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Yang XR, Song JR, Jiang XH, Dong F, Yan XJ, Li JX, Zhao XY, Li DP, Lu FL. Lindenane-Type Sesquiterpene Dimers Mitigate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor Signaling. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300025. [PMID: 36898972 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and trigger an inflammatory response via the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways. Lindenane type sesquiterpene dimers (LSDs) are characteristic metabolites of plants belonging to the genus Sarcandra (Chloranthaceae). The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the LSDs shizukaol D (1) and sarcandrolide E (2) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Both LSDs neutralized the LPS-induced morphological changes and production of nitric oxide (NO), as determined by CCK-8 assay and Griess assay, respectively. Furthermore, shizukaol D (1) and sarcandrolide E (2) downregulated interferon β (IFNβ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA levels as measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and inhibited the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (p65), nuclear factor kappa-Bα (IκBα), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 (p38), MyD88, IL-1RI-associated protein kinase 1 (IRAK1), and transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) proteins in the Western blotting assay. In conclusion, LSDs can alleviate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the TLR/MyD88 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Rong Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jing-Ru Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Fei Dong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Jian-Xing Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Dian-Peng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
| | - Feng-Lai Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Phytochemicals and Sustainable Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 85, Yanshan Road, Yanshan District, Guilin, 541006, China
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Liu Y, Li C, Xia H, Bi J, Guan R, Du X, Zhang H, He Z, Wang Y, Liu H. An injectable superior depot of Telratolimod inhibits post-surgical tumor recurrence and distant metastases. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:132-139. [PMID: 35032721 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The clinical success of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists is based on their capacity to efficiently mobilize both innate and adaptive immunity. However, rapid distribution of TLR agonists into the systemic circulation may result in systemic cytokine storms. Telratolimod (Tel) is a TLR 7/8 agonist whose structure has a hydrophobic long chain that helps to prolong its release. Despite this, the phase I study of Tel showed cytokine release syndromes in 3/35 patients. Herein, we designed an injectable phase transition gel (PGE) that served as a superior drug depot for fatty acid-modified drugs. PGE further minimized the systemic drug exposure of Tel and the possible cytokine storms. In vivo studies demonstrated that Tel@PGE facilitated the recruitment of effector CD8+ T lymphocytes (T cells) and the polarization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages to tumoricidal antigen-presenting cells. The reshaping of the tumor microenvironment (TME) by Tel@PGE elicited systematic immune responses to significantly prevent B16F10 or 4T-1 tumor postoperative recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, this platform of Tel is expected to provide a clinically available option for effective postoperative combined therapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A series of prodrugs or conjugates containing hydrophobic blocks were designed to achieve sustained release at the injection site by reducing the water solubility. However, this strategy sometimes failed short of expectations. Thus, we constructed a biocompatible and biodegradable injectable phase transition gel (PGE) with superior release properties that can be injected subcutaneously into the surgery site. In the long-lasting treatment, the melanoma and breast cancer immunotherapeutic effect significantly enhanced and the risk of cancer metastasis and relapse was reduced. Crucially, for some immune agonists, a superior release control can significantly reduce adverse effects which was decisive for the availability of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chang Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiahao Bi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Rou Guan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Du
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Hongzhuo Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Sun L, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang R, Gong J, Saferali A, Gao W, Ma A, Ma H, Turvey SE, Fung S, Yang H. Nano-Enabled Reposition of Proton Pump Inhibitors for TLR Inhibition: Toward A New Targeted Nanotherapy for Acute Lung Injury. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2104051. [PMID: 34816630 PMCID: PMC8787384 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation in macrophages plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). While TLR inhibition is a promising strategy to control the overwhelming inflammation in ALI, there still lacks effective TLR inhibitors for clinical uses to date. A unique class of peptide-coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is previously discovered, which effectively inhibited TLR signaling and protected mice from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. To fast translate such a discovery into potential clinical applicable nanotherapeutics, herein an elegant strategy of "nano-enabled drug repurposing" with "nano-targeting" is introduced to empower the existing drugs for new uses. Combining transcriptome sequencing with Connectivity Map analysis, it is identified that the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) share similar mechanisms of action to the discovered GNP-based TLR inhibitor. It is confirmed that PPIs (including omeprazole) do inhibit endosomal TLR signaling and inflammatory responses in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in an LPS-induced ALI mouse model. The omeprazole is then formulated into a nanoform with liposomes to enhance its macrophage targeting ability and the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This research provides a new translational strategy of nano-enabled drug repurposing to translate bioactive nanoparticles into clinically used drugs and targeted nano-therapeutics for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Sun
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Xiali Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 650 Xinsongjiang RoadShanghai201620China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Jiameng Gong
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Aabida Saferali
- Channing Division of Network MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical School181 Longwood AvenueBostonMA02115USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 650 Xinsongjiang RoadShanghai201620China
| | - Aying Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineShanghai General HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineNo. 650 Xinsongjiang RoadShanghai201620China
| | - Huiqiang Ma
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- BC Children's Research InstituteUniversity of British Columbia950 West 28th AvenueVancouverBC V5Z 4H4Canada
| | - Shan‐Yu Fung
- Department of ImmunologyKey Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)The Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsSchool of Basic Medical ScienceTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe Province and Ministry Co‐Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical EpigeneticsIntensive Care Unit of the Second HospitalTianjin Medical UniversityNo. 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping DistrictTianjin300070China
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Jung HE, Lee HK. Current Understanding of the Innate Control of Toll-like Receptors in Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2132. [PMID: 34834939 PMCID: PMC8622567 DOI: 10.3390/v13112132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It has affected every aspect of life and increased the burden on both healthcare and socioeconomic systems. Current studies have revealed that excessive inflammatory immune responses are responsible for the severity of COVID-19, which suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs may be promising therapeutic treatments. However, there are currently a limited number of approved therapeutics for COVID-19. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial components derived from invading pathogens, are involved in both the initiation of innate responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the hyperinflammatory phenotype of COVID-19. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the pivotal role of TLRs in immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrate the potential effectiveness of TLR-targeting drugs on the control of hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea;
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Goyal DK, Keshav P, Kaur S. Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. Infect Genet Evol 2021; 93:104947. [PMID: 34052416 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical areas of the world are affected by leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania spp. It has been categorized as an NTD (neglected tropical disease) because of its negligence. The sand fly of genus Phlebotomus acts as the vector for the transmission of the promastigote form of this protozoan parasite to the mammalian host where it converts to amastigote form in the macrophages. Visceral form of leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly infection in the endothelial system of the human and other mammals. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this infectious disease whereas no vaccine is available for the control of leishmanial infection. Therefore in the current study, we have tested the effects of gardiquimod (a TLR agonist) as an adjuvant in combination with the formalin-killed antigen of L. donovani as a vaccine. The mice were vaccinated thrice at an interval of 2 weeks and challenged with L. donovani promastigotes after 2 weeks of the last vaccination. We assessed the parasite load, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, humoral and cell-mediated immune response in BALB/c mice before and after challenge infection with L. donovani. Immunized mice were found to have the least parasite load, high DTH response, elevated levels of Th1 cytokines, IgG2a, and nitric oxide than non-immunized and infected control mice. The efficacy of the vaccine was boosted with the use of adjuvant gardiquimod that depicts its potential as an adjuvant in this study. Our study is reporting the adjuvant effects of gardiquimod for the first time. Further studies using other Leishmania species can be performed to signify its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Fratzke AP, Jan S, Felgner J, Liang L, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Manna S, Nihesh FN, Maiti S, Albin TJ, Esser-Kahn AP, Davies DH, Samuel JE, Felgner PL, Gregory AE. Subunit Vaccines Using TLR Triagonist Combination Adjuvants Provide Protection Against Coxiella burnetii While Minimizing Reactogenic Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653092. [PMID: 33815413 PMCID: PMC8010241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Q fever is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii, a designated potential agent of bioterrorism because of its route of transmission, resistance to disinfectants, and low infectious dose. The only vaccine licensed for human use is Q-VAX® (Seqirus, licensed in Australia), a formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine, which produces severe local and systemic reactogenic responses in previously sensitized individuals. Accordingly, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory bodies around the world, have been reluctant to approve Q-VAX for widespread use. To obviate these adverse reactions, we prepared recombinant protein subunit vaccine candidates containing purified CBU1910, CBU0307, CBU0545, CBU0612, CBU0891, and CBU1398 proteins and TLR triagonist adjuvants. TLR triagonist adjuvants combine different TLR agonists to enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens. We tested both the protective efficacy and reactogenicity of our vaccine candidates in Hartley guinea pigs using intratracheal infection with live C. burnetii. While all of our candidates showed varying degrees of protection during challenge, local reactogenic responses were significantly reduced for one of our vaccine candidates when compared with a formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine. Our findings show that subunit vaccines combined with novel TLR triagonist adjuvants can generate protective immunity to C. burnetii infection while reducing reactogenic responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antigens, Bacterial/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/pharmacology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Coxiella burnetii/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Guinea Pigs
