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Wu B, Castagnola E, McClung CA, Cui XT. PEDOT/CNT Flexible MEAs Reveal New Insights into the Clock Gene's Role in Dopamine Dynamics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308212. [PMID: 38430532 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has shown that the Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (Clock) gene is a core transcription factor of circadian rhythms that regulates dopamine (DA) synthesis. To shed light on the mechanism of this interaction, flexible multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are developed that can measure both DA concentrations and electrophysiology chronically. The dual functionality is enabled by conducting polymer PEDOT doped with acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT). The PEDOT/CNT microelectrode coating maintained stable electrochemical impedance and DA detection by square wave voltammetry for 4 weeks in vitro. When implanted in wild-type (WT) and Clock mutation (MU) mice, MEAs measured tonic DA concentration and extracellular neural activity with high spatial and temporal resolution for 4 weeks. A diurnal change of DA concentration in WT is observed, but not in MU, and a higher basal DA concentration and stronger cocaine-induced DA increase in MU. Meanwhile, striatal neuronal firing rate is found to be positively correlated with DA concentration in both animal groups. These findings offer new insights into DA dynamics in the context of circadian rhythm regulation, and the chronically reliable performance and dual measurement capability of this technology hold great potential for a broad range of neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
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2
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Duan W, Robles UA, Poole-Warren L, Esrafilzadeh D. Bioelectronic Neural Interfaces: Improving Neuromodulation Through Organic Conductive Coatings. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2306275. [PMID: 38115740 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Integration of bioelectronic devices in clinical practice is expanding rapidly, focusing on conditions ranging from sensory to neurological and mental health disorders. While platinum (Pt) electrodes in neuromodulation devices such as cochlear implants and deep brain stimulators have shown promising results, challenges still affect their long-term performance. Key among these are electrode and device longevity in vivo, and formation of encapsulating fibrous tissue. To overcome these challenges, organic conductors with unique chemical and physical properties are being explored. They hold great promise as coatings for neural interfaces, offering more rapid regulatory pathways and clinical implementation than standalone bioelectronics. This study provides a comprehensive review of the potential benefits of organic coatings in neuromodulation electrodes and the challenges that limit their effective integration into existing devices. It discusses issues related to metallic electrode use and introduces physical, electrical, and biological properties of organic coatings applied in neuromodulation. Furthermore, previously reported challenges related to organic coating stability, durability, manufacturing, and biocompatibility are thoroughly reviewed and proposed coating adhesion mechanisms are summarized. Understanding organic coating properties, modifications, and current challenges of organic coatings in clinical and industrial settings is expected to provide valuable insights for their future development and integration into organic bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlu Duan
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Laura Poole-Warren
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Wu GK, Ardeshirpour Y, Mastracchio C, Kent J, Caiola M, Ye M. Amplitude- and frequency-dependent activation of layer II/III neurons by intracortical microstimulation. iScience 2023; 26:108140. [PMID: 37915592 PMCID: PMC10616374 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has been used for the development of brain machine interfaces. However, further understanding about the spatiotemporal responses of neurons to different electrical stimulation parameters is necessary to inform the design of optimal therapies. In this study, we employed in vivo electrophysiological recording, two-photon calcium imaging, and electric field simulation to evaluate the acute effect of ICMS on layer II/III neurons. Our results show that stimulation frequency non-linearly modulates neuronal responses, whereas the magnitude of responses is linearly correlated to the electric field strength and stimulation amplitude before reaching a steady state. Temporal dynamics of neurons' responses depends more on stimulation frequency and their distance to the stimulation electrode. In addition, amplitude-dependent post-stimulation suppression was observed within ∼500 μm of the stimulation electrode, as evidenced by both calcium imaging and local field potentials. These findings provide insights for selecting stimulation parameters to achieve desirable spatiotemporal specificity of ICMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying K. Wu
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yasaman Ardeshirpour
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Christina Mastracchio
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jordan Kent
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
- Scientific Publications Department, Society for Neuroscience, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michael Caiola
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Meijun Ye
