1
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Shuai J, Gao M, Zou Q, He Y. Association between vitamin D, depression, and sleep health in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a mediation analysis. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:934-941. [PMID: 37962262 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2279363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the association between vitamin D and sleep health and to investigate whether depression could mediate this relationship. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed using the 2005-2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. The logistic regression models were conducted to evaluate association of serum vitamin D concentrations with sleep health and depression. Mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the mediated effects of depression on the association of vitamin D with sleep health. RESULTS In multivariate logistic models, vitamin D was found to be negatively associated with an increased risk of poor sleep health, with an odds ratio (OR) of vitamin D deficiency versus sufficiency was 1.256 (95% CI = 1.084-1.455). Additionally, univariate logistic models showed that vitamin D was also negatively associated with depression risk (vitamin D deficiency vs. sufficiency: OR = 1.699, 95% CI = (1.373-2.103). Further mediation analyses showed that the association of vitamin D with sleep health was mediated by depression, with the mediating effects of depression accounted for 44.56% of the total effects. CONCLUSION Vitamin D affects sleep health directly and indirectly through depression. The results suggest that interventions increasing intake of vitamin D should be prioritized to promote sleep health of persons with or at risk of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Shuai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Gao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zou
- Medical Department, The First Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Youming He
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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2
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Hantusch B, Kenner L, Stanulović VS, Hoogenkamp M, Brown G. Targeting Androgen, Thyroid Hormone, and Vitamin A and D Receptors to Treat Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9245. [PMID: 39273194 PMCID: PMC11394715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone family of receptors regulates gene expression. The androgen receptor (AR), upon ligand binding and homodimerization, shuttles from the cytosol into the nucleus to activate gene expression. Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are present in the nucleus bound to chromatin as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and repress gene expression. Ligand binding leads to transcription activation. The hormonal ligands for these receptors play crucial roles to ensure the proper conduct of very many tissues and exert effects on prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Androgens support PCa proliferation and androgen deprivation alone or with chemotherapy is the standard therapy for PCa. RARγ activation and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) stimulation of TRβ support the growth of PCa cells. Ligand stimulation of VDR drives growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis of PCa cells. Often these receptors are explored as separate avenues to find treatments for PCa and other cancers. However, there is accumulating evidence to support receptor interactions and crosstalk of regulatory events whereby a better understanding might lead to new combinatorial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Hantusch
- Department of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Department of Pathology, Department for Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Applied Metabolomics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vesna S Stanulović
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Maarten Hoogenkamp
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Johnson JR, Mavingire N, Woods-Burnham L, Walker M, Lewis D, Hooker SE, Galloway D, Rivers B, Kittles RA. The complex interplay of modifiable risk factors affecting prostate cancer disparities in African American men. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:422-432. [PMID: 38307952 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed non-skin malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the USA. However, the mortality rate of African American men aged 40-60 years is almost 2.5-fold greater than that of European American men. Despite screening and diagnostic and therapeutic advances, disparities in prostate cancer incidence and outcomes remain prevalent. The reasons that lead to this disparity in outcomes are complex and multifactorial. Established non-modifiable risk factors such as age and genetic predisposition contribute to this disparity; however, evidence suggests that modifiable risk factors (including social determinants of health, diet, steroid hormones, environment and lack of diversity in enrolment in clinical trials) are prominent contributing factors to the racial disparities observed. Disparities involved in the diagnosis, treatment and survival of African American men with prostate cancer have also been correlated with low socioeconomic status, education and lack of access to health care. The effects and complex interactions of prostate cancer modifiable risk factors are important considerations for mitigating the incidence and outcomes of this disease in African American men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Nicole Mavingire
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mya Walker
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Deyana Lewis
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stanley E Hooker
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Dorothy Galloway
- Department of Population Sciences, Division of Health Equities, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brian Rivers
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rick A Kittles
- Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Li X, Qiu P. Gene representation bias in spatial transcriptomics. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2024; 22:2450007. [PMID: 39036848 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720024500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
For sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics data, the gene-spot count matrix is highly sparse. This feature is similar to scRNA-seq. The goal of this paper is to identify whether there exist genes that are frequently under-detected in Visium compared to bulk RNA-seq, and the underlying potential mechanism of under-detection in Visium. We collected paired Visium and bulk RNA-seq data for 28 human samples and 19 mouse samples, which covered diverse tissue sources. We compared the two data types and observed that there indeed exists a collection of genes frequently under-detected in Visium compared to bulk RNA-seq. We performed a motif search to examine the last 350 bp of the frequently under-detected genes, and we observed that the poly (T) motif was significantly enriched in genes identified from both human and mouse data, which matches with our previous finding about frequently under-detected genes in scRNA-seq. We hypothesized that the poly (T) motif may be able to form a hairpin structure with the poly (A) tails of their mRNA transcripts, making it difficult for their mRNA transcripts to be captured during Visium library preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peng Qiu
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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5
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Fendler A, Stephan C, Ralla B, Jung K. Discordant Health Implications and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D in Clinical and Preclinical Studies of Prostate Cancer: A Critical Appraisal of the Literature Data. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5286. [PMID: 38791324 PMCID: PMC11120741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical studies have provided conflicting data on the postulated beneficial effects of vitamin D in patients with prostate cancer. In this opinion piece, we discuss reasons for discrepancies between preclinical and clinical vitamin D studies. Different criteria have been used as evidence for the key roles of vitamin D. Clinical studies report integrative cancer outcome criteria such as incidence and mortality in relation to vitamin D status over time. In contrast, preclinical vitamin D studies report molecular and cellular changes resulting from treatment with the biologically active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) in tissues. However, these reported changes in preclinical in vitro studies are often the result of treatment with biologically irrelevant high calcitriol concentrations. In typical experiments, the used calcitriol concentrations exceed the calcitriol concentrations in normal and malignant prostate tissue by 100 to 1000 times. This raises reasonable concerns regarding the postulated biological effects and mechanisms of these preclinical vitamin D approaches in relation to clinical relevance. This is not restricted to prostate cancer, as detailed data regarding the tissue-specific concentrations of vitamin D metabolites are currently lacking. The application of unnaturally high concentrations of calcitriol in preclinical studies appears to be a major reason why the results of preclinical in vitro studies hardly match up with outcomes of vitamin D-related clinical studies. Regarding future studies addressing these concerns, we suggest establishing reference ranges of tissue-specific vitamin D metabolites within various cancer entities, carrying out model studies on human cancer cells and patient-derived organoids with biologically relevant calcitriol concentrations, and lastly improving the design of vitamin D clinical trials where results from preclinical studies guide the protocols and endpoints within these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Fendler
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Stephan
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
- Berlin Institute for Urologic Research, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ralla
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Urology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.F.); (B.R.)
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6
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Ding L, Wang Y, Tang Z, Ni C, Zhang Q, Zhai Q, Liang C, Li J. Exploration of vitamin D metabolic activity-related biological effects and corresponding therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:17. [PMID: 38566155 PMCID: PMC10988890 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have unequivocally demonstrated that the vitamin D (VD) metabolism pathway significantly influences prognosis and sensitivity to hormone therapy in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the precise underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS We performed molecular profiling of 1045 PCa patients, leveraging genes linked to VD synthesis and VD receptors. We then identified highly variable gene modules with substantial associations with patient stratification. Subsequently, we intersected these modules with differentially expressed genes between PCa and adjacent paracancerous tissues. Following a meticulous process involving single-factor regression and LASSO regression to eliminate extraneous variables and construct a prognostic model. Within the high-risk subgroup defined by the calculated risk score, we analyzed their differences in cell infiltration, immune status, mutation landscape, and drug sensitivity. Finally, we selected Apolipoprotein E (APOE), which featured prominently in this model for further experimental exploration to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. RESULTS The prognostic model established in this study had commendable predictive efficacy. We observed diminished infiltration of various T-cell subtypes and reduced expression of co-stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells. Mutation analysis revealed that the high-risk cohort harbored a higher frequency of mutations in the TP53 and FOXA genes. Notably, drug sensitivity analysis suggested the heightened responsiveness of high-risk patients to molecular inhibitors targeting the Bcl-2 and MAPK pathways. Finally, our investigation also confirmed that APOE upregulates the proliferative and invasive capacity of PCa cells and concurrently enhances resistance to androgen receptor antagonist therapy. CONCLUSION This comprehensive study elucidated the potential mechanisms through which this metabolic pathway orchestrates the biological behavior of PCa and findings hold promise in advancing the development of combination therapies in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 299 Qingyang Road, 214023, Suqian, China
| | - Zhentao Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China
| | - Chenbo Ni
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China
| | - Qidi Zhai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China.
