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Ji R, Guan L, Hu Z, Cheng Y, Cai M, Zhao G, Zang J. A comprehensive review on hemocyanin from marine products: Structure, functions, its implications for the food industry and beyond. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132041. [PMID: 38705315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Hemocyanin, an oxygen-transport protein, is widely distributed in the hemolymph of marine arthropods and mollusks, playing an important role in their physiological processes. Recently, hemocyanin has been recognized as a multifunctional glycoprotein involved in the immunological responses of aquatic invertebrates. Consequently, the link between hemocyanin functions and their potential applications has garnered increased attention. This review offers an integrated overview of hemocyanin's structure, physicochemical characteristics, and bioactivities to further promote the utilization of hemocyanin derived from marine products. Specifically, we review its implication in two aspects of food and aquaculture industries: quality and health. Hemocyanin's inducible phenoloxidase activity is thought to be an inducer of melanosis in crustaceans. New anti-melanosis agents targeted to hemocyanin need to be explored. The red-color change observed in shrimp shells is related to hemocyanin, affecting consumer preferences. Hemocyanin's adaptive modification in response to the aquatic environment is available as a biomarker. Additionally, hemocyanin is endowed with bioactivities encompassing anti-microbial, antiviral, and therapeutic activities. Hemocyanin is also a novel allergen and its allergenic features remain incompletely characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Leying Guan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yishen Cheng
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Cai
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiachen Zang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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2
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Muñoz SM, Vallejos-Baccelliere G, Manubens A, Salazar ML, Nascimento AFZ, Tapia-Reyes P, Meneses C, Ambrosio ALB, Becker MI, Guixé V, Castro-Fernandez V. Structural insights into a functional unit from an immunogenic mollusk hemocyanin. Structure 2024:S0969-2126(24)00057-1. [PMID: 38513659 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Mollusk hemocyanins, among the largest known proteins, are used as immunostimulants in biomedical and clinical applications. The hemocyanin of the Chilean gastropod Concholepas concholepas (CCH) exhibits unique properties, which makes it safe and effective for human immunotherapy, as observed in animal models of bladder cancer and melanoma, and dendritical cell vaccine trials. Despite its potential, the structure and amino acid sequence of CCH remain unknown. This study reports two sequence fragments of CCH, representing three complete functional units (FUs). We also determined the high-resolution (1.5 Å) X-ray crystal structure of an "FU-g type" from the CCHB subunit. This structure enables in-depth analysis of chemical interactions at the copper-binding center and unveils an unusual, truncated N-glycosylation pattern. These features are linked to eliciting more robust immunological responses in animals, offering insights into CCH's enhanced immunostimulatory properties and opening new avenues for its potential applications in biomedical research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián M Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
| | - Gabriel Vallejos-Baccelliere
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile
| | - Augusto Manubens
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Biosonda Corp., Santiago 7750629, Chile; Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750629, Chile
| | - Michelle L Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750629, Chile
| | - Andrey F Z Nascimento
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Patricio Tapia-Reyes
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8370003, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Facultad de Agronomía y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Millennium Nucleus Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8331150, Chile; Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Andre L B Ambrosio
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo 13563-120, Brazil
| | - María Inés Becker
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Biosonda Corp., Santiago 7750629, Chile; Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750629, Chile
| | - Victoria Guixé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile.
| | - Victor Castro-Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 780003, Chile.
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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Salazar ML, Castillo BN, Manubens A, Vasquez AE, Salazar F, Becker MI. Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081671. [PMID: 36015297 PMCID: PMC9414397 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses to administered antigens, providing advantages over many currently adopted adjuvant approaches. Furthermore, PBAs are natural biocompatible and biodegradable substances that induce minimal reactogenicity and toxicity and interact with innate immune receptors, enhancing their endocytosis and modulating subsequent adaptive immune responses. We propose that PBAs can contribute to the development of vaccines against complex pathogens, including intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, those with complex life cycles such as Plasmodium falciparum, those that induce host immune dysfunction such as HIV, those that target immunocompromised individuals such as fungi, those with a latent disease phase such as Herpes, those that are antigenically variable such as SARS-CoV-2 and those that undergo continuous evolution, to reduce the likelihood of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Michelle L. Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Byron N. Castillo
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Augusto Manubens
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.B.)