- Division of Biomedical Physics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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4
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Lycke R, Kim R, Zolotavin P, Montes J, Sun Y, Koszeghy A, Altun E, Noble B, Yin R, He F, Totah N, Xie C, Luan L. Low-threshold, high-resolution, chronically stable intracortical microstimulation by ultraflexible electrodes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112554. [PMID: 37235473 PMCID: PMC10592461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) enables applications ranging from neuroprosthetics to causal circuit manipulations. However, the resolution, efficacy, and chronic stability of neuromodulation are often compromised by adverse tissue responses to the indwelling electrodes. Here we engineer ultraflexible stim-nanoelectronic threads (StimNETs) and demonstrate low activation threshold, high resolution, and chronically stable ICMS in awake, behaving mouse models. In vivo two-photon imaging reveals that StimNETs remain seamlessly integrated with the nervous tissue throughout chronic stimulation periods and elicit stable, focal neuronal activation at low currents of 2 μA. Importantly, StimNETs evoke longitudinally stable behavioral responses for over 8 months at a markedly low charge injection of 0.25 nC/phase. Quantified histological analyses show that chronic ICMS by StimNETs induces no neuronal degeneration or glial scarring. These results suggest that tissue-integrated electrodes provide a path for robust, long-lasting, spatially selective neuromodulation at low currents, which lessens risk of tissue damage or exacerbation of off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lycke
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Robin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Pavlo Zolotavin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jon Montes
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Yingchu Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Aron Koszeghy
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esra Altun
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Material Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Brian Noble
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Applied Physics Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rongkang Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Fei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Nelson Totah
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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5
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Krahe DD, Wu B, Pwint MY, Cao Q, Cui XT. Stable in-vivo electrochemical sensing of tonic serotonin levels using PEDOT/CNT-coated glassy carbon flexible microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115242. [PMID: 36989659 PMCID: PMC10101938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic sampling of tonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentrations in the brain is critical for tracking neurological disease development and the time course of pharmacological treatments. Despite their value, in vivo chronic multi-site measurements of tonic 5-HT have not been reported. To fill this technological gap, we batch-fabricated implantable glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) onto a flexible SU-8 substrate to provide an electrochemically stable and biocompatible device/tissue interface. To achieve detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations, we applied a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) electrode coating and optimized a square wave voltammetry (SWV) waveform for selective 5-HT measurement. In vitro, the PEDOT/CNT-coated GC microelectrodes achieved high sensitivity to 5-HT, good fouling resistance, and excellent selectivity against the most common neurochemical interferents. In vivo, our PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs successfully detected basal 5-HT concentrations at different locations within the CA2 region of the hippocampus of both anesthetized and awake mice. Furthermore, the PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs were able to detect tonic 5-HT in the mouse hippocampus for one week after implantation. Histology reveals that the flexible GC MEA implants caused less tissue damage and reduced inflammatory response in the hippocampus compared to commercially available stiff silicon probes. To the best of our knowledge, this PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEA is the first implantable, flexible sensor capable of chronic in vivo multi-site sensing of tonic 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 818 Nelson Ave, 71272, USA
| | - Elaine M Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela D Krahe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Qun Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3110, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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6
