1
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Wei YX, Li YT, Zhang LW, Li SF. Chemical constituents from the leaves and branches of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne with their activation of latent HIV activities. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:1239-1246. [PMID: 38780916 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2355479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A new compound, named coniferin B (1), and fourteen known compounds were purified and identified from the leaves and branches of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne Meisn. Their chemical structures were elucidated through analyzing spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. Compounds 2, 3, 5, 7-9, 11, and 13 were isolated from this plant for the first time. All compounds were assayed for cytotoxicity and activation of latent HIV activity on NH2 cells. The results showed that all compounds did not produce cytotoxicity at 10.0 μM and compounds 1, 9-11 showed weak activating activity with activation folds of 4.88, 7.14, 5.3, and 6.97, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Active Constituents Research and Utilization of TCM, Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ya-Ting Li
- Experimental Management Center, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Li-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Shi-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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2
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Wilhelm E, Poirier M, Da Rocha M, Bédard M, McDonald PP, Lavigne P, Hunter CL, Bell B. Mitotic deacetylase complex (MiDAC) recognizes the HIV-1 core promoter to control activated viral gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011821. [PMID: 38781120 PMCID: PMC11115230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrates into the host genome forming latent cellular reservoirs that are an obstacle for cure or remission strategies. Viral transcription is the first step in the control of latency and depends upon the hijacking of the host cell RNA polymerase II (Pol II) machinery by the 5' HIV LTR. Consequently, "block and lock" or "shock and kill" strategies for an HIV cure depend upon a full understanding of HIV transcriptional control. The HIV trans-activating protein, Tat, controls HIV latency as part of a positive feed-forward loop that strongly activates HIV transcription. The recognition of the TATA box and adjacent sequences of HIV essential for Tat trans-activation (TASHET) of the core promoter by host cell pre-initiation complexes of HIV (PICH) has been shown to be necessary for Tat trans-activation, yet the protein composition of PICH has remained obscure. Here, DNA-affinity chromatography was employed to identify the mitotic deacetylase complex (MiDAC) as selectively recognizing TASHET. Using biophysical techniques, we show that the MiDAC subunit DNTTIP1 binds directly to TASHET, in part via its CTGC DNA motifs. Using co-immunoprecipitation assays, we show that DNTTIP1 interacts with MiDAC subunits MIDEAS and HDAC1/2. The Tat-interacting protein, NAT10, is also present in HIV-bound MiDAC. Gene silencing revealed a functional role for DNTTIP1, MIDEAS, and NAT10 in HIV expression in cellulo. Furthermore, point mutations in TASHET that prevent DNTTIP1 binding block the reactivation of HIV by latency reversing agents (LRA) that act via the P-TEFb/7SK axis. Our data reveal a key role for MiDAC subunits DNTTIP1, MIDEAS, as well as NAT10, in Tat-activated HIV transcription and latency. DNTTIP1, MIDEAS and NAT10 emerge as cell cycle-regulated host cell transcription factors that can control activated HIV gene expression, and as new drug targets for HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morgane Da Rocha
- Département de microbiologie et d’infectiologie, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Mikaël Bédard
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick P. McDonald
- Pulmonary Division, Medicine Faculty, Université de Sherbrooke; and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Département de Biochimie et de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Brendan Bell
- Département de microbiologie et d’infectiologie, Faculté de médecine et sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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3
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Klute S, Sparrer KMJ. Friends and Foes: The Ambivalent Role of Autophagy in HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:500. [PMID: 38675843 PMCID: PMC11054699 DOI: 10.3390/v16040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy has emerged as an integral part of the antiviral innate immune defenses, targeting viruses or their components for lysosomal degradation. Thus, successful viruses, like pandemic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), evolved strategies to counteract or even exploit autophagy for efficient replication. Here, we provide an overview of the intricate interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. We discuss the impact of autophagy on HIV-1 replication and report in detail how HIV-1 manipulates autophagy in infected cells and beyond. We also highlight tissue and cell-type specifics in the interplay between autophagy and HIV-1. In addition, we weigh exogenous modulation of autophagy as a putative double-edged sword against HIV-1 and discuss potential implications for future antiretroviral therapy and curative approaches. Taken together, we consider both antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy to illustrate the ambivalent role of autophagy in HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapy.
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4
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Duggan NN, Dragic T, Chanda SK, Pache L. Breaking the Silence: Regulation of HIV Transcription and Latency on the Road to a Cure. Viruses 2023; 15:2435. [PMID: 38140676 PMCID: PMC10747579 DOI: 10.3390/v15122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has brought the HIV/AIDS epidemic under control, but a curative strategy for viral eradication is still needed. The cessation of ART results in rapid viral rebound from latently infected CD4+ T cells, showing that control of viral replication alone does not fully restore immune function, nor does it eradicate viral reservoirs. With a better understanding of factors and mechanisms that promote viral latency, current approaches are primarily focused on the permanent silencing of latently infected cells ("block and lock") or reactivating HIV-1 gene expression in latently infected cells, in combination with immune restoration strategies to eliminate HIV infected cells from the host ("shock and kill"). In this review, we provide a summary of the current, most promising approaches for HIV-1 cure strategies, including an analysis of both latency-promoting agents (LPA) and latency-reversing agents (LRA) that have shown promise in vitro, ex vivo, and in human clinical trials to reduce the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha N. Duggan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tatjana Dragic
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- NCI Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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5
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Cobos Jiménez V, Geretz A, Tokarev A, Ehrenberg PK, Deletsu S, Machmach K, Mudvari P, Howard JN, Zelkoski A, Paquin-Proulx D, Del Prete GQ, Subra C, Boritz EA, Bosque A, Thomas R, Bolton DL. AP-1/c-Fos supports SIV and HIV-1 latency in CD4 T cells infected in vivo. iScience 2023; 26:108015. [PMID: 37860759 PMCID: PMC10582365 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent HIV-1 reservoirs of infected CD4 T cells are a major barrier to HIV-1 cure, although the mechanisms by which they are established and maintained in vivo remain poorly characterized. To elucidate host cell gene expression patterns that govern virus gene expression, we analyzed viral RNA+ (vRNA) CD4 T cells of untreated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques by single-cell RNA sequencing. A subset of vRNA+ cells distinguished by spliced and high total vRNA (7-10% of reads) expressed diminished FOS, a component of the Activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor, relative to vRNA-low and -negative cells. Conversely, FOS and JUN, another AP-1 component, were upregulated in HIV DNA+ infected cells compared to uninfected cells from people with HIV-1 on suppressive therapy. Inhibiting c-Fos in latently infected primary cells augmented reactivatable HIV-1 infection. These findings implicate AP-1 in latency establishment and maintenance and as a potential therapeutic target to limit HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Cobos Jiménez
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aviva Geretz
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrey Tokarev
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip K. Ehrenberg
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Kawthar Machmach
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prakriti Mudvari
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Amanda Zelkoski
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Subra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eli A. Boritz
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rasmi Thomas
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Diane L. Bolton
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Horvath RM, Brumme ZL, Sadowski I. CDK8 inhibitors antagonize HIV-1 reactivation and promote provirus latency in T cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092323. [PMID: 37671866 PMCID: PMC10537590 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV-1 provirus represents the barrier toward a cure for infection and is dependent upon the host RNA Polymerase (Pol) II machinery for reemergence. Here, we find that inhibitors of the RNA Pol II mediator kinases CDK8/19, Senexin A and BRD6989, inhibit induction of HIV-1 expression in response to latency-reversing agents and T cell signaling agonists. These inhibitors were found to impair recruitment of RNA Pol II to the HIV-1 LTR. Furthermore, HIV-1 expression in response to several latency reversal agents was impaired upon disruption of CDK8 by shRNA or gene knockout. However, the effects of CDK8 depletion did not entirely mimic CDK8/19 kinase inhibition suggesting that the mediator kinases are not functionally redundant. Additionally, treatment of CD4+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from people living with HIV-1 and who are receiving antiretroviral therapy with Senexin A inhibited induction of viral replication in response to T cell stimulation by PMA and ionomycin. These observations indicate that the mediator kinases, CDK8 and CDK19, play a significant role for regulation of HIV-1 transcription and that small molecule inhibitors of these enzymes may contribute to therapies designed to promote deep latency involving the durable suppression of provirus expression. IMPORTANCE A cure for HIV-1 infection will require novel therapies that can force elimination of cells that contain copies of the virus genome inserted into the cell chromosome, but which is shut off, or silenced. These are known as latently-infected cells, which represent the main reason why current treatment for HIV/AIDS cannot cure the infection because the virus in these cells is unaffected by current drugs. Our results indicate that chemical inhibitors of Cdk8 also inhibit the expression of latent HIV provirus. Cdk8 is an important enzyme that regulates the expression of genes in response to signals to which cells need to respond and which is produced by a gene that is frequently mutated in cancers. Our observations indicate that Cdk8 inhibitors may be employed in novel therapies to prevent expression from latent provirus, which might eventually enable infected individuals to cease treatment with antiretroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M. Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zabrina L. Brumme
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivan Sadowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Epigenetics Group, LSI, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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7
