β-glucan significantly attenuated MC-induced paracellular hyperpermeability in CD and controls. Transcellular hyperpermeability was only significantly attenuated in VE. Baseline paracellular permeability was higher in FAE than VE in both groups, P<0.05, and exhibited a more pronounced effect by C48/80 and β-glucan P<0.05. No difference was observed between CD and controls. In vitro studies showed increased passage, P<0.05, of β-glucan through FAE-culture compared to Caco-2-cl1. Passage was mildly attenuated by the inhibitor methyl-β-cyclodextrin. HMC-1.1 experiments showed a trend to decreasing MC-degranulation and levels of TNF-α but not IL-6 by β-glucan. Immunofluorescence revealed more β-glucan-uptake and higher percentage of macrophages and dendritic cells close to β-glucan in VE of CD compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated beneficial effects of β-glucan on intestinal barrier function and increased β-glucan-passage through FAE model. Our results provide important and novel knowledge on possible applications of β-glucan in health disorders and diseases characterized by intestinal barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Peter Ganda Mall
- School of Medical Sciences, Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maite Casado-Bedmar
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin E Winberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert J Brummer
- School of Medical Sciences, Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ida Schoultz
- School of Medical Sciences, Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- School of Medical Sciences, Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden,Address correspondence to: Asa V. Keita, PhD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Linköping University, 581 85 Linköping, Sweden. E-mail:
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Tong Y, Tang J. Candida albicans infection and intestinal immunity. Microbiol Res 2017; 198:27-35. [PMID: 28285659 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in intensive care and immunocompromised patients, and can represent a life-threatening disease. As a microorganism commonly found in the intestine, Candida albicans (C. albicans) can invade the gut epithelium barrier via microfold cells and enter the bloodstream. The defensive potential of the intestinal barrier against invasive C. albicans is dependent on innate and adaptive immune responses which enable the host to eliminate pathogenic fungi. The lamina propria layer of the intestine contains numerous immune cells capable of inducing an innate cellular immune response against invasive fungi. This review focuses on the immune response triggered by a C. albicans infection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Tong
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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Reboldi A, Cyster JG. Peyer's patches: organizing B-cell responses at the intestinal frontier. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:230-45. [PMID: 27088918 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid tissues share the important function of bringing together antigens and rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to foster induction of adaptive immune responses. Peyer's patches (PPs) are unique compared to other secondary lymphoid tissues in their continual exposure to an enormous diversity of microbiome- and food-derived antigens and in the types of pathogens they encounter. Antigens are delivered to PPs by specialized microfold (M) epithelial cells and they may be captured and presented by resident dendritic cells (DCs). In accord with their state of chronic microbial antigen exposure, PPs exhibit continual germinal center (GC) activity. These GCs not only contribute to the generation of B cells and plasma cells producing somatically mutated gut antigen-specific IgA antibodies but have also been suggested to support non-specific antigen diversification of the B-cell repertoire. Here, we review current understanding of how PPs foster B-cell encounters with antigen, how they favor isotype switching to the secretory IgA isotype, and how their GC responses may uniquely contribute to mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reboldi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Wheeler ML, Limon JJ, Underhill DM. Immunity to Commensal Fungi: Detente and Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2016; 12:359-385. [PMID: 28068483 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, and a healthy immune system is essential to maintain adequate protection from fungal infections. When this protection breaks down, superficial and invasive fungal infections cause diseases that range from irritating to life-threatening. Millions of people worldwide develop invasive infections during their lives, and mortality for these infections often exceeds 50%. Nevertheless, we are normally colonized with many of the same disease-causing fungi (e.g., on the skin or in the gut). Recent research is dramatically expanding our understanding of the mechanisms by which our immune systems interact with these organisms in health and disease. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about where and how the immune system interacts with common fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Wheeler
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - Jose J Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , ,
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, and Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048; , , .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Buerth C, Tielker D, Ernst JF. Candida utilis and Cyberlindnera (Pichia) jadinii: yeast relatives with expanding applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6981-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Buerth C, Mausberg AK, Heininger MK, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Ernst JF. Oral Tolerance Induction in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis with Candida utilis Expressing the Immunogenic MOG35-55 Peptide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155082. [PMID: 27159446 PMCID: PMC4861260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that attacks myelinated axons in the central nervous system. Induction of oral tolerance is a potent mechanism to prevent autoimmunity. The food yeast Candida utilis was used to test the therapeutic potential of oral tolerance induction in an animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS). We constructed a C. utilis strain, which displays a fusion peptide composed of the encephalitogenic MOG35-55 peptide and the C. utilis Gas1 cell wall protein on its surface.By immunizing mice with MOG35-55 peptide experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in a mouse model. Feeding of mice with C. utilis that expresses MOG35-55 peptide on its surface was started seven days prior to immunization and was continued for ten days. Control animals were treated with wild-type fungus or left untreated. Untreated mice developed first clinical symptoms ten days post immunization (p. i.) with an ascending paralysis reaching maximal clinical disability at day 18 to 20 p. i.. Treatment with the wild-type strain demonstrated comparable clinical symptoms. In contrast, oral gavage of MOG35-55-presenting fungus ameliorated the development of EAE. In addition, incidence as well as maximal clinical disease severity were significantly reduced. Interestingly, reduction of disease severity also occurred in animals treated with heat-inactivated C. utilis cells indicating that tolerance induction was independent of fungal viability. Better disease outcome correlated with reduced demyelination and cellular inflammation in the spinal cord, lower T cell proliferation against rechallenge with MOG35-55 and more regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes. Our data demonstrate successful that using the food approved fungus C. utilis presenting the immunogenic MOG35-55 peptide on its surface induced an oral tolerance against this epitope in EAE. Further studies will reveal the nature and extent of an anti-inflammatory environment established by the treatment that prevents the development of an autoimmune disorder affecting the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buerth
- Institute of Molecular Mycology, Department Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (CB); (AKM)
| | - Anne K. Mausberg
- Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail: (CB); (AKM)
| | - Maximilian K. Heininger
- Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd C. Kieseier
- Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joachim F. Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Mycology, Department Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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