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Di Vincenzo S, Di Sano C, D'Anna C, Ferraro M, Malizia V, Bruno A, Cristaldi M, Cipollina C, Lazzara V, Pinto P, La Grutta S, Pace E. Tyndallized bacteria prime bronchial epithelial cells to mount an effective innate immune response against infections. Hum Cell 2024:10.1007/s13577-024-01080-z. [PMID: 38814518 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Airway epithelium represents a physical barrier against toxic substances and pathogens but also presents pattern recognition receptors on the epithelial cells that detect pathogens leading to molecule release and sending signals that activate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus, impaired airway epithelial function and poor integrity may increase the recurrence of infections. Probiotic use in respiratory diseases as adjuvant of traditional therapy is increasingly widespread. There is growing interest in the use of non-viable heat-killed bacteria, such as tyndallized bacteria (TB), due to safety concerns and to their immunomodulatory properties. This study explores in vitro the effects of a TB blend on the immune activation of airway epithelium. 16HBE bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of TB. Cell viability, TB internalization, TLR2 expression, IL-6, IL-8 and TGF-βl expression/release, E-cadherin expression and wound healing were assessed. We found that TB were tolerated, internalized, increased TLR2, E-cadherin expression, IL-6 release and wound healing but decreased both IL-8 and TGF-βl release. In conclusion, TB activate TLR2 pathway without inducing a relevant pro-inflammatory response and improve barrier function, leading to the concept that TB preserve epithelial homeostasis and could be used as strategy to prevent and to manage respiratory infection, exacerbations included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Di Vincenzo
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Di Sano
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Anna
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Ferraro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Velia Malizia
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Chiara Cipollina
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
- Rimed Foundation, 90100, Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Lazzara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Aziendali E Statistiche-Università Degli Studi Di Palermo, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Pinto
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense-Università di Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa, 90100, Palermo, Italy
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Park MK, Park HK, Yu HS. The Recombinant Profilin from Free-Living Amoebae Induced Allergic Immune Responses via TLR2. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2915-2925. [PMID: 38764493 PMCID: PMC11100517 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s450866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Repeated exposure to recombinant profilin from Acanthamoeba (rAc-PF) induces allergic airway responses in vitro and in vivo. Based on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in allergic airway diseases, TLRs play a central role in innate immune responses and the adaptive immune system and regulate responses against antigens through antigen-specific receptors. In this study, we attempted to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying rAc-PF-induced allergic inflammatory responses. Methods We determined the correlation between rAc-PF and TLRs and analyzed changes in allergic immune responses after blocking multiple TLR signaling under rAc-PF treatment conditions in vitro. We also compared allergic inflammatory responses in TLR2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. To investigate the effect of TLR2 on antigen prototyping and T cell activation in the inflammatory response induced by rAc-PF, we assessed maturation of BMDCs and polarization of naïve T cells by rAc-PF stimulation. Additionally, we compared changes in inflammation-related gene expression by rAc-PF treatment in primary lung epithelial cells isolated from TLR2 KO and WT mice. Results The rAc-PF treatment was increased the expression level of TLR2 and 9 in vitro. But, there were not significantly differ the others TLRs expression by rAc-PF treated group. And then, the mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related genes were reduced in the TLR2 or TLR9 antagonist-treated groups compared to those in the rAc-PF alone, were no difference the treated with the other TLRs (TLR4, 6, and 7/8) antagonist. The difference was higher in the TLR2 antagonist group. Additionally, the levels of airway inflammatory disease indicators were lower in the TLR2 KO group than in the WT group after rAc-PF treatment. Furthermore, the expression of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell (BMDC) surface molecular markers following rAc-PF stimulation was lower in TLR2 KO mice than in WT mice, and TLR2 KO in BMDCs resulted in a remarkable decline in Th2/17-related cytokine production and Th2/17 subset differentiation. In addition, the expression levels of rAc-PF-induced inflammatory genes were reduced inTLR2 KO primary lung cells compared to those in normal primary lung cells. Conclusion These results suggest that the rAc-PF-induced airway inflammatory response is regulated by TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Khayer N, Jalessi M, Farhadi M, Azad Z. S100a9 might act as a modulator of the Toll-like receptor 4 transduction pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9722. [PMID: 38678138 PMCID: PMC11055867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by persistent nasal and sinus mucosa inflammation. Despite significant morbidity and decreased quality of life, there are limited effective treatment options for such a disease. Therefore, identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways paves the way for novel therapeutic interventions. In the current study, a three-way interaction approach was used to detect dynamic co-expression interactions involved in CRSwNP. In this approach, the internal evolution of the co-expression relation between a pair of genes (X, Y) was captured under a change in the expression profile of a third gene (Z), named the switch gene. Subsequently, the biological relevancy of the statistically significant triplets was confirmed using both gene set enrichment analysis and gene regulatory network reconstruction. Finally, the importance of identified switch genes was confirmed using a random forest model. The results suggested four dysregulated pathways in CRSwNP, including "positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction", "arachidonic acid metabolic process", "spermatogenesis" and "negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process". Additionally, the S100a9 as a switch gene together with the gene pair {Cd14, Tpd52l1} form a biologically relevant triplet. More specifically, we suggested that S100a9 might act as a potential upstream modulator in toll-like receptor 4 transduction pathway in the major CRSwNP pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Khayer
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Jalessi
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Azad
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang H, Zhu X, Liu H, Yang C, Liu Y. Long Non Coding RNA FOXD3‑AS1 Alleviates Allergic Rhinitis by Elevating the Th1/Th2 Ratio via the Regulation of Dendritic Cells. Immunol Invest 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37129115 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2023.2197940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article aimed to explore whether the regulation of Th1/Th2 immune responses by FOXD3-AS1 is associated with dendritic cells (DCs) in allergic rhinitis (AR). HE staining was performed to assess the pathological changes in the nasal mucosa; ELISA was performed to measure the levels of Th1/Th2-related cytokines; flow cytometry was performed to analyze Th1/Th2 cells and MHC-II-, CD80-, and CD86-positive DCs; and qRT‒PCR and western blotting were performed to measure mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Our data revealed that LV-FOXD3-AS1 improved AR and increased the Th1/Th2 cell ratio in AR model mice. LV-FOXD3-AS1 further inhibited DC maturation both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the coculture system of DCs and CD4+ T cells demonstrated that LV-FOXD3-AS1 increased the Th1/Th2 cell ratio by inhibiting the maturation of DCs. In addition, LV-FOXD3-AS1 reduced the level of phosphorylated STAT6 in DCs derived from healthy mice, and STAT6 overexpression eliminated the inhibitory effect of LV-FOXD3-AS1 on the maturation of DCs. In summary, LV-FOXD3-AS1 ameliorated AR by increasing the Th1/Th2 cell ratio by inhibiting DC maturation via the inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation. Our data confirmed the protective effect of FOXD3-AS1 in AR and provided a novel idea for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinhua Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunping Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuehui Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Integrated Network Pharmacology and Gut Microbiota Analysis to Explore the Mechanism of Sijunzi Decoction Involved in Alleviating Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Asthma. