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Influence of Immune System Abnormalities Caused by Maternal Immune Activation in the Postnatal Period. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050741. [PMID: 36899877 PMCID: PMC10001371 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) indicate that fetal tissues and organs in critical and sensitive periods of development are susceptible to structural and functional changes due to the adverse environment in utero. Maternal immune activation (MIA) is one of the phenomena in DOHaD. Exposure to maternal immune activation is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, psychosis, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and human immune disorders. It has been associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines transferred from mother to fetus in the prenatal period. Abnormal immunity induced by MIA includes immune overreaction or immune response failure in offspring. Immune overreaction is a hypersensitivity response of the immune system to pathogens or allergic factor. Immune response failure could not properly fight off various pathogens. The clinical features in offspring depend on the gestation period, inflammatory magnitude, inflammatory type of MIA in the prenatal period, and exposure to prenatal inflammatory stimulation, which might induce epigenetic modifications in the immune system. An analysis of epigenetic modifications caused by adverse intrauterine environments might allow clinicians to predict the onset of diseases and disorders before or after birth.
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2
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Jiao L, Su CW, Cao T, Zheng S, Walker WA, Shi HN. Maternal Influences and Intervention Strategies on the Development of Food Allergy in Offspring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817062. [PMID: 35281070 PMCID: PMC8904425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies and other immune-mediated diseases have become serious health concerns amongst infants and children in developed and developing countries. The absence of available cures limits disease management to allergen avoidance and symptomatic treatments. Research has suggested that the presence of maternal food allergies may expose the offspring to genetic predisposition, making them more susceptible to allergen sensitization. The following review has focused on epidemiologic studies regarding maternal influences of proneness to develop food allergy in offspring. The search strategy was "food allergy OR maternal effects OR offspring OR prevention". A systematically search from PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct and Google Scholar was conducted. Specifically, it discussed the effects of maternal immunity, microbiota, breastfeeding, genotype and allergy exposure on the development of food allergy in offspring. In addition, several commonly utilized prenatal and postpartum strategies to reduce food allergy proneness were presented, including early diagnosis of high-risk infants and various dietary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefei Jiao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Chien-Wen Su
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Tinglan Cao
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shasha Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - W. Allan Walker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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3
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Cook-Mills JM, Averill SH, Lajiness JD. Asthma, allergy and vitamin E: Current and future perspectives. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:388-402. [PMID: 34785320 PMCID: PMC9109636 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and allergic disease result from interactions of environmental exposures and genetics. Vitamin E is one environmental factor that can modify development of allergy early in life and modify responses to allergen after allergen sensitization. Seemingly varied outcomes from vitamin E are consistent with the differential functions of the isoforms of vitamin E. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the vitamin E isoforms α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol have opposite functions in regulation of allergic inflammation and development of allergic disease, with α-tocopherol having anti-inflammatory functions and γ-tocopherol having pro-inflammatory functions in allergy and asthma. Moreover, global differences in prevalence of asthma by country may be a result, at least in part, of differences in consumption of these two isoforms of tocopherols. It is critical in clinical and animal studies that measurements of the isoforms of tocopherols be determined in vehicles for the treatments, and in the plasma and/or tissues before and after intervention. As allergic inflammation is modifiable by tocopherol isoforms, differential regulation by tocopherol isoforms provide a foundation for development of interventions to improve lung function in disease and raise the possibility of early life dietary interventions to limit the development of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Cook-Mills
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Samantha H Averill
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jacquelyn D Lajiness
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
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4
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Taylor M, Pillaye J, Horsnell WGC. Inherent maternal type 2 immunity: Consequences for maternal and offspring health. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101527. [PMID: 34838445 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An inherent elevation in type 2 immunity is a feature of maternal and offspring immune systems. This has diverse implications for maternal and offspring biology including influencing success of pregnancy, offspring immune development and maternal and offspring ability to control infection and diseases such as allergies. In this review we provide a broad insight into how this immunological feature of pregnancy and early life impacts both maternal and offspring biology. We also suggest how understanding of this axis of immune influence is and may be utilised to improve maternal and offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Taylor
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK.
| | - Jamie Pillaye
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William Gordon Charles Horsnell
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.
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5
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Wang Z, Lai Z, Zhang X, Huang P, Xie J, Jiang Q, Zhang Q, Chung KF. Altered gut microbiome compositions are associated with the severity of asthma. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:4322-4338. [PMID: 34422359 PMCID: PMC8339736 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-20-2189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite substantial evidence on the contribution of the diversity of the gut microbiome to the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic diseases, little is known about their relationship with asthma severity and/or clinical phenotypes. We analyzed the difference in composition of the gut microbiome between subjects with asthma and healthy subjects and explored its role in the development of asthma. Methods Fecal samples from 15 subjects with severe asthma (SA), 14 with non-severe asthma (NSA), and 15 healthy subjects were assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing methods to identify the gut bacterial composition. Results Compared with those in the NSA group, patients in the SA group had a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids, and there were more atopic subjects (60% vs. 35.7%, respectively). No significant differences were found at the phylum level either in operational taxonomic unit numbers or in diversity scores among the SA, NSA, and healthy groups. However, at the family level, the relative abundance of Acidaminococcaceae in the SA group was remarkedly lower than that in the group with healthy subjects (P<0.05). Furthermore, Veillonellaceae and Prevotellaceae were significantly more common in samples from the SA group than in those from the NSA group (P<0.05). In the SA group, positive correlations were observed between the relative abundance of Veillonellaceae and mid-expiratory flow 25% (MEF25%) predicted (r=0.538, P=0.047), as well as between the relative abundance of Acidaminococcaceae and body mass index (r=0642, P=0.010). Principal component analysis suggested that the relative abundances of Acidaminococcaceae and Prevotellaceae were associated with severe asthma. Moreover, we found that class Betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales, and family Alcaligenaceae were significantly different among the groups defined by serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Conclusions Our findings suggest that altered gut microbiome compositions are involved in the severity of asthma and that there are specific bacteria related to different asthma phenotypes in terms of serum IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Hexian Memorial Hospital of PanYu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengdao Lai
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Dongguan Institute of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Afliated Dongguan People's Hospital, Southern Medicial University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peikai Huang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiration Medicine, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Jiaxing Xie
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou Insitute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
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Roßberg S, Keller T, Icke K, Siedmann V, Lau I, Keil T, Lau S. Orally applied bacterial lysate in infants at risk for atopy does not prevent atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma or allergic sensitization at school age: Follow-up of a randomized trial. Allergy 2020; 75:2020-2025. [PMID: 32087032 DOI: 10.1111/all.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The allergy preventive effects of gut immune modulation by bacterial compounds are still not fully understood. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the effect of bacterial lysate applied orally from the second until seventh months of life on the prevalence of allergic diseases at school age. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 606 newborns with at least one allergic parent received orally a bacterial lysate consisting of heat-killed Gram-negative Escherichia coli Symbio and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis Symbio or placebo from week 5 until the end of month 7. A total of 402 children were followed until school age (6-11 years) for the assessment of current atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma and sensitization against aeroallergens. RESULTS AD was diagnosed in 11.0% (22/200) of children in the active and in 10.4% (21/202) of children in the placebo group. AR was diagnosed in 35% (70/200) of children in the active and in 38.1% (77/202) children in the placebo group. Asthma was diagnosed in 9% (18/199) of children in the active and in 6.6% (13/197) of children in the placebo group. Sensitization occurred in 46.5% (66/142) of participants in the active and 51.7% (76/147) in the placebo group. CONCLUSION An oral bacterial lysate of heat-killed Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis applied during the first 7 months of life did not influence the development of AD, asthma and AR at school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Roßberg
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Theresa Keller
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Katja Icke
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Imke Lau
- Sektion Humanmedizin Universität zu Lübeck Lübeck Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Klinische Epidemiologie und Biometrie Universität Würzburg Würzburg Germany
- Landesinstitut für Gesundheit Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit Bad Kissingen Germany
| | - Susanne Lau
- Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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Alberca RW, Pereira NZ, Oliveira LMDS, Gozzi-Silva SC, Sato MN. Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1672. [PMID: 32733490 PMCID: PMC7358375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy comprises a unique immunological condition, to allow fetal development and to protect the host from pathogenic infections. Viral infections during pregnancy can disrupt immunological tolerance and may generate deleterious effects on the fetus. Despite these possible links between pregnancy and infection-induced morbidity, it is unclear how pregnancy interferes with maternal response to some viral pathogens. In this context, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can induce the coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women. The potential risk of vertical transmission is unclear, babies born from COVID-19-positive mothers seems to have no serious clinical symptoms, the possible mechanisms are discussed, which highlights that checking the children's outcome and more research is warranted. In this review, we investigate the reports concerning viral infections and COVID-19 during pregnancy, to establish a correlation and possible implications of COVID-19 during pregnancy and neonatal's health.