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Q Fever/immunology
- Q Fever/microbiology
- Q Fever/prevention & control
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Alycia P. Fratzke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algis Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fnu N. Nihesh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sampa Maiti
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tyler J. Albin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James E. Samuel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Gregory
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Patra MC, Achek A, Kim GY, Panneerselvam S, Shin HJ, Baek WY, Lee WH, Sung J, Jeong U, Cho EY, Kim W, Kim E, Suh CH, Choi S. A Novel Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Endosomal TLRs Reduces Inflammation and Alleviates Autoimmune Disease Symptoms in Murine Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071648. [PMID: 32660060 PMCID: PMC7407930 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the inflammatory response against invading pathogens. However, the dysregulation of TLR-signaling pathways is implicated in several autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. Here, we show that a novel small molecule TLR-inhibitor (TAC5) and its derivatives TAC5-a, TAC5-c, TAC5-d, and TAC5-e predominantly antagonized poly(I:C) (TLR3)-, imiquimod (TLR7)-, TL8-506 (TLR8)-, and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (TLR9)-induced signaling pathways. TAC5 and TAC5-a significantly hindered the activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6. Besides, TAC5-a prevented the progression of psoriasis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in mice. Interestingly, TAC5 and TAC5-a did not affect Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2)-, FSL-1 (TLR2/6)-, or lipopolysaccharide (TLR4)-induced TNF-α secretion, indicating their specificity towards endosomal TLRs (TLR3/7/8/9). Collectively, our data suggest that the TAC5 series of compounds are potential candidates for treating autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis or SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Chandra Patra
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Asma Achek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Suresh Panneerselvam
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Hyeon-Jun Shin
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Wook-Yong Baek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (W.-Y.B.); (C.-H.S.)
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - June Sung
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Uisuk Jeong
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Wook Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Eunha Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea; (W.-Y.B.); (C.-H.S.)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (M.C.P.); (A.A.); (G.-Y.K.); (S.P.); (H.-J.S.); (W.H.L.); (J.S.); (U.J.); (E.-Y.C.); (W.K.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
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9
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Cuadrado I, Amesty Á, Cedrón JC, Oberti JC, Estévez-Braun A, Hortelano S, de Las Heras B. Semisynthesis and Inhibitory Effects of Solidagenone Derivatives on TLR-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123197. [PMID: 30518153 PMCID: PMC6321690 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nine derivatives (2⁻10) were prepared from the diterpene solidagenone (1) and their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic studies. Their ability to inhibit inflammatory responses elicited in peritoneal macrophages by TLR ligands was investigated. Compounds 5 and 6 showed significant anti-inflammatory effects, as they inhibited the protein expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12) induced by the ligand of TLR4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acting at the transcriptional level. Some structure⁻activity relationships were outlined. Compound 5 was selected as a representative compound and molecular mechanisms involved in its biological activity were investigated. Inhibition of NF-κB and p38 signaling seems to be involved in the mechanism of action of compound 5. In addition, this compound also inhibited inflammatory responses mediated by ligands of TLR2 and TLR3 receptors. To rationalize the obtained results, molecular docking and molecular dynamic studies were carried out on TLR4. All these data indicate that solidagenone derivative 5 might be used for the design of new anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cuadrado
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2. La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Cedrón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2. La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Juan Carlos Oberti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2. La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain.
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Córdoba and IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Avenida Haya de la Torre y M. Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 2. La Laguna, 38206 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Sonsoles Hortelano
- Unidad de Terapias Farmacológicas. Área de Genética Humana. Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz de Las Heras
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Dadashian EL, McAuley EM, Liu D, Shaffer AL, Young RM, Iyer JR, Kruhlak MJ, Staudt LM, Wiestner A, Herman SEM. TLR Signaling Is Activated in Lymph Node-Resident CLL Cells and Is Only Partially Inhibited by Ibrutinib. Cancer Res 2018; 79:360-371. [PMID: 30498085 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignancy of mature B cells driven by B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and activated primarily in the lymph node. The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib effectively inhibits BCR-dependent proliferation and survival signals and has emerged as a breakthrough therapy for CLL. However, complete remissions are uncommon and are achieved only after years of continuous therapy. We hypothesized that other signaling pathways that sustain CLL cell survival are only partially inhibited by ibrutinib. In normal B cells, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cooperates with BCR signaling to activate prosurvival NF-κB. Here, we show that an experimentally validated gene signature of TLR activation is overexpressed in lymph node-resident CLL cells compared with cells in the blood. Consistent with TLR activation, we detected phosphorylation of NF-κB, STAT1, and STAT3 in lymph node-resident CLL cells and in cells stimulated with CpG oligonucleotides in vitro. CpG promoted IRAK1 degradation, secretion of IL10, and extended survival of CLL cells in culture. CpG-induced TLR signaling was significantly inhibited by both an IRAK1/4 inhibitor and ibrutinib. Although inhibition of TLR signaling was incomplete with either drug, the combination achieved superior results, including more effective inhibition of TLR-mediated survival signaling. Our data suggest an important role for TLR signaling in CLL pathogenesis and in sustaining the viability of CLL cells during ibrutinib therapy. The combination of ibrutinib with a TLR pathway inhibitor could provide superior antitumor activity and should be investigated in clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: CLL relies on the concomitant cooperation of B-cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling; inhibition of both pathways is superior to inhibition of either pathway alone. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/2/360/F1.large.jpg.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/drug effects
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Piperidines
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptor Cross-Talk
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman L Dadashian
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Erin M McAuley
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Delong Liu
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Arthur L Shaffer
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ryan M Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jessica R Iyer
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael J Kruhlak
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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11
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Shinde P, Bharat V, Rodriguez-Oquendo A, Zhou B, Vella AT. Understanding how combinatorial targeting of TLRs and TNFR family costimulatory members promote enhanced T cell responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1073-1083. [PMID: 30169979 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1518422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the ability of pathogen-associated molecular patters and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family costimulatory agonists to boost T cell responses, studies have combined Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands with TNFR family costimulatory receptor agonists to induce impressive and long-lasting T cell responses. Although some studies have determined how these combinatorial vaccines promote enhanced T cell responses, much remains unknown about the mechanism used by these combinations to promote synergistic T cell responses - especially in settings of infectious diseases or cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we look in detail at the signaling pathways induced by combinatorial targeting of TLR and TNFR family costimulatory members that help them promote synergistic T cell responses. Understanding this can greatly aid the development of novel vaccine regimens that promote cellular immune responses, which is essential for treating certain infectious diseases and cancer. EXPERT OPINION Vaccines against some infectious diseases as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines require cellular immunity. Therefore, we evaluate here how signaling pathways induced by TLR ligand and costimulatory agonist combinations promote enhanced T cell responses during immunization with model antigens, viral pathogens, or tumor antigens. Once pathways that drive these combinatorial vaccines to boost T cell activation are identified, they can be incorporated in vaccines designed to target pathogens or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- a Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Vinita Bharat
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | | | - Beiyan Zhou
- d Department of Immunology, UConn School of Medicine , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- d Department of Immunology, UConn School of Medicine , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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12