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750000, Chile
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.B.)
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Molecular Cloning, Structure and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Hemocyanin Subunit from the Black Sea Crustacean Eriphia verrucosa (Crustacea, Malacostraca). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010093. [PMID: 33450956 PMCID: PMC7828413 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins are copper-binding proteins that play a crucial role in the physiological processes in crustaceans. In this study, the cDNA encoding hemocyanin subunit 5 from the Black sea crab Eriphia verrucosa (EvHc5) was cloned using EST analysis, RT-PCR and rapid amplification of the cDNA ends (RACE) approach. The full-length cDNA of EvHc5 was 2254 bp, consisting of a 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and an open reading frame of 2022 bp, encoding a protein consisting of 674 amino acid residues. The protein has an N-terminal signal peptide of 14 amino acids as is expected for proteins synthesized in hepatopancreas tubule cells and secreted into the hemolymph. The 3D model showed the presence of three functional domains and six conserved histidine residues that participate in the formation of the copper active site in Domain 2. The EvHc5 is O-glycosylated and the glycan is exposed on the surface of the subunit similar to Panulirus interruptus. The phylogenetic analysis has shown its close grouping with γ-type of hemocyanins of other crustacean species belonging to order Decapoda, infraorder Brachyura.
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Chiumiento IR, Ituarte S, Sun J, Qiu JW, Heras H, Dreon MS. Hemocyanin of the caenogastropod Pomacea canaliculata exhibits evolutionary differences among gastropod clades. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228325. [PMID: 31999773 PMCID: PMC6992001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural knowledge of gastropod hemocyanins is scarce. To better understand their evolution and diversity we studied the hemocyanin of a caenogastropod, Pomacea canaliculata (PcH). Through a proteomic and genomic approach, we identified 4 PcH subunit isoforms, in contrast with other gastropods that usually have 2 or 3. Each isoform has the typical Keyhole limpet-type hemocyanin architecture, comprising a string of eight globular functional units (FUs). Correspondingly, genes are organized in eight FUs coding regions. All FUs in the 4 genes are encoded by more than one exon, a feature not found in non- caenogastropods. Transmission electron microscopy images of PcH showed a cylindrical structure organized in di, tri and tetra-decamers with an internal collar structure, being the di and tri-decameric cylinders the most abundant ones. PcH is N-glycosylated with high mannose and hybrid-type structures, and complex-type N-linked glycans, with absence of sialic acid. Terminal β-N-GlcNAc residues and nonreducing terminal α-GalNAc are also present. The molecule lacks O-linked glycosylation but presents the T-antigen (Gal-β1,3-GalNAc). Using an anti-PcH polyclonal antibody, no cross-immunoreactivity was observed against other gastropod hemocyanins, highlighting the presence of clade-specific structural differences among gastropod hemocyanins. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first gene structure study of a Caenogastropoda hemocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Rafael Chiumiento
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Ituarte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Sebastián Dreon
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)–CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Salazar ML, Jiménez JM, Villar J, Rivera M, Báez M, Manubens A, Becker MI. N-Glycosylation of mollusk hemocyanins contributes to their structural stability and immunomodulatory properties in mammals. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19546-19564. [PMID: 31719148 PMCID: PMC6926458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins are widely used as carriers, adjuvants, and nonspecific immunostimulants in cancer because they promote Th1 immunity in mammals. Hemocyanins also interact with glycan-recognizing innate immune receptors on antigen-presenting cells, such as the C-type lectin immune receptors mannose receptor (MR), macrophage galactose lectin (MGL), and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), stimulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion. However, the role of N-linked oligosaccharides on the structural and immunological properties of hemocyanin is unclear. Mollusk hemocyanins, such as Concholepas concholepas (CCH), Fissurella latimarginata (FLH), and Megathura crenulata (KLH), are oligomeric glycoproteins with complex dodecameric quaternary structures and heterogeneous glycosylation patterns, primarily consisting of mannose-rich N-glycans. Here, we report that enzyme-catalyzed N-deglycosylation of CCH, FLH, and KLH disrupts their quaternary structure and impairs their immunogenic effects. Biochemical analyses revealed that the deglycosylation does not change hemocyanin secondary structure but alters their refolding mechanism and dodecameric structure. Immunochemical analyses indicated decreased binding of N-deglycosylated hemocyanins to the MR and MGL receptors and TLR4 and reduced endocytosis concomitant with an impaired production of tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukins 6 and 12 (IL-6 and IL-12p40, respectively) in macrophages. Evaluating the function of N-deglycosylated hemocyanins in the humoral immune response and their nonspecific antitumor effects in the B16F10 melanoma model, we found that compared with native hemocyanins N-deglycosylated hemocyanins elicited reduced antibody titers, as well as partially diminished antitumor effects and altered carrier activities. In conclusion, the glycan content of hemocyanins is, among other structural characteristics, critically required for their immunological activities and should be considered in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750269, Chile