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Sun T, Tsaava T, Peragine J, Crosfield C, Lopez MF, Modi R, Sharma R, Li C, Sohal H, Chang EH, Rieth L. Flexible IrO x neural electrode for mouse vagus nerve stimulation. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:394-409. [PMID: 36669547 PMCID: PMC10823593 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is being actively explored as a treatment for multiple conditions as part of bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mouse models is a critical need for understanding mechanisms of these. We report on the development and evaluation of a microfabricated cuff electrode (MouseFlex) constructed of polyimide (PI) and with iridium oxide (IrOx) electrodes that is thermoformed to 86 µm ± 12 µm radius to interface the mouse cervical vagus nerve (r ≈ 50 µm). Innovative bench-top methods were used to evaluate the stimulation stability and electrochemical properties of electrodes. Our aggressive stimulation stability (Stim-Stab) test utilized 1 billion pulses at a 1000 Hz with a current density of 6.28 A/cm2 (1.51 mC/cm2/phase) delivering 3023 × 103 C/cm2 to evaluate electrode lifetimes, and all electrodes remained functional. We also investigated the effects of thermoforming on their impedance, charge storage capacity (CSC), and charge injection capacity (CIC). The modest changes in electrochemical properties indicate that the thermoforming process was well tolerated. Thermoformed electrode safety and efficacy were evaluated in-vivo by performing acute VNS in mice and monitoring their heart and respiration rate as biomarkers. Their electrochemical properties were also measured before, during and after VNS. Bradycardia and bradypnea were reliably induced at stimulation currents of 100 to 200 µA, well below the in-vivo CIC of ∼1250 µA (∼0.5 mC/cm2), supporting their safety and efficacy. The electrode impedance increased and CIC decreased during in-vivo use, but largely reversed these changes in in-vitro testing after enzymatic cleaning, supporting their tolerance for surgical use. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a rapidly growing aspect of healthcare and bioelectronic medicine research. Reliable and safe VNS in mice with small diameter (d ≈ 100 µm) nerves has been a challenge due to achieving intimate contact with the nerve, and the stimulation stability of commonly used electrodes. We demonstrate a microfabricated (MouseFlex) cuff electrode constructed of polyimide with IrOx electrodes that is thermoformed to contact the mouse cervical vagus. Bench studies highlight the stimulation stability exceeded 109 pulses at 6.28 A/cm2 and their electrochemical properties were measured before, during, and after bench and nerve stimulation. Nerve stimulation induced bradycardia and bradypnea at currents below the in-vivo charge injection capacity, supporting their safety, efficacy, and tolerance for surgical handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering & Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States
| | - Téa Tsaava
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Joanne Peragine
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Christine Crosfield
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | | | - Romil Modi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Applied Biosensors, Salt Lake City, UT 84115, United States
| | - Chunyan Li
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | | | - Eric H Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - Loren Rieth
- Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering & Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, United States.
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7
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Lycke R, Kim R, Zolotavin P, Montes J, Sun Y, Koszeghy A, Altun E, Noble B, Yin R, He F, Totah N, Xie C, Luan L. Low-threshold, high-resolution, chronically stable intracortical microstimulation by ultraflexible electrodes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.20.529295. [PMID: 36865195 PMCID: PMC9980065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.20.529295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) enables applications ranging from neuroprosthetics to causal circuit manipulations. However, the resolution, efficacy, and chronic stability of neuromodulation is often compromised by the adverse tissue responses to the indwelling electrodes. Here we engineer ultraflexible stim-Nanoelectronic Threads (StimNETs) and demonstrate low activation threshold, high resolution, and chronically stable ICMS in awake, behaving mouse models. In vivo two-photon imaging reveals that StimNETs remain seamlessly integrated with the nervous tissue throughout chronic stimulation periods and elicit stable, focal neuronal activation at low currents of 2 μA. Importantly, StimNETs evoke longitudinally stable behavioral responses for over eight months at markedly low charge injection of 0.25 nC/phase. Quantified histological analysis show that chronic ICMS by StimNETs induce no neuronal degeneration or glial scarring. These results suggest that tissue-integrated electrodes provide a path for robust, long-lasting, spatially-selective neuromodulation at low currents which lessen risks of tissue damage or exacerbation of off-target side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lycke
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Robin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Pavlo Zolotavin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Jon Montes
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Yingchu Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Aron Koszeghy
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE); University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
| | - Esra Altun
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Material Science and NanoEngineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Brian Noble
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Applied Physics Program; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Rongkang Yin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Fei He
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Nelson Totah
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE); University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Helsinki; Helsinki; 00790; Finland