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, 210009, Nanjing,, China.
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7
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Bird RP. Vitamin D and cancer. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 109:92-159. [PMID: 38777419 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in the prevention of chronic diseases including cancer, has received a great deal of attention during the past few decades. The term "Cancer" represents multiple disease states with varying biological complexities. The strongest link between vitamin D and cancer is provided by ecological and studies like observational, in preclinical models. It is apparent that vitamin D exerts diverse biological responses in a tissue specific manner. Moreover, several human factors could affect bioactivity of vitamin D. The mechanism(s) underlying vitamin D initiated anti-carcinogenic effects are diverse and includes changes at the muti-system levels. The oncogenic environment could easily corrupt the traditional role of vitamin D or could ensure resistance to vitamin D mediated responses. Several researchers have identified gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the role of vitamin D in cancer. Further areas are identified to solidify the role of vitamin D in cancer control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana P Bird
- School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada.
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8
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Chen C, Kim HJ, Yang P. Evaluating spatially variable gene detection methods for spatial transcriptomics data. Genome Biol 2024; 25:18. [PMID: 38225676 PMCID: PMC10789051 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of genes that vary across spatial domains in tissues and cells is an essential step for spatial transcriptomics data analysis. Given the critical role it serves for downstream data interpretations, various methods for detecting spatially variable genes (SVGs) have been proposed. However, the lack of benchmarking complicates the selection of a suitable method. RESULTS Here we systematically evaluate a panel of popular SVG detection methods on a large collection of spatial transcriptomics datasets, covering various tissue types, biotechnologies, and spatial resolutions. We address questions including whether different methods select a similar set of SVGs, how reliable is the reported statistical significance from each method, how accurate and robust is each method in terms of SVG detection, and how well the selected SVGs perform in downstream applications such as clustering of spatial domains. Besides these, practical considerations such as computational time and memory usage are also crucial for deciding which method to use. CONCLUSIONS Our study evaluates the performance of each method from multiple aspects and highlights the discrepancy among different methods when calling statistically significant SVGs across diverse datasets. Overall, our work provides useful considerations for choosing methods for identifying SVGs and serves as a key reference for the future development of related methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa Chen
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Hani Jieun Kim
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Pengyi Yang
- Computational Systems Biology Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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9
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Yu W, Wang C, Shang Z, Tian J. Unveiling novel insights in prostate cancer through single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1224913. [PMID: 37746302 PMCID: PMC10514910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1224913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a cutting-edge technology that provides insights at the individual cell level. In contrast to traditional bulk RNA-seq, which captures gene expression at an average level and may overlook important details, scRNA-seq examines each individual cell as a fundamental unit and is particularly well-suited for identifying rare cell populations. Analogous to a microscope that distinguishes various cell types within a tissue sample, scRNA-seq unravels the heterogeneity and diversity within a single cell species, offering great potential as a leading sequencing method in the future. In the context of prostate cancer (PCa), a disease characterized by significant heterogeneity and multiple stages of progression, scRNA-seq emerges as a powerful tool for uncovering its intricate secrets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiqun Shang
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Urology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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10
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Zenner ML, Kirkpatrick B, Leonardo TR, Schlicht MJ, Saldana AC, Loitz C, Valyi-Nagy K, Maienschein-Cline M, Gann PH, Abern M, Nonn L. Prostate-derived circulating microRNAs add prognostic value to prostate cancer risk calculators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.10.540236. [PMID: 37214878 PMCID: PMC10197676 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.10.540236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of malignancy-related deaths among American men. Active surveillance is a safe option for many men with less aggressive disease, yet definitively determining low-risk cancer is challenging with biopsy alone. Herein, we sought to identify prostate-derived microRNAs in patient sera and serum extracellular vesicles, and determine if those microRNAs improve upon the current clinical risk calculators for prostate cancer prognosis before and after biopsy. Prostate-derived intracellular and extracellular vesicle-contained microRNAs were identified by small RNA sequencing of prostate cancer patient explants and primary cells. Abundant microRNAs were included in a custom microRNA PCR panel that was queried in whole serum and serum extracellular vesicles from a diverse cohort of men diagnosed with prostate cancer. The levels of these circulating microRNAs significantly differed between indolent and aggressive disease and improved the area under the curve for pretreatment nomograms of prostate cancer disease risk. The microRNAs within the extracellular vesicles had improved prognostic value compared to the microRNAs in the whole serum. In summary, quantifying microRNAs circulating in extracellular vesicles is a clinically feasible assay that may provide additional information for assessing prostate cancer risk stratification.