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Bell GD, Yang Y, Leung E, Krissansen GW. mRNA transfection by a Xentry-protamine cell-penetrating peptide is enhanced by TLR antagonist E6446. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201464. [PMID: 30059522 PMCID: PMC6066245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) transfection is a developing field that has applications in research and gene therapy. Potentially, mRNA transfection can be mediated efficiently by cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as they may be modified to target specific tissues. However, whilst CPPs are well-documented to transfect oligonucleotides and plasmids, mRNA transfection by CPPs has barely been explored. Here we report that peptides, including a truncated form of protamine and the same peptide fused to the CPP Xentry (Xentry-protamine; XP), can transfect mRNAs encoding reporter genes into human cells. Further, this transfection is enhanced by the anti-malarial chloroquine (CQ) and the toll-like receptor antagonist E6446 (6-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-2-(4-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)phenyl]benzo[d]oxazole), with E6446 being >5-fold more potent than CQ at enhancing this transfection. Finally, E6446 facilitated the transfection by XP of mRNA encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, the protein mutated in cystic fibrosis. As such, these findings introduce E6446 as a novel transfection enhancer and may be of practical relevance to researchers seeking to improve the mRNA transfection efficiency of their preferred CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D. Bell
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey W. Krissansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Khajeh Alizadeh Attar M, Anwar MA, Eskian M, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Choi S, Rezaei N. Basic understanding and therapeutic approaches to target toll-like receptors in cancerous microenvironment and metastasis. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1469-1484. [PMID: 29283184 DOI: 10.1002/med.21480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane components that sense danger signals, like damage- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules, as receptors, and maintain homeostasis in tissues. They are mainly involved in immune system activation through a variety of mediators, which either carry out (1) elimination of pathogenic threats and redressing homeostatic imbalances or (2) contribution to the initiation and worsening of pathological conditions, including cancers. Under physiological conditions, TLRs coordinate the innate and adaptive immunity, and inhibit autoimmune disorders. In pathological conditions, such as cancer, they can present both tumor and receptor-specific roles. Although the roles of individual TLRs in various cancers have been described, the effects of targeting TLRs to treat cancer and prevent metastasis are still controversial. A growing body of literature has suggested contribution of both activators and inhibitors of TLR signaling pathway for cancer treatment, dependent on several context-specific factors. In short, TLRs can play dual roles with contradictory outcomes in neoplastic conditions. This hampers the development of TLR-based therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the interwoven TLR pathways in cancerous microenvironment is necessary to design TLR-based therapies. In this review, we consider the molecular mechanisms of TLRs signaling and their involvement in tumor progression. Therapeutic modalities targeting TLRs for cancer treatment are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Khajeh Alizadeh Attar
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mahsa Eskian
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, United Kingdom
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14
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Gómez CE, Perdiguero B, Sánchez-Corzo C, Sorzano COS, Esteban M. Immune Modulation of NYVAC-Based HIV Vaccines by Combined Deletion of Viral Genes that Act on Several Signalling Pathways. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010007. [PMID: 29280955 PMCID: PMC5795420 DOI: 10.3390/v10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine continues to be a major target to halt the AIDS pandemic. The limited efficacy of the RV144 phase III clinical trial with the canarypox virus-based vector ALVAC and a gp120 protein component led to the conclusion that improved immune responses to HIV antigens are needed for a more effective vaccine. In non-human primates, the New York vaccinia virus (NYVAC) poxvirus vector has a broader immunogenicity profile than ALVAC and has been tested in clinical trials. We therefore analysed the HIV immune advantage of NYVAC after removing viral genes that act on several signalling pathways (Toll-like receptors—TLR—interferon, cytokines/chemokines), as well as genes of unknown immune function. We generated a series of NYVAC deletion mutants and studied immune behaviour (T and B cell) to HIV antigens and to the NYVAC vector in mice. Our results showed that combined deletion of selected vaccinia virus (VACV) genes is a valuable strategy for improving the immunogenicity of NYVAC-based vaccine candidates. These immune responses were differentially modulated, positive or negative, depending on the combination of gene deletions. The deletions also led to enhanced antigen- or vector-specific cellular and humoral responses. These findings will facilitate the development of optimal NYVAC-based vaccines for HIV and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Corzo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Oscar S Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Noll F, Behnke J, Leiting S, Troidl K, Alves GT, Müller-Redetzky H, Preissner KT, Fischer S. Self-extracellular RNA acts in synergy with exogenous danger signals to promote inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190002. [PMID: 29261777 PMCID: PMC5738100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-extracellular RNA (eRNA), released from stressed or injured cells upon various pathological situations such as ischemia-reperfusion-injury, has been shown to act as an alarmin by inducing procoagulatory and proinflammatory responses. In particular, M1-polarization of macrophages by eRNA resulted in the expression and release of a variety of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin-6 (IL-6). The present study now investigates in which way self-eRNA may influence the response of macrophages towards various Toll-like receptor (TLR)-agonists. Isolated agonists of TLR2 (Pam2CSK4), TLR3 (PolyIC), TLR4 (LPS), or TLR7 (R848) induced the release of TNF-α in a concentration-dependent manner in murine macrophages, differentiated from bone marrow-derived stem cells by mouse colony stimulating factor. Here, the presence of eRNA shifted the dose-response curve for Pam2CSK4 (Pam) considerably to the left, indicating that eRNA synergistically enhanced the cytokine liberation from macrophages even at very low Pam-levels. The synergistic activation of TLR2 by eRNA/Pam was duplicated by other TLR2-agonists such as FSL-1 or Pam3CSK4. In contrast, for TLR4-agonists such as LPS a synergistic effect of eRNA was much weaker, and was not existent for TLR3-, or TLR7-agonists. The synergistic eRNA/Pam action was dependent on the NFκB-signaling pathway as well as on p38MAP- and MEK1/ERK-kinases and was prevented by predigestion of eRNA with RNase1 or by antibodies against TLR2. Thus, the presence of self-eRNA as alarming molecule sensitizes innate immune responses towards pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in a synergistic way and may thereby contribute to the differentiated outcome of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Noll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Leiting
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Max-Planck-Instiute for Heart and Lung research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gustavo Teixeira Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Müller-Redetzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus T. Preissner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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16
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Dhanak D, Edwards JP, Nguyen A, Tummino PJ. Small-Molecule Targets in Immuno-Oncology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1148-1160. [PMID: 28938090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the role and molecular mechanisms underlying immune surveillance and control of (pre)malignancies is revolutionizing clinical practice in the treatment of cancer. Presently, multiple biologic drugs targeting the immune checkpoint proteins PD(L)1 or CTLA4 have been approved and/or are in advanced stages of clinical development for many cancers. In addition, combination therapy with these agents and other immunomodulators is being intensively explored with the aim of improving primary response rates or prolonging overall survival. The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy with biologics is spurring research in alternate approaches including small-molecule-mediated targeting of intracellular pathways modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. This focus of this review is on some of the key intracellular pathways where the development of a small-molecule therapeutic is attractive, tractable, and potentially synergistic with extracellular biologic-mediated immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ancho Nguyen
- Immuno Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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17
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Li K, Qu S, Chen X, Wu Q, Shi M. Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy: TLRs, RLRs, and STING-Mediated Innate Immune Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E404. [PMID: 28216575 PMCID: PMC5343938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer patients is able, at least partially, to counteract tumor-induced immunosuppression, which indicates triggering of the innate immune response as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. The promising innate immune targets include Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). This review discusses the antitumor properties of TLRs, RLRs, and STING-mediated innate immune pathways, as well as the promising innate immune targets for potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Shuai Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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Stannard JN, Reed TJ, Myers E, Lowe L, Sarkar MK, Xing X, Gudjonsson JE, Kahlenberg JM. Lupus Skin Is Primed for IL-6 Inflammatory Responses through a Keratinocyte-Mediated Autocrine Type I Interferon Loop. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:115-122. [PMID: 27646883 PMCID: PMC5183476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is a disfiguring and common manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus, and the etiology of this predisposition for cutaneous inflammation is unknown. Here, we sought to examine the keratinocyte as an important source of IL-6 and define the mechanism for its increased production in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Evaluation of discoid and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus lesions showed significant epidermal up-regulation of IL-6 compared with control via real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Keratinocytes from unaffected skin of lupus patients produced significantly more IL-6 compared with healthy control subjects after exposure to toll-like receptor 2, 3, or 4 agonists or exposure to UVB radiation. Pretreatment with type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-κ) increased IL-6 production by control keratinocytes, and type I IFN blockade decreased IL-6 secretion by lupus keratinocytes. Secretion of keratinocyte-specific IFN-κ was significantly increased after toll-like receptor 2 and UVB treatment in lupus keratinocytes, and neutralization of IFN-κ decreased IL-6 production by lupus keratinocytes. Thus, lupus keratinocytes are primed for IL-6 hyperproduction in a type I IFN-dependent manner. Increased production of IFN-κ by lupus keratinocytes drives this response, indicating that IFN-κ may play a pathogenic role in cutaneous lupus erythematosus and serve as a target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine N Stannard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tamra J Reed
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Myers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Lori Lowe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | - Mrinal K Sarkar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - J Michelle Kahlenberg
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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19