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MESH Headings
- Betacoronavirus
- COVID-19
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus Infections/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytokines/blood
- Female
- Fetal Development/immunology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Mothers
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nátalli Zanete Pereira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara Da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Neonatal endotoxin stimulation is associated with a long-term bronchiolar epithelial expression of innate immune and anti-allergic markers that attenuates the allergic response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226233. [PMID: 32379832 PMCID: PMC7205282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is the most common phenotype of the pathology, having an early-onset in childhood and producing a Th2-driven airways remodeling process that leads to symptoms and pathophysiological changes. The avoidance of aeroallergen exposure in early life has been shown to prevent asthma, but without repeated success and with the underlying preventive mechanisms at the beginning of asthma far to be fully recognized. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate if neonatal LPS-induced boost in epithelial host defenses contribute to prevent OVA-induced asthma in adult mice. To this, we focused on the response of bronchiolar club cells (CC), which are highly specialized in maintaining the epithelial homeostasis in the lung. In these cells, neonatal LPS administration increased the expression of TLR4 and TNFα, as well as the immunodulatory/antiallergic proteins: club cell secretory protein (CCSP) and surfactant protein D (SP-D). LPS also prevented mucous metaplasia of club cells and reduced the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent mucin overproduction, with mice displaying normal breathing patterns after OVA challenge. Furthermore, the overexpression of the epithelial Th2-related molecule TSLP was blunted, and normal TSLP and IL-4 levels were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage. A lower eosinophilia was detected in LPS-pretreated mice, along with an increase in phagocytes and regulatory cells (CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ and CD4+IL-10+), together with higher levels of IL-12 and TNFα. In conclusion, our study demonstrates stable asthma-preventive epithelial effects promoted by neonatal LPS stimulation, leading to the presence of regulatory cells in the lung. These anti-allergic dynamic mechanisms would be overlaid in the epithelium, favored by an adequate epidemiological environment, during the development of asthma.
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Sbihi H, Boutin RCT, Cutler C, Suen M, Finlay BB, Turvey SE. Thinking bigger: How early-life environmental exposures shape the gut microbiome and influence the development of asthma and allergic disease. Allergy 2019; 74:2103-2115. [PMID: 30964945 DOI: 10.1111/all.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance, or dysbiosis, of the gut microbiome of infants has been linked to an increased risk of asthma and allergic diseases. Most studies to date have provided a wealth of data showing correlations between early-life risk factors for disease and changes in the structure of the gut microbiome that disrupt normal immunoregulation. These studies have typically focused on one specific risk factor, such as mode of delivery or early-life antibiotic use. Such "micro-level" exposures have a considerable impact on affected individuals but not necessarily the whole population. In this review, we place these mechanisms under a larger lens that takes into account the influence of upstream "macro-level" environmental factors such as air pollution and the built environment. While these exposures likely have a smaller impact on the microbiome at an individual level, their ubiquitous nature confers them with a large influence at the population level. We focus on features of the indoor and outdoor human-made environment, their microbiomes and the research challenges inherent in integrating the built environment microbiomes with the early-life gut microbiome. We argue that an exposome perspective integrating internal and external microbiomes with macro-level environmental factors can provide a more comprehensive framework to define how environmental exposures can shape the gut microbiome and influence the development of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Sbihi
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Rozlyn CT. Boutin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Chelsea Cutler
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mandy Suen
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children’s Hospital The University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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10
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The Influence of LPS-Induced Maternal Inflammation on Postnatal Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation 2018; 41:1842-1851. [PMID: 29951877 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Maternal health and nutritional status influence offspring health and the diseases that may develop in them. The effects of maternal inflammation on offspring from the perspective of the inflammatory response and immune changes are not fully understood. We hypothesized that maternal inflammation modulates immune and metabolic functions, affecting the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases in offspring. This study investigated whether maternal inflammation affects the onset of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis. Female DBA/1J mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 5 days before conception. Male offspring of LPS-treated dams were placed in the maternal LPS group (MLG). To induce CIA, type II collagen (CII) was emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant and injected twice into each mouse, at 13 and 16 weeks. The offspring were sacrificed at 26 weeks to analyze immunological and metabolic parameters. The degree of joint swelling at an early stage of CIA was lower in the MLG than in the control group. From histological analysis, the severity of joint destruction (severity of arthritis score) and CII-specific IgG titer were significantly lower in the MLG. However, at 26 weeks, serum interleukin (IL)-6 levels, an index of CIA disease activity, were significantly higher in the MLG. Moreover, serum leptin levels were lower in the MLG, and a negative correlation between leptin and serum IL-6 was observed. In conclusion, maternal inflammation does not merely suppress inflammation; it may delay CIA in offspring. The analysis of inflammatory cytokines and leptin concentrations at 26 weeks suggests that the pathophysiology of arthritis was worsening. This study also suggests that maternal inflammation modulates postnatal inflammatory response patterns in offspring.