| | - José M Jiménez
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750269, Chile
| | - Javiera Villar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750269, Chile
| | - Maira Rivera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Mauricio Báez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Augusto Manubens
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Biosonda Corp., Santiago 7750269, Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago 7750269, Chile .,Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Biosonda Corp., Santiago 7750269, Chile
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Jiménez JM, Salazar ML, Arancibia S, Villar J, Salazar F, Brown GD, Lavelle EC, Martínez-Pomares L, Ortiz-Quintero J, Lavandero S, Manubens A, Becker MI. TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells From Mammals. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1136. [PMID: 31214162 PMCID: PMC6554540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. Indeed, hemocyanins have a multivalent nature as highly mannosylated antigens. We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). The results showed that these hemocyanins bound to chimeric Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 receptors in vitro; which significantly decreased when the glycoproteins were deglycosylated. However, hemocyanin-induced proinflammatory effects in APCs from Dectin-1 knock-out (KO) and Dectin-2 KO mice were independent of both receptors. Moreover, when wild-type APCs were cultured in the presence of hemocyanins, phosphorylation of Syk kinase was not detected. We further showed that KLH and FLH induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, a key event involved in the TLR signaling pathway. We confirmed a glycan-dependent binding of hemocyanins to chimeric TLR4 in vitro. Moreover, DCs from mice deficient for MyD88-adapter-like (Mal), a downstream adapter molecule of TLR4, were partially activated by FLH, suggesting a role of the TLR pathway in hemocyanin recognition to activate APCs. The participation of TLR4 was confirmed through a decrease in IL-12p40 and IL-6 secretion induced by FLH when a TLR4 blocking antibody was used; a reduction was also observed in DCs from C3H/HeJ mice, a mouse strain with a nonfunctional mutation for this receptor. Moreover, IL-6 secretion induced by FLH was abolished in macrophages deficient for TLR4. Our data showed the involvement of TLR4 in the hemocyanin-mediated proinflammatory response in APCs, which could cooperate with MR in innate immune recognition of these glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Jiménez
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle L Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Arancibia
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Villar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Salazar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile.,Aberdeen Fungal Group, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jafet Ortiz-Quintero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Medicina, Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología Para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile.,Biosonda Corporation, Santiago, Chile
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Zhang Z, Li R, Aweya JJ, Wang F, Zhong M, Zhang Y. Identification and characterization of glycosylation sites on Litopenaeus vannamei hemocyanin. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:820-830. [PMID: 30901486 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory glycoprotein hemocyanin has been implicated in immune-related functions. Using lectin blotting, we show that the binding of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) hemocyanin to concanavalin A decreases markedly with O-glycosidase treatment but not with PNGase F. Twelve O-glycosylation sites, three on the large hemocyanin subunit and nine on the small hemocyanin subunit (HMCs), were identified by LC-MS/MS. Importantly, when the glycosylation sites at Thr-537, Ser-539, and Thr-542 on the C terminus of HMCs were replaced with alanine, the resultant mutant hemocyanin had reduced carbohydrate content, coupled with a fourfold reduction in bacterial agglutination and 0.2-fold reduction in antibacterial activities toward Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that the glycosylation sites on shrimp hemocyanin are closely related to its immunological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
| | - Ruiwei Li
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
| | - Mingqi Zhong
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Department of Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, China