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Harnessing self-assembly to enable modular vaccine design. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:244. [PMID: 28005281 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Yang H, Kozicky L, Saferali A, Fung SY, Afacan N, Cai B, Falsafi R, Gill E, Liu M, Kollmann TR, Hancock REW, Sly LM, Turvey SE. Endosomal pH modulation by peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrids enables potent anti-inflammatory activity in phagocytic immune cells. Biomaterials 2016; 111:90-102. [PMID: 27728817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling plays a central role in the pathophysiology of many acute and chronic human inflammatory diseases, and pharmacological regulation of TLR responses is anticipated to be beneficial in many inflammatory conditions. Currently there are no specific TLR inhibitors in clinical use. To overcome this challenge, we have developed a nano-based TLR inhibitor (peptide-gold nanoparticle hybrids) that inhibits a broad spectrum of TLR responses. Through mechanistic studies, we established that specific peptide decorated-gold nanoparticles that display high cellular uptake in phagocytic immune cells modulate endosomal pH, leading to significant attenuation of signaling through multiple TLRs. Using a global transcriptomic approach, we defined the broad anti-inflammatory activity of the nanoparticle in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In vivo studies confirmed the beneficial immunomodulatory activity since treatment with the nanoparticle significantly reduced weight loss, improved the disease activity index, and ameliorated colonic inflammation in a murine model of intestinal inflammation. This work enhances our fundamental understanding of the role of peptide coatings on the nanoparticle surface in regulating innate immune signaling, and identifies specific peptide decorated nanoparticles that may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutics for human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lisa Kozicky
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Aabida Saferali
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Shan-Yu Fung
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Nicole Afacan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Reza Falsafi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Erin Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - R E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- BC Children's Hospital and Child & Family Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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21
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Pérez-Regidor L, Zarioh M, Ortega L, Martín-Santamaría S. Virtual Screening Approaches towards the Discovery of Toll-Like Receptor Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091508. [PMID: 27618029 PMCID: PMC5037785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the latest efforts performed in the search for novel chemical entities such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) modulators by means of virtual screening techniques. This is an emergent research field with only very recent (and successful) contributions. Identification of drug-like molecules with potential therapeutic applications for the treatment of a variety of TLR-regulated diseases has attracted considerable interest due to the clinical potential. Additionally, the virtual screening databases and computational tools employed have been overviewed in a descriptive way, widening the scope for researchers interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Pérez-Regidor
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Malik Zarioh
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Ortega
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Department of Chemical & Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, C/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Gooshe M, Abdolghaffari AH, Gambuzza ME, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors in multiple sclerosis and possible targeting for therapeutic purposes. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:713-39. [PMID: 24914714 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the immune and nervous systems suggests invaluable mechanisms for several pathological conditions, especially neurodegenerative disorders. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation and neurodegenerative pathology of the central nervous system. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important family of receptors involved in host defense and in recognition of invading pathogens. The role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as MS is only starting to be uncovered. Recent studies suggest an ameliorative role of TLR3 and a detrimental role of other TLRs in the onset and progression of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. Thus, modulating TLRs can represent an innovative immunotherapeutic approach in MS therapy. This article outlines the role of these TLRs in MS, also discussing TLR-targeted agonist or antagonists that could be used in the different stages of the disease.
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23
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Fan X, He C, Jing W, Zhou X, Chen R, Cao L, Zhu M, Jia R, Wang H, Guo Y, Zhao J. Intracellular Osteopontin inhibits toll-like receptor signaling and impedes liver carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 75:86-97. [PMID: 25398438 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) has been implicated widely in tumor growth and metastasis, but the range of its contributions is not yet fully understood. In this study, we show that genetic ablation of Opn in mice sensitizes them to diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Opn-deficient mice (Opn(-/-) mice) exhibited enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and compensatory proliferation. Administering OPN antibody or recombinant OPN protein to wild-type or Opn(-/-) mice-derived macrophages, respectively, had little effect on cytokine production. In contrast, overexpression of intracellular OPN (iOPN) in Opn-deficient macrophages strongly suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, we found that iOPN was able to interact with the pivotal Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling protein MyD88 in macrophages after stimulation with cellular debris, thereby disrupting TLR signaling in macrophages. Our results indicated that iOPN was capable of functioning as an endogenous negative regulator of TLR-mediated immune responses, acting to ameliorate production of proinflammatory cytokines and curtail DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Together, our results expand the important role of OPN in inflammation-associated cancers and deepen its relevance for novel treatment strategies in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Fan
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Chunyan He
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jing
- Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyu Zhou
- Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Chen
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Cao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhui Zhu
- Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongjie Jia
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yajun Guo
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China. PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong, China. PLA General Hospital Cancer Center, PLA Postgraduate School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
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24
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Fogli M, Caccuri F, Iaria ML, Giagulli C, Corbellini S, Campilongo F, Caruso A, Fiorentini S. The immunomodulatory molecule pidotimod induces the expression of the NOD-like receptor NLRP12 and attenuates TLR-induced inflammation. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2014; 28:753-766. [PMID: 25620184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiaziolidine-4-carboxylic acid) (PDT) is a synthetic dipeptide with in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties that is largely used for treatment and prevention of infections in paediatric and disease-prone patients. However, the effects of PDT on cellular immune responses are still poorly characterized and there is little information on the mechanism of action of this compound. It has been speculated that PDT action may be exerted through the interaction with a Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR). Therefore, to gain a further understanding of the immune pathways involved by PDT, we first decided to investigate whether PDT could modify the immune response triggered by TLR ligands. Monocytic cells were exposed to PDT then stimulated with a panel of TLR agonists. Under these experimental conditions, we observed a significant decrease in the synthesis of key proinflammatory mediators in comparison to the production observed in TLR-stimulated cells that were not treated with PDT. Using RT² Profiler PCR Array we have observed that PDT specifically up-regulates the expression of the NOD-like receptor NLRP12 mRNA in the absence of any further costimulation. Increase of NLRP12 in cells treated with PDT was confirmed using specifically designed real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting assays where a clear increase in the amount of NLRP12 protein was detected. Furthermore, in myeloid/monocytic cells we demonstrated that PDT treatment counteracts the NLRP12 reduction induced by TLR agonists. Finally, the results obtained using NLRP12 silenced cells showed that down-regulation of the proinflammatory function occurring in PDT-treated cells upon interaction with TLRs is associated with the increased levels of NLRP12 induced by PDT. To our knowledge this is the first evidence of an immunomodulatory peptide that upregulates NLRP12 and, through this molecule, antagonizes the TLR-induced inflammatory response. These results pave the way for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling different pathological settings such as tumorigenesis, systemic inflammatory processes and autoimmunity, where NLRP12 plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fogli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - F Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - M L Iaria
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - C Giagulli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - S Corbellini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - F Campilongo
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - A Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
| | - S Fiorentini
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia
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25
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a devastating disease with pronounced morbidity and a high mortality rate. Currently available treatments lack convincing cost-efficiency determinations and are in most cases not associated with relevant success rate. Experimental stimulation of the immune system in murine PDA models has revealed some promising results. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pillars of the immune system that have been linked to several forms of malignancy, including lung, breast and colon cancer. In humans, TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer tissue and in several cancer cell lines, whereas they are not expressed in the normal pancreas. In the present review, we explore the current knowledge concerning the role of different TLRs associated to PDA. Even if almost all known TLRs are expressed in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, there are only five TLRs suggested as possible therapeutic targets. Most data points at TLR2 and TLR9 as effective tumor markers and agonists could potentially be used as e.g. future adjuvant therapies. The elucidation of the role of TLR3 in PDA is only in its initial phase. The inhibition/blockage of TLR4-related pathways has shown some promising effects, but there are still many steps left before TLR4 inhibitors can be considered as possible therapeutic agents. Finally, TLR7 antagonists seem to be potential candidates for therapy. Independent of their potential in immunotherapies, all existing data indicate that TLRs are strongly involved in the pathophysiology and development of PDA.