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11
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Zakeri A, Russo M. Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 29867994 PMCID: PMC5963123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that is influenced by the interplay between genetic factors and exposure to environmental allergens, microbes, or microbial products where toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role. TLRs recognize a wide range of microbial or endogenous molecules as well as airborne environmental allergens and act as adjuvants that influence positively or negatively allergic sensitization. TLRs are qualitatively and differentially expressed on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic stromal or structural airway cells that when activated by TLRs agonists exert an immune-modulatory role in asthma development. Therefore, understanding mechanisms and pathways by which TLRs orchestrate asthma outcomes may offer new strategies to control the disease. Here, we aim to review and critically discuss the role of TLRs in human asthma and murine models of allergic airway inflammation, highlighting the complexity of TLRs function in development, exacerbation, or control of airway allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Jenmalm MC. The mother-offspring dyad: microbial transmission, immune interactions and allergy development. J Intern Med 2017; 282:484-495. [PMID: 28727206 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of allergy in affluent countries may be caused by reduced intensity and diversity of microbial stimulation, resulting in abnormal postnatal immune maturation. Most studies investigating the underlying immunomodulatory mechanisms have focused on postnatal microbial exposure, for example demonstrating that the gut microbiota differs in composition and diversity during the first months of life in children who later do or do not develop allergic disease. However, it is also becoming increasingly evident that the maternal microbial environment during pregnancy is important in childhood immune programming, and the first microbial encounters may occur already in utero. During pregnancy, there is a close immunological interaction between the mother and her offspring, which provides important opportunities for the maternal microbial environment to influence the immune development of the child. In support of this theory, combined pre- and postnatal supplementations seem to be crucial for the preventive effect of probiotics on infant eczema. Here, the influence of microbial and immune interactions within the mother-offspring dyad on childhood allergy development will be discussed. In addition, how perinatal transmission of microbes and immunomodulatory factors from mother to offspring may shape appropriate immune maturation during infancy and beyond, potentially via epigenetic mechanisms, will be examined. Deeper understanding of these interactions between the maternal and offspring microbiome and immunity is needed to identify efficacious preventive measures to combat the allergy epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Jenmalm
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Autoimmunity and Immune Regulation, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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13
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Takiishi T, Fenero CIM, Câmara NOS. Intestinal barrier and gut microbiota: Shaping our immune responses throughout life. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1373208. [PMID: 28956703 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1373208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is considered the largest immunological organ in the body having a central role in regulating immune homeostasis. Contrary to earlier belief, the intestinal epithelial barrier is not a static physical barrier but rather strongly interacts with the gut microbiome and cells of the immune system. This intense communication between epithelial cells, immune cells and microbiome will shape specific immune responses to antigens, balancing tolerance and effector immune functions. Recent studies indicate that composition of the gut microbiome affects immune system development and modulates immune mediators, which in turn affect the intestinal barrier. Moreover, dysbiosis may favor intestinal barrier disruption and could be related to increased susceptibility to certain diseases. This review will be focused on the development of the intestinal barrier and its function in host immune defense and how gut microbiome composition throughout life can affect this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Takiishi
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Camila Ideli Morales Fenero
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- a Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo - SP , Brazil
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Inducing maternal inflammation promotes leptin production in offspring but does not improve allergic symptoms in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00327. [PMID: 28707000 PMCID: PMC5484967 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The intrauterine environment is considered to affect immunological development in fetus, leading to an increased risk of developing allergy. In particular, maternal lipopolysaccharides (LPS) administration might regulate the development of allergic disease in offspring. Several studies have shown that being obese relates to a higher prevalence of allergic diseases compared to normal weight. The present study explored the effects of inducing maternal inflammation with LPS before pregnancy on body weight, physical composition including body fat, adipokine production, and pathology of allergic rhinitis in offspring. MAIN METHODS Female mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS (2 μg/g BW). After 5 days of LPS administration, female mice were mated with males, and experimental allergic rhinitis was induced in female offspring. Immunization and nasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) were performed at 7 and 8 weeks of age. Allergic rhinitis-like symptoms, OVA-specific IgE and adipokines in sera, body weight, fat pad weight, and cytokine production by splenocytes in these 9-week-old offspring. KEY FINDINGS Maternal LPS administration results in a significant increase in body weight, visceral fat accumulation, and serum leptin concentration, and the dominance of Th1 in Th balance. Nevertheless, there was no statistical difference in OVA-specific IgE titer and allergic-like symptoms between the groups. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, maternal LPS promoted leptin production and altered Th balance in mice offspring, but not improved allergic symptoms in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. It might suggest that inflammation during pregnancy plays a role in the adipose tissue function which could diversely influence allergic inflammation in offspring.
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Schwarzer M, Srutkova D, Hermanova P, Leulier F, Kozakova H, Schabussova I. Diet Matters: Endotoxin in the Diet Impacts the Level of Allergic Sensitization in Germ-Free Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167786. [PMID: 28052076 PMCID: PMC5215724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ-free animals have been used to define the vital role of commensal bacteria on the maturation of the host immune system. However, the role of bacterial residues in diet in this setting is poorly understood. Here we investigated the effect of bacterial contamination in sterile diet on the level of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Sterile grain-based diets ST1 and R03 were tested for the level of bacterial contamination. ST1 contained higher amount of bacterial DNA, approximately ten times more endotoxin, and induced higher, TLR4-dependent, cytokine production in dendritic cells compared to R03. In a germ-free mouse model of sensitization to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1, feeding on ST1 for at least two generations was associated with decreased production of allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in sera in comparison to R03. Furthermore, reduced levels of allergen-specific and ConA-induced cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 accompanied by increased levels of IFN-γ were detected in splenocytes cultures of these mice. Our results show that contamination of experimental diet with bacterial residues, such as endotoxin, significantly affects the development of allergic sensitization in germ-free mice. Therefore, careful selection of sterile food is critical for the outcomes of germ-free or gnotobiotic experimental models of immune-deviated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hermanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Francois Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon (IGFL), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Iniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Hana Kozakova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Martín-Orozco E, Norte-Muñoz M, Martínez-García J. Regulatory T Cells in Allergy and Asthma. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:117. [PMID: 28589115 PMCID: PMC5440567 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system's correct functioning requires a sophisticated balance between responses to continuous microbial challenges and tolerance to harmless antigens, such as self-antigens, food antigens, commensal microbes, allergens, etc. When this equilibrium is altered, it can lead to inflammatory pathologies, tumor growth, autoimmune disorders, and allergy/asthma. The objective of this review is to show the existing data on the importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) on this balance and to underline how intrauterine and postnatal environmental exposures influence the maturation of the immune system in humans. Genetic and environmental factors during embryo development and/or early life will result in a proper or, conversely, inadequate immune maturation with either beneficial or deleterious effects on health. We have focused herein on Tregs as a reflection of the maturity of the immune system. We explain the types, origins, and the mechanisms of action of these cells, discussing their role in allergy and asthma predisposition. Understanding the importance of Tregs in counteracting dysregulated immunity would provide approaches to diminish asthma and other related diseases in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Martín-Orozco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, Murcia Biohealth Research Institute-University of Murcia (IMIB-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - María Norte-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, Murcia Biohealth Research Institute-University of Murcia (IMIB-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, Murcia Biohealth Research Institute-University of Murcia (IMIB-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Murcia, Spain