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Immunotherapeutic Potential of Mollusk Hemocyanins in Combination with Human Vaccine Adjuvants in Murine Models of Oral Cancer. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7076942. [PMID: 30847353 PMCID: PMC6362480 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7076942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mollusk hemocyanins have been used for decades in immunological and clinical applications as natural, nontoxic, nonpathogenic, and nonspecific immunostimulants for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, as carriers/adjuvants of tumor-associated antigens in cancer vaccine development and as adjuvants to dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, because these glycoproteins induce a bias towards Th1 immunity. Here, we analyzed the preclinical therapeutic potential of the traditional keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and two new hemocyanins from Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH) in mouse models of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Due to the aggressiveness and deadly malignant potential of this cancer, the hemocyanins were applied in combination with adjuvants, such as alum, AddaVax, and QS-21, which have been shown to be safe and effective in human vaccines, to potentiate their antitumor activity. The immunogenic performance of the hemocyanins in combination with the adjuvants was compared, and the best formulation was evaluated for its antitumor effects in two murine models of oral cancer: MOC7 cells implanted in the flank (heterotopic) and bioluminescent AT-84 E7 Luc cells implanted in the floor of the mouth (orthotopic). The results demonstrated that the hemocyanins in combination with QS-21 showed the greatest immunogenicity, as reflected by a robust, specific humoral response predominantly characterized by IgG2a antibodies and a sustained cellular response manifesting as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. The KLH- and FLH-QS-21 formulations showed reduced tumor development and greater overall survival. Hemocyanins, as opposed to QS-21, had no cytotoxic effect on either oral cancer cell line cultured in vitro, supporting the idea that the antitumor effects of hemocyanins are associated with their modulation of the immune response. Therefore, hemocyanin utilization would allow a lower QS-21 dosage to achieve therapeutic results. Overall, our study opens a new door to further investigation of the use of hemocyanins plus adjuvants for the development of immunotherapies against oral carcinoma.
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González A, Nova E, Del Campo M, Manubens A, De Ioannes A, Ferreira J, Becker MI. The oxygen-binding properties of hemocyanin from the mollusk Concholepas concholepas. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1746-1757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Glycosylation of hemocyanin in Litopenaeus vannamei is an antibacterial response feature. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Pizarro-Bauerle J, Maldonado I, Sosoniuk-Roche E, Vallejos G, López MN, Salazar-Onfray F, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Ferreira A, Becker MI. Molluskan Hemocyanins Activate the Classical Pathway of the Human Complement System through Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28286504 PMCID: PMC5323374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluskan hemocyanins are enormous oxygen-carrier glycoproteins that show remarkable immunostimulatory properties when inoculated in mammals, such as the generation of high levels of antibodies, a strong cellular reaction, and generation of non-specific antitumor immune responses in some types of cancer, particularly for superficial bladder cancer. These proteins have the ability to bias the immune response toward a Th1 phenotype. However, despite all their current uses with beneficial clinical outcomes, a clear mechanism explaining these properties is not available. Taking into account reports of natural antibodies against the hemocyanin of the gastropod Megathura crenulata [keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)] in humans as well as other vertebrate species, we report here for the first time, the presence, in sera from unimmunized healthy donors, of antibodies recognizing, in addition to KLH, two other hemocyanins from gastropods with documented immunomodulatory capacities: Fisurella latimarginata hemocyanin (FLH) and Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin (CCH). Through an ELISA screening, we found IgM and IgG antibodies reactive with these hemocyanins. When the capacity of these antibodies to bind deglycosylated hemocyanins was studied, no decreased interaction was detected. Moreover, in the case of FLH, deglycosylation increased antibody binding. We evaluated through an in vitro complement deposition assay whether these antibodies activated the classical pathway of the human complement system. The results showed that all three hemocyanins and their deglycosylated counterparts elicited this activation, mediated by C1 binding to immunoglobulins. Thus, this work contributes to the understanding on how the complement system could participate in the immunostimulatory properties of hemocyanins, through natural, complement-activating antibodies reacting with these proteins. Although a role for carbohydrates cannot be completely ruled out, in our experimental setting, glycosylation status had a limited effect. Finally, our data open possibilities for further studies leading to the design of improved hemocyanin-based research tools for diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pizarro-Bauerle