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11
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Preclinical models of prostate cancer - modelling androgen dependency and castration resistance in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Nat Rev Urol 2023:10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1. [PMID: 36788359 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is well known to be dependent on the androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. Thus, AR is the main pharmacological target to treat this disease. However, after an initially positive response to AR-targeting therapies, prostate cancer will eventually evolve to castration-resistant prostate cancer, which is often lethal. Tumour growth was initially thought to become androgen-independent following treatments; however, results from molecular studies have shown that most resistance mechanisms involve the reactivation of AR. Consequently, tumour cells become resistant to castration - the blockade of testicular androgens - and not independent of AR per se. However, confusion still remains on how to properly define preclinical models of prostate cancer, including cell lines. Most cell lines were isolated from patients for cell culture after evolution of the tumour to castration-resistant prostate cancer, but not all of these cell lines are described as castration resistant. Moreover, castration refers to the blockade of testosterone production by the testes; thus, even the concept of "castration" in vitro is questionable. To ensure maximal transfer of knowledge from scientific research to the clinic, understanding the limitations and advantages of preclinical models, as well as how these models recapitulate cancer cell androgen dependency and can be used to study castration resistance mechanisms, is essential.
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12
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Sosa-Díaz E, Hernández-Cruz EY, Pedraza-Chaverri J. The role of vitamin D on redox regulation and cellular senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:253-273. [PMID: 36270517 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is considered an essential micronutrient for human health that is metabolized into a multifunctional secosteroid hormone. We can synthesize it in the skin through ultraviolet B (UVB) rays or acquire it from the diet. Its deficiency is a major global health problem that affects all ages and ethnic groups. Furthermore, dysregulation of vitamin D homeostasis has been associated with premature aging, driven by various cellular processes, including oxidative stress and cellular senescence. Various studies have shown that vitamin D can attenuate oxidative stress and delay cellular senescence, mainly by inducing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Klotho and improving mitochondrial homeostasis, proposing this vitamin as an excellent candidate for delaying aging. However, the mechanisms around these processes are not yet fully explored. Therefore, in this review, the effects of vitamin D on redox regulation and cellular senescence are discussed to propose new lines of research and clinical applications of vitamin D in the context of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sosa-Díaz
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04360, Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratory F-315, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estefani Yaquelin Hernández-Cruz
- Laboratory F-315, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Postgraduate in Biological Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Laboratory F-315, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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13
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Frégeau-Proulx L, Lacouture A, Weidmann C, Jobin C, Audet-Walsh É. FACS-Free isolation and purification protocol of mouse prostate epithelial cells for organoid primary culture. MethodsX 2022; 9:101843. [PMID: 36147450 PMCID: PMC9486617 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol enables the generation of mouse prostate organoids without using flow cytometry, facilitating its implementation in most research laboratories. Usage of prostate organoids allows the study of complex in vivo phenotypes, beyond what can be done with immortalized cell lines.