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Bruggemans A, Vansant G, Van de Velde P, Debyser Z. The HIV-2 OGH double reporter virus shows that HIV-2 is less cytotoxic and less sensitive to reactivation from latency than HIV-1 in cell culture. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100343. [PMID: 37701289 PMCID: PMC10493508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of HIV-1 latency is a research priority in HIV cure research. Conversely, little is known about the latency characteristics of HIV-2, the closely related human lentivirus. Though both viruses cause AIDS, HIV-2 infection progresses more slowly with significantly lower viral loads, even when corrected for CD4+ T cell counts. Hence a direct comparison of latency characteristics between HIV-1 and HIV-2 could provide important clues towards a functional cure. Transduction of SupT1 cells with single-round HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter showed higher levels of eGFP expression for HIV-2 than HIV-1, while HIV-1 expression appeared more cytotoxic. To compare HIV-1 and HIV-2 gene expression, latency and reactivation in more detail, we have generated HIV-2 OGH, a replication deficient, near full- length, double reporter virus that discriminates latently and productively infected cells in cell culture. This construct is based on HIV-1 OGH, and to our knowledge, first of its kind for HIV-2. Using this construct we have observed a higher eGFP expression for HIV-2, but higher losses of HIV-1 transduced cells in SupT1 and Jurkat cells and a reduced sensitivity of HIV-2 for reactivation with TNF-α. In addition, we have analysed HIV-2 integration sites and their epigenetic environment. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share a preference for actively transcribed genes in gene-dense regions and favor active chromatin marks while disfavoring methylation markers associated with heterochromatin. In conclusion the HIV-2 OGH construct provides an interesting tool for studying HIV-2 expression, latency and reactivation. As simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV-2 have been proposed to model a functional HIV cure, a better understanding of the mechanisms governing HIV-2 and SIV latency will be important to move forward. Further research is needed to investigate if HIV-2 uses similar mechanisms as HIV-1 to achieve its integration site selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | | | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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8
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Jamal I, Paudel A, Thompson L, Abdelmalek M, Khan IA, Singh VB. Sulforaphane prevents the reactivation of HIV-1 by suppressing NFκB signaling. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100341. [PMID: 37663574 PMCID: PMC10469555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 20 years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), complete eradication of HIV remains a daunting task. While cART has been very effective in limiting new cycles of infection and keeping viral load below detectable levels with partial restoration of immune functions, it cannot provide a cure. Evidently, the interruption of cART leads to a quick rebound of the viral load within a few weeks. These consistent observations have revealed HIV ability to persist as an undetectable latent reservoir in a variety of tissues that remain insensitive to antiretroviral therapies. The 'Block-and-Lock' approach to drive latent cells into deep latency has emerged as a viable strategy to achieve a functional cure. It entails the development of latency-promoting agents with anti-HIV functions. Recent reports have suggested sulforaphane (SFN), an inducer of NRF-2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2)-mediated antioxidative signaling, to possess anti-HIV properties by restricting HIV replication at the early stages. However, the effect of SFN on the expression of integrated provirus remains unexplored. We have hypothesized that SFN may promote latency and prevent reactivation. Our results indicate that SFN can render latently infected monocytes and CD4+ T cells resistant to reactivation. SFN treatments antagonized the effects of known latency reactivating agents, tumor necrosis pactor (TNF-α), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and caused a significant reduction in HIV transcription, viral RNA copies, and p24 levels. Furthermore, this block of reactivation was found to be mediated by SFN-induced NRF-2 signaling that specifically decreased the activation of NFκB signaling and thus restricted the HIV-1 promoter (5'LTR) activity. Overall, our study provides compelling evidence to highlight the latency-promoting potential of SFN which could be used in the 'Block-and-Lock' approach to achieve an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Jamal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Anisha Paudel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Landon Thompson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Michel Abdelmalek
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Irfan A. Khan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Vir B. Singh
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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9
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Lamptey H, Newcomb B, Bonney EY, Aboagye JO, Puplampu P, Ganu VJ, Ansa G, Oliver-Commey J, Kyei GB. Healthcare Provider Perspectives on HIV Cure Research in Ghana. AIDS Res Treat 2023; 2023:8158439. [PMID: 37292229 PMCID: PMC10247315 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8158439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality and improved life expectancy among HIV patients but does not provide a cure. Patients must remain on lifelong medications and deal with drug resistance and side effects. This underscores the need for HIV cure research. However, participation in HIV cure research has risks without guaranteed benefits. We determined what HIV healthcare providers know about HIV cure research trials, the risks involved, and what kind of cure interventions they are likely to recommend for their patients. Methods We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 39 HIV care providers consisting of 12 physicians, 8 counsellors, 14 nurses, 2 pharmacists, 2 laboratory scientists, and 1 community advocate from three hospitals. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded, and thematic analysis was performed independently by two investigators. Results Participants were happy about the success of current treatments and hopeful that an HIV cure will be found in the near future, just as ART was discovered through research. They described cure as total eradication of the virus from the body and inability to test positive for HIV or transmit the virus. In terms of risk tolerance, respondents would recommend to their patients' studies with mild to moderate risks like what patients on antiretroviral therapy experience. Participants were reluctant to recommend treatment interruption to patients as part of a cure study and wished trials could be performed without stopping treatment. Healthcare providers categorically rejected death or permanent disability as an acceptable risk. The possibility of finding a cure that will benefit the individual or future generations was strong motivations for providers to recommend cure trials to their patients, as was transparency and adequate information on proposed trials. Overall, the participants were not actively seeking knowledge on cure research and lacked information on the various cure modalities under investigation. Conclusion While hopeful for an HIV cure, healthcare providers in Ghana expect a cure to be definitive and pose minimal risk to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Newcomb
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - James O. Aboagye
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Puplampu
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent J. Ganu
- Department of Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gloria Ansa
- Department of Public Health, University of Ghana Hospital, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - George B. Kyei
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Medical and Scientific Research Center, University of Ghana Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
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10
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Zhang H, Cai J, Li C, Deng L, Zhu H, Huang T, Zhao J, Zhou J, Deng K, Hong Z, Xia J. Wogonin inhibits latent HIV-1 reactivation by downregulating histone crotonylation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 116:154855. [PMID: 37172478 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wogonin, a flavone isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, is a commonly used phytochemical with anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. However, the antiviral activity of wogonin against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has not been reported. PURPOSE The current study aimed to explore whether wogonin can suppress latent HIV-1 reactivation and the mechanism of wogonin in inhibiting proviral HIV-1 transcription. METHODS We assessed the effects of wogonin on HIV-1 reactivation using flow cytometry, cytotoxicity assay, quantitative PCR (qPCR), viral quality assurance (VQA), and western blot analysis. RESULTS Wogonin, a flavone isolated from S. baicalensis, significantly inhibited the reactivation of latent HIV-1 in cellular models and in primary CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed individuals ex vivo. Wogonin exhibited low cytotoxicity and long-lasting inhibition of HIV-1 transcription. Triptolide is a latency-promoting agent (LPA) that inhibits HIV-1 transcription and replication; wogonin had a stronger ability to inhibit HIV-1 latent reactivation than triptolide. Mechanistically, wogonin inhibited the reactivation of latent HIV-1 by inhibiting the expression of p300, a histone acetyltransferase, and decreasing the crotonylation of histone H3/H4 in the HIV-1 promoter region. CONCLUSION Our study found that wogonin is a novel LPA that can inhibit HIV-1 transcription by HIV-1 epigenetic silencing, which could bear promising significance for future applications of HIV-1 functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China; Ward 1 of infection Department, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chunna Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Lisi Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongqiong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiacong Zhao
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Jinyu Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
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11
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Guo J, Zheng Q, Peng Y. BET proteins: Biological functions and therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108354. [PMID: 36739915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family member proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT) play a pivotal role in interpreting the epigenetic information of histone Kac modification, thus controlling gene expression, remodeling chromatin structures and avoid replicative stress-induced DNA damages. Abnormal activation of BET proteins is tightly correlated to various human diseases, including cancer. Therefore, BET bromodomain inhibitors (BBIs) were considered as promising therapeutics to treat BET-related diseases, raising >70 clinical trials in the past decades. Despite preliminary effects achieved, drug resistance and adverse events represent two major challenges for current BBIs development. In this review, we will introduce the biological functions of BET proteins in both physiological and pathological conditions; and summarize the progress in current BBI drug development. Moreover, we will also discuss the major challenges in the front of BET inhibitor development and provide rational strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qingquan Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Frontier Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu, 610212, China.