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Ismael Maldonado
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Eduardo Sosoniuk-Roche
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Gerardo Vallejos
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Mercedes N López
- Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar-Onfray
- Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Immunology of Microbial Aggression Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Biosonda Corporation, Santiago, Chile; Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
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Zhong TY, Arancibia S, Born R, Tampe R, Villar J, Del Campo M, Manubens A, Becker MI. Hemocyanins Stimulate Innate Immunity by Inducing Different Temporal Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression in Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4650-62. [PMID: 27183578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanins induce a potent Th1-dominant immune response with beneficial clinical outcomes when used as a carrier/adjuvant in vaccines and nonspecific immunostimulant in cancer. However, the mechanisms by which hemocyanins trigger innate immune responses, leading to beneficial adaptive immune responses, are unknown. This response is triggered by a proinflammatory signal from various components, of which macrophages are an essential part. To understand how these proteins influence macrophage response, we investigated the effects of mollusks hemocyanins with varying structural and immunological properties, including hemocyanins from Concholepas concholepas, Fissurella latimarginata, and Megathura crenulata (keyhole limpet hemocyanin), on cultures of peritoneal macrophages. Hemocyanins were phagocytosed and slowly processed. Analysis of this process showed differential gene expression along with protein levels of proinflammatory markers, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, and TNF-α. An extended expression analysis of 84 cytokines during a 24-h period showed a robust proinflammatory response for F. latimarginata hemocyanin in comparison with keyhole limpet hemocyanin and C. concholepas hemocyanin, which was characterized by an increase in the transcript levels of M1 cytokines involved in leukocyte recruitment. These cytokine genes included chemokines (Cxcl1, Cxcl3, Cxcl5, Ccl2, and Ccl3), ILs (Il1b and Ifng), growth factors (Csf2 and Csf3), and TNF family members (Cd40lg). The protein levels of certain cytokines were increased. However, every hemocyanin maintains downregulated key M2 cytokine genes, including Il4 and Il5 Collectively, our data demonstrate that hemocyanins are able to trigger the release of proinflammatory factors with different patterns of cytokine expression, suggesting differential signaling pathways and transcriptional network mechanisms that lead to the activation of M1-polarized macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Ying Zhong
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | - Sergio Arancibia
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | - Raimundo Born
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | - Ricardo Tampe
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | - Javiera Villar
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and
| | | | - María Inés Becker
- Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo, Santiago 7750269, Chile; and Biosonda Corporation, Santiago 7750269, Chile
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14
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Are the Traditional Medical Uses of Muricidae Molluscs Substantiated by Their Pharmacological Properties and Bioactive Compounds? Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5237-75. [PMID: 26295242 PMCID: PMC4557022 DOI: 10.3390/md13085237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine molluscs from the family Muricidae hold great potential for development as a source of therapeutically useful compounds. Traditionally known for the production of the ancient dye Tyrian purple, these molluscs also form the basis of some rare traditional medicines that have been used for thousands of years. Whilst these traditional and alternative medicines have not been chemically analysed or tested for efficacy in controlled clinical trials, a significant amount of independent research has documented the biological activity of extracts and compounds from these snails. In particular, Muricidae produce a suite of brominated indoles with anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and steroidogenic activity, as well as choline esters with muscle-relaxing and pain relieving properties. These compounds could explain some of the traditional uses in wound healing, stomach pain and menstrual problems. However, the principle source of bioactive compounds is from the hypobranchial gland, whilst the shell and operculum are the main source used in most traditional remedies. Thus further research is required to understand this discrepancy and to optimise a quality controlled natural medicine from Muricidae.