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:1130893. [PMID: 36636604 PMCID: PMC9831717 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1130893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with recurrent attacks, which seriously affects the patients' quality of life and even threatens their lives. The disease can even threaten the lives of patients. Sijunzi decoction (SJZD), a classical Chinese medicine formula with a long history of administration, is a basic formula used for the treatment of asthma and demonstrates remarkable efficacy. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Materials and Methods We aimed to integrate network pharmacology and intestinal flora sequencing analysis to study the mechanism of SJZD in the treatment of allergic asthmatic mice. The active compounds of SJZD and their asthma-related targets were predicted by various databases. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses to identify potentially relevant pathways for target genes. Furthermore, the active compound-target and target-signaling pathway network maps were constructed by using Cytoscape 3.8.2. These results were combined with those of the intestinal flora sequencing analysis to study the influence of SJZD on airway inflammation in allergic asthmatic mice. Result We obtained 137 active compounds from SJZD and associated them with 1445 asthma-related targets acquired from the databases. A total of 109 common targets were identified. We visualized active compound-target and target-signaling pathway network maps. The pathological analysis and inflammation score results suggested that SJZD could alleviate airway inflammation in asthmatic mice. Sequencing analysis of intestinal flora showed that SJZD could increase the relevant abundance of beneficial bacterial genus and maintain the balance of the intestinal flora. The core toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway was identified based on network pharmacology analysis, and the important role TLRs play in intestinal flora and organismal immunity was also recognized. The analysis of the correlation between environmental factors and intestinal flora revealed that beneficial bacterial genera were negatively correlated with TLR2 and positively correlated with the TLR7 expression. Furthermore, they were positively correlated with IFN-γ and IL-10 levels and negatively correlated with IL-4 and IL-17 levels. Conclusion SJZD alleviated the airway inflammation state in asthmatic mice. The findings suggest that increasing the relevant abundance of beneficial intestinal bacteria in mice with asthma, regulating intestinal flora, interfering with the level of TLR2 and TLR7 expression to adjust the secretion of inflammatory factors, and alleviating asthmatic airway inflammation may be the possible mechanism involved in the treatment of asthma by SJZD, providing a basis for further studies on SJZD.
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Li Q, Tang X, Xu J, Ren X, Wang R, Jiang S. Study on alleviation effect of stachyose on food allergy through TLR2/NF-κB signal pathway in a mouse model. Life Sci 2021; 286:120038. [PMID: 34653427 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the effect on food allergy of stachyose. MAIN METHODS The egg allergen ovalbumin (OVA) was used to induce a food allergy model of BALB/c mice, and different doses of stachyose were given in process. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods to detect the levels of IgE, IgG1, histamine and cytokines. And flow cytometry was used to analyze TH1/TH2 balance further. Besides, Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe changes of intestinal morphology. Lastly, Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) and western Blot was conducted to explore the possible mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Compared with OVA group, serum IgE and IgG1 levels in the low-dose (1mg/mouse) group and high-dose (5mg/mouse) group of stachyose were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); the level of plasma histamine was also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and the body temperature were decreased. In all, allergic symptoms were alleviated after stachyose treatment. Furthermore, TH1/TH2 balance was improved after stachyose treatment. Lastly, the expression of TLR2 and NF-κB were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in both mRNA and protein levels after stachyose treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Food allergy was alleviated through improving TH1/TH2 balance by activating TLR2/NF-κB signal by stachyose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Xinlei Tang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Jianghao Xu
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Xingyuan Ren
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Songsong Jiang
- College of Tourism and Culinary Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China.
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Wu X, Wang P, Zhang Y, Gao L, Zheng B, Xu Y, Mo J. Toll-Like Receptor Characterization Correlates with Asthma and Is Predictive of Diagnosis. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1313-1321. [PMID: 32543891 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the recognition of invading pathogens and the immune system. However, the effect of TLRs in asthma is still not fully known. This study was performed to better understand the role of TLR signatures in asthma. Blood samples from case-control studies (study 1: 348 asthmas and 39 normal controls and validation study 2: 411 asthmas and 87 normal controls) were enrolled. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis method was performed to quantify the abundance of 21 TLR signatures. Gene ontology analysis and pathway function analysis were conducted for functional analysis, and a protein-protein interaction network was constructed. The area under the curve (AUC) value was used to assess the diagnostic capacity. In this study, TLR2/TLR3/TLR4 pathway, MyD88-dependent/independent TLR pathway, positive regulation of TLR4 pathway, and TLR binding signatures were significantly higher in asthma. Functional analysis showed that biological processes and pathways were still involved in TLR cascades and TLR signaling pathway. Eleven hub TLR-related genes were identified, and further validation demonstrated that the combination of TLR-related genes was a good diagnostic biomarker for asthma (AUC = 0.8). Our study provided more insight into the underlying immune mechanism of how TLR signatures affected asthma. The use of the easy-to-apply TLR-related genes might represent a promising blood-based biomarker for early detection of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Beijia Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youwen Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinggang Mo
- The First Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Fang L, Shen Q, Wu H, He F, Ding P, Xu K, Yan X, Wang M, Li S, Liu R. TLR2 favors OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice through JNK signaling pathway with activation of autophagy. Life Sci 2020; 256:117896. [PMID: 32504758 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Numerous studies indicate that toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) led to divergent effects in asthma. The occurrence of autophagy in asthma pathogenesis is still incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of TLR2 and the underlying mechanisms in allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. MAIN METHODS C57BL/6 and TLR2 knockout (TLR2-/-) mice were subjected to an ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized allergic airway model, and were treated with SP600125. Differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined by Wright's staining. Histological analysis of airway inflammation was determined by haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proteins expression in lung tissues was detected by western blot, expression of TLR2 was further observed by immunofluorescence. Autophagy activation was determined by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). KEY FINDINGS TLR2 expression was increased upon OVA challenge, and TLR2 deficiency was associated with decreased allergic airway inflammation. Meanwhile, TLR2 deficiency weakened autophagy activation. Moreover, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by SP600125 also suppressed OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation. Interestingly, treating TLR2-/- mice with SP600125 showed similar OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation and autophagy activation compared to that in vehicle-treated TLR2-/- mice. SIGNIFICANCE TLR2 might contribute to the maintenance of allergic airway inflammation through JNK signaling pathway accompanying with autophagy activation. These findings may provide a novel signal target for prevention of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Qiying Shen
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Huimei Wu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; No.1 Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Chest Hospital, Jixi Road 397, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xuebo Yan
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Muzi Wang
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Intensive Care Unit, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Huaihai Avenue 100, Hefei, Anhui 230012, China
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Respiratory and Critical Care, Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China.