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Boutin RCT, Finlay BB. Microbiota-Mediated Immunomodulation and Asthma: Current and Future Perspectives. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-016-0087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Zakeri A, Borji H, Haghparast A. Interaction Between Helminths and Toll-Like Receptors: Possibilities and Potentials for Asthma Therapy. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 35:219-48. [PMID: 27120222 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, especially asthma. Since TLRs significantly orchestrate innate and adaptive immune response, their manipulation has widely been considered as a potential approach to control asthma symptoms. It is well established that helminths have immunoregulatory effects on host immune responses, especially innate immunity. They release bioactive molecules such as excretory-secretory (ES) products manipulating TLRs expression and signaling. Thus, given the promising results derived from preclinical studies, harnessing helminth-derived molecules affecting TLRs can be considered as a potential biological therapy for allergic diseases. Prospectively, the data that are available at present suggest that, in the near future, it is possible that helminth antigens will offer new therapeutic strategies and druggable targets for fighting allergic diseases. This review describes the interactions between helminths and TLRs and discusses the potential possibilities for asthma therapy. In this opinion paper, the authors aimed to review the updated literatures on the interplay between helminths, TLRs, and asthma with a view to proposing helminth-based asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Zakeri
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- a Parasitology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- b Immunology Sections, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran.,c Biotechnology Section, Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad , Mashhad , Iran
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19
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West CE, Jenmalm MC, Prescott SL. The gut microbiota and its role in the development of allergic disease: a wider perspective. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:43-53. [PMID: 24773202 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota are critical in the homoeostasis of multiple interconnected host metabolic and immune networks. If early microbial colonization is delayed, the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) fail to develop, leading to persistent immune dysregulation in mice. Microbial colonization has also been proposed as a major driver for the normal age-related maturation of both Th1 and T regulatory (Treg) pathways that appear important in suppressing early propensity for Th2 allergic responses. There is emerging evidence that resident symbionts induce tolerogenic gut-associated Treg cells and dendritic cells that ensure the preferential growth of symbionts; keeping pathogenic strains in check and constraining proinflammatory Th1, Th2, and Th17 clones. Some effects of symbionts are mediated by short-chain fatty acids, which play a critical role in mucosal integrity and local and systemic metabolic function and stimulate the regulatory immune responses. The homoeostatic IL-10/TGF-β dominated tolerogenic response within the GALT also signals the production of secretory IgA, which have a regulating role in mucosal integrity. Contrary to the 'sterile womb' paradigm, recent studies suggest that maternal microbial transfer to the offspring begins during pregnancy, providing a pioneer microbiome. It is likely that appropriate microbial stimulation both pre- and postnatally is required for optimal Th1 and Treg development to avoid the pathophysiological processes leading to allergy. Disturbed gut colonization patterns have been associated with allergic disease, but whether microbial variation is the cause or effect of these diseases is still under investigation. We are far from understanding what constitutes a 'healthy gut microbiome' that promotes tolerance. This remains a major limitation and might explain some of the inconsistency in human intervention studies with prebiotics and probiotics. Multidisciplinary integrative approaches with researchers working in networks, using harmonized outcomes and methodologies, are needed to advance our understanding in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E West
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) network of the World Universities Network, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Asthma occurs as a result of complex interactions of environmental and genetic factors. Clinical studies and animal models of asthma indicate offspring of allergic mothers have increased risk of development of allergies. Environmental factors including stress-induced corticosterone and vitamin E isoforms during pregnancy regulate the risk for offspring development of allergy. In this review, we discuss mechanisms for the development of allergic disease early in life, environmental factors that may impact the development of risk for allergic disease early in life, and how the variation in global prevalence of asthma may be explained, at least in part, by some environmental components.
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Krauss-Etschmann S, Meyer KF, Dehmel S, Hylkema MN. Inter- and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: evidence in asthma and COPD? Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:53. [PMID: 26052354 PMCID: PMC4456695 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is now emerging that early life environment can have lifelong effects on metabolic, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function in offspring, a concept also known as fetal or developmental programming. In mammals, developmental programming is thought to occur mainly via epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and expression of non-coding RNAs. The effects of developmental programming can be induced by the intrauterine environment, leading to intergenerational epigenetic effects from one generation to the next. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance may be considered when developmental programming is transmitted across generations that were not exposed to the initial environment which triggered the change. So far, inter- and transgenerational programming has been mainly described for cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk. In this review, we discuss available evidence that epigenetic inheritance also occurs in respiratory diseases, using asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as examples. While multiple epidemiological as well as animal studies demonstrate effects of 'toxic' intrauterine exposure on various asthma-related phenotypes in the offspring, only few studies link epigenetic marks to the observed phenotypes. As epigenetic marks may distinguish individuals most at risk of later disease at early age, it will enable early intervention strategies to reduce such risks. To achieve this goal further, well designed experimental and human studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- />Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich and Children’s Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians University, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
- />Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Research Center Borstel and Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Parkallee 1-40, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karolin F Meyer
- />Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
- />University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Dehmel
- />Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Center Munich and Children’s Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians University, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Machteld N Hylkema
- />Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
- />University of Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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García LN, Leimgruber C, Uribe Echevarría EM, Acosta PL, Brahamian JM, Polack FP, Miró MS, Quintar AA, Sotomayor CE, Maldonado CA. Protective phenotypes of club cells and alveolar macrophages are favored as part of endotoxin-mediated prevention of asthma. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:904-16. [PMID: 25504013 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214562338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthma is a chronic allergic disease that involves T-helper type 2 (Th2)-inflammation and airway remodeling. Bronchiolar club cells (CC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) are sentinel cells of airway barrier against inhaled injuries, where allergy induces mucous metaplasia of CC and the alternative activation of AM, which compromise host defense mechanisms and amplify Th2-inflammation. As there is evidence that high levels of environmental endotoxin modulates asthma, the goal of this study was to evaluate if the activation of local host defenses by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) previous to allergy development can contribute to preserving CC and AM protective phenotypes. Endotoxin stimulus before allergen exposition reduced hallmarks of allergic inflammation including eosinophil influx, Interleukin-4 and airway hyperreactivity, while the T-helper type 1 related cytokines IL-12 and Interferon-γ were enhanced. This response was accompanied by the preservation of the normal CC phenotype and the anti-allergic proteins Club Cell Secretory Protein (CCSP) and Surfactant-D, thereby leading to lower levels of CC metaplasia and preventing the increase of the pro-Th2 cytokine Thymic stromal lymphopoietin. In addition, classically activated alveolar macrophages expressing nitric oxide were promoted over the alternatively activated ones that expressed arginase-1. We verified that LPS induced a long-term overexpression of CCSP and the innate immune markers Toll-like receptor 4, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, changes that were preserved in spite of the allergen challenge. These results demonstrate that LPS pre-exposition modifies the local bronchioalveolar microenvironment by inducing natural anti-allergic mechanisms while reducing local factors that drive Th2 type responses, thus modulating allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana N García