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15
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Sairi F, Valtchev P, Gomes VG, Dehghani F. Distribution and characterization of rhogocyte cell types in the mantle tissue of Haliotis laevigata. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:168-179. [PMID: 25382219 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Molluscan rhogocytes are known to be the only cells able to synthesize hemocyanin that is one of the largest respiratory proteins in nature. However, investigation of rhogocyte cells in vitro is limited due to difficulty in isolating and establishing marine cell culture. The aim of this study was to investigate the nature and distribution of rhogocyte cells of Haliotis laevigata in the mantle tissue with respect to the expression of the two known isoforms of hemocyanin. Rhogocyte cells were identified using immunofluorescence-fluorescence in situ hybridization (IF-FISH) that involved simultaneous staining of localized hemocyanin by a polyclonal antibody while the mRNA was hybridized with FISH probes. The distribution of rhogocyte cells was demonstrated using flow cytometry, followed by cell sorting with fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and confocal microscope imaging for further characterization. Our results suggested that the mantle tissue is dominated by two distinct populations of rhogocyte cells that synthesize hemocyanin type 1. Observation with confocal microscopy of both populations revealed hemocyanin localization in the periphery of the cell membrane. Cell population with higher antibody signal had irregular and elongated cell morphology with punctate mRNA probe signals. The second population with lower antibody signal had ovoid morphology and wide distribution of mRNA probe signals. We suggest that these populations represent two distinct phases of hemocyanin biosynthesis of a single isoform, which is closely related to Haliotis tuberculata type 1 hemocyanin (HtH1). The knowledge acquired in this study enhances the understanding of the biology of rhogocyte cells and biosynthesis of hemocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Sairi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Coates CJ, Nairn J. Diverse immune functions of hemocyanins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:43-55. [PMID: 24486681 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence gathered recently has revealed the multiple functionalities of hemocyanin. Contrary to previous claims that this ancient protein is involved solely in oxygen transport within the hemolymph of invertebrates, hemocyanin and hemocyanin-derived peptides have been linked to key aspects of innate immunity, in particular, antiviral and phenoloxidase-like activities. Both phenoloxidase and hemocyanin belong to the family of type-3 copper proteins and share a high degree of sequence homology. While the importance of phenoloxidase in immunity and development is well characterised, the contribution of hemocyanin to biological defence systems within invertebrates is not recognised widely. This review focusses on the conversion of hemocyanin into a phenoloxidase-like enzyme and the array of hemocyanin-derived immune responses documented to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Coates
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Nairn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
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Characterization of a novel hemolytic activity of human IgG fractions arising from diversity in protein and oligosaccharide components. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85711. [PMID: 24465658 PMCID: PMC3897482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG is a well-established multifunctional antigen specific immunoglobulin molecule of the adaptive immune system. However, an antigen nonspecific immunological function of human IgG has never been reported. In this study, human IgG was isolated using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation and diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) cellulose 52 ion exchange chromatography, from which h-IgG and hs-IgG fractions were purified on the basis of their differential binding to rabbit anti-shrimp hemocyanin antibody (h) and rabbit anti-shrimp hemocyanin's small subunit antibody (hs), respectively. We found that h-IgG had a higher hemolytic activity than hs-IgG against erythrocytes from humans, rabbits, mice and chickens, whereas the control IgG showed negligible activity. h-IgG could interact directly with erythrocyte membranes, and this interaction was suppressed by high molecular weight osmoprotectants, showing that it may follow a colloid-osmotic mechanism. In comparative proteomics and glycomics studies, h-IgG and hs-IgG yielded 20 and 5 significantly altered protein spots, respectively, on a 2-D gel. The mean carbohydrate content of h-IgG and hs-IgG was approximately 3.6- and 2-fold higher than that of IgG, respectively, and the α-d-mannose/α-d-glucose content was in the order of h-IgG>hs-IgG>IgG. In this study, a novel antigen nonspecific immune property of human IgG was investigated, and the diversity in the protein constituents and glycosylation levels may have functional signficance.