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Na HG, Kim YD, Choi YS, Bae CH, Song SY. Diesel exhaust particles elevate MUC5AC and MUC5B expression via the TLR4-mediated activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways in human airway epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:53-59. [PMID: 30857636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) is known to cause serious health problems, owing to a steady increase in the number of diesel vehicles worldwide. DEPs comprise approximately 90% particle mass existing in the fine size range (≤2.5 μm) and are mainly absorbed in the respiratory tract. However, limited information is available on the effects of DEP exposure on the respiratory tract in humans. Here, we investigated the effect and signaling pathways of DEPs on the expression of mucin, especially MUC5AC and MUC5B, in human airway epithelial cells by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. The signaling pathways activated following DEP-induced expression of MUC5AC and MUC5B in airway epithelial cells were analyzed by evaluating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 [ERK1/2] and p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation with western blot and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) analyses. DEPs significantly increased MUC5AC and MUC5B expression in human airway epithelial cells that was closely related to TLR4, MAPK (ERK 1/2 and p38), and NF-κB pathway activation. This is the first report to demonstrate the DEP-mediated increase in MUC5AC and MUC5B expression via the TLR4-mediated activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways in human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Gyun Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Regional Center for Respiratory Diseases, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Bae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Youn Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Han S, Zhou H, Cai L, Li J, Liu N, Liu Y, Wang L, Fan C, Li A, Miao Y. TIMM50 promotes tumor progression via ERK signaling and predicts poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:767-776. [PMID: 30604908 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TIMM50 (Translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane 50), also called TIM50, plays an essential role in mitochondrial membrane transportation. The existing literature suggests that TIMM50 may perform as an oncogenetic protein in breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanism, especially in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is uncertain to date. In the present study, using immunohistochemistry, we found that TIMM50 expression significantly correlated with larger tumor size (P = 0.049), advanced TNM stage (P = 0.001), positive regional lymph node metastasis (P = 0.007), and poor overall survival (P = 0.001). Proliferation and invasion assay showed that TIMM50 dramatically promoted the ability of proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells. Subsequent Western blotting results revealed that TIMM50 enhanced the expression of Cyclin D1 and Snail, and inhibited the expression of E-cadherin. Moreover, TIMM50 facilitated the expression of phosphorylated ERK and P90RSK. Incorporation of ERK inhibitor counteracted the upregulating expression of CyclinD1, and Snail, and downregulating expression of E-cadherin expression induced by TIMM50 overexpression. In conclusion, our data indicated that TIMM50 facilitated tumor proliferation and invasion of NSCLC through enhancing phosphorylation of its downstream ERK/P90RSK signaling pathway. We speculated that TIMM50 might be a useful prognosis marker of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haijing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingduo Li
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuifeng Fan
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Miao
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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de la Torre MV, Baeza ML, Nájera L, Zubeldia JM. Comparative study of adjuvants for allergen-specific immunotherapy in a murine model. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1219-1228. [PMID: 30244623 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the immunological and clinical changes induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) using different adjuvants. MATERIALS & METHODS Olea europaea pollen-sensitized mice were treated with olea plus aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or immunostimulatory sequences (ISS). RESULTS Aluminum hydroxide seems to drive initially to a Th2-type response. Bacteria-derived adjuvants (MPL and ISS) skew the immune response toward Th1 and Treg pathways. Specific-IgE production was lower after AIT with MPL and ISS. Moreover, IgG2a production significantly increased in ISS-treated mice. Bacteria-derived adjuvants also improved the Th1 cytokine response due to IFN-γ higher secretion. In addition, they improved bronchial hyper-reactivity and lung inflammation. CONCLUSION Bacteria-derived adjuvants may enhance the efficacy of AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luisa Baeza
- Allergy Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)-U761, Madrid, Spain.,Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nájera
- Patology Service, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Zubeldia
- Allergy Service, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER)-U761, Madrid, Spain.,Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Zakeri A, Russo M. Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 29867994 PMCID: PMC5963123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is influenced by the interplay between genetic factors and exposure to environmental allergens, microbes, or microbial products where toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role. TLRs recognize a wide range of microbial or endogenous molecules as well as airborne environmental allergens and act as adjuvants that influence positively or negatively allergic sensitization. TLRs are qualitatively and differentially expressed on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal or structural airway cells that when activated by TLRs agonists exert an immune-modulatory role in asthma development. Therefore, understanding mechanisms and pathways by which TLRs orchestrate asthma outcomes may offer new strategies to control the disease. Here, we aim to review and critically discuss the role of TLRs in human asthma and murine models of allergic airway inflammation, highlighting the complexity of TLRs function in development, exacerbation, or control of airway allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Wang XH, Zhang ZH, Cai XL, Ye P, Feng X, Liu TT, Li XZ. Lipopolysaccharide induces autophagy by targeting the AMPK-mTOR pathway in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:899-904. [PMID: 29223553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a well-known disease encountered in the department of otorhinolaryngology, yet little is known about its pathogenesis. Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation process, has been reported to be involved in the process of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here we tried to evaluate the function of autophagy in CRS as well as explore the related mechanisms. We first stained light chain 3B (LC3B) with immunohistochemistry in uncinate tissues (UT) from patients with and without CRS and found that its expression was up-regulated in CRS patients. Then, Human Nasal Epithelial Cells (HNEpC) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of the most common pathogenic elements in CRS, and we found that autophagy was induced in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This is supported by a rise in the expression of light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II), accumulation of GFP-LC3 vesicles, as well as decreased p62 expression. Furthermore, we found that LPS promoted AMPK phosphorylation and inactived mTOR, while AMPK inhibition by compound C significantly attenuated LPS-induced autophagy. Besides, treatment of HNEpC with LPS increased the amount of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) while inhibiting TLR4 by Polymyxin B (PMB) declined autophagy caused by LPS. Taken together, our study first demonstrated that LPS caused autophagy in HNEpC, and this process was AMPK-mTOR dependent. These data suggested the relationship between LPS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Hai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Municipal Hospital of Weihai, Weihai, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliaed Weihai Second Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Zhong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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15
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Mukherjee M, Cingolani E, Pritchard DI, Bosquillon C. Enhanced expression of Organic Cation Transporters in bronchial epithelial cell layers following insults associated with asthma - Impact on salbutamol transport. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:62-70. [PMID: 28549677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests Organic Cation Transporters (OCT) might facilitate the absorption of inhaled bronchodilators, including salbutamol, across the lung epithelium. This is essentially scarred and inflamed in asthma. Accordingly, the impact of epithelial insults relevant to asthma on OCT expression and salbutamol transport was evaluated in air-liquid interfaced layers of the human broncho-epithelial cell line Calu-3. These were physically injured and allowed to recover for 48h or exposed to the pro-inflammatory stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 48h and the aeroallergen house dust mite (HDM) for 8h twice over 48h. Increases in transporter expression were measured following each treatment, with the protein levels of the OCTN2 subtype consistently raised by at least 50%. Interestingly, OCT upregulation upon LPS and HDM challenges were dependent on an inflammatory event occurring in the cell layers. Salbutamol permeability was higher in LPS exposed layers than in their untreated counterparts and in both cases, was sensitive to the OCT inhibitor tetraethylammonium. This study is the first to show epithelial injury, inflammation and allergen abuse upregulate OCT in bronchial epithelial cells, which might have an impact on the absorption of their substrates in diseased lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Mukherjee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E Cingolani