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12
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Fujinaga K, Huang F, Peterlin BM. P-TEFb: The master regulator of transcription elongation. Mol Cell 2023; 83:393-403. [PMID: 36599353 PMCID: PMC9898187 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is composed of cyclins T1 or T2 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 that regulate the elongation phase of transcription by RNA polymerase II. By antagonizing negative elongation factors and phosphorylating the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, P-TEFb facilitates the elongation and co-transcriptional processing of nascent transcripts. This step is critical for the expression of most eukaryotic genes. In growing cells, P-TEFb is regulated negatively by its reversible associations with HEXIM1/2 in the 7SK snRNP and positively by a number of transcription factors, as well as the super elongation complex. In resting cells, P-TEFb falls apart, and cyclin T1 is degraded by the proteasome. This complex regulation of P-TEFb has evolved for the precise temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression in the organism. Its dysregulation contributes to inflammatory and neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Fujinaga
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Fang Huang
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - B Matija Peterlin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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13
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Towards a new combination therapy with vectored immunoprophylaxis for HIV: Modeling "shock and kill" strategy. Math Biosci 2023; 355:108954. [PMID: 36525996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected cells are considered as a major barrier to curing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Reactivation of latently infected cells followed by killing the actively infected cells may be a potential strategy ("shock and kill") to purge the latent reservoir. Based on vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) experiment that can elicit bNAbs, in this paper a mathematical model is formulated to explore the efficacy of "shock and kill" strategy with VIP. We derive the basic reproduction number R0 of the model and show that R0 completely determines the dynamics of the model: if R0<1, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable; if R0>1, the system is uniformly persistent. Numerical simulations suggest that the "shock and kill" strategy with VIP can effectively control HIV infection while this strategy cannot eradicate the reservoir without VIP although it can alleviate the HIV infection. To model the administration of drugs and vaccine more realistically, pharmacokinetics and pulse vaccination are incorporated into the model of ordinary differential equations. The resultants are described by impulsive differential equations. The thresholds are obtained for the frequency and strength of the vaccination to eliminate the viruses. Furthermore, the most appropriate times are numerically investigated for starting a short-term latency-reversing agents (LRAs) treatment relative to ART considering the toxicity of LRAs. The results show that LRAs treatment at the beginning of ART might be a better option. These results have important implications for the design of HIV cure-related clinical trials.
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14
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Truong TT, Hayn M, Frich CK, Olari L, Ladefoged LK, Jarlstad Olesen MT, Jakobsen JH, Lunabjerg‐Vestergaard CK, Schiøtt B, Münch J, Zelikin AN. Potentiation of Drug Toxicity Through Virus Latency Reversal Promotes Preferential Elimination of HIV Infected Cells. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tung Truong
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Manuel Hayn
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Camilla Kaas Frich
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | - Lia‐Raluca Olari
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | | | - Josefine H. Jakobsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
| | | | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology Ulm University Medical Center 89081 Ulm Germany
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Alexander N. Zelikin
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 Aarhus C 8000 Denmark
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
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15
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Custodio MM, Sparks J, Long TE. Disulfiram: A Repurposed Drug in Preclinical and Clinical Development for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases. ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS 2022; 20:e040122199856. [PMID: 35782673 PMCID: PMC9245773 DOI: 10.2174/2211352520666220104104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews preclinical and clinical studies on the repurposed use of disulfiram (Antabuse) as an antimicrobial agent. Preclinical research covered on the alcohol sobriety aid includes uses as an anti-MRSA agent, a carbapenamase inhibitor, antifungal drug for candidiasis, and treatment for parasitic diseases due to protozoa (e.g., giardiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria) and helminthes (e.g., schistosomiasis, trichuriasis). Past, current, and pending clinical studies on disulfiram as a post-Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) therapy, an HIV latency reversal agent, and intervention for COVID-19 infections are also reviewed..
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Custodio
- Chesapeake Regional Medical Center, 736 Battlefield Blvd. N Chesapeake, VA 23320, USA
| | - Jennifer Sparks
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington WV 24755-0001, USA
| | - Timothy E. Long
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, One John Marshall, Drive Huntington WV 24755-0001, USA
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16
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Verdikt R, Bendoumou M, Bouchat S, Nestola L, Pasternak AO, Darcis G, Avettand-Fenoel V, Vanhulle C, Aït-Ammar A, Santangelo M, Plant E, Douce VL, Delacourt N, Cicilionytė A, Necsoi C, Corazza F, Passaes CPB, Schwartz C, Bizet M, Fuks F, Sáez-Cirión A, Rouzioux C, De Wit S, Berkhout B, Gautier V, Rohr O, Van Lint C. Novel role of UHRF1 in the epigenetic repression of the latent HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2022; 79:103985. [PMID: 35429693 PMCID: PMC9038550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multiplicity, heterogeneity, and dynamic nature of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) latency mechanisms are reflected in the current lack of functional cure for HIV-1. Accordingly, all classes of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) have been reported to present variable ex vivo potencies. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the potency variability of one LRA: the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzadC). METHODS We employed epigenetic interrogation methods (electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Infinium array) in complementary HIV-1 infection models (latently-infected T-cell line models, primary CD4+ T-cell models and ex vivo cultures of PBMCs from HIV+ individuals). Extracellular staining of cell surface receptors and intracellular metabolic activity were measured in drug-treated cells. HIV-1 expression in reactivation studies was explored by combining the measures of capsid p24Gag protein, green fluorescence protein signal, intracellular and extracellular viral RNA and viral DNA. FINDINGS We uncovered specific demethylation CpG signatures induced by 5-AzadC in the HIV-1 promoter. By analyzing the binding modalities to these CpG, we revealed the recruitment of the epigenetic integrator Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) to the HIV-1 promoter. We showed that UHRF1 redundantly binds to the HIV-1 promoter with different binding modalities where DNA methylation was either non-essential, essential or enhancing UHRF1 binding. We further demonstrated the role of UHRF1 in the epigenetic repression of the latent viral promoter by a concerted control of DNA and histone methylations. INTERPRETATION A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency allows for the development of innovative antiviral strategies. As a proof-of-concept, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of UHRF1 in ex vivo HIV+ patient cell cultures resulted in potent viral reactivation from latency. Together, we identify UHRF1 as a novel actor in HIV-1 epigenetic silencing and highlight that it constitutes a new molecular target for HIV-1 cure strategies. FUNDING Funding was provided by the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS, Belgium), the « Fondation Roi Baudouin », the NEAT (European AIDS Treatment Network) program, the Internationale Brachet Stiftung, ViiV Healthcare, the Télévie, the Walloon Region (« Fonds de Maturation »), « Les Amis des Instituts Pasteur à Bruxelles, asbl », the University of Brussels (Action de Recherche Concertée ULB grant), the Marie Skodowska Curie COFUND action, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 691119-EU4HIVCURE-H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015, the French Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), the Sidaction and the "Alsace contre le Cancer" Foundation. This work is supported by 1UM1AI164562-01, co-funded by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Verdikt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Maryam Bendoumou
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Lorena Nestola
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Gilles Darcis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoel
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Microbiologie clinique, Paris 75015, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France
| | - Caroline Vanhulle
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Amina Aït-Ammar
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Marion Santangelo
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Estelle Plant
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Valentin Le Douce
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nadège Delacourt
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium
| | - Aurelija Cicilionytė
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Coca Necsoi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Francis Corazza
- Laboratory of Immunology, IRISLab, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1020, Belgium
| | | | - Christian Schwartz
- Laboratoire DHPI EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France; IUT Louis Pasteur, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - François Fuks
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Center (U-CRC), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Départements de Virologie et Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris 75015, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, Service de Microbiologie clinique, Paris 75015, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses, CHU St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels 1000, Belgium
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, the Netherland
| | - Virginie Gautier
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Laboratoire DHPI EA7292, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France; IUT Louis Pasteur, Université de Strasbourg, Schiltigheim, 67300, France
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies 6041, Belgium.
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17
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Mori L, Valente ST. Cure and Long-Term Remission Strategies. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2407:391-428. [PMID: 34985678 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The majority of virally suppressed individuals will experience rapid viral rebound upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption, providing a strong rationale for the development of cure strategies. Moreover, despite ART virological control, HIV infection is still associated with chronic immune activation, inflammation, comorbidities, and accelerated aging. These effects are believed to be due, in part, to low-grade persistent transcription and trickling production of viral proteins from the pool of latent proviruses constituting the viral reservoir. In recent years there has been an increasing interest in developing what has been termed a functional cure for HIV. This approach entails the long-term, durable control of viral expression in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. One such strategy, the block-and-lock approach for a functional cure, proposes the epigenetic silencing of proviral expression, locking the virus in a profound latent state, from which reactivation is very unlikely. The proof-of-concept for this approach was demonstrated with the use of a specific small molecule targeting HIV transcription. Here we review the principles behind the block-and-lock approach and some of the additional strategies proposed to silence HIV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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18
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Polyphenol Extracts from Grape Seeds and Apple Can Reactivate Latent HIV-1 Transcription through Promoting P-TEFb Release from 7SK snRNP. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6055347. [PMID: 35178129 PMCID: PMC8843978 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6055347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The principal barrier for the eradication of HIV/AIDS is the virus latency. One of the effective strategies so called “shock and kill” is to use latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate the latent HIV reservoirs and then combine them with the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to eradicate the virus. However, most of the current LRAs are too toxic; therefore, they have not been used clinically. Our preliminary data indicated that polyphenols from grape seeds can activate HIV in latently infected Jurkat T cells. Owing to a lot of food containing polyphenols and based on a reasoning whether all of these kinds of polyphenols contain the latency-reversing function, in this study, we screened 22 fruits/vegetables to see whether polyphenols from these can reactivate latent HIV-1 transcription. We finally proved that the polyphenols from grape seeds, apple, pomegranate, and bilberry can reactivate latent HIV-1 transcription. The activation of which can be detected on the level of protein and mRNA. The activation of which is in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while the activated polyphenol extracts have the effects to stimulate Tat-independent HIV-1 transcription. The mechanism shows that polyphenol extracts from grape seeds and apple can stimulate P-TEFb's release from 7SK snRNP to induce HIV gene transcription. These results indicate that using a few food of high-content polyphenols as latent activators and combining HARRT may be of great use for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in the future.
