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Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Elmaaty AA, Binjubair FA, Al-Rashood ST, Mansour BS, Elkamhawy A, Eldehna WM, Mansour KA. Investigating the promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory activity of secoiridoids isolated from Jasminum humile; in silico and in Vitro assessments with structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37505066 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme 3 C-like protease (3Clpro or Mpro) is considered the most important target for SARS-CoV-2 which could be attributed to its crucial role in viral maturation and/or replication. Besides, natural phytoconstituents from plant origin are always promising lead compounds in the drug discovery area. Herein, the previously isolated and identified seven compounds from Jasminum humile (J. humile) were examined in vitro and in silico against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. First, the Vero E6 cells were utilized to pursue the potential of the investigated compounds (both in fractions and individual isolates) using the MTT assay. The total extract (T1) displayed the most significant activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 = 29.36 µg/mL. Besides, the fractions (Fr1 and Fr3) showed good activity against the SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 70.42, and 73.09 µg/mL, respectively. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory assay was utilized to emphasize the inhibitory potential of the investigated isolates. MJN, JMD, and IJM candidates displayed prominent Mpro inhibitory potentials with IC50 = 30.44, 30.24, and 56.25 µM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking of the identified seven compounds against the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 showed that the five secoiridoids achieved superior results. MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD showed higher affinities towards the Mpro target compared to the co-crystallized antagonist. Furthermore, the most active complexes (MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD-Mpro) were subjected to MD simulations run for 150 ns and MM-GBSA calculations, compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor (O6K-Mpro). Finally, the SAR study clarified that JMD achieved the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity followed by MJN.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Faizah A Binjubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University in Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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2
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Tremblay T, Bergeron C, Gagnon D, Bérubé C, Voyer N, Richard D, Giguère D. Squaramide Tethered Clindamycin, Chloroquine, and Mortiamide Hybrids: Design, Synthesis, and Antimalarial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:217-222. [PMID: 36793432 PMCID: PMC9923836 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the major health problems in the world. In this work, a series of squaramide tethered chloroquine, clindamycin, and mortiamide D hybrids have been synthesized to assess their in vitro antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active compound, a simple chloroquine analogue, displayed low nanomolar IC50 value against both strains (3 nM for 3D7 strain and 18 nM for Dd2 strain). Moreover, all molecular hybrids incorporating the hydroxychloroquine scaffold showed the most potent activities, exemplified with a chloroquine dimer, IC50 = 31 nM and 81 nM against 3D7 and Dd2 strains, respectively. These results highlight the first time use of clindamycin and mortiamide D as antimalarial molecular hybrids and establish these valuable hits for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tremblay
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Catherine Bergeron
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominic Gagnon
- Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Microbiology,
Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Bérubé
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Normand Voyer
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dave Richard
- Centre
de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Department of Microbiology,
Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département
de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Av. de la Médecine, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Saravana Mani K, Rajamanikandan S, Prabha B. Discovery, synthesis and in silico approach of pyrrolo [3,4- c]pyrroles as SARS-CoV-2 m pro inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:13454-13465. [PMID: 36744520 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2174599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A new coronavirus has been identified as the contributing agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The main viral protease (Mpro), which controls the activities of the coronavirus replication complex, which is an essential target for the treatment of coronavirus disease. With the primary objective of targeting this receptor, we designed a new series of pyrrolo [3,2-c] pyrroles, synthesized and characterized using various analytical techniques including FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopic studies. The biological descriptors of the synthesized compounds were investigated using DFT calculation. The mode of binding and reactivity of the target compounds with SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) were studied using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Molecular docking of the compounds (4a and 5a) showed a promising binding affinity towards Mpro protein with the binding energy of -7.8 kcal/mol and -7.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The results of MD simulation and prime MM-GBSA calculation were consistent with molecular docking. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of the compounds are in the acceptable range, as they are orally active and obey Lipinski's rule of five without violation. In addition, in silico toxicity prediction using the Pro-Tox II revealed the non-toxic nature of the compounds. Hence the obtained results suggest that these compounds could be a possible anti-viral candidate and highlight this series of compounds for further drug design and development against SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailasam Saravana Mani