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18
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A novel immunomodulatory hemocyanin from the limpet Fissurella latimarginata promotes potent anti-tumor activity in melanoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87240. [PMID: 24466345 PMCID: PMC3900722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocyanins, the huge oxygen-transporting glycoproteins of some mollusks, are used as immunomodulatory proteins with proven anti-cancer properties. The biodiversity of hemocyanins has promoted interest in identifying new anti-cancer candidates with improved immunological properties. Hemocyanins promote Th1 responses without known side effects, which make them ideal for long-term sustained treatment of cancer. In this study, we evaluated a novel hemocyanin from the limpet/gastropod Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). This protein has the typical hollow, cylindrical structure of other known hemocyanins, such as the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and the Concholepas hemocyanin (CCH). FLH, like the KLH isoforms, is composed of a single type of polypeptide with exposed N- and O-linked oligosaccharides. However, its immunogenicity was significantly greater than that of KLH and CCH, as FLH induced a stronger humoral immune response and had more potent anti-tumor activity, delaying tumor growth and increasing the survival of mice challenged with B16F10 melanoma cells, in prophylactic and therapeutic settings. Additionally, FLH-treated mice demonstrated increased IFN-γ production and higher numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrated that FLH, but not CCH or KLH, stimulated the rapid production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 and TNF-α) by dendritic cells, triggering a pro-inflammatory milieu that may explain its enhanced immunological activity. Moreover, this effect was abolished when deglycosylated FLH was used, suggesting that carbohydrates play a crucial role in the innate immune recognition of this protein. Altogether, our data demonstrate that FLH possesses increased anti-tumor activity in part because it activates a more potent innate immune response in comparison to other known hemocyanins. In conclusion, FLH is a potential new marine adjuvant for immunization and possible cancer immunotherapy.
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Zhao S, Lu X, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhong M, Li S, Lun J. Identification of a novel alternative splicing variant of hemocyanin from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:1-6. [PMID: 23954808 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest that invertebrates express families of immune molecules with high levels of sequence diversity. Hemocyanin is an important non-specific immune molecule present in the hemolymph of both mollusks and arthropods. In the present study, we characterized a novel alternative splicing variant of hemocyanin (cHE1) from Litopenaeus vannamei that produced mRNA transcript of 2579 bp in length. The isoform contained two additional sequences of 296 and 267 bp in the 5'- and 3'-terminus respectively, in comparison to that of wild type hemocyanin (cHE). Sequence of cHE1 shows 100% identity to that of hemocyanin genomic DNA (HE, which does not form an open reading frame), suggesting that cHE1 might be an alternative splicing variant due to intron retention. Moreover, cHE1 could be detected by RT-PCR from five tissues (heart, gill, stomach, intestine and brain), and from shrimps at stages from nauplius to mysis larva. Further, cHE1 mRNA transcripts were significantly increased in hearts after 12h of infection with Vibrio parahemolyticus or poly I: C, while no significant difference in the transcript levels of hepatopancreas cHE was detected in the pathogen-treated shrimps during the period. In summary, these studies suggested a novel splicing variant of hemocyanin in shrimp, which might be involved in shrimp resistance to pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