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19
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Pasquereau S, Herbein G. CounterAKTing HIV: Toward a “Block and Clear” Strategy? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:827717. [PMID: 35186800 PMCID: PMC8856111 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.827717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase B or Akt is a central regulator of survival, metabolism, growth and proliferation of the cells and is known to be targeted by various viral pathogens, including HIV-1. The central role of Akt makes it a critical player in HIV-1 pathogenesis, notably by affecting viral entry, latency and reactivation, cell survival, viral spread and immune response to the infection. Several HIV proteins activate the PI3K/Akt pathway, to fuel the progression of the infection. Targeting Akt could help control HIV-1 entry, viral latency/replication, cell survival of infected cells, HIV spread from cell-to-cell, and the immune microenvironment which could ultimately allow to curtail the size of the HIV reservoir. Beside the “shock and kill” and “block and lock” strategies, the use of Akt inhibitors in combination with latency inducing agents, could favor the clearance of infected cells and be part of new therapeutic strategies with the goal to “block and clear” HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Pasquereau
- Laboratory Pathogens & Inflammation-Epigenetics of Viral Infections and Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory (EPILAB), University of Franche-Comté, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France
| | - Georges Herbein
- Laboratory Pathogens & Inflammation-Epigenetics of Viral Infections and Inflammatory Diseases Laboratory (EPILAB), University of Franche-Comté, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Besançon, France
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
- *Correspondence: Georges Herbein,
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20
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Matsuda K, Islam S, Takada T, Tsuchiya K, Yang Tan BJ, Hattori SI, Katsuya H, Kitagawa K, Kim KS, Matsuo M, Sugata K, Delino NS, Gatanaga H, Yoshimura K, Matsushita S, Mitsuya H, Iwami S, Satou Y, Maeda K. A widely distributed HIV-1 provirus elimination assay to evaluate latency-reversing agents in vitro. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2021; 1:100122. [PMID: 35475215 PMCID: PMC9017183 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoir cells during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a major obstacle for curing HIV-1. Even though latency-reversing agents (LRAs) are under development to reactivate and eradicate latently infected cells, there are few useful models for evaluating LRA activity in vitro. Here, we establish a long-term cell culture system called the "widely distributed intact provirus elimination" (WIPE) assay. It harbors thousands of different HIV-1-infected cell clones with a wide distribution of HIV-1 provirus similar to that observed in vivo. Mathematical modeling and experimental results from this in vitro infection model demonstrates that the addition of an LRA to ART shows a latency-reversing effect and contributes to the eradication of replication-competent HIV-1. The WIPE assay can be used to optimize therapeutics against HIV-1 latency and investigate mechanistic insights into the clonal selection of heterogeneous HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsuda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saiful Islam
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toru Takada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Benjy Jek Yang Tan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hattori
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroo Katsuya
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kosaku Kitagawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kwang Su Kim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Misaki Matsuo
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugata
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nicole S. Delino
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshimura
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuzo Matsushita
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shingo Iwami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute of Mathematics for Industry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- NEXT-Ganken Program, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (JFCR), Tokyo, Japan
- Science Groove Inc., Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Acchioni C, Palermo E, Sandini S, Acchioni M, Hiscott J, Sgarbanti M. Fighting HIV-1 Persistence: At the Crossroads of "Shoc-K and B-Lock". Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111517. [PMID: 34832672 PMCID: PMC8622007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), integrated HIV-1 proviral DNA cannot be eradicated from an infected individual. HAART is not able to eliminate latently infected cells that remain invisible to the immune system. Viral sanctuaries in specific tissues and immune-privileged sites may cause residual viral replication that contributes to HIV-1 persistence. The “Shock or Kick, and Kill” approach uses latency reversing agents (LRAs) in the presence of HAART, followed by cell-killing due to viral cytopathic effects and immune-mediated clearance. Different LRAs may be required for the in vivo reactivation of HIV-1 in different CD4+ T cell reservoirs, leading to the activation of cellular transcription factors acting on the integrated proviral HIV-1 LTR. An important requirement for LRA drugs is the reactivation of viral transcription and replication without causing a generalized immune activation. Toll-like receptors, RIG-I like receptors, and STING agonists have emerged recently as a new class of LRAs that augment selective apoptosis in reactivated T lymphocytes. The challenge is to extend in vitro observations to HIV-1 positive patients. Further studies are also needed to overcome the mechanisms that protect latently infected cells from reactivation and/or elimination by the immune system. The Block and Lock alternative strategy aims at using latency promoting/inducing agents (LPAs/LIAs) to block the ability of latent proviruses to reactivate transcription in order to achieve a long term lock down of potential residual virus replication. The Shock and Kill and the Block and Lock approaches may not be only alternative to each other, but, if combined together (one after the other), or given all at once [namely “Shoc-K(kill) and B(block)-Lock”], they may represent a better approach to a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Enrico Palermo
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Silvia Sandini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Marta Acchioni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
| | - John Hiscott
- Istituto Pasteur Italia—Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.A.); (S.S.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-3266
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22
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The Novel PKC Activator 10-Methyl-Aplog-1 Combined with JQ1 Induced Strong and Synergistic HIV Reactivation with Tolerable Global T Cell Activation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102037. [PMID: 34696466 PMCID: PMC8541327 DOI: 10.3390/v13102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a major obstacle to a cure. The “shock and kill” therapy is based on the concept that latent reservoirs in HIV carriers with antiretroviral therapy are reactivated by latency-reversing agents (LRAs), followed by elimination due to HIV-associated cell death or killing by virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC) activators are considered robust LRAs as they efficiently reactivate latently infected HIV. However, various adverse events hamper the intervention trial of PKC activators as LRAs. We found in this study that a novel PKC activator, 10-Methyl-aplog-1 (10MA-1), combined with an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain motifs, JQ1, strongly and synergistically reactivated latently infected HIV. Notably, higher concentrations of 10MA-1 alone induced the predominant side effect, i.e., global T cell activation as defined by CD25 expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes; however, JQ1 efficiently suppressed the 10MA-1-induced side effect in a dose-dependent manner. Considering the reasonable accessibility and availability of 10MA-1 since the chemical synthesis of 10MA-1 requires fewer processes than that of bryostatin 1 or prostratin, our results suggest that the combination of 10MA-1 with JQ1 may be a promising pair of LRAs for the clinical application of the “shock and kill” therapy.
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Wong ME, Johnson CJ, Hearps AC, Jaworowski A. Development of a Novel In Vitro Primary Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Model To Study Reactivation of HIV-1 Transcription. J Virol 2021; 95:e0022721. [PMID: 34287050 PMCID: PMC8428379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00227-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent HIV reservoirs persist in people living with HIV despite effective antiretroviral therapy and contribute to rebound viremia upon treatment interruption. Macrophages are an important reservoir cell type, but analysis of agents that modulate latency in macrophages is limited by lack of appropriate in vitro models. We therefore generated an experimental system to investigate this by purifying nonproductively infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) following in vitro infection with an M-tropic enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter HIV clone and quantified activation of HIV transcription using live-cell fluorescence microscopy. The proportion of HIV-infected MDM was quantified by qPCR detection of HIV DNA, and GFP expression was validated as a marker of productive HIV infection by colabeling of HIV Gag protein. HIV transcription spontaneously reactivated in latently infected MDM at a rate of 0.22% ± 0.04% cells per day (mean ± the standard error of the mean, n = 10 independent donors), producing infectious virions able to infect heterologous T cells in coculture experiments, and both T cells and TZM-bl cells in a cell-free infection system using MDM culture supernatants. Polarization to an M1 phenotype with gamma interferon plus tumor necrosis factor resulted in a 2.3-fold decrease in initial HIV infection of MDM (P < 0.001, n = 8) and a 1.4-fold decrease in spontaneous reactivation (P = 0.025, n = 6), whereas M2 polarization using interleukin-4 prior to infection led to a 1.6-fold decrease in HIV infectivity (P = 0.028, n = 8) but a 2.0-fold increase in the rate of HIV reactivation in latently infected MDM (P = 0.023, n = 6). The latency reversing agents bryostatin and vorinostat, but not panobinostat, significantly induced HIV reactivation in latently infected MDM (P = 0.031 and P = 0.038, respectively, n = 6). IMPORTANCE Agents which modulate latent HIV reservoirs in infected cells are of considerable interest to HIV cure strategies. The present study characterizes a robust, reproducible model enabling quantification of HIV reactivation in primary HIV-infected human MDM which is relatively insensitive to the monocyte donor source and hence suitable for evaluating latency modifiers in MDM. The rate of initial viral infection was greater than the rate of HIV reactivation, suggesting that different mechanisms regulate these processes. HIV reactivation was sensitive to macrophage polarization, suggesting that cellular and tissue environments influence HIV reactivation in different macrophage populations. Importantly, latently infected MDM showed different susceptibilities to certain latency-reversing agents known to be effective in T cells, indicating that dedicated strategies may be required to target latently infected macrophage populations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E. Wong
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chad J. Johnson
- Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna C. Hearps
- Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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A new small-molecule compound, Q308, silences latent HIV-1 provirus by suppressing Tat- and FACT-mediated transcription. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0047021. [PMID: 34491808 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00470-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliminating the latent HIV reservoir remains a difficult problem for creating an HIV functional cure or achieving remission. The "block-and-lock" strategy aims to steadily suppress transcription of the viral reservoir and lock the HIV promoter in deep latency using latency-promoting agents (LPAs). However, to date, most of the investigated LPA candidates are not available for clinical trials, and some of them exhibit immune-related adverse reactions. The discovery and development of new, active, and safe LPA candidates for an HIV cure are necessary to eliminate residual HIV-1 viremia through the "block-and-lock" strategy. In this study, we demonstrated that a new small-molecule compound, Q308, silenced the HIV-1 provirus by inhibiting Tat-mediated gene transcription and selectively downregulating the expression levels of the facilitated chromatin transcription (FACT) complex. Strikingly, Q308 induced the preferential apoptosis in HIV-1 latently infected cells, indicating that Q308 may reduce the size of the viral reservoir and thus further prevent viral rebound. These findings highlight that Q308 is a novel and safe anti-HIV-1 inhibitor candidate for a functional cure.