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centre for Material Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Balakrishnan Prabha
- Department of Chemistry, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Karpagam Cancer Research Centre, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Singh R, Kumar Tyagi Y, Yadav N. Hydroxychloroquine: Chemistry and Medicinal Applications. HETEROCYCLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-22-993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Elagawany M, Elmaaty AA, Mostafa A, Abo Shama NM, Santali EY, Elgendy B, Al-Karmalawy AA. Ligand-based design, synthesis, computational insights, and in vitro studies of novel N-(5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2112-2132. [PMID: 35912578 PMCID: PMC9344964 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2105322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic provokes scientists to make a prompt development of new effective therapeutic interventions for the battle against SARS-CoV-2. A new series of N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido derivatives were designed and synthesised based on the structural optimisation principle of the SARS-CoV Mpro co-crystallized WR1 inhibitor. Notably, compound 3b achieved the most promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an IC50 value of 174.7 µg/mL. On the other hand, compounds 3a, 3b, and 3c showed very promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 4.67, 5.12, and 11.90 µg/mL, respectively. Compound 3b docking score was very promising (-6.94 kcal/mol) and its binding mode was nearly similar to that of WR1. Besides, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of compound 3b showed its great stability inside the binding pocket until around 40 ns. Finally, a very promising SAR was concluded to help to design more powerful SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elagawany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Y Santali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bahaa Elgendy
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Investigating the Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-MERS-CoV Activities of Yellow Necklacepod among Three Selected Medicinal Plants: Extraction, Isolation, Identification, In Vitro, Modes of Action, and Molecular Docking Studies. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111109. [PMID: 36422249 PMCID: PMC9696309 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-MERS-CoV activities of three medicinal plants (Azadirachta indica, Artemisia judaica, and Sophora tomentosa) were evaluated. The highest viral inhibition percentage (96%) was recorded for S. tomentosa. Moreover, the mode of action for both S. tomentosa and A. judaica showed 99.5% and 92% inhibition, respectively, with virucidal as the main mode of action. Furthermore, the anti-MERS-CoV and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities of S. tomentosa were measured. Notably, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of S. tomentosa was very high (100%) and anti-MERS-CoV inhibition was slightly lower (96%). Therefore, the phytochemical investigation of the very promising S. tomentosa L. led to the isolation and structural identification of nine compounds (1−9). Then, both the CC50 and IC50 values for the isolated compounds against SARS-CoV-2 were measured. Compound 4 (genistein 4’-methyl ether) achieved superior anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an IC50 value of 2.13 µm. Interestingly, the mode of action of S. tomentosa against SARS-CoV-2 showed that both virucidal and adsorption mechanisms were very effective. Additionally, the IC50 values of S. tomentosa against SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV were found to be 1.01 and 3.11 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, all the isolated compounds were subjected to two separate molecular docking studies against the spike (S) and main protease (Mpr°) receptors of SARS-CoV-2.
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7
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Robust antiviral activity of commonly prescribed antidepressants against emerging coronaviruses: in vitro and in silico drug repurposing studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12920. [PMID: 35902647 PMCID: PMC9331004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptoms of depression are commonly documented among both symptomatic and asymptomatic quarantined COVID-19 patients. Despite that many of the FDA-approved drugs have been showed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in vitro and remarkable efficacy against COVID-19 in clinical trials, no pharmaceutical products have yet been declared to be fully effective for treating COVID-19. Antidepressants comprise five major drug classes for the treatment of depression, neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, and eating disorders which are frequently reported symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Herein, the efficacy of eight frequently prescribed FDA-approved antidepressants on the inhibition of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV was assessed. Additionally, the in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-MERS-CoV activities were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking studies have been performed for these drugs against the spike (S) and main protease (Mpro) pockets of both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV. Results showed that Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Paroxetine, and Sertraline had potential anti-viral activities. Our findings suggested that the aforementioned drugs deserve more in vitro and in vivo studies targeting COVID-19 especially for those patients suffering from depression.