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina Leimgruber
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elisa M Uribe Echevarría
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Patricio L Acosta
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge M Brahamian
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundación INFANT, Gavilan 94 C1406ABC, Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, MCN, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - María S Miró
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende (X5000HRA), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Amado A Quintar
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Sotomayor
- Centro de Investigación en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende (X5000HRA), Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cristina A Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), CONICET and Centro de Microscopía Electrónica- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Enrique Barros esq. Enfermera Gordillo, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HRA, Córdoba, Argentina
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23
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Lau S. Oral application of bacterial lysate in infancy diminishes the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children at risk for atopy. Benef Microbes 2014; 5:147-9. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous interventions such as avoidance of food allergens, prolonged breast feeding and supplementation of pro-and/or prebiotics have been tried as primary prevention of atopic dermatitis. Recent data suggest that prevention of infantile eczema is possible in a subgroup of children by feeding bacterial lysates early in life. Bacterial lysates of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were found to impair allergic immune responses in rats. An interventional trial in 606 infants at risk for atopy showed a reduction of atopic dermatitis at the end of the treatment phase (month 2 until month 7) of 50% in a subgroup of children with single heredity for atopy. This was even more pronounced in the group of children with paternal heredity for atopy. This effect was still seen at age 1 year. There was no effect on food sensitisation. In conclusion, an immune modulation in terms of prevention of atopic dermatitis in infancy if single atopic family history is present seems to be possible by feeding bacterial lysates early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lau
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité Medical University, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the concept of food allergy prevention, no successful strategy could be identified until now. Although interventional trials using probiotics, prebiotics, hydrolyzed formula and bacterial lysates early in infancy were found to reduce the incidence of atopic dermatitis, no effect on food sensitization and allergy could be shown. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in a farming environment showed that early contact to livestock, bacteria and moulds may upregulate the immune responses regulated via Toll-like receptors and thus prevent allergy. There is increasing evidence that the unbalanced composition of the human microbiome on human skin and mucosal surfaces may be a key player in the development of inflammatory diseases like allergy and asthma. However, during the last 5 years, this concept could not yet be verified in the interventional trials. There are few studies using bacterial lysates, for example, Escherichia coli plus Enterococcus faecalis in ProSymbioflor and heat-killed Bifidobacterium breve and Streptococcus thermophilus; however, food allergy prevalence could not be reduced by these interventions. SUMMARY During the last 5 years, new interventional trials addressed the use of bacterial lysates. There was only an effect on eczema in the ProSymbioflor trial, whereas the trial using B. breve and S. thermophilus in a cow's milk formula showed a slight reduction of food sensitization at the age of 12 months. However, these strategies need further investigation and success seems to be restricted to certain subpopulations.
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Casas L, Tischer C, Wouters IM, Torrent M, Gehring U, Garcia-Esteban R, Thiering E, Postma DS, de Jongste J, Smit HA, Borràs-Santos A, Zock JP, Hyvärinen A, Heinrich J, Sunyer J. Early life microbial exposure and fractional exhaled nitric oxide in school-age children: a prospective birth cohort study. Environ Health 2013; 12:103. [PMID: 24295277 PMCID: PMC3883521 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a key factor in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Early life exposure to microbial agents may have an effect on the development of the immune system and on respiratory health later in life.In the present work we aimed to evaluate the associations between early life microbial exposures, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) at school age. METHODS Endotoxin, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and β(1,3)-D-glucan were measured in living room dust collected at 2-3 months of age in homes of participants of three prospective European birth cohorts (LISA, n = 182; PIAMA, n = 244; and INMA, n = 355). Home dampness and pet ownership were periodically reported by the parents through questionnaires. FeNO was measured at age 8 for PIAMA and at age 10/11 for LISA and INMA. Cohort-specific associations between the indoor microbial exposures and FeNO were evaluated using multivariable regression analyses. Estimates were combined using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS FeNO at school age was lower in children exposed to endotoxin at age 2-3 months (β -0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.10;-0.01) and in children with reported dog ownership during the first two years of life (GM ratio 0.82, CI 0.70-0.96). FeNO was not significantly associated with early life exposure to EPS, β(1,3)-D-glucan, indoor dampness and cat ownership. CONCLUSION Early life exposure to bacterial endotoxin and early life dog ownership are associated with lower FeNO at school age. Further studies are needed to confirm our results and to unravel the underlying mechanisms and possible clinical relevance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Casas
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christina Tischer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ulrike Gehring
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raquel Garcia-Esteban
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Thiering
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC research institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan de Jongste
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A Smit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alícia Borràs-Santos
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan-Paul Zock
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Hyvärinen
- Department Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Solati J, Asiaei M, Hoseini MHM. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis as a model to study the effect of prenatal stress on fetal programming. Neurol Res 2013; 34:478-83. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Solati
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoud Asiaei
- Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of Medicine, Shadid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Impaired lipopolysaccharide responsiveness of cord blood mononuclear cells and the risk of asthma: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:211-6. [PMID: 23652360 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the proliferative response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) is negatively correlated with the induced expression of interleukin (IL)-4. Our aim, therefore, was to examine whether an impaired cellular response to LPS in infancy is associated with the risk for asthma. METHODS In a prospective cohort study, the relationship between the CBMC response to LPS and the risk of atopy and wheezing after the age of 4 y was evaluated. RESULTS LPS-induced CBMC proliferative responses varied markedly among the 102 infants studied (range, one- to fivefold increase over cells with diluent alone). Ninety-five infants (93%) were followed longitudinally. A higher CBMC proliferative response to LPS was noted in offspring born to nonatopic parents compared with those with at least one atopic parent (P = 0.008). Using a proliferative index cutoff of 2 separated patients into high and low induced IL-4 mRNA responders (P = 0.001). Significantly more children who never wheezed had a greater than twofold LPS-induced CBMC proliferative response compared to those with persistent atopic wheezing (P = 0.046). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CBMC proliferative responses to LPS is impaired in infants born to atopic parents and may be a risk factor for asthma later in life.