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25
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Alzheimer's-Like Pathology at the Crossroads of HIV-Associated Neurological Disorders. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080930. [PMID: 34452054 PMCID: PMC8402792 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing viremia, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurological disorders (HAND) and associated comorbidities such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like symptomatology is higher among people living with HIV. The pathophysiology of observed deficits in HAND is well understood. However, it has been suggested that it is exacerbated by aging. Epidemiological studies have suggested comparable concentrations of the toxic amyloid protein, amyloid-β42 (Aβ42), in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HAND patients and in the brains of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Apart from abnormal amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism in AD, a better understanding of the role of similar pathophysiologic processes in HAND could be of substantial value. The pathogenesis of HAND involves either the direct effects of the virus or the effect of viral proteins, such as Tat, Gp120, or Nef, as well as the effects of antiretrovirals on amyloid metabolism and tauopathy, leading, in turn, to synaptodendritic alterations and neuroinflammatory milieu in the brain. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the causative or bystander role of Alzheimer’s-like pathology in HAND, which is a barrier to the development of therapeutics for HAND. This review attempts to highlight the cause–effect relationship of Alzheimer’s-like pathology with HAND, attempting to dissect the role of HIV-1, HIV viral proteins, and antiretrovirals in patient samples, animal models, and cell culture model systems. Biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s-like pathology can serve as a tool to assess the neuronal injury in the brain and the associated cognitive deficits. Understanding the factors contributing to the AD-like pathology associated with HAND could set the stage for the future development of therapeutics aimed at abrogating the disease process.
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Menéndez-Arias L, Martín-Alonso S, Frutos-Beltrán E. An Update on Antiretroviral Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:31-61. [PMID: 34258736 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) still claim many lives across the world. However, research efforts during the last 40 years have led to the approval of over 30 antiretroviral drugs and the introduction of combination therapies that have turned HIV infection into a chronic but manageable disease. In this chapter, we provide an update on current available drugs and treatments, as well as future prospects towards reducing pill burden and developing long-acting drugs and novel antiretroviral therapies. In addition, we summarize efforts to cure HIV, including pharmaceutical strategies focused on the elimination of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Samara Martín-Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Frutos-Beltrán
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Debyser Z, Bruggemans A, Van Belle S, Janssens J, Christ F. LEDGINs, Inhibitors of the Interaction Between HIV-1 Integrase and LEDGF/p75, Are Potent Antivirals with a Potential to Cure HIV Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:97-114. [PMID: 34258738 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
A permanent cure remains the greatest challenge in the field of HIV research. In order to reach this goal, a profound understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling HIV integration and transcription is needed. Here we provide an overview of recent advances in the field. Lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75 (LEDGF/p75), a transcriptional coactivator, tethers and targets the HIV integrase into transcriptionally active regions of the chromatin through an interaction with the epigenetic mark H3K36me2/3. This finding prompted us to propose a "block-and-lock" strategy to retarget HIV integration into deep latency. A decade ago, we pioneered protein-protein interaction inhibitors for HIV and discovered LEDGINs. LEDGINs are small molecule inhibitors of the interaction between the integrase binding domain (IBD) of LEDGF/p75 and HIV integrase. They modify integration site selection and therefore might be molecules with a "block-and-lock" mechanism of action. Here we will describe how LEDGINs may become part in the future functional cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anne Bruggemans
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siska Van Belle
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Janssens
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Pinheiro I, Torres-Padilla ME, Almouzni G. Epigenomics in the single cell era, an important read out for genome function and cell identity. Epigenomics 2021; 13:981-984. [PMID: 34114476 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Pinheiro
- Institut Curie, CNRS, PSL Research University, LabEx DEEP, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich 81377, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Geneviève Almouzni
- Institut Curie, CNRS, PSL Research University, LabEx DEEP, Sorbonne Université, Nuclear Dynamics Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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29
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Yu W, Fells J, Clausen D, Liu J, Klein DJ, Christine Chung C, Myers RW, Wu J, Wu G, Howell BJ, Barnard RJO, Kozlowski J. Discovery of macrocyclic HDACs 1, 2, and 3 selective inhibitors for HIV latency reactivation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 47:128168. [PMID: 34091041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of unique macrocyclic HDACs 1, 2, and 3 selective inhibitors were identified with good enzymatic activity and high selectivity over HDACs 6 and 8. These macrocyclic HDAC inhibitors used an ethyl ketone as the zinc-binding group. Compounds 25 and 26 stood out as leads due to their low double-digit nM EC50s in the 2C4 cell-based HIV latency reactivation assay. The PK profiles of these macrocyclic HDAC inhibitors still needed improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - James Fells
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Dane Clausen
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Daniel J Klein
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - C Christine Chung
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robert W Myers
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Jin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Joseph Kozlowski
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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30
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Saeb S, Ravanshad M, Pourkarim MR, Daouad F, Baesi K, Rohr O, Wallet C, Schwartz C. Brain HIV-1 latently-infected reservoirs targeted by the suicide gene strategy. Virol J 2021; 18:107. [PMID: 34059075 PMCID: PMC8166011 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing the pool of HIV-1 reservoirs in patients is a must to achieve functional cure. The most prominent HIV-1 cell reservoirs are resting CD4 + T cells and brain derived microglial cells. Infected microglial cells are believed to be the source of peripheral tissues reseedings and the emergence of drug resistance. Clearing infected cells from the brain is therefore crucial. However, many characteristics of microglial cells and the central nervous system make extremely difficult their eradication from brain reservoirs. Current methods, such as the "shock and kill", the "block and lock" and gene editing strategies cannot override these difficulties. Therefore, new strategies have to be designed when considering the elimination of brain reservoirs. We set up an original gene suicide strategy using latently infected microglial cells as model cells. In this paper we provide proof of concept of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Saeb
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Mehrdad Ravanshad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Division of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Kazem Baesi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olivier Rohr
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Clémentine Wallet
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- University of Strasbourg, Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
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31
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Salahong T, Schwartz C, Sungthong R. Are BET Inhibitors yet Promising Latency-Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Reactivation in AIDS Therapy? Viruses 2021; 13:v13061026. [PMID: 34072421 PMCID: PMC8228869 DOI: 10.3390/v13061026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS first emerged decades ago; however, its cure, i.e., eliminating all virus sources, is still unachievable. A critical burden of AIDS therapy is the evasive nature of HIV-1 in face of host immune responses, the so-called "latency." Recently, a promising approach, the "Shock and Kill" strategy, was proposed to eliminate latently HIV-1-infected cell reservoirs. The "Shock and Kill" concept involves two crucial steps: HIV-1 reactivation from its latency stage using a latency-reversing agent (LRA) followed by host immune responses to destroy HIV-1-infected cells in combination with reinforced antiretroviral therapy to kill the progeny virus. Hence, a key challenge is to search for optimal LRAs. Looking at epigenetics of HIV-1 infection, researchers proved that some bromodomains and extra-terminal motif protein inhibitors (BETis) are able to reactivate HIV-1 from latency. However, to date, only a few BETis have shown HIV-1-reactivating functions, and none of them have yet been approved for clinical trial. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the epigenetic roles of BETis in HIV-1 infection and HIV-1-related immune responses. Possible future applications of BETis and their HIV-1-reactivating properties are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanarat Salahong
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Research Unit 7292, DHPI, IUT Louis Pasteur, University of Strasbourg, 67300 Schiltigheim, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rungroch Sungthong
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, UMR 7517 CNRS/EOST, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (R.S.)