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8
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Zhang C. Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry: In Perspective to COVID-19. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18206-18212. [PMID: 35663284 PMCID: PMC9159071 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Over two years into the outbreak of COVID-19, the quest for effective and economical drugs has become starkly clear to reduce the risk of progression of coronavirus disease. A number of drugs have been investigated, and they can be taken orally at home and be used after exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or at the first sign of COVID-19. Fluorinated oral anti-COVID-19 drugs-including Paxlovid, the first oral tablet for the treatment of COVID-19-constitute an important subgroup. Fluorine has been widely used in the pharmaceutical market and can lead to improved selectivity indices, increased lipophilicity, greater metabolic stability, and improved anti-COVID-19 efficacy. In this mini-review, we will give an update on fluorinated anti-COVID-19 drugs by providing the key information and current knowledge of these drugs, including their molecular design, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering
and Nanotechnology and ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano
Science and Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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9
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Ashour NA, Abo Elmaaty A, Sarhan AA, Elkaeed EB, Moussa AM, Erfan IA, Al-Karmalawy AA. A Systematic Review of the Global Intervention for SARS-CoV-2 Combating: From Drugs Repurposing to Molnupiravir Approval. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:685-715. [PMID: 35321497 PMCID: PMC8935998 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world. The development of novel effective antiviral drugs to fight against SARS-CoV-2 is a time cost. As a result, some specific FDA-approved drugs have already been repurposed and authorized for COVID-19 treatment. The repurposed drugs used were either antiviral or non-antiviral drugs. Accordingly, the present review thoroughly focuses on the repurposing efficacy of these drugs including clinical trials experienced, the combination therapies used, the novel methods followed for treatment, and their future perspective. Therefore, drug repurposing was regarded as an effective avenue for COVID-19 treatment. Recently, molnupiravir is a prodrug antiviral medication that was approved in the United Kingdom in November 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19. On the other hand, PF-07321332 is an oral antiviral drug developed by Pfizer. For the treatment of COVID-19, the PF-07321332/ritonavir combination medication is used in Phase III studies and was marketed as Paxlovid. Herein, we represented the almost history of combating COVID-19 from repurposing to the recently available oral anti-SARS-CoV-2 candidates, as a new hope to end the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada A Ashour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Amany A Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Moussa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Ali Erfan
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt
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10
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El-Masry RM, Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Mahmoud SH, Mostafa A, Kadry HH, Abou-Seri SM, Taher AT. Newly synthesized series of oxoindole–oxadiazole conjugates as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents: in silico and in vitro studies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04816c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacophoric features of the novel series of 1,3,4-oxadiazole–oxoindole conjugates (IVa–g) as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents based on the reported Mpro inhibitor (Ia) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M. El-Masry
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), October 6 city, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Kadry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. Abou-Seri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Azza T. Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Chowdhury MNR, Alif YA, Alam S, Emon NU, Richi FT, Zihad SMNK, Taki MTI, Rashid MA. Theoretical effectiveness of steam inhalation against SARS-CoV-2 infection: updates on clinical trials, mechanism of actions, and traditional approaches. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08816. [PMID: 35097233 PMCID: PMC8783838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Steam inhalation therapy can be a contemporary approach for COVID-19 affected patients of all age groups to manage respiratory conditions, though it presently lacks the scientific backing to establish itself as a befitting practice. The age of COVID-19 has facilitated this traditional home remedy to resurface among the general mass as a helpful approach for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of the disease. In this review, the means of SARS-CoV-2 infection and impact of the parameters, namely steam inhalation and heat on such infection has been delineated via enumerating the effect of the parameters in the human body and against SARS-CoV-2. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and CNKI Scholar databases. The keywords used in the survey include 'Steam inhalation', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'COVID-19', 'Clinical study', 'Mechanism of action', 'Traditional uses', 'Phytochemistry' and 'Adverse effects'. Clinical studies concerning steam inhalation by COVID-19 patients have been comprehended to demarcate the scientific obscurity of the practice. The safety profile of the procedure has also been outlined emphasizing evading measures against COVID-19 and other related disease states. To recapitulate, application of the steam inhalation with herbal concoctions and phytochemicals having folkloric prevalence as an inhalable remedy against respiratory illnesses has been explored in this review work to focus on a new aspect in the COVID-19 treatment paradigm using steam and progress of further research hither.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasin Arafat Alif