The prostate is a gland that contributes to men's fertility. It is highly responsive to androgens and is often the site of carcinogenesis, as prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men in over a hundred countries. To study the normal prostate, few in vitro models exist, and most of them do not express the androgen receptor (AR). To overcome this issue, prostate epithelial cells can be grown in primary culture ex vivo in 2- and 3-dimensional culture (organoids). However, methods to purify these cells often require flow cytometry, thus necessitating specialized instruments and expertise. Herein, we present a detailed protocol for the harvest, purification, and primary culture of mouse prostate epithelial cells to grow prostate organoids ex vivo. This protocol does not require flow cytometry approaches, facilitating its implementation in most research laboratories, and organoids grown with this protocol are highly responsive to androgens. In summary, we present a new simple method that can be used to grow prostate organoids that recapitulate the androgen response of this gland in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Frégeau-Proulx
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Lacouture
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Jobin
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Frégeau-Proulx L, Lacouture A, Berthiaume L, Weidmann C, Harvey M, Gonthier K, Pelletier JF, Neveu B, Jobin C, Bastien D, Bergeron A, Fradet Y, Lacombe L, Laverdière I, Atallah C, Pouliot F, Audet-Walsh É. Multiple metabolic pathways fuel the truncated tricarboxylic acid cycle of the prostate to sustain constant citrate production and secretion. Mol Metab 2022; 62:101516. [PMID: 35598879 PMCID: PMC9168698 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prostate is metabolically unique: it produces high levels of citrate for secretion via a truncated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to maintain male fertility. In prostate cancer (PCa), this phenotype is reprogrammed, making it an interesting therapeutic target. However, how the truncated prostate TCA cycle works is still not completely understood. Methods We optimized targeted metabolomics in mouse and human organoid models in ex vivo primary culture. We then used stable isotope tracer analyses to identify the pathways that fuel citrate synthesis. Results First, mouse and human organoids were shown to recapitulate the unique citrate-secretory program of the prostate, thus representing a novel model that reproduces this unusual metabolic profile. Using stable isotope tracer analysis, several key nutrients were shown to allow the completion of the prostate TCA cycle, revealing a much more complex metabolic profile than originally anticipated. Indeed, along with the known pathway of aspartate replenishing oxaloacetate, glutamine was shown to fuel citrate synthesis through both glutaminolysis and reductive carboxylation in a GLS1-dependent manner. In human organoids, aspartate entered the TCA cycle at the malate entry point, upstream of oxaloacetate. Our results demonstrate that the citrate-secretory phenotype of prostate organoids is supported by the known aspartate–oxaloacetate–citrate pathway, but also by at least three additional pathways: glutaminolysis, reductive carboxylation, and aspartate–malate conversion. Conclusions Our results add a significant new dimension to the prostate citrate-secretory phenotype, with at least four distinct pathways being involved in citrate synthesis. Better understanding this distinctive citrate metabolic program will have applications in both male fertility as well as in the development of novel targeted anti-metabolic therapies for PCa. Targeted metabolomics and stable isotope tracer analysis were optimized in mouse and human prostate organoids. Organoids recapitulate the unique citrate-secretory phenotype of the prostate. Glutamine fuels citrate synthesis for secretion by glutaminolysis and reductive carboxylation. Aspartate enters the TCA cycle at different entry points in mouse and human prostate organoids for citrate production. We revealed a much more complex TCA cycle in the prostate than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne Frégeau-Proulx
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Lacouture
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Line Berthiaume
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Harvey
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Gonthier
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Neveu
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Jobin
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Dominic Bastien
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Bergeron
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Fradet
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Louis Lacombe
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Laverdière
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Chantal Atallah
- Department of Pathology, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Frédéric Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Oncology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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15
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Perez LM, Nonn L. Harnessing the Utility of Ex Vivo Patient Prostate Tissue Slice Cultures. Front Oncol 2022; 12:864723. [PMID: 35433436 PMCID: PMC9008363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.864723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived prostate tissue explant cultures are powerful research tools that offer the potential for personalized medicine. These cultures preserve the local microenvironment of the surrounding stroma but are not without limitations and challenges. There are several methods and processing techniques to culture tissue ex vivo, that include explant tissue chunks and precision-cut tissue slices. Precision-cut tissue slices provide a consistent distribution of nutrients and gases to the explant. Herein we summarize the prostate tissue slice method, its limitations and discuss the utility of this model, to investigate prostate biology and therapeutic treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian M Perez