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32
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of HIV-1 Persistence. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050514. [PMID: 34067608 PMCID: PMC8156729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradicating HIV-1 in infected individuals will not be possible without addressing the persistence of the virus in its multiple reservoirs. In this context, the molecular characterization of HIV-1 persistence is key for the development of rationalized therapeutic interventions. HIV-1 gene expression relies on the redundant and cooperative recruitment of cellular epigenetic machineries to cis-regulatory proviral regions. Furthermore, the complex repertoire of HIV-1 repression mechanisms varies depending on the nature of the viral reservoir, although, so far, few studies have addressed the specific regulatory mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in other reservoirs than the well-studied latently infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we present an exhaustive and updated picture of the heterochromatinization of the HIV-1 promoter in its different reservoirs. We highlight the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of the epigenetic mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, while discussing the importance of further understanding HIV-1 gene regulation for the rational design of novel HIV-1 cure strategies.
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33
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Lamptey H, Bonney EY, Adu B, Kyei GB. Are Fc Gamma Receptor Polymorphisms Important in HIV-1 Infection Outcomes and Latent Reservoir Size? Front Immunol 2021; 12:656894. [PMID: 34017334 PMCID: PMC8129575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) are cell surface glycoproteins which trigger specific effector-cell responses when cross-linked with the Fc portions of immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies. During HIV-1 infection, the course of disease progression, ART response, and viral reservoir size vary in different individuals. Several factors may account for these differences; however, Fc gamma receptor gene polymorphisms, which influence receptor binding to IgG antibodies, are likely to play a key role. FcγRIIa (CD32) was recently reported as a potential marker for latent HIV reservoir, however, this assertion is still inconclusive. Whether FcγR polymorphisms influence the size of the viral reservoir, remains an important question in HIV cure studies. In addition, potential cure or viral suppression methods such as broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAbs) may depend on FcγRs to control the virus. Here, we discuss the current evidence on the potential role played by FcγR polymorphisms in HIV-1 infection, treatment and vaccine trial outcomes. Importantly, we highlight contrasting findings that may be due to multiple factors and the relatively limited data from African populations. We recommend further studies especially in sub-Saharan Africa to confirm the role of FcγRIIa in the establishment of latent reservoir and to determine their influence in therapies involving bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lamptey
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y. Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bright Adu
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George B. Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Medical and Scientific Research Centre, University of Ghana Medical Centre, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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34
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GS-9822, a preclinical LEDGIN candidate, displays a block-and-lock phenotype in cell culture. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02328-20. [PMID: 33619061 PMCID: PMC8092873 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02328-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of HIV to integrate into the host genome and establish latent reservoirs is the main hurdle preventing an HIV cure. LEDGINs are small-molecule integrase inhibitors that target the binding pocket of LEDGF/p75, a cellular cofactor that substantially contributes to HIV integration site selection. They are potent antivirals that inhibit HIV integration and maturation. In addition, they retarget residual integrants away from transcription units and towards a more repressive chromatin environment. As a result, treatment with the LEDGIN CX14442 yielded residual provirus that proved more latent and more refractory to reactivation, supporting the use of LEDGINs as research tools to study HIV latency and a functional cure strategy. In this study we compared GS-9822, a potent, pre-clinical lead compound, with CX14442 with respect to antiviral potency, integration site selection, latency and reactivation. GS-9822 was more potent than CX14442 in most assays. For the first time, the combined effects on viral replication, integrase-LEDGF/p75 interaction, integration sites, epigenetic landscape, immediate latency and latency reversal was demonstrated at nanomolar concentrations achievable in the clinic. GS-9822 profiles as a preclinical candidate for future functional cure research.
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Yu W, Liu J, Clausen D, Yu Y, Duffy JL, Wang M, Xu S, Deng L, Suzuki T, Chung CC, Myers RW, Klein DJ, Fells JI, Holloway MK, Wu J, Wu G, Howell BJ, Barnard RJO, Kozlowski J. Discovery of Ethyl Ketone-Based Highly Selective HDACs 1, 2, 3 Inhibitors for HIV Latency Reactivation with Minimum Cellular Potency Serum Shift and Reduced hERG Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4709-4729. [PMID: 33797924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe the discovery of histone deacetylase (HDACs) 1, 2, and 3 inhibitors with ethyl ketone as the zinc-binding group. These HDACs 1, 2, and 3 inhibitors have good enzymatic and cellular activity. Their serum shift in cellular potency has been minimized, and selectivity against hERG has been improved. They are also highly selective over HDACs 6 and 8. These inhibitors contain a variety of substituted heterocycles on the imidazole or oxazole scaffold. Compounds 31 and 48 stand out due to their good potency, high selectivity over HDACs 6 and 8, reduced hERG activity, optimized serum shift in cellular potency, and good rat and dog PK profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Yu
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dane Clausen
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Younong Yu
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph L Duffy
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shouning Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Lin Deng
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Takao Suzuki
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Christine C Chung
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert W Myers
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Daniel J Klein
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James I Fells
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - M Katharine Holloway
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jin Wu
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bonnie J Howell
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Richard J O Barnard
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph Kozlowski
- Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Rohr O. Flower power: Locking HIV in the gut with French lilac. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103299. [PMID: 33774325 PMCID: PMC8024907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, UR 7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
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Janssens J, Bruggemans A, Christ F, Debyser Z. Towards a Functional Cure of HIV-1: Insight Into the Chromatin Landscape of the Provirus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636642. [PMID: 33868195 PMCID: PMC8044952 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite potent combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection persists due to irreversible integration of the virus in long-living cells of the immune system. The main focus of HIV-1 cure strategies has been on HIV-1 eradication, yet without great success so far. Therefore, HIV-1 remission or a functional cure, whereby the virus is silenced rather than eradicated, is considered as an alternative strategy. Elite controllers, individuals who spontaneously control HIV-1, may point us the way toward a functional HIV-1 cure. In order to achieve such a cure, a profound understanding of the mechanisms controlling HIV-1 expression and silencing is needed. In recent years, evidence has grown that the site of integration as well as the chromatin landscape surrounding the integration site affects the transcriptional state of the provirus. Still, at present, the impact of integration site selection on the establishment and maintenance of the HIV-1 reservoirs remains poorly understood. The discovery of LEDGF/p75 as a binding partner of HIV-1 integrase has led to a better understanding of integration site selection. LEDGF/p75 is one of the important determinants of integration site selection and targets integration toward active genes. In this review, we will provide an overview of the most important determinants of integration site selection. Secondly, we will discuss the chromatin landscape at the integration site and its implications on HIV-1 gene expression and silencing. Finally, we will discuss how interventions that affect integration site selection or modifications of the chromatin could yield a functional cure of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Janssens
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Bruggemans
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Darcis G, Kootstra NA, Hooibrink B, van Montfort T, Maurer I, Groen K, Jurriaans S, Bakker M, van Lint C, Berkhout B, Pasternak AO. CD32 +CD4 + T Cells Are Highly Enriched for HIV DNA and Can Support Transcriptional Latency. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2284-2296.e3. [PMID: 32075737 PMCID: PMC7050565 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV latent reservoir forms the major hurdle to an HIV cure. The discovery of CD32 as marker of this reservoir has aroused much interest, but subsequent reports have challenged this finding. Here, we observe a positive correlation between the percentages of CD32+ cells among CD4+ T cells of aviremic cART-treated, HIV-infected individuals and their HIV DNA loads in peripheral blood. Moreover, optimization of the CD32+CD4+ T cell purification protocol reveals prominent enrichment for HIV DNA (mean, 292-fold) in these cells. However, no enrichment for HIV RNA is observed in CD32+CD4+ cells, yielding significantly reduced HIV RNA/DNA ratios. Furthermore, HIV proviruses in CD32+CD4+ cells can be reactivated ex vivo to produce virus, strongly suggesting that these cells support HIV transcriptional latency. Our results underscore the importance of isolating pure, bona fide CD32+CD4+ T cells for future studies and indicate that CD32 remains a promising candidate marker of the HIV reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Darcis
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infectious Diseases Department, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend Hooibrink
- Department of Cell Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs van Montfort
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Maurer
- Laboratory of Viral Immune Pathogenesis, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Groen
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Jurriaans
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carine van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Département de Biologie Moléculaire (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wang X, Xu H. Residual Proviral Reservoirs: A High Risk for HIV Persistence and Driving Forces for Viral Rebound after Analytical Treatment Interruption. Viruses 2021; 13:335. [PMID: 33670027 PMCID: PMC7926539 DOI: 10.3390/v13020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically suppressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and become undetectable viremia. However, a small number of residual replication-competent HIV proviruses can still persist in a latent state even with lifelong ART, fueling viral rebound in HIV-infected patient subjects after treatment interruption. Therefore, the proviral reservoirs distributed in tissues in the body represent a major obstacle to a cure for HIV infection. Given unavailable HIV vaccine and a failure to eradicate HIV proviral reservoirs by current treatment, it is crucial to develop new therapeutic strategies to eliminate proviral reservoirs for ART-free HIV remission (functional cure), including a sterilizing cure (eradication of HIV reservoirs). This review highlights recent advances in the establishment and persistence of HIV proviral reservoirs, their detection, and potential eradication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