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Nazim Uddin Emon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tasnim Richi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - S M Neamul Kabir Zihad
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tohidul Islam Taki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science and Engineering, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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12
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Elebeedy D, Badawy I, Elmaaty AA, Saleh MM, Kandeil A, Ghanem A, Kutkat O, Alnajjar R, Abd El Maksoud AI, Al-Karmalawy AA. In vitro and computational insights revealing the potential inhibitory effect of Tanshinone IIA against influenza A virus. Comput Biol Med 2021; 141:105149. [PMID: 34953359 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal human influenza is a serious respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses that can be found all over the world. Type A influenza is a contagious viral infection that, if left untreated, can lead to life-threatening consequences. Fortunately, the plant kingdom has many potent medicines with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Herein, six plant constituents, namely Tanshinone IIA 1, Carnosic acid 2, Rosmarinic acid 3, Glycyrrhetinic acid 4, Baicalein 5, and Salvianolic acid B 6, were screened for their antiviral activities against H1N1 virus using in vitro and in silico approaches. Hence, their anti-influenza activities were tested in vitro to determine inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values after measuring their CC50 values using MTT assay on MDCK cells. Interestingly, Tanshinone IIA (TAN) 1 was the most promising member with CC50 = 9.678 μg/ml. Moreover, the plaque reduction assay carried on TAN 1 revealed promising viral inhibition percentages of 97.9%, 95.8%, 94.4%, and 91.7% using concentrations 0.05 μg/μl, 0.025 μg/μl, 0.0125 μg/μl, and 0.006 μg/μl, respectively. Furthermore, in silico molecular docking disclosed the superior affinities of Salvianolic acid B (SAL) 6 towards both surface glycoproteins of influenza A virus (namely, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)). The docked complexes of both SAL and TAN inside HA and NA receptor pockets were selected for 100 ns MD simulations followed by MM-GBSA binding free energy calculation to confirm the docking results and give more insights regarding the stability of both compounds inside influenza mentioned receptors, respectively. The selection criteria of the previously mentioned complexes were based on the fact that SAL showed the highest docking scores on both viral HA and NA glycoproteins whereas TAN achieved the best inhibitory activity on the other hand. Finally, we urge more advanced preclinical and clinical research, particularly for TAN, which could be used to treat the human influenza A virus effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Elebeedy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ingy Badawy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, 42526, Egypt
| | - Moustafa M Saleh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, 42526, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Aml Ghanem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya; Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Ahmed I Abd El Maksoud
- Industrial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta, 34518, Egypt.
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Soltane R, Abo Elmaaty A, Tantawy MA, Antar SA, Yahya G, Chrouda A, Pashameah RA, Mustafa M, Abu Mraheil M, Mostafa A. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Control between Drug Repurposing and Vaccination: A Comprehensive Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1317. [PMID: 34835248 PMCID: PMC8622998 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses represent a major public health concern, as they are highly mutated, resulting in new strains emerging with high pathogenicity. Currently, the world is suffering from the newly evolving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a mild-to-severe respiratory tract infection with frequent ability to give rise to fatal pneumonia in humans. The overwhelming outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 continues to unfold all over the world, urging scientists to put an end to this global pandemic through biological and pharmaceutical interventions. Currently, there is no specific treatment option that is capable of COVID-19 pandemic eradication, so several repurposed drugs and newly conditionally approved vaccines are in use and heavily applied to control the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of new variants of the virus that partially or totally escape from the immune response elicited by the approved vaccines requires continuous monitoring of the emerging variants to update the content of the developed vaccines or modify them totally to match the new variants. Herein, we discuss the potential therapeutic and prophylactic interventions including repurposed drugs and the newly developed/approved vaccines, highlighting the impact of virus evolution on the immune evasion of the virus from currently licensed vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Tantawy
- Hormones Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
- Stem Cells Laboratory, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar A Antar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11932, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
- Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280, 5 Rue la Doua, CEDEX, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhamad Mustafa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Mobarak Abu Mraheil
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt