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26
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Kay E, Scotland RS, Whiteford JR. Toll-like receptors: Role in inflammation and therapeutic potential. Biofactors 2014; 40:284-94. [PMID: 24375529 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential process in response to injury and infection. However, under certain circumstances dis-regulation of this process can lead to pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, lupus, and is a contributory factor in the progression of many cancers. The Toll-like family of receptors (TLRs) has major roles in the initiation of the inflammatory response and as such has attracted much focus for their potential as therapeutic targets. Here we review the role of TLRs in the inflammatory response and associated disease and examine how this important family of molecules might be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kay
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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27
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Lu Y, Li C, Wang D, Su X, Jin C, Li Y, Li T. Characterization of two negative regulators of the Toll-like receptor pathway in Apostichopus japonicus: inhibitor of NF-κB and Toll-interacting protein. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:1663-1669. [PMID: 23978566 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascade plays a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens via the specific recognition of distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). However, no negative regulators of the TLR-signaling cascade have been described in sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). In the present study, two negative regulators known as the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) and Toll-interacting protein (Tollip) have been identified in coelomocytes of this species using transcriptome sequencing and RACE (denoted as AjIκB and AjTollip, respectively). Both of these factors share a remarkably high degree of structural conservation with their mammalian orthologs, such as a central ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) for the deduced amino acids of AjIκB and the C2 and CUE domains for AjTollip. Constitutive expression patterns with differential expression levels were observed for these two genes. Moreover, mRNA transcript expression for AjIκB and AjTollip was highest in the tentacle and abundant in the muscle, respectively. Vibrio splendidus challenge study revealed that the expression level of these two genes was decreased within the first 48 h with 0.53-fold and 0.61-fold decrease compared with that in the control group for AjIκB and AjTollip, respectively. Taken together, these results indicated that AjIκB and AjTollip functioned as negative regulators in the TLR cascade in response to a V. splendidus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, PR China
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28
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Zhang Y, He X, Yu F, Xiang Z, Li J, Thorpe KL, Yu Z. Characteristic and functional analysis of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the lophotrocozoan, Crassostrea gigas, reveals ancient origin of TLR-mediated innate immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76464. [PMID: 24098508 PMCID: PMC3788107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of TLR-mediated innate immunity is a fundamental question in immunology. Here, we report the characterization and functional analysis of four TLR members in the lophotrochozoans Crassostreagigas (CgTLRs). All CgTLRs bear a conserved domain organization and have a close relationship with TLRs in ancient non-vertebrate chordates. In HEK293 cells, every CgTLR could constitutively activate NF-κB responsive reporter, but none of the PAMPs tested could stimulate CgTLR-activated NF-κB induction. Subcellular localization showed that CgTLR members have similar and dual distribution on late endosomes and plasma membranes. Moreover, CgTLRs and CgMyD88 mRNA show a consistent response to multiple PAMP challenges in oyster hemocytes. As CgTLR-mediated NF-κB activation is dependent on CgMyD88, we designed a blocking peptide for CgTLR signaling that would inhibit CgTLR-CgMyD88 dependent NF-κB activation. This was used to demonstrate that a Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection-induced enhancement of degranulation and increase of cytokines TNF mRNA in hemocytes, could be inhibited by blocking CgTLR signaling. In summary, our study characterized the primitive TLRs in the lophotrocozoan C. gigas and demonstrated a fundamental role of TLR signaling in infection-induced hemocyte activation. This provides further evidence for an ancient origin of TLR-mediated innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocui He
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Immunology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Karen L. Thorpe
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Abstract
The ability of tissue injury to result in inflammation is a well-recognized phenomenon and is central to a number of common liver and pancreatic diseases including alcoholic steatohepatitis and pancreatitis, as well as drug-induced liver injury, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and pancreatitis from other causes. The requirements of extracellular damage-associated molecules and a cytosolic machinery labeled the inflammasome have been established in in vitro culture systems and in vivo disease models. This has provided a generic insight into the pathways involved, and the challenge now is to understand the specifics of these mechanisms in relation to the particular insults and organs involved. One reason for the excitement in this field is that a number of therapeutic candidates such a toll-like receptor antagonists and interleukin-1R antagonists are either approved or in clinical trials for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaz Hoque
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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30
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Chen XL, Sun L, Guo F, Wang F, Liu S, Liang X, Wang RS, Wang YJ, Sun YX. High-mobility group box-1 induces proinflammatory cytokines production of Kupffer cells through TLRs-dependent signaling pathway after burn injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50668. [PMID: 23209806 PMCID: PMC3507775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) were a significant source of cytokine release during the early stage of severe burns. High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) was recently identified as a new type of proinflammatory cytokine. The ability of HMGB1 to generate inflammatory responses after burn trauma has not been well characterized. KCs were isolated from sham animals and rats with a 30% full-thickness burn, and then were stimulated with increasing concentrations of HMGB1. The levels of Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in culture supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Northern blot analysis was performed to detect the expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNAs. The activities of p38 MAPK and JNK (by Western blot analysis) as well as NF-κB (by EMSA) in KCs were also examined. As a result, HMGB1 in vitro upregulated expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β of KCs in a dose-dependent manner, and HMGB1 promoted KCs from burn rats to produce significantly more TNF-α and IL-1β proteins than those from sham animals. After harvested from burn rats, KCs were pre-incubated with anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 antibody prior to HMGB1 administration. HMGB1 exposure not only significantly increased expressions of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNAs in KCs from burn rats, but also enhanced activities of p38 MAPK, JNK and NF-κB. However, these upregulation events were all reduced by pre-incubation with anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 antibody. These results indicate that HMGB1 induces proinflammatory cytokines production of KCs after sever burn injury, and this process might be largely dependent on TLRs-dependent MAPKs/NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Lin Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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31
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Vadillo E, Pelayo R. [Toll-like receptors in development and function of the hematopoietic system]. Rev Invest Clin 2012; 64:461-476. [PMID: 23544309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites are pathogens to which individuals are constantly exposed. Pathogen recognition by cells of the immune system is carried out by a growing list of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) which are evolutionally conserved and absent in mammals, named pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs can be found in extracellular matrix, within cytoplasm and on cellular membranes. Among the membrane PRRs, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules upon stimulation on mature cells, resulting in the triggering of immune danger signals. Recent reports showing the regulation of hematopoiesis by TLRs, suggest that they are involved in the most primitive stages of hematopoietic development and contribute to emergent replenishment of innate immune cells. These data entail TLRs to hematopoiesis and also revolutionize our understanding of the mechanisms governing infection responses. In this review, we focus on the most relevant findings from the TLR discovery to the use of TLR agonists and antagonists in novel therapies for infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Of special interest is the research progress in the TLR functional expression by primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Vadillo
- Unidad de Investigacion Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS
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Rana RR, Zhang M, Spear AM, Atkins HS, Byrne B. Bacterial TIR-containing proteins and host innate immune system evasion. Med Microbiol Immunol 2012; 202:1-10. [PMID: 22772799 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first line of host defence against invading pathogens. Key to upregulation of the innate immune response are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a signaling pathway culminating in the production of inflammatory mediators. Central to this TLR signaling pathway are heterotypic protein-protein interactions mediated through Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains found in both the cytoplasmic regions of TLRs and adaptor proteins. Pathogenic bacteria have developed a range of ingenuous strategies to evade the host immune mechanisms. Recent work has identified a potentially novel evasion mechanism involving bacterial TIR domain proteins. Such domains have been identified in a wide range of pathogenic bacteria, and there is evidence to suggest that they interfere directly with the TLR signaling pathway and thus inhibit the activation of NF-κB. The individual TIR domains from the pathogenic bacteria Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, Brucella sp, uropathogenic E. coli and Yersinia pestis have been analyzed in detail. The individual bacterial TIR domains from these pathogenic bacteria seem to differ in their modes of action and their roles in virulence. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the possible roles and mechanisms of action of the bacterial TIR domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini R Rana
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in host defence and inflammation. Given that a significant amount of evidence implicates TLRs in the pathogenesis of immune diseases and cancer, and their activation occurs early in the inflammatory cascade, they are attractive targets for novel therapeutic agents. Potential therapeutics include TLR-targeted antibodies, small molecules and nucleic acid based drugs. Agonists are being tested in vaccines against hepatitis C and influenza as well as in allergic rhinitis and certain cancers. Antagonists are being tested in ischemia/reperfusion injury, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis. The prospect of targeting TLRs in multiple pathologies continues to hold much promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna J Connolly