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Li C, Mori L, Valente ST. The Block-and-Lock Strategy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure: Lessons Learned from Didehydro-Cortistatin A. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:46-53. [PMID: 33586776 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy effectively controls human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, a reservoir of latently infected cells persists under suppressive therapy, constituting a major barrier to an HIV cure. The block-and-lock approach to a functional cure aims at the transcriptional and epigenetic silencing of proviruses, blocking viral reactivation in the absence of therapy, preventing disease progression and transmission, despite the presence of detectable integrated proviruses. This approach has been put forward for exploration based on the activity of didehydro-cortistatin A, an inhibitor of the HIV transcriptional activator Tat. Here we review the mechanisms by which didehydro-cortistatin A inhibition of Tat's feedback loop transcriptional amplification results in epigenetic silencing of the HIV promoter, and we discuss the benefits and limitations of the block-and-lock approach for an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Luisa Mori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Flavonoid-based inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 9 without concomitant inhibition of histone deacetylases durably reinforces HIV latency. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114462. [PMID: 33577894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) durably suppresses HIV replication, virus persists in CD4+ T-cells that harbor latent but spontaneously inducible and replication-competent provirus. One strategy to inactivate these viral reservoirs involves the use of agents that continue to reinforce HIV latency even after their withdrawal. To identify new chemical leads with such properties, we investigated a series of naturally-occurring flavones (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, and luteolin-7-glucoside (L7G)) and functionally-related cyclin dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitors (flavopiridol and atuveciclib) which are reported or presumed to suppress HIV replication in vitro. We found that, while all compounds inhibit provirus expression induced by latency-reversing agents in vitro, only aglycone flavonoids (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, flavopiridol) and atuveciclib, but not the glycosylated flavonoid L7G, inhibit spontaneous latency reversal. Aglycone flavonoids and atuveciclib, but not L7G, also inhibit CDK9 and the HIV Tat protein. Aglycone flavonoids do not reinforce HIV latency following their in vitro withdrawal, which corresponds with their ability to also inhibit class I/II histone deacetylases (HDAC), a well-established mechanism of latency reversal. In contrast, atuveciclib and flavopiridol, which exhibit little or no HDAC inhibition, continue to reinforce latency for 9 to 14+ days, respectively, following their withdrawal in vitro. Finally, we show that flavopiridol also inhibits spontaneous ex vivo viral RNA production in CD4+ T cells from donors with HIV. These results implicate CDK9 inhibition (in the absence of HDAC inhibition) as a potentially favorable property in the search for compounds that durably reinforce HIV latency.
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Hennessy EJ, FitzGerald GA. Battle for supremacy: nucleic acid interactions between viruses and cells. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144227. [PMID: 33290272 PMCID: PMC7843224 DOI: 10.1172/jci144227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the globe, researchers have been trying to understand its origin, life cycle, and pathogenesis. There is a striking variability in the phenotypic response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 that may reflect differences in host genetics and/or immune response. It is known that the human epigenome is influenced by ethnicity, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors, including previous viral infections. This Review examines the influence of viruses on the host epigenome. We describe general lessons and methodologies that can be used to understand how the virus evades the host immune response. We consider how variation in the epigenome may contribute to heterogeneity in the response to SARS-CoV-2 and may identify a precision medicine approach to treatment.
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The XPB Subunit of the TFIIH Complex Plays a Critical Role in HIV-1 Transcription and XPB Inhibition by Spironolactone Prevents HIV-1 Reactivation from Latency. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01247-20. [PMID: 33239456 PMCID: PMC7851559 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01247-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV transcription requires assembly of cellular transcription factors at the HIV-1promoter. The TFIIH general transcription factor facilitates transcription initiation by opening the DNA strands around the transcription start site and phosphorylating the C-terminal domain for RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) for activation. Spironolactone (SP), an FDA approved aldosterone antagonist, triggers the proteasomal degradation of the XPB subunit of TFIIH, and concurrently suppresses acute HIV infection in vitro Here we investigated SP as a possible block-and-lock agent for a functional cure aimed at the transcriptional silencing of the viral reservoir. The long-term activity of SP was investigated in primary and cell line models of HIV-1 latency and reactivation. We show that SP rapidly inhibits HIV-1 transcription by reducing RNAPII recruitment to the HIV-1 genome. shRNA knockdown of XPB confirmed XPB degradation as the mechanism of action. Unfortunately, long-term pre-treatment with SP does not result in epigenetic suppression of HIV upon SP treatment interruption, since virus rapidly rebounds when XPB reemerges; however, SP alone without ART maintains the transcriptional suppression. Importantly, SP inhibits HIV reactivation from latency in both cell line models and resting CD4+T cells isolated from aviremic infected individuals upon cell stimulation with latency reversing agents. Furthermore, long-term treatment with concentrations of SP that potently degrade XPB does not lead to global dysregulation of cellular mRNA expression. Overall, these results suggest that XPB plays a key role in HIV transcriptional regulation and XPB degradation by SP strengthens the potential of HIV transcriptional inhibitors in block-and-lock HIV cure approaches.IMPORTANCE Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively reduces an individual's HIV loads to below the detection limit, nevertheless rapid viral rebound immediately ensues upon treatment interruption. Furthermore, virally suppressed individuals experience chronic immune activation from ongoing low-level virus expression. Thus, the importance of identifying novel therapeutics to explore in block-and-lock HIV functional cure approaches, aimed at the transcriptional and epigenetic silencing of the viral reservoir to block reactivation from latency. We investigated the potential of repurposing the FDA-approved spironolactone (SP), as one such drug. SP treatment rapidly degrades a host transcription factor subunit, XPB, inhibiting HIV transcription and blocking reactivation from latency. Long-term SP treatment does not affect cellular viability, cell cycle progression or global cellular transcription. SP alone blocks HIV transcription in the absence of ART but does not delay rebound upon drug removal as XPB rapidly reemerges. This study highlights XPB as a novel drug target in block-and-lock therapeutic approaches.
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Bonney EY, Lamptey H, Aboagye JO, Zaab-Yen Abana C, Boateng AT, Quansah DNK, Obo-Akwa A, Ganu VJ, Puplampu P, Kyei GB. Unwillingness of patients in Ghana to interrupt antiretroviral therapy for HIV cure research. J Virus Erad 2021; 7:100027. [PMID: 33437495 PMCID: PMC7788235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2020.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced HIV infection into a manageable chronic disease, it does not provide for a cure. HIV cure trials may carry risks for patients who are generally doing well on ART, making it imperative that their input is sought as various types of cure methods and trials are designed. Few studies have sought the views of African patients on HIV cure studies. The objective of this study was to determine the views and preferences of people living with HIV (PLWH) in Ghana on cure research. Methods We used a questionnaire to interview 251 PLWH in Ghana about their willingness to engage in HIV cure research. We investigated their motivations, the types of cure they would prefer and which risks were acceptable to them. Results Most participants were enthusiastic about participating in cure research and driven by both altruistic and personal motives. Patients preferred a cure where they would continue follow-up with their doctor (88%) compared to being assured that they have been completely cured and did not need further follow-up (11%). The vast majority of the respondents were risk averse. Most patients (67%) would decline to interrupt ART as part of a protocol for HIV cure research. In bivariate analysis, participants above the age of 40 years were more likely to agree to treatment interruption during cure studies (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.21-.6.34. p = 0.0159). Conclusions Our results show that preferred cure modalities and risk tolerance for patients in Africa may be different from those of other parts of the world. Extensive social science and behavioural studies are needed on the continent to help inform future cure trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Y Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Helena Lamptey
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - James O Aboagye
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Christopher Zaab-Yen Abana
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anthony T Boateng
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Darius N K Quansah
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adjoa Obo-Akwa
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Vincent J Ganu
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Peter Puplampu
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO, USA
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Moranguinho I, Valente ST. Block-And-Lock: New Horizons for a Cure for HIV-1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121443. [PMID: 33334019 PMCID: PMC7765451 DOI: 10.3390/v12121443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1/AIDS remains a global public health problem. The world health organization (WHO) reported at the end of 2019 that 38 million people were living with HIV-1 worldwide, of which only 67% were accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART). Despite great success in the clinical management of HIV-1 infection, ART does not eliminate the virus from the host genome. Instead, HIV-1 remains latent as a viral reservoir in any tissue containing resting memory CD4+ T cells. The elimination of these residual proviruses that can reseed full-blown infection upon treatment interruption remains the major barrier towards curing HIV-1. Novel approaches have recently been developed to excise or disrupt the virus from the host cells (e.g., gene editing with the CRISPR-Cas system) to permanently shut off transcription of the virus (block-and-lock and RNA interference strategies), or to reactivate the virus from cell reservoirs so that it can be eliminated by the immune system or cytopathic effects (shock-and-kill strategy). Here, we will review each of these approaches, with the major focus placed on the block-and-lock strategy.