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14
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Al-Karmalawy AA, Farid MM, Mostafa A, Ragheb AY, H. Mahmoud S, Shehata M, Shama NMA, GabAllah M, Mostafa-Hedeab G, Marzouk MM. Naturally Available Flavonoid Aglycones as Potential Antiviral Drug Candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:6559. [PMID: 34770969 PMCID: PMC8587465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are important secondary plant metabolites that have been studied for a long time for their therapeutic potential in inflammatory diseases because of their cytokine-modulatory effects. Five flavonoid aglycones were isolated and identified from the hydrolyzed aqueous methanol extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, and Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek. They were identified as taxifolin (1), pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), gardenin B (4), and hispidulin (5). These structures were elucidated based on chromatographic and spectral analysis. In this study, molecular docking studies were carried out for the isolated and identified compounds against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (α-ketoamide inhibitor (KI), IC50 = 66.72 µg/mL) as a reference standard. Moreover, in vitro screening against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated. Compounds 2 and 3 showed the highest virus inhibition with IC50 12.4 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively. Our findings recommend further advanced in vitro and in vivo studies of the examined isolated flavonoids, especially pectolinarigenin (2), tangeretin (3), and gardenin B (4), either alone or in combination with each other to identify a promising lead to target SARS-CoV-2 effectively. This is the first report of the activity of these compounds against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Mai M. Farid
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Alia Y. Ragheb
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohamed GabAllah
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.M.); (S.H.M.); (M.S.); (N.M.A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Gomaa Mostafa-Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department & Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University, Skaka 11564, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Medical College, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mona M. Marzouk
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; (M.M.F.); (A.Y.R.); (M.M.M.)
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15
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Hamed MIA, Darwish KM, Soltane R, Chrouda A, Mostafa A, Abo Shama NM, Elhady SS, Abulkhair HS, Khodir AE, Elmaaty AA, Al-Karmalawy AA. β-Blockers bearing hydroxyethylamine and hydroxyethylene as potential SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors: rational based design, in silico, in vitro, and SAR studies for lead optimization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35536-35558. [PMID: 35493159 PMCID: PMC9043270 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic became more threatening especially after the introduction of the second and third waves with the current large expectations for a fourth one as well. This urged scientists to rapidly develop a new effective therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2. Based on the structures of β-adrenergic blockers having the same hydroxyethylamine and hydroxyethylene moieties present in the HIV-1 protease inhibitors which were found previously to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV, we suggested that they may decrease the SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cell through their ability to decrease the activity of RAAS and ACE2 as well. Herein, molecular docking of twenty FDA-approved β-blockers was performed targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Results showed promising inhibitory activities especially for Carvedilol (CAR) and Nebivolol (NEB) members. Moreover, these two drugs together with Bisoprolol (BIS) as an example from the lower active ones were subjected to molecular dynamics simulations at 100 ns. Great stability across the whole 100 ns timeframe was observed for the top docked ligands, CAR and NEB, over BIS. Conformational analysis of the examined drugs and hydrogen bond investigation with the pocket's crucial residues confirm the great affinity and confinement of CAR and NEB within the Mpro binding site. Moreover, the binding-free energy analysis and residue-wise contribution analysis highlight the nature of ligand–protein interaction and provide guidance for lead development and optimization. Furthermore, the examined three drugs were tested for their in vitro inhibitory activities towards SARS-CoV-2. It is worth mentioning that NEB achieved the most potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with an IC50 value of 0.030 μg ml−1. Besides, CAR was found to have a promising inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.350 μg ml−1. Also, the IC50 value of BIS was found to be as low as 15.917 μg ml−1. Finally, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro assay was performed to evaluate and confirm the inhibitory effects of the tested compounds (BIS, CAR, and NEB) towards the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme. The obtained results showed very promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory activities of BIS, CAR, and NEB (IC50 = 118.50, 204.60, and 60.20 μg ml−1, respectively) compared to lopinavir (IC50 = 73.68 μg ml−1) as a reference standard. Hydroxyethylamine and hydroxyethylene moieties of β-blockers exert potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory effects: rational-based design and in silico, in vitro, and SAR Studies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I A Hamed
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University Fayoum 63514 Egypt
| | - Khaled M Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University Ismailia 41522 Egypt