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Arancibia S, Del Campo M, Nova E, Salazar F, Becker MI. Enhanced structural stability of Concholepas hemocyanin increases its immunogenicity and maintains its non-specific immunostimulatory effects. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:688-99. [PMID: 22144228 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hemocyanins, which boost the immune system of mammals, have been used as carrier-adjuvants to promote Ab production against haptens and peptides, as immunostimulants during therapy for bladder carcinoma and as a component in therapeutic vaccines for cancer. These biomedical applications have led to growing interest in obtaining hemocyanins with high immunogenicity. Here, we study the immunological properties of a modified oxidized Concholepas concholepas hemocyanin (Ox-CCH) obtained by the oxidation of its carbohydrates using sodium periodate. We assessed the internalization of Ox-CCH into DCs and its immunogenicity and antitumor effects. Transmission electron microscopy showed no changes in Ox-CCH quaternary structure with respect to native CCH, although proteolytic treatment followed by SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that Schiff bases were formed. Interestingly, DCs internalized Ox-CCH faster than CCH, mainly through macropinocytosis. During this process, Ox-CCH remained inside endosome-like structures for a longer period. Mouse immunization experiments demonstrated that Ox-CCH is more immunogenic and a better carrier than CCH. Moreover, Ox-CCH showed a significant antitumor effect in the B16F10 melanoma model similar to that produced by CCH, inducing IFN-γ secretion. Together, these data demonstrate that the aldehydes formed by the periodate oxidation of sugar moieties stabilizes the CCH structure, increasing its adjuvant/immunostimulatory carrier effects.
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Zhao X, Guo L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Lun J, Chen J, Li Y. SNPs of hemocyanin C-terminal fragment in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:403-10. [PMID: 22245153 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a variable region in the C-terminus of hemocyanin from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (2288-2503bp, HcSC) by sequence alignments. A total of 13 SNPs were identified by PCR-SSCP and HcSC clone sequencing. The SSCP patterns of HcSC could be modulated in Vibro parahaemolyticus-treated shrimps. A novel SSCP band with four SNP sites was identified in V. parahaemolyticus-resistant shrimps. More importantly, three of these four SNPs introduced variations in amino acid sequence and possibly secondary structure of the HcSC polypeptide and resulted in a higher agglutinative activity against seven pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that the C-terminus of shrimp L. vannamei hemocyanin possesses SNPs, which may be related to shrimp resistance to different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianliang Zhao
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, People's Republic of China
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Gesheva V, Idakieva K, Kerekov N, Nikolova K, Mihaylova N, Doumanova L, Tchorbanov A. Marine gastropod hemocyanins as adjuvants of non-conjugated bacterial and viral proteins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:135-142. [PMID: 20887791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Killed viral vaccines and bacterial toxoids are weakly immunogenic. Numerous compounds are under evaluation as immunological adjuvants and peptide-carriers to improve the immune response. The hemocyanins, giant extracellular copper proteins in the blood of many mollusks, are widely used as immune stimulants. In the present study we investigated the adjuvant properties of hemocyanins isolated from marine gastropods Rapana thomasiana and Megathura crenulata. An immunization with Influenza vaccine or tetanus toxoid combined with Rapana thomasiana hemocyanin (RtH) and Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in mice induced an anti-influenza cytotoxic response lasting at least 5 months and an antibody response to viral proteins. The IgG antibody response to the tetanus toxoid (TT) combined with RtH or KLH was comparable to the response of the toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant. The results obtained demonstrate that the both hemocyanins are acceptable as potential bio-adjuvants for subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gesheva
- The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad G Bonchev Str 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Concholepas hemocyanin biosynthesis takes place in the hepatopancreas, with hemocytes being involved in its metabolism. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 342:423-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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