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Meijerink M, Ferrando ML, Lammers G, Taverne N, Smith HE, Wells JM. Immunomodulatory effects of Streptococcus suis capsule type on human dendritic cell responses, phagocytosis and intracellular survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35849. [PMID: 22558240 PMCID: PMC3338795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine pathogen of significant commercial importance worldwide and an emerging zoonotic pathogen of humans. Given the important sentinel role of mucosal dendritic cells and their importance in induction of T cell responses we investigated the effect of different S. suis serotype strains and an isogenic capsule mutant of serotype 2 on the maturation, activation and expression of IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Additionally, we compared phagocytosis levels and bacterial survival after internalization. The capsule of serotype 2, the most common serotype associated with infection in humans and pigs, was highly anti-phagocytic and modulated the IL-10/IL-12 and IL-10/TNF-α cytokine production in favor of a more anti-inflammatory profile compared to other serotypes. This may have consequences for the induction of effective immunity to S. suis serotype 2 in humans. A shielding effect of the capsule on innate Toll-like receptor signaling was also demonstrated. Furthermore, we showed that 24 h after phagocytosis, significant numbers of viable intracellular S. suis were still present intracellularly. This may contribute to the dissemination of S. suis in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Meijerink
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Laura Ferrando
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geraldine Lammers
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Taverne
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde E. Smith
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M. Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics, Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fliss PM, Jowers TP, Brinkmann MM, Holstermann B, Mack C, Dickinson P, Hohenberg H, Ghazal P, Brune W. Viral mediated redirection of NEMO/IKKγ to autophagosomes curtails the inflammatory cascade. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002517. [PMID: 22319449 PMCID: PMC3271075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The early host response to viral infections involves transient activation of pattern recognition receptors leading to an induction of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Subsequent activation of cytokine receptors in an autocrine and paracrine manner results in an inflammatory cascade. The precise mechanisms by which viruses avert an inflammatory cascade are incompletely understood. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a central regulator of the inflammatory signaling cascade that is controlled by inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) proteins and the IκB kinase (IKK) complex. In this study we show that murine cytomegalovirus inhibits the inflammatory cascade by blocking Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IL-1 receptor-dependent NF-κB activation. Inhibition occurs through an interaction of the viral M45 protein with the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO), the regulatory subunit of the IKK complex. M45 induces proteasome-independent degradation of NEMO by targeting NEMO to autophagosomes for subsequent degradation in lysosomes. We propose that the selective and irreversible degradation of a central regulatory protein by autophagy represents a new viral strategy to dampen the inflammatory response. Upon viral infection cells immediately induce an innate immune response which involves the production of inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines activate specific receptors on infected and surrounding cells leading to local signal amplification as well as signal broadcasting beyond the original site of infection. Inflammatory cytokine production depends on transcription factor NF-κB, whose activity is controlled by a kinase complex that includes the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). In order to replicate and spread in their hosts, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to counteract innate immune defenses. In this study we identify a highly effective viral strategy to blunt the host inflammatory response: The murine cytomegalovirus M45 protein binds to NEMO and redirects it to autophagosomes, vesicular structures that deliver cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. By this means, the virus installs a sustained block to all classical NF-κB activation pathways, which include signaling cascades originating from pattern recognition receptors and inflammatory cytokine receptors. Redirection of an essential component of the host cell defense machinery to the autophagic degradation pathway is a previously unrecognized viral immune evasion strategy whose principle is likely shared by other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Fliss
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tali Pechenick Jowers
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Holstermann
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mack
- Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Hohenberg
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Brune
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Viral Infections, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ndiaye F, Vuong T, Duarte J, Aluko RE, Matar C. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from yellow field pea seeds. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51:29-37. [PMID: 21442413 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzymatic protein hydrolysates of yellow pea seed have been shown to possess high anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities. The aim of this work was to confirm the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate of yellow field pea seeds. METHODS The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of peptides from yellow field pea proteins (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated in LPS/IFN-γ-activated RAW 264.7 NO⁻ macrophages. The immunomodulating potential of pea protein hydrolysate (PPH) was then studied in a murine model. RESULTS Pea protein hydrolysate, after a 12 h pre-treatment, showed significant inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages up to 20%. Moreover, PPH significantly inhibited their secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α- and IL-6, up to 35 and 80%, respectively. Oral administration of PPH in mice enhanced the phagocytic activity of their peritoneal macrophages and stimulated the gut mucosa immune response. The number of IgA+ cells was elevated in the small intestine lamina propria, accompanied by an increase in the number of IL-4+, IL-10+ and IFN-γ+ cells. This was correlated to up-regulation of IL-6 secretion by small intestine epithelial cells (IEC), probably responsible for B-cell terminal differentiation to IgA-secreting cells. Moreover, PPH might have increased IL-6 production in IECs via the stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, especially TLR2 and TLR4 since either anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 was able to completely abolish PPH-induced IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatic protein degradation confers anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating potentials to pea proteins, and the resulted peptides could be used as an alternative therapy for the prevention of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Ndiaye
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, R2057 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Puddu P, Latorre D, Carollo M, Catizone A, Ricci G, Valenti P, Gessani S. Bovine lactoferrin counteracts Toll-like receptor mediated activation signals in antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22504. [PMID: 21799877 PMCID: PMC3143167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a key element in mammalian immune system, plays pivotal roles in host defence against infection and excessive inflammation. Its protective effects range from direct antimicrobial activities against a large panel of microbes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, to antinflammatory and anticancer activities. In this study, we show that monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MD-DCs) generated in the presence of bovine LF (bLF) fail to undergo activation by up-modulating CD83, co-stimulatory and major histocompatibility complex molecules, and cytokine/chemokine secretion. Moreover, these cells are weak activators of T cell proliferation and retain antigen uptake activity. Consistent with an impaired maturation, bLF-MD-DC primed T lymphocytes exhibit a functional unresponsiveness characterized by reduced expression of CD154 and impaired expression of IFN-γ and IL-2. The observed imunosuppressive effects correlate with an increased expression of molecules with negative regulatory functions (i.e. immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 and programmed death ligand 1), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3. Interestingly, bLF-MD-DCs produce IL-6 and exhibit constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation. Conversely, bLF exposure of already differentiated MD-DCs completely fails to induce IL-6, and partially inhibits Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-induced activation. Cell-specific differences in bLF internalization likely account for the distinct response elicited by bLF in monocytes versus immature DCs, providing a mechanistic base for its multiple effects. These results indicate that bLF exerts a potent anti-inflammatory activity by skewing monocyte differentiation into DCs with impaired capacity to undergo activation and to promote Th1 responses. Overall, these bLF-mediated effects may represent a strategy to block excessive DC activation upon TLR-induced inflammation, adding further evidence for a critical role of bLF in directing host immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Puddu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Latorre
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Carollo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The testis is an immunoprivileged site, where the local cell-initiated testicular innate immune responses play a crucial role in defense against microbial infections. Mechanisms modulating the testicular cell-built defense system remain to be clarified. In this article, we demonstrate that Leydig cells, a major cell population in the testicular interstitium, initiate innate immunity through the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Several TLRs are expressed in mouse Leydig cells; among these, TLR3 and TLR4 are expressed at relatively high levels compared with other TLR members. Both TLR3 and TLR4 can be activated by their agonists (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid and lipopolysaccharide) in Leydig cells and subsequently induce the production of inflammatory factors, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and type 1 interferons (IFN) (IFN-α and IFN-β). Notably, the activation of TLR3 and TLR4 suppresses steroidogenesis by Leydig cells. Further, we provide evidence that Axl and Mer receptor tyrosine kinases are expressed in Leydig cells and regulate TLR-mediated innate immune responses negatively. Data presented here describe a novel function of Leydig cells in eliciting testicular innate immune responses that should contribute to the protection of the testis from microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shang