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University Saudi Arabia .,Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University Tunisia
| | - Amani Chrouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University Al-Majmaah 11952 Saudi Arabia .,Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Sciences, Monastir University Monastir 5000 Tunisia.,Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR CNRS-UCBL-ENS 5280 5 Rue la Doua 69100 Villeurbanne CEDEX France
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Noura M Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Sameh S Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamada S Abulkhair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University Nasr City 11884 Cairo Egypt .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Khodir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University Port Said 42526 Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt New Damietta 34518 Egypt
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16
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El Gizawy HA, Boshra SA, Mostafa A, Mahmoud SH, Ismail MI, Alsfouk AA, Taher AT, Al-Karmalawy AA. Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. Bioactive Constituents Exert Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Inflammatory Activities: Molecular Docking and Dynamics, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:5844. [PMID: 34641388 PMCID: PMC8510437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the urgent need to control Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), this study aims to explore potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents from natural sources. Moreover, cytokine immunological responses to the viral infection could lead to acute respiratory distress which is considered a critical and life-threatening complication associated with the infection. Therefore, the anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agents can be key to the management of patients with COVID-19. Four bioactive compounds, namely ferulic acid 1, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 were isolated from the leaves of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr (ethyl acetate extract) and identified using spectroscopic evidence. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed for the isolated and identified compounds (1-4) against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) as a proposed mechanism of action. Furthermore, all compounds were tested for their half-maximal cytotoxicity (CC50) and SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory concentrations (IC50). Additionally, lung toxicity was induced in rats by mercuric chloride and the effects of treatment with P. dioca aqueous extract, ferulic acid 1, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 were recorded through measuring TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, G-CSF, and genetic expression of miRNA 21-3P and miRNA-155 levels to assess their anti-inflammatory effects essential for COVID-19 patients. Interestingly, rutin 2, gallic acid 3, and chlorogenic acid 4 showed remarkable anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities with IC50 values of 31 µg/mL, 108 μg/mL, and 360 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory effects were found to be better in ferulic acid 1 and rutin 2 treatments. Our results could be promising for more advanced preclinical and clinical studies especially on rutin 2 either alone or in combination with other isolates for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A El Gizawy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Sylvia A Boshra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Muhammad I Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Al-Sherouk City, Cairo-Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Aisha A Alsfouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza T Taher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University (O6U), October 6 City, Giza 12585, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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17
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Coghi P, Yang LJ, Ng JPL, Haynes RK, Memo M, Gianoncelli A, Wong VKW, Ribaudo G. A Drug Repurposing Approach for Antimalarials Interfering with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:954. [PMID: 34681178 PMCID: PMC8537658 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host cell invasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is mediated by the interaction of the viral spike protein (S) with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In this work, computational and experimental techniques were combined to screen antimalarial compounds from different chemical classes, with the aim of identifying small molecules interfering with the RBD-ACE2 interaction and, consequently, with cell invasion. Docking studies showed that the compounds interfere with the same region of the RBD, but different interaction patterns were noted for ACE2. Virtual screening indicated pyronaridine as the most promising RBD and ACE2 ligand, and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the predicted complex with the RBD. Bio-layer interferometry showed that artemisone and methylene blue have a strong binding affinity for RBD (KD = 0.363 and 0.226 μM). Pyronaridine also binds RBD and ACE2 in vitro (KD = 56.8 and 51.3 μM). Overall, these three compounds inhibit the binding of RBD to ACE2 in the μM range, supporting the in silico data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, China;
| | - Li Jun Yang
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, China; (L.J.Y.); (J.P.L.N.)
| | - Jerome P. L. Ng
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, China; (L.J.Y.); (J.P.L.N.)
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University Potchefstroom, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa;
| | - Maurizio Memo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, China; (L.J.Y.); (J.P.L.N.)
| | - Giovanni Ribaudo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.G.)