- University of Illinois at Chicago Pathology Department, Chicago, IL, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Larisa Nonn
- University of Illinois at Chicago Pathology Department, Chicago, IL, United States.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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16
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Muñoz A, Grant WB. Vitamin D and Cancer: An Historical Overview of the Epidemiology and Mechanisms. Nutrients 2022; 14:1448. [PMID: 35406059 PMCID: PMC9003337 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a narrative review of the evidence supporting vitamin D's anticancer actions. The first section reviews the findings from ecological studies of cancer with respect to indices of solar radiation, which found a reduced risk of incidence and mortality for approximately 23 types of cancer. Meta-analyses of observational studies reported the inverse correlations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with the incidence of 12 types of cancer. Case-control studies with a 25(OH)D concentration measured near the time of cancer diagnosis are stronger than nested case-control and cohort studies as long follow-up times reduce the correlations due to changes in 25(OH)D with time. There is no evidence that undiagnosed cancer reduces 25(OH)D concentrations unless the cancer is at a very advanced stage. Meta-analyses of cancer incidence with respect to dietary intake have had limited success due to the low amount of vitamin D in most diets. An analysis of 25(OH)D-cancer incidence rates suggests that achieving 80 ng/mL vs. 10 ng/mL would reduce cancer incidence rates by 70 ± 10%. Clinical trials have provided limited support for the UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis due to poor design and execution. In recent decades, many experimental studies in cultured cells and animal models have described a wide range of anticancer effects of vitamin D compounds. This paper will review studies showing the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, dedifferentiation, and invasion together with the sensitization to proapoptotic agents. Moreover, 1,25-(OH)2D3 and other vitamin D receptor agonists modulate the biology of several types of stromal cells such as fibroblasts, endothelial and immune cells in a way that interferes the apparition of metastases. In sum, the available mechanistic data support the global protective action of vitamin D against several important types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERONC and IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - William B. Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA
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17
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Vitamin D Metabolites in Nonmetastatic High-Risk Prostate Cancer Patients with and without Zoledronic Acid Treatment after Prostatectomy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061560. [PMID: 35326710 PMCID: PMC8946001 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent research on prostate cancer and vitamin D is controversial. We measured three vitamin D3 metabolites in 32 selected prostate cancer patients after surgery at four time points over four years. Within a large European study, half of the patients were prophylactically treated with zoledronic acid (ZA); the others received a placebo. After the study start, all the patients daily took calcium and vitamin D3. The development of metastasis was not affected by ZA treatment. While two vitamin D metabolites had higher values after the study’s start, with constant follow-up values, the 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 concentrations remained unchanged. The latter form was the only metabolite that was higher in the patients with metastasis as compared to those without bone metastasis. This result is surprising. However, it is too premature to discuss possible prognostic value yet. Our results should be confirmed in larger cohorts. Abstract There are limited and discrepant data on prostate cancer (PCa) and vitamin D. We investigated changes in three vitamin D3 metabolites in PCa patients after prostatectomy with zoledronic acid (ZA) treatment regarding their metastasis statuses over four years. In 32 patients from the ZEUS trial, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were measured with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry at four time points. All the patients received daily calcium and vitamin D3. Bone metastases were detected in 7 of the 17 ZA-treated patients and in 5 of the 15 controls (without ZA), without differences between the groups (p = 0.725). While 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 increased significantly after the study’s start, with following constant values, the 1,25(OH)2D3 concentrations remained unchanged. ZA treatment did not change the levels of the three metabolites. 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were not associated with the development of bone metastases. In contrast, 1,25(OH)2D3 was also higher in patients with bone metastasis before the study’s start. Thus, in high-risk PCa patients after prostatectomy, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, and 1,25(OH)2D3 were not affected by supportive ZA treatment or by the development of metastasis over four years, with the exception of 1,25(OH)2D3, which was constantly higher in metastatic patients. There might be potential prognostic value if the results can be confirmed.