- Department of Cell Biology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, 100005 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Yu C, Shan T, Feng A, Li Y, Zhu W, Xie Y, Li N, Li J. Triptolide ameliorates Crohn's colitis is associated with inhibition of TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:709-15. [PMID: 21376787 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). We have reported that triptolide, an active component from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook, showed therapeutic activity in IL-10-deficeint (IL-10-/- mice, a murine CD model. However the full mechanisms of action of this agent in CD remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that triptolide would ameliorate the experimental colitis by inhibiting TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway. We found TLR2 and TLR4 were upregulated in IL-10-)/- mice, triptolide inhibited the TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo. In addition, triptolide in vitro was able to downregulate the TLRs/NF-κB pathway in cultured colonic explants from CD patients. Our results confirm the therapeutic effect of triptolide in experimental colitis, and suggest it as a promising compound for CD treatment. These findings also support the possibility that targeted inhibition of TLR signaling pathway is an approach deserving further investigation as a therapeutic strategy for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Yang HT, Wang Y, Zhao X, Demissie E, Papoutsopoulou S, Mambole A, O’Garra A, Tomczak MF, Erdman SE, Fox JG, Ley SC, Horwitz BH. NF-κB1 inhibits TLR-induced IFN-β production in macrophages through TPL-2-dependent ERK activation. J Immunol 2011; 186:1989-96. [PMID: 21217011 PMCID: PMC3070925 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although NF-κB1 p50/p105 has critical roles in immunity, the mechanism by which NF-κB1 regulates inflammatory responses is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profile of LPS-stimulated Nfkb1(-/-) macrophages that lack both p50 and p105. Deficiency of p50/p105 selectively increased the expression of IFN-responsive genes, which correlated with increased IFN-β expression and STAT1 phosphorylation. IFN Ab-blocking experiments indicated that increased STAT1 phosphorylation and expression of IFN-responsive genes observed in the absence of p50/p105 depended upon autocrine IFN-β production. Markedly higher serum levels of IFN-β were observed in Nfkb1(-/-) mice than in wild-type mice following LPS injection, demonstrating that Nfkb1 inhibits IFN-β production under physiological conditions. TPL-2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase stabilized by association with the C-terminal ankyrin repeat domain of p105, negatively regulates LPS-induced IFN-β production by macrophages via activation of ERK MAPK. Retroviral expression of TPL-2 in Nfkb1(-/-) macrophages, which are deficient in endogenous TPL-2, reduced LPS-induced IFN-β secretion. Expression of the C-terminal ankyrin repeat domain of p105 in Nfkb1(-/-) macrophages, which rescued LPS activation of ERK, also inhibited IFN-β expression. These data indicate that p50/p105 negatively regulates LPS-induced IFN signaling in macrophages by stabilizing TPL-2, thereby facilitating activation of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ting Yang
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Xixing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ezana Demissie
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Agnes Mambole
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA
| | - Anne O’Garra
- Division of Immunoregulation, National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA
| | - Michal F. Tomczak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steven C. Ley
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, NW7 1AA
| | - Bruce H. Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) are abundantly found at sites of inflammation and are considered to play an active role in the modulation of the immune response. Whereas most studies attributed a proinflammatory role to OxPLs, recent studies demonstrate that some products of phospholipid oxidation may in fact exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. This study summarizes the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of OxPLs and sheds light on the therapeutic potential of OxPL derivatives or analogs for treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders. RECENT FINDINGS OxPLs may inhibit activation of several Toll-like receptors and can epigenetically reduce the capacity of dendritic cells to function as mature, fully functional immunostimulatory cells. These data demonstrate that OxPLs can induce anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, VB-201, an orally available synthetic phospholipid analog of the Lecinoxoid family, was found to attenuate inflammation in various preclinical animal models and is currently employed in a phase II clinical trial in psoriasis. SUMMARY Chemical or biological modifications of phospholipids yield various products, some of which may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Identification of such species and generation of more stable/potent anti-inflammatory OxPL variants may represent a novel approach for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases such as psoriasis, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Yadav M, Zhang J, Fischer H, Huang W, Lutay N, Cirl C, Lum J, Miethke T, Svanborg C. Inhibition of TIR domain signaling by TcpC: MyD88-dependent and independent effects on Escherichia coli virulence. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001120. [PMID: 20886104 PMCID: PMC2944809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor signaling requires functional Toll/interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domains to activate innate immunity. By producing TIR homologous proteins, microbes inhibit host response induction and improve their own survival. The TIR homologous protein TcpC was recently identified as a virulence factor in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), suppressing innate immunity by binding to MyD88. This study examined how the host MyD88 genotype modifies the in vivo effects of TcpC and whether additional, TIR-domain containing proteins might be targeted by TcpC. In wild type mice (wt), TcpC enhanced bacterial virulence, increased acute mortality, bacterial persistence and tissue damage after infection with E. coli CFT073 (TcpC+), compared to a ΔTcpC deletion mutant. These effects were attenuated in Myd88(-/-) and Tlr4(-/-) mice. Transcriptomic analysis confirmed that TcpC inhibits MYD88 dependent gene expression in CFT073 infected human uroepithelial cells but in addition the inhibitory effect included targets in the TRIF and IL-6/IL-1 signaling pathways, where MYD88 dependent and independent signaling may converge. The effects of TcpC on bacterial persistence were attenuated in Trif (-/-) or Il-1β (-/-) mice and innate immune responses to ΔTcpC were increased, confirming that Trif and Il-1β dependent targets might be involved in vivo, in addition to Myd88. Furthermore, soluble TcpC inhibited Myd88 and Trif dependent TLR signaling in murine macrophages. Our results suggest that TcpC may promote UTI-associated pathology broadly, through inhibition of TIR domain signaling and downstream pathways. Dysregulation of the host response by microbial TcpC thus appears to impair the protective effects of innate immunity, while promoting inflammation and tissue damage.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/microbiology
- Escherichia coli/pathogenicity
- Escherichia coli Infections/immunology
- Escherichia coli Infections/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Interleukin-1beta/physiology
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/microbiology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/physiology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology
- Toll-Like Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence Factors/genetics
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Jingyao Zhang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hans Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Wen Huang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nataliya Lutay
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christine Cirl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Miethke
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Catharina Svanborg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology (MIG), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, BIOPOLIS, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Hutchinson MR, Loram LC, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, Rezvani N, Berkelhammer D, Phipps S, Foster PS, Landgraf K, Falke JJ, Rice KC, Maier SF, Yin H, Watkins LR. Evidence that tricyclic small molecules may possess toll-like receptor and myeloid differentiation protein 2 activity. Neuroscience 2010; 168:551-63. [PMID: 20381591 PMCID: PMC2872682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Opioids have been discovered to have Toll-like receptor (TLR) activity, beyond actions at classical opioid receptors. This raises the question whether other pharmacotherapies for pain control may also possess TLR activity, contributing to or opposing their clinical effects. We document that tricyclics can alter TLR4 and TLR2 signaling. In silico simulations revealed that several tricyclics docked to the same binding pocket on the TLR accessory protein, myeloid differentiation protein 2 (MD-2), as do opioids. Eight tricyclics were tested for effects on TLR4 signaling in HEK293 cells over-expressing human TLR4. Six exhibited mild (desipramine), moderate (mianserin, cyclobenzaprine, imiprimine, ketotifen) or strong (amitriptyline) TLR4 inhibition, and no TLR4 activation. In contrast, carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine exhibited mild and strong TLR4 activation, respectively, and no TLR4 inhibition. Amitriptyline but not carbamazepine also significantly inhibited TLR2 signaling in a comparable cell line. Live imaging of TLR4 activation in RAW264.7 cells and TLR4-dependent interleukin-1 release from BV-2 microglia revealed that amitriptyline blocked TLR4 signaling. Lastly, tricyclics with no (carbamazepine), moderate (cyclobenzeprine), and strong (amitriptyline) TLR4 inhibition were tested intrathecally (rats) and amitriptyline tested systemically in wildtype and knockout mice (TLR4 or MyD88). While tricyclics had no effect on basal pain responsivity, they potentiated morphine analgesia in rank-order with their potency as TLR4 inhibitors. This occurred in a TLR4/MyD88-dependent manner as no potentiation of morphine analgesia by amitriptyline occurred in these knockout mice. This suggests that TLR2 and TLR4 inhibition, possibly by interactions with MD2, contributes to effects of tricyclics in vivo. These studies provide converging lines of evidence that several tricyclics or their active metabolites may exert their biological actions, in part, via modulation of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling and suggest that inhibition of TLR4 and TLR2 signaling may potentially contribute to the efficacy of tricyclics in treating chronic pain and enhancing the analgesic efficacy of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hutchinson
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa C. Loram
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Yingning Zhang
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Mitesh Shridhar
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Niloofar Rezvani
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Debra Berkelhammer
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Simon Phipps
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul S. Foster
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases (CARD), Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kyle Landgraf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph J. Falke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Koval'chuk LV, Khoreva MV, Nikonova AS, Grechenko VV, Agapov MA, Indarokov VA, Leonenko IV, Gorskiĭ VA, Gracheva LA. [Corrective effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitor on functional status of mononuclear cells expressing Toll-like receptors]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2010:45-50. [PMID: 20218345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the influence of the COX inhibitor--lornoxicam (LX)--on Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects and patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytokine production by PBMC of healthy donors was stimulated by TLR1/2 ligand peptidoglycan (PG) and TLR4 ligand lypopolysaccharide (LPS) in presence of LX. Levels of cyotokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNFalpha) were measured by ELISA. Group of patients with acute pancreatitis of toxic etiology included 11 subjects: patients from main group received combined therapy supplemented with NSAID from the oxicam class--LX; patients who received only standard basic treatment formed comparison group. RESULTS It was found that in vitro LX inhibits production of both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by PBMC of healthy subjects mediated by ligands of TLR1/2 and TLR4. Maximal inhibitory effect of LX was observed when cytokine production was induced through TLR1/2. Patients with AP demonstrated increased production of TNFalpha induced by TLR1/2 and TLR4 ligands. CONCLUSION LX inhibits TLR-mediated production of both proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNFalpha) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokinesby PBMC of healthy subjects in vitro. Treatment with LX in patients with AP results in diminished effector function of TLR1/2 and TLR4 already during 1st day of the illness and normalization of these indices by 6th day.