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - D I Pritchard
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - C Bosquillon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
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16
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Papaioannou AI, Spathis A, Kostikas K, Karakitsos P, Papiris S, Rossios C. The role of endosomal toll-like receptors in asthma. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:14-20. [PMID: 27677226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease caused by association of genetic and environmental factors and its incidence has significantly increased over the latest years. The clinical manifestations of asthma are the result of airway hyper-reactivity to a variety of triggers such as aeroallergens, viral and bacterial components. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen associated molecular pattern receptors, which are also expressed in the lung tissue as well as in several cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Ligation of TLRs results in alterations in the expression of several inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, which are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. The endosomal TLRs have been shown to be associated with the induction of asthmatic inflammation (TLR3), and with disease exacerbations (TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9). Targeting these receptors seems to be an effective choice for suppressing airway inflammation, eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic patients. In this review we provide information regarding endosomal TLRs and their role in the pathogenesis of asthma as well as their potential use as targets for the development of novel treatments for the therapy of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana I Papaioannou
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
| | - Aris Spathis
- Department of Cytopathology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Karakitsos
- Department of Cytopathology, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Papiris
- 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, "Attikon" University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Rossios
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK
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17
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Zakeri A, Yazdi FG. Toll-like receptor-mediated involvement of innate immune cells in asthma disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3270-3277. [PMID: 27543676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Innate immune cells as the first line of defense are adept at recognizing and triggering appropriate response against various pathogens. Apart from the protective functions, the innate immunity plays an essential role in mediation of allergic responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) and airway epithelial cells (AECs) along with other innate cells such as granulocytes, natural killer cells (NKs), natural killer T cells (NKTs), and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are able to orchestrate allergic responses, especially asthma. Chronic stimulation of TLRs by airway stimuli induces local inflammation which gradually results in the recruitment and settling of innate cells around airways. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses how recruitment and accumulation of the inflammatory cells in the site of insult facilitate hypersensitivity reactions and initiate airway inflammation. We indicate that these cells are well equipped to highly sensitive receptors known as toll-like receptors (TLRs) making them fit to prime adaptive immune response. Based on emerging findings, we highlight the pivotal role of TLRs in regulation of innate cells function in the context of asthma disease. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Stimulation of the TLRs of innate cells by allergens has been found to accelerate and regulate allergic airway inflammation. In fact, the sophisticated interaction between environmental allergens and TLRs leads to release of various pro-inflammatory mediators from innate cells supporting asthma development. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights that TLRs have a substantial role in priming innate cells and cytokine release, suggesting that the involvement of TLRs of innate immune cells can modulate the function of these cells in asthma disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Immunology Section, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Fariba Ghiamati Yazdi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156, Iran
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18
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Nuolivirta K, Törmänen S, Teräsjärvi J, Vuononvirta J, Koponen P, Korppi M, Helminen M, Peltola V, He Q. Post-bronchiolitis wheezing is associated with toll-like receptor 9 rs187084 gene polymorphism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31165. [PMID: 27498757 PMCID: PMC4976338 DOI: 10.1038/srep31165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity receptors play a critical role in host defence, as well as in allergy and asthma. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether there are associations between TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs2407992, TLR9 rs187084 or TLR10 rs4129009 polymorphisms and viral findings, clinical characteristics or subsequent wheezing in infants with bronchiolitis. In all, 135 full-term infants were hospitalized for bronchiolitis at age less than 6 months: 129 of them were followed-up until the age of 1.5 years. The outcome measures were repeated wheezing, use of inhaled corticosteroids, atopic dermatitis during the first 1.5 years of life and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). There were no significant associations between the genotypes or allele frequencies of TLR7 rs179008, TLR8 rs2407992, TLR9 rs187084 or TLR10 rs4129009 polymorphisms and clinical characteristics or the severity of bronchiolitis during hospitalization. During follow-up, repeated wheezing was more common in children with TLR9 rs187084 variant genotype CC (30.5%) than in children with TLR9 wild-type genotype TT (12.2%) (p = 0.02, aOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.02–7.29). The TLR10 rs4129009 minor allele G was associated with elevated total serum IgE. TLR9 rs187084 gene polymorphism may be associated with post-bronchiolitis wheezing, and TLR10 rs4129009 gene polymorphism may be associated with atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Nuolivirta
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Sari Törmänen
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Teräsjärvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Koponen
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Matti Korppi
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Helminen
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ville Peltola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and Child and Youth Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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19
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Histamine Receptor 2 is Required to Suppress Innate Immune Responses to Bacterial Ligands in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:1575-86. [PMID: 27271490 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine is a key immunoregulatory mediator in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions and chronic inflammatory responses, in particular histamine suppresses proinflammatory responses to bacterial ligands, through histamine receptor 2 (H2R). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of histamine and H2R on bacteria-induced inflammatory responses in patients with IBD. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients with Crohn's disease, patients with ulcerative colitis, and healthy controls. PBMC histamine receptor expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cytokine secretion following Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, or TLR-9 stimulation in the presence or absence of histamine or famotidine (H2R antagonist) was quantified. Biopsy histamine receptor gene expression was evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The in vivo role of H2R was evaluated in the T-cell transfer murine colitis model. RESULTS The percentage of circulating H2R monocytes was significantly reduced in patients with IBD. Histamine effectively suppressed TLR-induced cytokine secretion from healthy volunteer PBMCs but not for PBMCs from patients with IBD. Famotidine reversed this suppressive effect. H1R, H2R, and H4R gene expression was increased in inflamed gastrointestinal mucosa compared with noninflamed mucosa from the same patient and expression levels correlated with proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. Mice receiving lymphocytes from H2R donors, or treated with famotidine, displayed more severe weight loss, higher disease scores and increased numbers of mucosal IFN-γ and IL-17 T cells. CONCLUSION Patients with IBD display dysregulated expression of histamine receptors, with diminished anti-inflammatory effects associated with H2R signaling. Deliberate manipulation of H2R signaling may suppress excessive TLR responses to bacteria within the gut.