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18
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El-Demerdash A, Al-Karmalawy AA, Abdel-Aziz TM, Elhady SS, Darwish KM, Hassan AHE. Investigating the structure-activity relationship of marine natural polyketides as promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31339-31363. [PMID: 35496831 PMCID: PMC9041294 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05817g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its first report in December 2019, the novel coronavirus virus, SARS-CoV-2, has caused an unprecedented global health crisis and economic loss imposing a tremendous burden on the worldwide finance, healthcare system, and even daily life. Even with the introduction of different preventive vaccines, there is still a dire need for effective antiviral therapeutics. Nature has been considered as the historical trove of drug discovery and development, particularly in cases of worldwide crises. Herein, a comprehensive in silico investigation of a highly focused chemical library of 34 pederin-structurally related marine compounds, belonging to four polyketides families, was initiated against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease, Mpro, being the key replicating element of the virus and main target in many drugs development programs. Two of the most potent SARS-CoV-2 Mpro co-crystallized inhibitors, O6K and N3, were added to the tested database as reference standards. Through molecular docking simulation, promising compounds including Pederin (1), Dihydro-onnamide A (11), Onnamide C (14), Pseudo-onnamide A (17), and Theopederin G (29) have been identified from different families based on their superior ligand–protein energies and relevant binding profiles with the key Mpro pocket residues. Thermodynamic behaviors of the identified compounds were investigated through 200 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulation illustrating their significant stability and pocket accommodation. Furthermore, structural activity preferentiality was identified for the pederin-based marine compounds highlighting the importance of the terminal guanidine and cyclic hemiacetal linker, and the length of the sidechain. Our findings highlight the challenges of targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro as well as recommending further in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the examined marine products either alone or in combination paving the way for promising lead molecules. Marine natural polyketides showed promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Demerdash
- Chemistry Department, Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt .,Metabolic Biology & Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt New Damietta 34518 Egypt
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78229-3900 USA.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University El-Minia 61519 Egypt
| | - Sameh S Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Darwish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University Ismailia Egypt
| | - Ahmed H E Hassan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
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Mahmoud A, Mostafa A, Al-Karmalawy AA, Zidan A, Abulkhair HS, Mahmoud SH, Shehata M, Elhefnawi MM, Ali MA. Telaprevir is a potential drug for repurposing against SARS-CoV-2: computational and in vitro studies. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07962. [PMID: 34518806 PMCID: PMC8426143 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is an important approach to the assignment of already approved drugs for new indications. This technique bypasses some steps in the traditional drug approval system, which saves time and lives in the case of pandemics. Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have repeatedly repurposed from treating one virus to another. In this study, 16 FDA-approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) DAA drugs were studied to explore their activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) human and viral targets. Among the 16 HCV DAA drugs, telaprevir has shown the best in silico evidence to work on both indirect human targets (cathepsin L [CTSL] and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [hACE2] receptor) and direct viral targets (main protease [Mpro]). Moreover, the docked poses of telaprevir inside both hACE2 and Mpro were subjected to additional molecular dynamics simulations monitored by calculating the binding free energy using MM-GBSA. In vitro analysis of telaprevir showed inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture (IC50 = 11.552 μM, CC50 = 60.865 μM, and selectivity index = 5.27). Accordingly, based on the in silico studies and supported by the presented in vitro analysis, we suggest that telaprevir may be considered for therapeutic development against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box. 1982, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Infuenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Zidan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), University of Sadat City, Egypt
- Clinical Research Team, Monof Chest Hospital, Ministry of Health, Egypt
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Infuenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Shehata
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Infuenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M. Elhefnawi
- Biomedical Informatics and Cheminformatics Group, Informatics and Systems Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Infuenza Viruses, National Research Centre, 12622 Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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20