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Gorskiĭ VA, Koval'chuk LV, Agapov MA, Khoreva MV, Ovanesian ER, Nikonova AS, Grechenko VV. [Antimediatory therapy in the complex treatment of acute destructive pancreatitis]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2010:54-61. [PMID: 20524238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Park SJ, Song HY, Youn HS. Suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of toll-like receptors by isoliquiritigenin in RAW264.7 macrophages. Mol Cells 2009; 28:365-8. [PMID: 19809799 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in host defense by sensing invading microbial pathogens and initiating innate immune responses. The stimulation of TLRs by microbial components triggers the activation of myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF)-dependent downstream signaling pathways. Isoliquiritigen in (ILG), an active ingredient of Licorice, has been used for centuries to treat many chronic diseases. ILG inhibits the MyD88-dependent pathway by inhibiting the activity of inhibitor-kappaB kinase. However, it is not known whether ILG inhibits the TRIF-dependent pathway. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of ILG, we examined its effect on signal transduction via the TRIF-dependent pathway of TLRs induced by several agonists. ILG inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3 activation induced by lipopolysaccharide or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. ILG inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 as well as interferon-inducible genes such as interferon inducible protein-10, and regulated activation of normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). These results suggest that ILG can modulate TRIF-dependent signaling pathways of TLRs, leading to decreased inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jeong Park
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Korea
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Erridge C, Webb DJ, Spickett CM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol upregulate interleukin-8 expression independently of Toll-like receptor 1, 2, 4 or 6 signalling in human macrophages. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:260-6. [PMID: 17364953 DOI: 10.1080/10715760601070091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor (TLR)- signalling contributes significantly to the inflammatory events of atherosclerosis. As products of cholesterol oxidation (oxysterols) accumulate within atherosclerotic plaque and have been proposed to contribute to inflammatory signalling in the diseased artery, we investigated the potential of 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (7beta-HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) to stimulate inflammatory signalling via the lipid-recognising TLRs 1, 2, 4 and 6. Each oxysterol stimulated secretion of the inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), but not IkappaBalpha degradation or tumour necrosis factor-alpha release from monocytic THP-1 cells. Transfection of TLR-deficient HEK-293 cells with TLRs 1, 2, 4 or 6 did not increase sensitivity to the tested oxysterols. Moreover, blockade of TLR2 or TLR4 with specific inhibitors did not reduce 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) induced IL-8 release from THP-1 cells. We conclude that although the oxysterols examined in this study may contribute to increased expression of certain inflammatory genes, this occurs by mechanisms independent of TLR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clett Erridge
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to detect the presence of pathogens. In addition to their role in innate immunity, TLRs also play a major role in the regulation of inflammation, even under sterile conditions such as injury and wound healing. This involvement has been suggested to depend, at least in part, on the ability of TLRs to recognise several endogenous TLR ligands termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The liver not only represents a major target of bacterial PAMPs in many disease states but also upregulates several DAMPs following injury. Accordingly, TLR-mediated signals have been implicated in a number of chronic liver diseases. Here, we will summarise recent findings on the role TLRs and TLR ligands in the pathophysiology of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma, and highlight the potential role of TLR agonists, antagonists and probiotics for the treatment of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mencin
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling involves five TIR adapter proteins, which couple to downstream protein kinases that ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and members of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. TLRs play a crucial role in host defence against invading microorganisms, and highlighting their importance in the immune system is the fact that TLRs are targeted by viral immune evasion strategies. Identifying the target host proteins of such viral inhibitors is very important because valuable insights into how host cells respond to infection may be obtained. Also, viral proteins may have potential as therapeutic agents. Luciferase reporter gene assays are a very useful tool for the analysis of TLR signalling pathways, as the effect of a putative viral inhibitor on a large amount of signals can be examined in one experiment. A basic reporter gene assay involves the transfection of cells with a luciferase reporter gene, along with an activating expression plasmid, with or without a plasmid expressing a viral inhibitor. Induction of a signalling pathway leads to luciferase protein expression, which is measured using a luminometer. Results from these assays can be informative for deciding which host proteins to test for interactions with a viral inhibitor. Successful assays for measuring protein-protein interactions include co-immunoprecipitations (Co-IPs) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-pulldowns. Co-IP experiments involve precipitating a protein out of a cell lysate using a specific antibody bound to Protein A/G sepharose. Additional molecules complexed to that protein are captured as well and can be detected by Western blot analysis. GST-pulldown experiments are similar in principle to Co-IPs, but a bait GST-fusion protein complexed to glutathione-sepharose (GSH) beads is used to pull down interaction partners instead of an antibody. Again, complexes recovered from the beads are analysed by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Stack
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Escribese MM, Kraus T, Rhee E, Fernandez-Sesma A, López CB, Moran TM. Estrogen inhibits dendritic cell maturation to RNA viruses. Blood 2008; 112:4574-84. [PMID: 18802009 PMCID: PMC2597128 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-04-148692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in initiating and polarizing the immune response. Therefore, DC maturation represents a key control point in the shift from innate to adaptive immunity. It is suspected that during pregnancy, hormones are critical factors that modulate changes reported to occur in maternal immunity. Here we examined the effect of 17-beta-estradiol (E2) on the maturational response triggered by virus in human DCs and its influence on their ability to activate naive T cells. We developed an in vitro system to measure the response of DCs to virus infection with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) after a 24-hour E2 treatment. Using this system, we demonstrated that E2 pretreatment down-regulated the antiviral response to RNA viruses in DCs by profoundly suppressing type I interferon (IFN) synthesis and other important inflammatory products. In addition, the DCs capacity to stimulate naive CD4 T cells was also reduced. These results suggest an important role for E2 in suppressing the antiviral response and provide a mechanism for the reduced immunity to virus infection observed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Escribese
- Department of Microbiology, The Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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