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The management of paediatric allergy: not everybody's cup of tea--10-11th February 2012. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 13 Suppl 1:S1-50. [PMID: 23377496 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32835e8b94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Wahn U. Considering 25 years of research on allergy prevention--have we let ourselves down? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:308-10. [PMID: 23692326 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Wahn
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology/Immunology; Charité; Berlin
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Reiprich M, Rudzok S, Schütze N, Simon JC, Lehmann I, Trump S, Polte T. Inhibition of endotoxin-induced perinatal asthma protection by pollutants in an experimental mouse model. Allergy 2013; 68:481-9. [PMID: 23409786 DOI: 10.1111/all.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most promising strategies to face the increasing asthma prevalence and to prevent disease development might be an early contact with microbial compounds. However, little is known about an interaction between an early-life contact to microbial compounds leading to asthma protection in the offspring and a co-exposure to allergy-promoting pollutants. METHODS Pregnant BALB/c mice were repeatedly exposed to aerosolized endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). The offspring was further exposed to aerosolized LPS before allergen sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). Some of the mice were co-exposed to mycotoxins or diesel exhaust particles (DEP) during pregnancy. The 6-week-old offspring was immunized with OVA and analyzed in a murine asthma model. RESULTS While the offspring of naïve mothers developed an asthma-like phenotype, the offspring of mice perinatally exposed to LPS was significantly protected. Co-exposure of mice to mycotoxins or DEP during pregnancy inhibited the LPS-induced protection leading to the development of eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperactivity, and increased antigen-specific IgE levels in the offspring. Furthermore, the asthma-preventive effect of perinatal LPS exposure was IFN-gamma dependent. Additionally, the IFN-gamma promoter of CD4+ T cells in the LPS-exposed offspring revealed a significant protection against loss of histone 4 acetylation, which was abolished after prenatal co-exposure to pollutants. Prenatal treatment of mice with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine reversed the pollutant-induced increased asthma risk in the offspring. CONCLUSION Our results show that exposure to pollutants during pregnancy may cause the development of allergic asthma in the offspring by inhibiting the endotoxin-induced perinatal asthma protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Rudzok
- Department of Environmental Immunology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle; Leipzig; Germany
| | | | - J. C. Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology; Leipzig University Medical Center; Leipzig; Germany
| | - I. Lehmann
- Department of Environmental Immunology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle; Leipzig; Germany
| | - S. Trump
- Department of Environmental Immunology; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle; Leipzig; Germany
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Shalaby KH, Jo T, Nakada E, Allard-Coutu A, Tsuchiya K, Hirota N, Qureshi ST, Maghni K, Rioux CR, Martin JG. ICOS-expressing CD4 T cells induced via TLR4 in the nasal mucosa are capable of inhibiting experimental allergic asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:2793-804. [PMID: 22908333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of adaptive immune responses via the innate immune pattern recognition receptors, such as the TLRs, is an emerging strategy for vaccine development. We investigated whether nasal rather than intrapulmonary application of Protollin, a mucosal adjuvant composed of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, is sufficient to elicit protection against murine allergic lower airway disease. Wild-type, Tlr2(-/-), or Tlr4(-/-) BALB/c mice were sensitized to a birch pollen allergen extract (BPEx), then received either intranasal or intrapulmonary administrations of Protollin or Protollin admixed with BPEx, followed by consecutive daily BPEx challenges. Nasal application of Protollin or Protollin admixed with BPEx was sufficient to inhibit allergic lower airway disease with minimal collateral lung inflammation. Inhibition was dependent on TLR4 and was associated with the induction of ICOS in cells of the nasal mucosa and on both CD4+Foxp3+ and CD4+Foxp3- T cells of the draining lymph nodes (LNs), as well as their recruitment to the lungs. Adoptive transfer of cervical LN CD4+ICOS+, but not CD4+ICOS-, cells inhibited BPEx-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia. Thus, our data indicate that expansion of resident ICOS-expressing CD4+ T cells of the cervical LNs by nasal mucosal TLR4 stimulation may inhibit the development of allergic lower airway disease in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim H Shalaby
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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Oral application of bacterial lysate in infancy decreases the risk of atopic dermatitis in children with 1 atopic parent in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1040-7. [PMID: 22464674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower prevalence of atopy was found in children with continuous exposure to livestock and thus to microbial compounds. In animal models exposure to endotoxin (LPS) decreases allergic sensitization and airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the effect of orally applied bacterial lysate in infancy on the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) after the treatment phase at 7 months of age. METHODS This randomized, placebo-controlled trial included 606 newborns with at least single heredity for atopy. From week 5 until the end of month 7, infants were treated orally with bacterial lysate containing heat-killed gram-negative Escherichia coli Symbio and gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis Symbio or its placebo. Children were followed until 3 years of age. RESULTS There was no difference in the primary outcome between the active and placebo groups in the total study group. AD prevalence was significantly reduced at the end of the intervention phase (31 weeks of age) in the subgroup of infants with single heredity for atopy (relative risk, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9). Ten percent (15/154) of infants in the active group had AD compared with 19% (27/145, P = .030) in the placebo group. This was more pronounced in the group of infants with paternal heredity for atopy (11% vs 32%, P = .004; relative risk, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7). CONCLUSION Feeding of bacterial lysate might have prevented the development of AD, especially in children with paternal atopy, possibly indicating a preventive property only in subjects with a limited risk for atopy.
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Gerhold K, Avagyan A, Reichert E, Seib C, Van DV, Luger EO, Hutloff A, Hamelmann E. Prenatal allergen exposures prevent allergen-induced sensitization and airway inflammation in young mice. Allergy 2012; 67:353-61. [PMID: 22229690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-modulation such as tolerance induction appears to be an upcoming concept to prevent development of atopic diseases. Pregnancy might present a critical period for preventing allergic sensitization of the progeny. We investigated the effect of maternal allergen exposures during pregnancy on allergen-induced sensitization and airway inflammation in the offspring in a murine model. METHODS BALB/c mice were exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin (OVA) three times per week from day 7 of pregnancy until delivery (day 0). Offspring were systemically sensitized by six intraperitoneal injections with OVA between postnatal days 21 and 35, prior to airway allergen challenges on days 48, 49, and 50. Analyses were performed on day 52. To examine long-lasting effects of maternal OVA exposures some offspring were sensitized between days 115 and 129; analyses took place on day 147. RESULTS Compared to maternal placebo exposures, maternal OVA exposures suppressed OVA-specific IgE serum levels and inhibited development of allergen-induced airway inflammation in the OVA-sensitized offspring on both days 52 and 147. This protective effect was associated with a shift from a predominant Th2 immune response toward a predominant production of the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10. Further, maternal OVA exposures were associated with development of CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) in the OVA-sensitized offspring. Depletion of T(regs) or neutralization of IL-10 prior to allergen sensitization re-established OVA-induced sensitization and eosinophilic airway inflammation in the OVA-sensitized offspring. CONCLUSIONS In our model, maternal allergen exposures during pregnancy prevented later allergen-mediated sensitization and airway inflammation by allergen-specific tolerance induction in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Avagyan
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - E. Reichert
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - C. Seib
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology; Charité; Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | | | - E. O. Luger
- German Rheumatism Research Centre Berlin (DRFZ); A Leibniz Institute; Berlin; Germany