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Campesi I, Racagni G, Franconi F. Just a Reflection: Does Drug Repurposing Perpetuate Sex-Gender Bias in the Safety Profile? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:730. [PMID: 34451827 PMCID: PMC8402096 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines constitute a strategy to reduce the burden of COVID-19, but the treatment of COVID-19 is still a challenge. The lack of approved drugs for severe COVID-19 makes repurposing or repositioning of approved drugs a relevant approach because it occurs at lower costs and in a shorter time. Most preclinical and clinical tests, including safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, were already performed. However, infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19 are linked with hypoalbuminemia and downregulation of both phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which can occur in modifications of pharmacokinetics and consequentially of safety profiles. This appears to occur in a sex- and gender-specific way because of the sex and gender differences present in the immune system and inflammation, which, in turn, reflect on pharmacokinetic parameters. Therefore, to make better decisions about drug dosage regimens and to increases the safety profile in patients suffering from infective and inflammatory diseases such as COVID-19, it is urgently needed to study repurposing or repositioning drugs in men and in women paying attention to pharmacokinetics, especially for those drugs that are previously scarcely evaluated in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Laboratory of Pharmacology and Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystem, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Racagni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Flavia Franconi
- National Laboratory of Pharmacology and Gender Medicine, National Institute of Biostructure and Biosystem, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
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21
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Abo Elmaaty A, Hamed MIA, Ismail MI, B. Elkaeed E, S. Abulkhair H, Khattab M, Al-Karmalawy AA. Computational Insights on the Potential of Some NSAIDs for Treating COVID-19: Priority Set and Lead Optimization. Molecules 2021; 26:3772. [PMID: 34205704 PMCID: PMC8234583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of drugs capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 is a priority for human beings due to the severity of the global health pandemic caused by COVID-19. To this end, repurposing of FDA-approved drugs such as NSAIDs against COVID-19 can provide therapeutic alternatives that could be utilized as an effective safe treatment for COVID-19. The anti-inflammatory activity of NSAIDs is also advantageous in the treatment of COVID-19, as it was found that SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for provoking inflammatory cytokine storms resulting in lung damage. In this study, 40 FDA-approved NSAIDs were evaluated through molecular docking against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. Among the tested compounds, sulfinpyrazone 2, indomethacin 3, and auranofin 4 were proposed as potential antagonists of COVID-19 main protease. Molecular dynamics simulations were also carried out for the most promising members of the screened NSAID candidates (2, 3, and 4) to unravel the dynamic properties of NSAIDs at the target receptor. The conducted quantum mechanical study revealed that the hybrid functional B3PW91 provides a good description of the spatial parameters of auranofin 4. Interestingly, a promising structure-activity relationship (SAR) was concluded from our study that could help in the future design of potential SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors with expected anti-inflammatory effects as well. NSAIDs may be used by medicinal chemists as lead compounds for the development of potent SARS-CoV-2 (Mpro) inhibitors. In addition, some NSAIDs can be selectively designated for treatment of inflammation resulting from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt;
| | - Mohammed I. A. Hamed
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
| | - Muhammad I. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo-Suez Desert Road, Cairo 11837, Egypt;
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Hamada S. Abulkhair
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Khattab
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
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22
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Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Kutkat O, Moatasim Y, Al-Karmalawy AA, Rashad AA, Kayed AE, Kayed AE, El-Shesheny R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Bioactive Polyphenolic Compounds Showing Strong Antiviral Activities against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Pathogens 2021; 10:758. [PMID: 34203977 PMCID: PMC8232731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until now, there has been no direct evidence of the effectiveness of repurposed FDA-approved drugs against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Although curcumin, hesperidin, and quercetin have broad spectra of pharmacological properties, their antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2 remain unclear. Our study aimed to assess the in vitro antiviral activities of curcumin, hesperidin, and quercetin against SARS-CoV-2 compared to hydroxychloroquine and determine their mode of action. In Vero E6 cells, these compounds significantly inhibited virus replication, mainly as virucidal agents primarily indicating their potential activity at the early stage of viral infection. To investigate the mechanism of action of the tested compounds, molecular docking studies were carried out against both SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and main protease (Mpro) receptors. Collectively, the obtained in silico and in vitro findings suggest that the compounds could be promising SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. We recommend further preclinical and clinical studies on the studied compounds to find a potential therapeutic targeting COVID-19 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt;
| | - Adel A. Rashad
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA;
| | - Ahmed E. Kayed
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Azza E. Kayed
- Radiation Biology Department, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 13759, Egypt;
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Human Link, Jewellery & Gemplex, Dubai 48800, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (A.K.); (A.M.); (O.K.); (Y.M.); (A.E.K.); (R.E.-S.)
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