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20
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Cho JS, Kim JA, Park JH, Park IH, Han IH, Lee HM. Toll-like receptor 4-mediated expression of interleukin-32 via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/protein kinase B/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2016; 6:1020-1028. [PMID: 27173130 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is prolonged inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. Interleukin-32 (IL-32) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic lung inflammatory diseases. The aim of study is to compare the expression level of IL-32 in normal nasal mucosa and CRSwNP and to investigate the mechanism underlying IL-32 expression in CRSwNP. METHODS IL-32 expression in nasal tissues, normal nasal mucosa-derived fibroblasts (NorDFs) and nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs), ex vivo explants of nasal tissues was measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NorDFs and NPDFs were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the expression level of IL-32 was measured. LPS from Rhodobactersphaeroides (RS) and small interference RNA against Toll-like receptor 4 (siTLR4) were used to inhibit signaling by TLR4. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) (extracellular related kinase [ERK], p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK]), protein kinase B (AKT), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) was examined using western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of IL-32 was increased in CRSwNP compared to normal nasal mucosa. LPS induced expression of IL-32 in a time-dependent manner. The induction of IL-32 expression in NPDFS was more effective than in NorDFs. Treatment with RS and siTLR4 inhibited the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), and IL-32 in LPS-stimulated NPDFs. IL-32 expression was specifically activated by JNK, AKT, and CREB in LPS-stimulated NPDFs and CRSwNP ex vivo explants. CONCLUSION The sensitivity for IL-32 expression by LPS was increased in CRSwNP compared to normal nasal mucosa. LPS effectively induced IL-32 expression in NPDFs than in NorDFs through the TLR4-JNK-AKT-CREB signaling pathway. Therefore, IL-32 seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Cho
- Biomedical Science, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Kim
- Biomedical Science, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hoo Park
- Biomedical Science, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Hye Han
- Biomedical Science, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Biomedical Science, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Research-Driven Hospital, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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21
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Hall SC, Agrawal DK. Toll-like receptors, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members and receptor for advanced glycation end-products in allergic airway inflammation. Expert Rev Respir Med 2016; 10:171-84. [PMID: 26678062 PMCID: PMC4955846 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1133303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways characterized by cellular infiltration, airway hyper-responsive and airway inflammation. Innate immune cells are the first line of defense against endogenous and exogenous signals in the airways and as such possess a diverse array of pattern recognition receptors. Toll-like receptors are crucial sentinels which when activated, can either promote or ameliorate the inflammatory response in predisposed individuals. The recently discovered triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells family members are emerging mediators of inflammation. These receptors are believed to modulate inflammatory responses by collaborating with classic PRRs. Endogenous signals like HMGB-1, signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products, also promotes inflammation, however, its contribution to inflammation in the airways is not well known. Here, we discuss the role of each receptor in airway inflammation and highlight potential synergistic mechanisms, which contribute to disease pathogenesis in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sannette C. Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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22
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Narasimhan B, Goodman JT, Vela Ramirez JE. Rational Design of Targeted Next-Generation Carriers for Drug and Vaccine Delivery. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 18:25-49. [PMID: 26789697 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082615-030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors on innate immune cells play an important role in guiding how cells interact with the rest of the organism and in determining the direction of the downstream immune response. Recent advances have elucidated the structure and function of these receptors, providing new opportunities for developing targeted drugs and vaccines to treat infections, cancers, and neurological disorders. C-type lectin receptors, Toll-like receptors, and folate receptors have attracted interest for their ability to endocytose their ligands or initiate signaling pathways that influence the immune response. Several novel technologies are being developed to engage these receptors, including recombinant antibodies, adoptive immunotherapy, and chemically modified antigens and drug delivery vehicles. These active targeting technologies will help address current challenges facing drug and vaccine delivery and lead to new tools to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Jonathan T Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
| | - Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;
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Kim SH. Airway epithelial cells in airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2016.4.2.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Renkonen S, Cardell LO, Mattila P, Lundberg M, Haglund C, Hagström J, Mäkitie AA. Toll-like receptors 3, 7, and 9 in Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. APMIS 2015; 123:439-44. [PMID: 25912131 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare, benign tumor affecting adolescent males. The etiology of JNA as well as the causes determining the variable growth patterns of individual tumors remains unknown. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of the innate immune response to microbes; by recognition of distinct features, they link to induction of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. We immunostained TLR 3, 7, and 9 in 27 JNA specimens of patients treated at the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, during the years 1970-2009. RESULTS TLR 3, 7, and 9 expressions were found in stromal and endothelial cells of JNA, and their expression levels varied from negative to very strong positive. TLR 3 expression was found to have a significant correlation with the clinical stage of JNA. CONCLUSIONS The present results propose a putative role of TLRs in the growth process of JNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Renkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Renkonen J, Toppila-Salmi S, Joenväärä S, Mattila P, Parviainen V, Hagström J, Haglund C, Lehtonen M, Renkonen R. Expression of Toll-like receptors in nasal epithelium in allergic rhinitis. APMIS 2015; 123:716-25. [PMID: 26061394 PMCID: PMC4744727 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are important in barrier homeostasis, but their role in airborne allergies is not fully understood. The aim was to evaluate baseline and allergen‐induced expression of TLR proteins in nasal epithelium during allergic rhinitis. Nineteen otherwise healthy non‐smoking volunteers both allergic to birch pollen and non‐allergic controls were enrolled. We took nasal biopsies before and after off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen or diluent challenge. The expression of epithelial TLR1‐7, TLR9‐10, and MyD88 proteins was immunohistochemically evaluated from the nasal biopsies. The TLR1‐3 and TLR5‐10 mRNAs were observed by RNA‐microarray. Baseline epithelial expression of TLR proteins was wide and identical in controls and atopics. After off‐seasonal intranasal birch pollen challenge, a negative change in the expression score of TLR1 and TLR6 proteins was detected in the atopic group. TLR mRNA expression was not affected by birch pollen challenge. Nasal epithelium seems to express all known TLRs. The mechanisms by which TLR1, and TLR6 proteins could affect pollen allergen transport need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Toppila-Salmi
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Allergy, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Joenväärä
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Mattila
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Parviainen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Lehtonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Risto Renkonen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Fashi M, Agha Alinejad H, Asilian Mahabadi H. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise in Ambient Particulate Matter on Lung Tissue Inflammation and Lung Cancer. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e2333. [PMID: 26413253 PMCID: PMC4581364 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to Air pollution PM10 results in lung inflammation increased risk of lung cancer. Regular aerobic exercise improves the inflammatory status in different lung diseases. However, the effects of long-term aerobic exercise on the pulmonary response to PM10 have not been investigated. Objectives: The present study evaluated the effect of aerobic exercise on the lung inflammatory and risk of lung cancer of rat exposed to PM10 carbon black. Materials and Methods: Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: A: control (without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise; n = 6), B: aerobic exercise (five times per week for 4 weeks; n = 6), C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat; n = 6), D: and aerobic exercise concomitantly with exposure to PM10 carbon black (n = 6). The gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α were analyzed in lung tissue by Real time-PCR. In order to determine the significant differences between groups, one way ANOVA and LSD post hoc and Kruskal-Vallis test were used. Results: Aerobic exercise inhibited the PM10 -induced increase in the gene expression of TLR4, NF-κB and TNF-α. But there was significant different only between B and C groups for TNF-α and NF-κB (P = 0.047, 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that four week aerobic exercise presents protective effects in a rat model of PM10 carbon black-induced lung inflammation and risk of lung cancer. Our results indicate a need for human studies that evaluate the lung Responses to aerobic exercise chronically performed in polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Fashi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hamid Agha Alinejad
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hasan Asilian Mahabadi
- Deptartment of Occupational Health Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
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Risk factors for contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis associated with silicone hydrogel contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens 2015; 40:117-22. [PMID: 24681609 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC) continues to be a major cause of dropout during extended wear of contact lenses. This retrospective study explores risk factors for the development of CLPC during extended wear of silicone hydrogel lenses. METHODS Data from 205 subjects enrolled in the Longitudinal Analysis of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lens study wearing lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel lenses for up to 30 days of continuous wear were used to determine risk factors for CLPC in this secondary analysis of the main cohort. The main covariates of interest included substantial lens-associated bacterial bioburden and topographically determined lens base curve-to-cornea fitting relationships. Additional covariates of interest included history of adverse events, time of year, race, education level, gender, and other subject demographics. Statistical analyses included univariate logistic regression to assess the impact of potential risk factors on the binary CLPC outcome and Cox proportional hazards regression to describe the impact of those factors on time-to-CLPC diagnosis. RESULTS Across 12 months of follow-up, 52 subjects (25%) experienced CLPC. No associations were found between the CLPC development and the presence of bacterial bioburden, lens-to-cornea fitting relationships, history of adverse events, gender, or race. Contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis development followed the same seasonal trends as the local peaks in environmental allergens. CONCLUSIONS Lens fit and biodeposits, in the form of lens-associated bacterial bioburden, were not associated with the development of CLPC during extended wear with lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel lenses.