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18
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Milk Intake in Early Life and Later Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061233. [PMID: 35334890 PMCID: PMC8948718 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dairy consumption in adulthood has been demonstrated to influence cancer risk. Although childhood and adolescence represent critical periods of rapid growth, the relationship between milk intake in early life and later cancer risk is unclear. Thus, we examined this relationship by conducting a meta-analysis of the observational studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for relevant articles that were published throughout December 2021. The summary relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. The summary RR for the highest vs. lowest milk intake was 0.83 (95% CI = 0.69–1.00; p = 0.05; I2 = 60%; seven studies) for breast cancer, 0.98 (95% CI = 0.72–1.32; p = 0.88; I2 = 51%; four studies) for prostate cancer, and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.42–1.93; p = 0.78; I2 = 83%; three studies) for colorectal cancer. No evidence of an association emerged in subgroup analyses of menopausal status, cancer stage, fat content of milk, life stage of milk intake, or study design. Consistent results were observed in the meta-analyses using total dairy intake. In conclusion, milk intake during childhood and adolescence might not be associated with risks of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer later in life. Given the small number of studies that were included in our meta-analysis, and the high heterogeneity, more studies are warranted for a definitive conclusion.
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19
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Vaughan-Shaw PG, Blackmur JP, Grimes G, Ooi LY, Ochocka-Fox AM, Dunbar K, von Kriegsheim A, Rajasekaran V, Timofeeva M, Walker M, Svinti V, Din FVN, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG. Vitamin D treatment induces in vitro and ex vivo transcriptomic changes indicating anti-tumor effects. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22082. [PMID: 34918389 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101430rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with risk of several common cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we have utilized patient derived epithelial organoids (ex vivo) and CRC cell lines (in vitro) to show that calcitriol (1,25OHD) increased the expression of the CRC tumor suppressor gene, CDH1, at both the transcript and protein level. Whole genome expression analysis demonstrated significant differential expression of a further six genes after 1,25OHD treatment, including genes with established links to carcinogenesis GADD45, EFTUD1 and KIAA1199. Furthermore, gene ontologies relevant to carcinogenesis were enriched by 1,25OHD treatment (e.g., 'regulation of Wnt signaling pathway', 'regulation of cell death'), with common enriched processes across in vitro and ex vivo cultures including 'negative regulation of cell proliferation', 'regulation of cell migration' and 'regulation of cell differentiation'. Our results identify genes and pathways that are modifiable by calcitriol that have links to CRC tumorigenesis. Hence the findings provide potential mechanism to the epidemiological and clinical trial data indicating a causal association between vitamin D and CRC. We suggest there is strong rationale for further well-designed trials of vitamin D supplementation as a novel CRC chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Vaughan-Shaw
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James P Blackmur
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Graeme Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Li-Yin Ooi
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Anna M Ochocka-Fox
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Dunbar
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vidya Rajasekaran
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- DIAS, Danish Institute for Advanced Study, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Marion Walker
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Victoria Svinti
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Farhat V N Din
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susan M Farrington
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Malcolm G Dunlop
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Johnson JR, Woods-Burnham L, Hooker SE, Batai K, Kittles RA. Genetic Contributions to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of West African Descent. Front Oncol 2021; 11:770500. [PMID: 34820334 PMCID: PMC8606679 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.770500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death in men worldwide, after adjusting for age. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, continents such as North America and Europe report higher incidence of PCa; however, mortality rates are highest among men of African ancestry in the western, southern, and central regions of Africa and the Caribbean. The American Cancer Society reports, African Americans (AAs), in the United States, have a 1.7 increased incidence and 2.4 times higher mortality rate, compared to European American's (EAs). Hence, early population history in west Africa and the subsequent African Diaspora may play an important role in understanding the global disproportionate burden of PCa shared among Africans and other men of African descent. Nonetheless, disparities involved in diagnosis, treatment, and survival of PCa patients has also been correlated to socioeconomic status, education and access to healthcare. Although recent studies suggest equal PCa treatments yield equal outcomes among patients, data illuminates an unsettling reality of disparities in treatment and care in both, developed and developing countries, especially for men of African descent. Yet, even after adjusting for the effects of the aforementioned factors; racial disparities in mortality rates remain significant. This suggests that molecular and genomic factors may account for much of PCa disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril R. Johnson
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Leanne Woods-Burnham
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Stanley E. Hooker
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ken Batai
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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