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Chen CM, Thiering E, Doekes G, Zock JP, Bakolis I, Norbäck D, Sunyer J, Villani S, Verlato G, Täubel M, Jarvis D, Heinrich J. Geographical variation and the determinants of domestic endotoxin levels in mattress dust in Europe. INDOOR AIR 2012; 22:24-32. [PMID: 21906176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endotoxin exposures have manifold effects on human health. The geographical variation and determinants of domestic endotoxin levels in Europe have not yet been extensively described. To investigate the geographical variation and determinants of domestic endotoxin concentrations in mattress dust in Europe using data collected in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey follow-up (ECRHS II). Endotoxin levels were measured in mattress dust from 974 ECRHS II participants from 22 study centers using an immunoassay. Information on demographic, lifestyle, and housing characteristics of the participants was obtained in face-to-face interviews. The median endotoxin concentration in mattress dust ranged from 772 endotoxin units per gram (EU/g) dust in Reykjavik, Iceland, to 4806 EU/g in Turin, Italy. High average outdoor summer temperature of study center, cat or dog keeping, a high household crowding index, and visible damp patches in the bedroom were significantly associated with a higher endotoxin concentrations in mattress dust. There is a large variability in domestic endotoxin levels across Europe. Average outdoor summer temperature of study center, which explains only 10% of the variation in domestic endotoxin level by center, is the strongest meteorological determinant. The observed variation needs to be taken into account when evaluating the health effects of endotoxin exposures in international contexts. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The incoherent observations of the health effects of endotoxin may be partly owing to the geographical heterogeneity of endotoxin exposure. Therefore, the observed variation should be considered in further studies. Measurements of indoor endotoxin are recommended as an indicator for the level of exposures of individual domestic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Chen
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Brandtzaeg P. The gut as communicator between environment and host: immunological consequences. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668 Suppl 1:S16-32. [PMID: 21816150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During human evolution, the mucosal immune system developed two anti-inflammatory mechanisms: immune exclusion by secretory antibodies (SIgA and SIgM) to control epithelial colonization of microorganisms and inhibit penetration of harmful substances; and immunosuppression to counteract local and peripheral hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens such as food proteins. The latter function is referred to as oral tolerance when induced via the gut. Similar mechanisms also control immunity to commensal bacteria. The development of immune homeostasis depends on "windows of opportunity" where adaptive and innate immunities are coordinated by antigen-presenting cells; their function is not only influenced by microbial products but also by dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids like polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These factors can in several ways exert beneficial effects on the immunophenotype of the infant. Also breast milk provides immune-modulating factors and SIgA antibodies - reinforcing the gut barrier. Mucosal immunity is most abundantly expressed in the gut, and the intestinal mucosa of an adult contains at least 80% of the body's activated B cells - terminally differentiated to plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs). Most mucosal PCs produce dimeric IgA which is exported by secretory epithelia expressing the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC). Immune exclusion is therefore performed mainly by SIgA. Notably, pIgR knockout mice which lack SIgs show increased uptake of food and microbial antigens and they have a hyper-reactive immune system with disposition for anaphylaxis; but this untoward development is counteracted by cognate oral tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, and Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Strickland DH, Holt PG. T regulatory cells in childhood asthma. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:420-7. [PMID: 21798806 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, most commonly driven by immuno-inflammatory responses to ubiquitous airborne antigens. Epidemiological studies have shown that disease is initiated early in life when the immune and respiratory systems are functionally immature and less able to maintain homeostasis in the face of continuous antigen challenge. Here, we examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie initial aeroallergen sensitization and the ensuing regulation of secondary responses to inhaled allergens in the airway mucosa. In particular, we focus on how T-regulatory (Treg) cells influence early asthma initiation and the potential of Treg cells as therapeutic targets for drug development in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah H Strickland
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Jenmalm MC. Childhood Immune Maturation and Allergy Development: Regulation by Maternal Immunity and Microbial Exposure. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66 Suppl 1:75-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Single early prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure prevents subsequent airway inflammation response in an experimental model of asthma. Life Sci 2011; 89:15-9. [PMID: 21620873 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS There has been emerging interest in the prenatal determinants of respiratory disease. In utero factors have been reported to play a role in airway development, inflammation, and remodeling. Specifically, prenatal exposure to endotoxins might regulate tolerance to allergens later in life. The present study investigated whether prenatal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration alters subsequent offspring allergen-induced inflammatory response in adult rats. MAIN METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) on gestation day 9.5 and their ovariectomized female offspring were sensitized and challenged with OVA later in adulthood. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, peripheral blood, bone marrow leukocytes and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis were evaluated in these 75-day-old pups. KEY FINDINGS OVA sensitized pups of NaCl treated rats showed an increase of leucocytes in BAL after OVA challenge. This increase was attenuated, when mothers were exposed to a single LPS injection early in pregnancy. Thus, LPS prenatal treatment resulted in (1) lower increased total and differential (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes) BAL cellularity count; (2) increased number of total, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in the peripheral blood; and (3) no differences in bone marrow cellularity or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, female pups treated prenatally with LPS presented an attenuated response to experimentally-induced asthma. We observed reduced immune cell migration from peripheral blood to the lungs, with no effect on the production of bone marrow cells or antibodies. It was suggested that inflammatory events such as exposure to LPS in early fetal life can attenuate allergic inflammation in the lung, which is a common symptom in asthma.
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Carlsten C, Ferguson A, Dimich-Ward H, Chan H, DyBuncio A, Rousseau R, Becker A, Chan-Yeung M. Association between endotoxin and mite allergen exposure with asthma and specific sensitization at age 7 in high-risk children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:320-6. [PMID: 21255084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of endotoxin and house dust mite allergen (HDM) in allergen sensitization and asthma is unclear. The timeframe of exposure and asthma assessment appears critical. We aimed to determine, in children at 7 yr of age, the association between current exposure to endotoxin and HDM and risks of recurrent wheeze, paediatric allergist diagnosed asthma and allergen sensitization. Three hundred and eighty children who had an increased risk of asthma because of family background were assessed at age 7 yr by a questionnaire-standardized interview, allergen skin testing and clinical examination by a paediatric allergist. Dust samples were collected from their homes and analysed for levels of endotoxin and HDM (Der p 1 and Der f 1). Levels of endotoxin in dust samples were associated with protection from paediatric allergist diagnosed asthma with inhaled steroid use (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53-0.91) and specific sensitization to dog allergen (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.51-0.90) at the age of 7 yr; both endotoxin and HDM were associated with decreased risk of sensitization to dog allergen. In high-risk children at age 7, endotoxin levels were associated with decreased sensitization to dog, as well as with decreased asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carlsten
- Respiratory Division, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Brandtzaeg P. Homeostatic impact of indigenous microbiota and secretory immunity. Benef Microbes 2010; 1:211-27. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the process of evolution, the mucosal immune system has generated two layers of anti-inflammatory defence: (1) immune exclusion performed by secretory IgA (and secretory IgM) antibodies to modulate or inhibit surface colonisation of microorganisms and dampen penetration of potentially dangerous antigens; and (2) suppressive mechanisms to avoid local and peripheral hypersensitivity to innocuous antigens, particularly food proteins and components of commensal bacteria. When induced via the gut, the latter phenomenon is called 'oral tolerance', which mainly depends on the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells in mesenteric lymph nodes to which mucosal dendritic cells (DCs) carry exogenous antigens and become conditioned for induction of Treg cells. Mucosally induced tolerance appears to be a rather robust adaptive immune function in view of the fact that large amounts of food proteins pass through the gut, while overt and persistent food allergy is not so common. DCs are 'decision makers' in the immune system when they perform their antigen-presenting function, thus linking innate and adaptive immunity by sensing the exogenous mucosal impact (e.g. conserved microbial molecular patterns). A balanced indigenous microbiota is required to drive the normal development of both mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, the epithelial barrier with its secretory IgA (and IgM) system, and mucosally induced tolerance mechanisms including the generation of Treg cells. Notably, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR/SC) knock-out mice that lack secretory IgA and IgM antibodies show reduced epithelial barrier function and increased uptake of antigens from food and commensal bacteria. They therefore have a hyper-reactive immune system and show predisposition for systemic anaphylaxis after sensitisation; but this development is counteracted by enhanced oral tolerance induction as a homeostatic back-up mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Brandtzaeg
- Department and Institute of Pathology, Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the 'hygiene hypothesis' for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen-induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings.