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Ghanim H, Green K, Abuaysheh S, Batra M, Kuhadiya ND, Patel R, Makdissi A, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Suppressive effect of insulin on the gene expression and plasma concentrations of mediators of asthmatic inflammation. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:202406. [PMID: 25642424 PMCID: PMC4302348 DOI: 10.1155/2015/202406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Following our recent demonstration that the chronic inflammatory and insulin resistant state of obesity is associated with an increase in the expression of mediators known to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and that weight loss after gastric bypass surgery results in the reduction of these genes, we have now hypothesized that insulin suppresses the cellular expression and plasma concentrations of these mediators. METHODS The expression of IL-4, LIGHT, LTBR, ADAM-33, and TSLP in MNC and plasma concentrations of LIGHT, TGF-β1, MMP-9, MCP-1, TSLP, and NOM in obese patients with T2DM were measured before, during, and after the infusion of a low dose (2 U/h) infusion of insulin for 4 hours. The patients were also infused with dextrose or saline for 4 hours on two separate visits and served as controls. Results. Following insulin infusion, the mRNA expression of IL-4, ADAM-33, LIGHT, and LTBR mRNA expression fell significantly (P < 0.05 for all). There was also a concomitant reduction in plasma NOM, LIGHT, TGF-β1, MCP-1, and MMP-9 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Insulin suppresses the expression of these genes and mediators related to asthma and may, therefore, have a potential role in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ghanim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Kelly Green
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Sanaa Abuaysheh
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Manav Batra
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Nitesh D. Kuhadiya
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Reema Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Antoine Makdissi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Sandeep Dhindsa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 701 W 5th Street, Odessa, TX 79763, USA
| | - Ajay Chaudhuri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
| | - Paresh Dandona
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, State University of New York at Buffalo and Kaleida Health, 115 Flint Road, Williamsville, NY 14221, USA
- *Paresh Dandona:
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Cui XY, Chen X, Yu CJ, Yang J, Lin ZP, Yin M, Cheng L. Increased expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and related cytokines in persistent allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 152:233-8. [PMID: 25505260 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814562173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the crucial components of host defenses and supposed to play a role in nasal inflammation such as chronic rhinosinusitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis. This study was performed to investigate the expression patterns of TLRs and related cytokines in persistent allergic rhinitis (PER). STUDY DESIGN Experimental study of human nasal tissue. SETTING Academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 21 patients with PER and 21 controls from December 2012 to September 2013. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TLR1-9, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-α, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The cellular localizations as well as protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 were further detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS TLR1-9 mRNA could be determined in nasal mucosa. Compared with the controls, mRNA expression of only TLR2 and TLR4 was significant higher in patients with PER (P < .05). In addition, mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8, but not IL-1, IL-12, IFN-α, and TNF-α, was upregulated in patients with PER vs control subjects (P < .05). However, these increased cytokines were not correlated with either TLR2 or TLR4 in patients with PER. Protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was consistent with mRNA levels (P < .05). The cellular distributions of TLR2 and TLR4 were localized in nasal epithelium, subepithelial glands and capillary endothelial cells, and immune cells. CONCLUSION TLR2 and TLR4 are increased in patients with PER and may be one of the major contributors to the persistence and aggravation of allergic inflammation in PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Cui
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen-Jie Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-Ping Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Cho JS, Kang JH, Park IH, Lee HM. Steroids inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor expression via TLR4/Akt/NF-κB pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:913-921. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Steroids have anti-inflammatory properties and are ideal candidates for treating chronic inflammatory airways. The aims of this study were to identify the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of steroids on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced VEGF expression in nasal polyps. Nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) were stimulated with LPS alone or with both LPS and steroids were used to determine the expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 ( MyD88), and VEGF by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). VEGF protein level was analyzed by immunocytochemical staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TLR4 was transfected to down-regulate TLR4 expression. Activation of Akt and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway on VEGF expression was determined by Western blot analysis, immunocytochemical staining, and ELISA. Nasal polyp organ cultures were stimulated with LPS alone or in conjunction with steroids or LPS-RS (TLR4 inhibitor) and accessed the expression of VEGF. Steroids decreased the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and VEGF mRNA and VEGF protein in LPS-stimulated NPDFs. Steroids inhibited LPS-induced VEGF expression levels in dose-dependent manner. The suppression of TLR4 transcription by siRNA treatment reduced LPS-induced expression of both TLR4 and VEGF in NPDFs. Furthermore, steroids inhibited the production of VEGF by blocking Akt and NF-κB activation and preventing with NF-κB translocation. Also, steroid and TLR4 inhibitor decreased VEGF expression in nasal polyp organ cultures. These results indicate that steroids inhibit LPS-induced VEGF expression through the TLR4/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Sun Cho
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Il-Ho Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Heung-Man Lee
- Biomedical Science, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Institute for Medical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