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Li Z, Hajian C, Greene WC. Identification of unrecognized host factors promoting HIV-1 latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009055. [PMID: 33270809 PMCID: PMC7714144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To counter HIV latency, it is important to develop a better understanding of the full range of host factors promoting latency. Their identification could suggest new strategies to reactivate latent proviruses and subsequently kill the host cells (“shock and kill”), or to permanently silence these latent proviruses (“block and lock”). We recently developed a screening strategy termed “Reiterative Enrichment and Authentication of CRISPRi Targets” (REACT) that can unambiguously identify host genes promoting HIV latency, even in the presence of high background “noise” produced by the stochastic nature of HIV reactivation. After applying this strategy in four cell lines displaying different levels of HIV inducibility, we identified FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex as host genes promoting HIV latency. shRNA knockdown of these four repressive factors significantly enhances HIV expression in primary CD4 T cells, and active HIV infection is preferentially found in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, we found that downregulation of these newly identified host inhibitors stimulates different stages of RNA Polymerase II-mediated transcription of HIV-1. The identification and validation of these new host inhibitors provide insight into the novel mechanisms that maintain HIV latency even when cells are activated and undergo cell division. The presence of a pool of latent HIV proviruses currently thwarts a cure for HIV-infected individuals. This “latent reservoir” is primarily composed of CD4 T cells that are infected with HIV but are indistinguishable from an uninfected T cell due to a lack of viral gene expression even when the cells are activated and undergo proliferation. This finding suggests there are powerful cellular mechanisms that hold HIV transcription in check even in stimulated cells allowing latent proviruses to remain hidden. Our goal was to identify and characterize these “unknown cellular factors”. We conducted genome-wide CRISPRi screens in multiple latently infected cell lines where each cell line displayed a different depth of latency as assessed by responsiveness to latency reversing agents. Application of our recently developed iterative screening strategy (REACT) allowed us to unambiguously identify and confirm four host factors that promote HIV latency. The latency promoting activity of these four factors (FTSJ3, TMEM178A, NICN1 and the Integrator Complex) were further validated in primary CD4 T cells, where their knockdown by shRNA significantly enhances latent HIV reactivation. In addition, we found that HIV infection preferentially occurs in cells expressing lower levels of these four factors. Mechanistically, our findings suggest that the newly identified host inhibitors likely block HIV transcription through different mechanisms. The identification and validation of these host inhibitors provides important new insights into how latency is maintained in T cells that could be useful for either activating and eliminating latently infected cells (“shock and kill”), or permanently silencing the integrated latent proviruses (“block and lock”).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichong Li
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus Hajian
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Santa Rosa Junior College, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Center for HIV Cure Research, Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Vansant G, Chen HC, Zorita E, Trejbalová K, Miklík D, Filion G, Debyser Z. The chromatin landscape at the HIV-1 provirus integration site determines viral expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7801-7817. [PMID: 32597987 PMCID: PMC7641320 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists lifelong in memory cells of the immune system as latent provirus that rebounds upon treatment interruption. Therefore, the latent reservoir is the main target for an HIV cure. Here, we studied the direct link between integration site and transcription using LEDGINs and Barcoded HIV-ensembles (B-HIVE). LEDGINs are antivirals that inhibit the interaction between HIV-1 integrase and the chromatin-tethering factor LEDGF/p75. They were used as a tool to retarget integration, while the effect on HIV expression was measured with B-HIVE. B-HIVE tracks insert-specific HIV expression by tagging a unique barcode in the HIV genome. We confirmed that LEDGINs retarget integration out of gene-dense and actively transcribed regions. The distance to H3K36me3, the marker recognized by LEDGF/p75, clearly increased. LEDGIN treatment reduced viral RNA expression and increased the proportion of silent provirus. Finally, silent proviruses obtained after LEDGIN treatment were located further away from epigenetic marks associated with active transcription. Interestingly, proximity to enhancers stimulated transcription irrespective of LEDGIN treatment, while the distance to H3K36me3 only changed after treatment with LEDGINs. The fact that proximity to these markers are associated with RNA expression support the direct link between provirus integration site and viral expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Vansant
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Heng-Chang Chen
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Eduard Zorita
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Katerina Trejbalová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Miklík
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Filion
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain.,University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Flanders, Belgium
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48
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Liu J, Kelly J, Yu W, Clausen D, Yu Y, Kim H, Duffy JL, Chung CC, Myers RW, Carroll S, Klein DJ, Fells J, Holloway MK, Wu J, Wu G, Howell BJ, Barnard RJO, Kozlowski JA. Selective Class I HDAC Inhibitors Based on Aryl Ketone Zinc Binding Induce HIV-1 Protein for Clearance. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1476-1483. [PMID: 32676157 PMCID: PMC7357218 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persistence in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells is broadly considered a barrier to eradicate HIV. Activation of the provirus using latency-reversing agents (LRAs) followed by immune-mediated clearance to purge reservoirs has been touted as a promising therapeutic approach. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) control the acetylation level of lysine residues in histones to regulate the gene transcription. Several clinical HDAC inhibitors had been examined as LRAs, which induced HIV activation in vitro and in vivo. Here we report the discovery of a series of selective and potent class I HDAC inhibitors based on aryl ketones as a zinc binding group, which reversed HIV latency using a Jurkat model of HIV latency in 2C4 cells. The SAR led to the discovery of a highly selective class I HDAC inhibitor 10 with excellent potency. HDACi 10 induces the HIV gag P24 protein in patient latent CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph Kelly
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dane Clausen
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Younong Yu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joseph L. Duffy
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christine C. Chung
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert W. Myers
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Steve Carroll
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Daniel J. Klein
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James Fells
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - M. Katharine Holloway
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jin Wu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Bonnie J. Howell
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Richard J. O. Barnard
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 770
Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Joseph A. Kozlowski
- Merck
& Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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49
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Cunha-Santos C, Perdigao PRL, Martin F, Oliveira JG, Cardoso M, Manuel A, Taveira N, Goncalves J. Inhibition of HIV replication through siRNA carried by CXCR4-targeted chimeric nanobody. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2859-2870. [PMID: 31641784 PMCID: PMC11104913 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA) application in therapy still faces a major challenge with the lack of an efficient and specific delivery system. Current vehicles are often responsible for poor efficacy, safety concerns, and burden costs of siRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we describe a novel strategy for targeted delivery of siRNA molecules to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Specific membrane translocation of siRNA inhibitor was addressed by an engineered nanobody targeting the HIV co-receptor CXCR4 (NbCXCR4) in fusion with a single-chain variable fragment (4M5.3) that carried the FITC-conjugated siRNA. 4M5.3-NbCXCR4 conjugate (4M5.3X4) efficiently targeted CXCR4+ T lymphocytes, specifically translocating siRNA by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Targeted delivery of siRNA directed to the mRNA of HIV transactivator tat silenced Tat-driven viral transcription and inhibited the replication of distinct virus clades. In summary, we have shown that the engineered nanobody chimera developed in this study constitutes an efficient and specific delivery method of siRNAs through CXCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Cunha-Santos
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lucas Perdigao
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martin
- HIV Evolution, Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Gomes Oliveira
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Cardoso
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Manuel
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Taveira
- HIV Evolution, Epidemiology and Prevention Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology Department, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal.
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50
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Ivanov S, Lagunin A, Filimonov D, Tarasova O. Network-Based Analysis of OMICs Data to Understand the HIV-Host Interaction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1314. [PMID: 32625189 PMCID: PMC7311653 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus with human cells is responsible for all stages of the viral life cycle, from the infection of CD4+ cells to reverse transcription, integration, and the assembly of new viral particles. To date, a large amount of OMICs data as well as information from functional genomics screenings regarding the HIV–host interaction has been accumulated in the literature and in public databases. We processed databases containing HIV–host interactions and found 2910 HIV-1-human protein-protein interactions, mostly related to viral group M subtype B, 137 interactions between human and HIV-1 coding and non-coding RNAs, essential for viral lifecycle and cell defense mechanisms, 232 transcriptomics, 27 proteomics, and 34 epigenomics HIV-related experiments. Numerous studies regarding network-based analysis of corresponding OMICs data have been published in recent years. We overview various types of molecular networks, which can be created using OMICs data, including HIV–human protein–protein interaction networks, co-expression networks, gene regulatory and signaling networks, and approaches for the analysis of their topology and dynamics. The network-based analysis can be used to determine the critical pathways and key proteins involved in the HIV life cycle, cellular and immune responses to infection, viral escape from host defense mechanisms, and mechanisms mediating different susceptibility of humans to infection. The proteins and pathways identified in these studies represent a basis for developing new anti-HIV therapeutic strategies such as new drugs preventing infection of CD4+ cells and viral replication, effective vaccines, “shock and kill” and “block and lock” approaches to cure latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ivanov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Filimonov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Tarasova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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