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Abstract
Numerous genes are involved in innate and adaptive immunity and these have been modified over millions of years. During this evolution, the mucosal immune system has developed two anti-inflammatory strategies: immune exclusion by the use of secretory antibodies to control epithelial colonization of microorganisms and to inhibit the penetration of potentially harmful agents; and immunosuppression to counteract local and peripheral hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens, such as food proteins. The latter strategy is called oral tolerance when induced via the gut. Homeostatic mechanisms also dampen immune responses to commensal bacteria. The mucosal epithelial barrier and immunoregulatory network are poorly developed in newborns. The perinatal period is, therefore, critical with regard to the induction of food allergy. The development of immune homeostasis depends on windows of opportunity during which innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by antigen-presenting cells. The function of these cells is not only orchestrated by microbial products but also by dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids, such as polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These factors may in various ways exert beneficial effects on the immunophenotype of the infant. The same is true for breast milk, which provides immune-inducing factors and secretory immunoglobulin A, which reinforces the gut epithelial barrier. It is not easy to dissect the immunoregulatory network and identify variables that lead to food allergy. This Review discusses efforts to this end and outlines the scientific basis for future food allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo and Department and Institute of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The absolute requirement of the pulmonary immune system is to limit the inflammatory consequences of inhaled infectious agents while maintaining tolerance to harmless aeroallergens. This tolerance is maintained by a complex network of cells and molecules interacting with lung stromal cells. However, in some individuals there is a breakdown in tolerance to particles such as pollens, animal dander, or dust, resulting in the development of allergic pathology. Emerging evidence suggests that this breakdown in tolerance is influenced by the genetic background of individuals as well as environmental considerations such as early exposure to respiratory pathogens. Further understanding of the mechanisms used by the pulmonary immune system to maintain tolerance might result in exploitation of novel avenues for therapy to treat the growing number of chronic asthmatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
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McCusker C. Teaching tolerance: using the neonatal immune system to prevent allergic asthma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 4:429-32. [PMID: 20477571 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Verhasselt V, Milcent V, Cazareth J et al. Breast milk-mediated transfer of an antigen induces tolerance and protection from allergic asthma. Nat. Med. 14(2), 170-175 (2008). Allergic asthma affects up to 20% of the population in developed countries, with increasing incidence. Lessons from epidemiologic studies suggest that increased emphasis on hygiene, coupled with decreasing frequency of childhood infections, may explain this rise in asthma. The present study demonstrates that maternal transfer of allergen plus immunoregulatory factors via breast milk can influence the developing immune response in the offspring, inducing the tolerant rather than the allergic phenotype. Taken with studies of pre- and postnatal early antigen exposure, these data suggest that learning to regulate responses to aeroallergens depends upon the maternal immune status, the composition of breast milk and the offspring's exposure to environmental stimuli. Extension of these findings may, ultimately, provide strategies for the prevention of asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine McCusker
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St Urbain, Montreal, QC H2X 2P2, Canada.
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Corson L, Zhu H, Quan C, Grunig G, Ballaney M, Jin X, Perera FP, Factor PH, Chen LC, Miller RL. Prenatal allergen and diesel exhaust exposure and their effects on allergy in adult offspring mice. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6:7. [PMID: 20459836 PMCID: PMC2875211 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to either allergens or air pollution may increase the risk for the development of allergic immune responses in young offspring. However, the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on adult offspring have not been well-studied. We hypothesized that combined prenatal exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) allergen and diesel exhaust particles will be associated with altered IgE production, airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and airway remodeling of adult offspring. Methods Following sensitization via the airway route to A. fumigatus and mating, pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to additional A. fumigatus and/or diesel exhaust particles. At age 9-10 weeks, their offspring were sensitized and challenged with A. fumigatus. Results We found that adult offspring from mice that were exposed to A. fumigatus or diesel exhaust particles during pregnancy experienced decreases in IgE production. Adult offspring of mice that were exposed to both A. fumigatus and diesel exhaust particles during pregnancy experienced decreases in airway eosinophilia. Conclusion These results suggest that, in this model, allergen and/or diesel administration during pregnancy may be associated with protection from developing systemic and airway allergic immune responses in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Corson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Schaub B. Asthma bronchiale. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-009-2083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cao L, Wang J, Zhu Y, Tseu I, Post M. Maternal endotoxin exposure attenuates allergic airway disease in infant rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L670-7. [PMID: 20118299 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00399.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposures to immunogenic stimuli, such as bacterial LPS, have shown to influence the neonatal immune system and lung function. However, no detailed analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of LPS on postnatal T helper cell differentiation has been performed. Using a rat model, we investigated the effect of prenatal LPS exposure on postnatal T cell differentiation and experimental allergic airway disease. Pregnant rats were injected with LPS on day 20 and 21 (term = 22 days). Some of the offspring were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin. Positive control animals were placebo exposed to saline instead of LPS, whereas negative controls were sensitized with saline. Expression of T cell-related transcription factors and cytokines was quantified in the lung, and airway hyperresponsiveness was measured. Prenatal LPS exposure induced a T helper 1 (T(H)1) immune milieu in the offspring of rats [i.e., increased T-bet and T(H)1 cytokine expression while expression of T(H)2-associated transcription factors (GATA3 and STAT6) and cytokines was decreased]. Prenatal LPS exposure did not trigger T(H)17 cell differentiation in the offspring. Furthermore, prenatal LPS exposure reduced ovalbumin-induced (T(H)2-mediated) airway inflammation, eosinophilia, and airway responsiveness. Thus, in utero exposure to endotoxin promotes a T(H)1 immune environment, which suppresses the development of allergic airway disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Lung Biology Research Group, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto
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Pfefferle PI, Büchele G, Blümer N, Roponen M, Ege MJ, Krauss-Etschmann S, Genuneit J, Hyvärinen A, Hirvonen MR, Lauener R, Pekkanen J, Riedler J, Dalphin JC, Brunekeef B, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, Renz H. Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: the PASTURE Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:108-15.e1-3. [PMID: 19969338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional farming represents a unique model situation to investigate the relationship of early-life farm-related exposure and allergy protection. OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between maternal farm exposures and cytokine production in cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells in a prospective multinational birth cohort of 299 farm and 326 nonfarm children and their families. METHODS Supernatants from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin-stimulated CB mononuclear cells were assessed for the production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in farm compared with nonfarm children were found, whereas IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12 levels did not differ between study groups. Maternal contact with different farm animal species and barns and consumption of farm-produced butter during pregnancy enhanced the production of proinflammatory CB cytokines, whereas maternal consumption of farm-produced yogurt resulted in significant lower levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in umbilical blood. CONCLUSION Maternal exposure to farming activities and farm dairy products during pregnancy modulated cytokine production patterns of offspring at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ina Pfefferle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35033 Marburg, Germany
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Hot topics in Paediatric Allergology: update and outlook. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-009-0515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rupa P, Schmied J, Lai S, Wilkie BN. Attenuation of allergy to ovomucoid in pigs by neonatal treatment with heat-killed Escherichia coli or E. coli producing porcine IFN-γ. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 132:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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