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Sagar S, Morgan ME, Chen S, Vos AP, Garssen J, van Bergenhenegouwen J, Boon L, Georgiou NA, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus rhamnosus treatment is as effective as budesonide at reducing inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma. Respir Res 2014; 15:46. [PMID: 24735374 PMCID: PMC4029990 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is estimated to affect as many as 300 million people worldwide and its incidence and prevalence are rapidly increasing throughout the world, especially in children and within developing countries. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of potentially beneficial bacteria for allergic diseases. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with two different beneficial bacterial strains (Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NutRes1) and a glucocorticoid (budesonide), as a reference treatment, on inflammatory response in a murine model for chronic allergic asthma. Methods To mimic the chronic disease in asthmatic patients, we used the murine ovalbumin-induced asthma model combined with prolonged allergen exposure. Airway function; pulmonary airway inflammation; airway remodelling, mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, Th-specific cytokines and transcription factors in lung tissue; mast cell degranulation; in vitro T cell activation; and expression of Foxp3 in blood Th cells were examined. Results Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced lung resistance to a similar extent as budesonide treatment in chronically asthmatic mice. Pulmonary airway inflammation, mast cell degranulation, T cell activation and airway remodelling were suppressed by all treatments. Beneficial bacteria and budesonide differentially modulated the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), nod-like receptors (NLRs), cytokines and T cell transcription factors. Bifidobacterium breve induced regulatory T cell responses in the airways by increasing Il10 and Foxp3 transcription in lung tissue as well as systemic by augmenting the mean fluorescence intensity of Foxp3 in blood CD4+ T cells. Conclusion These findings show that Bifidobacterium breve M-16 V and Lactobacillus rhamnosus NutRes1 have strong anti-inflammatory properties that are comparable to budesonide and therefore may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Sagar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Sagar S, Vos AP, Morgan ME, Garssen J, Georgiou NA, Boon L, Kraneveld AD, Folkerts G. The combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppresses airway inflammation in a murine model for chronic asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:573-83. [PMID: 24440361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the use of interventions that target the intestinal microbiota as a treatment approach for asthma. This study is aimed at exploring the therapeutic effects of long-term treatment with a combination of Bifidobacterium breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides on airway inflammation and remodeling. A murine ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma model was used. Pulmonary airway inflammation; mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, Th-specific cytokines and transcription factors in lung tissue; expression of Foxp3 in blood Th cells; in vitro T cell activation; mast cell degranulation; and airway remodeling were examined. The combination of B. breve with non-digestible oligosaccharides suppressed pulmonary airway inflammation; reduced T cell activation and mast cell degranulation; modulated expression of pattern recognition receptors, cytokines and transcription factors; and reduced airway remodeling. The treatment induced regulatory T cell responses, as shown by increased Il10 and Foxp3 transcription in lung tissue, and augmented Foxp3 protein expression in blood CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. This specific combination of beneficial bacteria with non-digestible oligosaccharides has strong anti-inflammatory properties, possibly via the induction of a regulatory T cell response, resulting in reduced airway remodeling and, therefore, may be beneficial in the treatment of chronic inflammation in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seil Sagar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjan P Vos
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mary E Morgan
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niki A Georgiou
- Danone Research, Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aletta D Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chen YP, Chen MJ. Effects of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 isolated from kefir grains on germ-free mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78789. [PMID: 24244362 PMCID: PMC3823980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1 is a novel probiotic strain that was isolated from kefir grains. Previously, we have demonstrated the immunoregulatory, anti-allergic, anti-asthmatic and anti-colitis abilities of L. kefiranofaciens M1 in a number of in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. However, whether the effects of L. kefiranofaciens M1 are elicited directly on the host or act by regulating the host's microbiota remains unknown. A number of studies have used germ-free or gnotobiotic animals to investigate the relationship between probiotics and colitis; therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of L. kefiranofaciens M1 on germ-free mice. Such an approach should help in determining the direct effects of L. kefiranofaciens M1 on the host itself. Four-week-old female germ-free mice were inoculated intragastrically with 2×10(8) CFU/mouse L. kefiranofaciens M1 once or at 2-day intervals for 14 days. Bacterial colonization, the Th1/Th2 cytokine profile of the mice's splenocytes and the anti-colitis effect of L. kefiranofaciens M1 were investigated. The strongest response in terms of splenic Th1 cytokine IFN-γ and IL-12 production upon TLR activation was detected in the continuous treatment group when comparing to the single inoculation group and the germ-free control. In addition, continuous inoculation with L. kefiranofaciens M1 was found to ameliorate the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in germ-free mice. However, L. kefiranofaciens M1 failed to colonize the host. Thus it would seem that L. kefiranofaciens M1 is likely to act directly on the host and not be involved in microbiota regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Po Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Ju Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Frei R, Ferstl R, Konieczna P, Ziegler M, Simon T, Rugeles TM, Mailand S, Watanabe T, Lauener R, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L. Histamine receptor 2 modifies dendritic cell responses to microbial ligands. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:194-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Differential regulation of inflammation and immunity in mild and severe experimental asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:808470. [PMID: 23781124 PMCID: PMC3679512 DOI: 10.1155/2013/808470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at exploring innate and adaptive immunity in allergic asthma by investigation of mRNA expression of pattern recognition receptors, T-cell-specific cytokines, and transcription factors. Mouse models for mild and severe asthma, with similar pathological characteristics observed in humans, were used to study the involved inflammatory markers as a first step in the development of phenotype-directed treatment approaches. In the mild model, mice were sensitized to ovalbumin-Imject Alum and challenged with ovalbumin. In the severe model, mice were sensitized to trinitrophenyl-conjugated ovalbumin and challenged with trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin/IgE immune complex. Pulmonary airway inflammation and mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), T cell cytokines, and transcription factors in lung tissue were examined. Different mRNA expression profiles of TLRs, NLRs, T cell cytokines, and transcription factors were observed. In the mild model, Il10 showed the largest increase in expression, whereas in the severe model, it was Infγ with the largest increase. Expression of Tbet was also significantly increased in the severe model. Inflammation and immunity are differentially regulated in mild and severe experimental asthma. This preclinical data may help in directing clinical research towards a better understanding and therapy in mild and severe asthmatic patients.