| | - Chong Xie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
| | - Lan Luan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Rice Neuroengineering Initiative; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
- Department of Bioenginering; Rice University; Houston; Texas; 77005, United States
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8
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Sun F, Jiang H, Wang H, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Xing Y, Yu M, Feng LW, Tang Z, Liu J, Sun H, Wang H, Wang G, Zhu M. Soft Fiber Electronics Based on Semiconducting Polymer. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4693-4763. [PMID: 36753731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibers, originating from nature and mastered by human, have woven their way throughout the entire history of human civilization. Recent developments in semiconducting polymer materials have further endowed fibers and textiles with various electronic functions, which are attractive in applications such as information interfacing, personalized medicine, and clean energy. Owing to their ability to be easily integrated into daily life, soft fiber electronics based on semiconducting polymers have gained popularity recently for wearable and implantable applications. Herein, we present a review of the previous and current progress in semiconducting polymer-based fiber electronics, particularly focusing on smart-wearable and implantable areas. First, we provide a brief overview of semiconducting polymers from the viewpoint of materials based on the basic concepts and functionality requirements of different devices. Then we analyze the existing applications and associated devices such as information interfaces, healthcare and medicine, and energy conversion and storage. The working principle and performance of semiconducting polymer-based fiber devices are summarized. Furthermore, we focus on the fabrication techniques of fiber devices. Based on the continuous fabrication of one-dimensional fiber and yarn, we introduce two- and three-dimensional fabric fabricating methods. Finally, we review challenges and relevant perspectives and potential solutions to address the related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yueheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiman Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang-Wen Feng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Key Laboratory on Electromagnetic Environment Effects and Electro-Optical Engineering, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Krahe D, Wu B, Pwint MY, Cao Q, Cui XT. Implantable flexible multielectrode arrays for multi-site sensing of serotonin tonic levels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524488. [PMID: 36711655 PMCID: PMC9882191 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Real-time multi-channel measurements of tonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentrations across different brain regions are of utmost importance to the understanding of 5-HT’s role in anxiety, depression, and impulse control disorders, which will improve the diagnosis and treatment of these neuropsychiatric illnesses. Chronic sampling of 5-HT is critical in tracking disease development as well as the time course of pharmacological treatments. Despite their value, in vivo chronic multi-site measurements of 5-HT have not been reported. To fill this technological gap, we batch fabricated implantable glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) on a flexible SU-8 substrate to provide an electrochemically stable and biocompatible device/tissue interface. Then, to achieve multi-site detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations, we incorporated the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/functionalized carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) coating on the GC microelectrodes in combination with a new square wave voltammetry (SWV) approach, optimized for selective 5-HT measurement. In vitro , the PEDOT/CNT coated GC microelectrodes achieved high sensitivity towards 5-HT, good fouling resistance in the presence of 5-HT, and excellent selectivity towards the most common neurochemical interferents. In vivo , our PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs were able to successfully detect basal 5-HT concentrations at different locations of the CA2 hippocampal region of mice in both anesthetized and awake head-fixed conditions. Furthermore, the implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEA achieved stable detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations for one week. Finally, histology data in the hippocampus shows reduced tissue damage and inflammatory responses compared to stiff silicon probes. To the best of our knowledge, this PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEA is the first implantable flexible multisite sensor capable of chronic in vivo multi-site sensing of tonic 5-HT. This implantable MEA can be custom-designed according to specific brain region of interests and research questions, with the potential to combine electrophysiology recording and multiple analyte sensing to maximize our understanding of neurochemistry. Highlights PEDOT/CNT-coated GC microelectrodes enabled sensitive and selective tonic detection of serotonin (5-HT) using a new square wave voltammetry (SWV) approach PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs achieved multi-site in vivo 5-HT tonic detection for one week. Flexible MEAs lead to reduced tissue damage and inflammation compared to stiff silicon probes.
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