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Sismanopoulos N, Delivanis DA, Mavrommati D, Hatziagelaki E, Conti P, Theoharides TC. Do mast cells link obesity and asthma? Allergy 2013; 68:8-15. [PMID: 23066905 DOI: 10.1111/all.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs. Both the number of cases and severity of asthma have been increasing without a clear explanation. Recent evidence suggests that obesity, which has also been increasing alarmingly, may worsen or precipitate asthma, but there is little evidence of how obesity may contribute to lung inflammation. We propose that mast cells are involved in both asthma and obesity by being the target and source of adipocytokines, 'alarmins' such as interleukin-9 (IL-9) and interleukin-33 (IL-33), and stress molecules including corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and neurotensin (NT), secreted in response to the metabolic burden. In particular, CRH and NT have synergistic effects on mast cell secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). IL-33 augments VEGF release induced by substance P (SP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release induced by NT. Both IL-9 and IL-33 also promote lung mast cell infiltration and augment allergic inflammation. These molecules are also expressed in human mast cells leading to autocrine effects. Obese patients are also less sensitive to glucocorticoids and bronchodilators. Development of effective mast cell inhibitors may be a novel approach for the management of both asthma and obesity. Certain flavonoid combinations may be a promising new treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Sismanopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery; Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
| | - D.-A. Delivanis
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery; Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
| | - D. Mavrommati
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery; Department of Molecular Physiology and Pharmacology; Tufts University School of Medicine; Boston; MA; USA
| | - E. Hatziagelaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine; Athens University Medical School; ‘Attikon’ General Hospital; Athens; Greece
| | - P. Conti
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Medicine; University of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti; Italy
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Smyth K, Garcia K, Sun Z, Tuo W, Xiao Z. TLR agonists are highly effective at eliciting functional memory CTLs of effector memory phenotype in peptide immunization. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:67-72. [PMID: 23159338 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in eliminating altered self-cells, including virus-infected and tumor cells, devising effective vaccination strategies for generating memory CTLs is a priority in the field of immunology. Herein, we elaborate upon a novel boosting approach that utilizes synthetic peptides and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists as adjuvants to generate sufficient numbers of memory CTLs to protect against infection in mice. Peptide boosting with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4-ligand, has been shown to progressively enhance memory CTLs. Whether this result is strictly dependent on activation of TLR4 or can be similarly achieved by signaling through other TLRs is of practical interest in vaccine development but is yet unknown. In this report, we present evidence that intravenous peptide boosting together with TLR3 and TLR9 agonists (Poly IC and CpG, respectively) is highly effective and induces large quantities of memory CTLs of effector memory phenotype after three boosts. Compared to LPS, CpG and Poly IC generate more robust immune responses after the first and second boosts, indicating that a protective level of CTLs might be achieved with fewer boosts when CpG or Poly IC is used. Lastly, the resultant memory CTLs from boosting with different TLR agonists as adjuvant are equally protective against pathogen challenge and are not immune senescent. Therefore, TLR agonists are effective adjuvants in intravenous peptide boosting for the generation of functional memory CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Smyth
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Lee TH, Jung M, Bang MH, Chung DK, Kim J. Inhibitory effects of a spinasterol glycoside on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines via down-regulating MAP kinase pathways and NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 13:264-70. [PMID: 22595195 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracts from the leaves of Stewartia koreana are known to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity. Investigation of bioactive compounds from S. koreana has led to the isolation of 3-O-β-d-glucopyanosylspinasterol (spinasterol-Glc), a spinasterol glycoside. In the present study, we examined the effects of spinasterol-Glc on production of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and in mouse models. Our results showed that spinasterol-Glc inhibited the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in dose-dependent manners in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Spinasterol-Glc inhibited the expression of iNOS and the proinflammatory cytokine genes. Spinasterol-Glc also inhibited phosphorylation of IκB-α and IKKα/β as well as translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus. We demonstrated that spinasterol-Glc reduced transcription of the NF-κB minimal promoter and NF-κB DNA binding activity. Administration of the spinasterol-Glc significantly decreased the plasma levels of these inflammatory mediators including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in LPS-injected mice and improved survival of septic mice with lethal endotoxemia. These results suggest that spinasterol-Glc has effective inhibitory effects on production of inflammatory mediators via inhibition of MAP kinases/NF-κB activities, and can be used as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Lee
- College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
In developed countries, the prevalence of allergy is on the rise. Although the causes are unknown, it seems that (1) the disappearance of microbiota may play a role in the increase of allergies and (2) exposure to bacterial infections during childhood decreases the incidence of allergies. Although several cell types are involved in the development of allergy, mast cells play a major role in orchestrating inflammation. Upon activation, mast cell secretory granules fuse with the plasma membrane, resulting in the release of a number of inflammatory mediators. In addition to allergy, mast cells contribute to the innate immune response against a variety of bacteria. This is accomplished through the secretion of cytokines and other soluble mediators. Interestingly, there is growing evidence that mast cells exposed to bacteria down-regulate degranulation in response to IgE/Allergen stimulation. This inhibitory effect seems to require direct contact between bacteria and mast cells, but the intracellular mechanism by which bacterial contact suppresses allergic responses is unknown. Here, we review different aspects of mast cell physiology and discuss hypotheses as to how bacteria may influence mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Wesolowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, 223 South 10th Street, Bluemle Life Science Building Room 750, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Lima HG, Pinke KH, Gardizani TP, Souza-Júnior DA, Carlos D, Avila-Campos MJ, Lara VS. Mast cells act as phagocytes against the periodontopathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontol 2012; 84:265-72. [PMID: 22524328 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence to date shows that mast cells play a critical role in immune defenses against infectious agents, but there have been no reports about involvement of these cells in eliminating periodontopathogens. In this study, the phagocytic ability of mast cells against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans compared with macrophages is evaluated. METHODS In vitro phagocytic assays were conducted using murine mast cells and macrophages, incubated with A. actinomycetemcomitans, either opsonized or not, with different bacterial load ratios. After 1 hour, cells were stained with acridine orange and assessed by confocal laser-scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Phagocytic ability of murine mast cells against A. actinomycetemcomitans was confirmed. In addition, the percentage of mast cells with internalized bacteria was higher in the absence of opsonization than in the presence of opsonization. Both cell types showed significant phagocytic activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, the percentage of mast cells with non-opsonized bacteria was higher than that of macrophages with opsonized bacteria in one of the ratios (1:10). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report about the participation of murine mast cells as phagocytes against A. actinomycetemcomitans, mainly in the absence of opsonization with human serum. Our results may indicate that mast cells act as professional phagocytes in the pathogenesis of biofilm-associated periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliton G Lima
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, São Paulo University, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Contribution of stress to asthma worsening through mast cell activation. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2012; 109:14-9. [PMID: 22727152 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the available evidence linking stress to asthma and to investigate whether mast cells contribute to the effect of stress through activation by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). DATA SOURCE The PubMed database was searched for articles (1998-2011) using the keywords anxiety, asthma, exacerbation, inflammation, mast cells, socioeconomic status, stress, violence, and worsening. STUDY SELECTION Articles were selected based on their relevance to the topic, with emphasis on clinical or epidemiologic data linking stress to asthma and studies that offered possible explanations for how stress may affect asthma. RESULTS Many articles point to an association between stress (socioeconomic status, interpersonal conflicts, emotional distress, terrorism) and asthma exacerbations but without any distinct pathogenetic mechanism. A few articles have reported reduced circulating cortisol and/or sensitivity to corticosteroids. We propose that mast cells, known to be involved in the pathophysiology of asthma, can be activated by CRH, which is secreted under stress in the lungs, leading to selective release of proinflammatory mediators. This effect may be augmented by neuropeptides or cytokines. CRH also reduces T-regulatory cell production of interleukin 10, which in known to inhibit allergic mast cell activation. CONCLUSION More studies are required to investigate lung levels of CRH and selective mast cell mediators. Reducing stress and using CRH receptor antagonists and/or mast cell blockers may serve as possible new therapeutic approaches for asthma.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The development of this malignant glial lesion involves a multi-faceted process that results in a loss of genetic or epigenetic gene control, un-regulated cell growth, and immune tolerance. Of interest, atopic diseases are characterized by a lack of immune tolerance and are inversely associated with glioma risk. One cell type that is an established effector cell in the pathobiology of atopic disease is the eosinophil. In response to various stimuli, the eosinophil is able to produce cytotoxic granules, neuromediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as pro-fibrotic and angiogenic factors involved in pathogen clearance and tissue remodeling and repair. These various biological properties reveal that the eosinophil is a key immunoregulatory cell capable of influencing the activity of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Of central importance to this report is the observation that eosinophil migration to the brain occurs in response to traumatic brain injury and following certain immunotherapeutic treatments for GBM. Although eosinophils have been identified in various central nervous system pathologies, and are known to operate in wound/repair and tumorstatic models, the potential roles of eosinophils in GBM development and the tumor immunological response are only beginning to be recognized and are therefore the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J Bertics
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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