The association between psychological resilience and cognitive function in longitudinal data: Results from the community follow-up survey

[Dependent older adults and their mental health: a Brazilian multicenter study]

The functional dependency of older adults and its repercussions on mental health represent significant challenges for public policy agendas targeting this group in Brazil. This study analyzed the mental health experiences of dependent older adults across Brazil's five regions. It is a qualitative investigation grounded in the theoretical-methodological framework of dialectical hermeneutics, and it includes semi-structured interviews with 47 older adults conducted in Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais), Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul), Araranguá (Santa Catarina), Manaus (Amazonas), Brasília (Federal District), Fortaleza (Ceará), and Teresina (Piauí) from August to December 2019. The data were analyzed using Content Analysis, which yielded the themes "When the joy of living is lost" and "Resources for coping with life and the quest for meaning". Participants reported depressive and anxious symptoms, thoughts of death, feelings of being a burden, and loneliness. Moreover, experiences of violence exacerbated depressive symptoms. Resilience, spiritual well-being, socialization, quality interpersonal relationships, and religion were found in the reports of older adults who experience psychological well-being. Mental health of dependent older adults is linked to physical and emotional frailty; however, they are able to reinforce their spiritual and religious resources. State actions are necessary to promote qualified and comprehensive care, create spaces for social activities and support, as well as involve formal caregivers and home support programs.

Resilience for activity engagement among frail older adults: moderated mediation effect of social support

BACKGROUND

Frailty in older adults increases vulnerability to stressors, contributing to adverse outcomes such as falls, hospitalizations, and disability. Resilience has been identified as a protective factor that supports physical function, cognitive health, and independence in daily activities. This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of resilience on daily activity engagement, with subjective cognition as a mediator and social support as a moderator.

METHODS

A secondary data analysis was conducted with a convenience sample of 397 frail, community-dwelling older adults drawn from a national survey. A moderated mediation model was tested using SPSS and the PROCESS macro (Model 14, version 4.3). Age (treated as a continuous variable) and sex (dummy-coded, with male as the reference group) were included as covariates due to their previously established associations with daily activity engagement.

RESULTS

A total of 212 women and 185 men participated in this study with a mean age of 73.51 years (SD = 6.48). Resilience has a significant direct effect on daily activity engagement (β = 0.57, t = 4.99, p < 0.001). The standardized regression coefficient decreased from 0.57 to 0.41 (t = 3.51, p < 0.001) when subjective cognition was included in the model, confirming the partial mediating effect. In the moderation model, resilience (β = 0.34), subjective cognition (β = 0.38), and social support (β = 0.29) were significant predictors of daily activity engagement. The interaction effect between subjective cognition and social support was significant (β = 0.04, BootCI 0.01, 0.08), showing that subjective cognition significantly predicts daily activity engagement only when specific levels of social support are present. The moderated mediation index was small but significant (β = 0.02, BootCI [0.001, 0.03]), even after controlling for age and sex.

CONCLUSION

This study identified resilience, subjective cognition, and social support as essential factors in promoting daily activity engagement among frail older adults. The role of social support as moderator was confirmed in helping older adults maintain their independence through enhanced resilience and subjective cognition. Further research should explore the broader aspects of social support to fully understand its impact on active aging dynamics.

Longitudinal Trajectories of Psychological Resilience and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults: Evidence From a National Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES

The relationship between resilience trajectories and cognitive health is not well understood. This study aimed to identify clusters of psychological resilience trajectories in a national sample of older adults and to examine the association with cognitive impairment over time.

METHODS

This study used data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) from 2008 to 2018, and 2,788 respondents were included in this prospective analysis. Using a group-based trajectory modeling approach, we identified resilience trajectory groups over a 6-year period. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the relationship between the resilience trajectory groups and cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

Three distinct trajectories of psychological resilience, including decreasing resilience group (n = 131, 4.7%), persistent middle resilience group (n = 1,808, 64.8%), and persistent high resilience group (n = 849, 30.5%). During the 6-year follow-up, compared to those with persistent high resilience, participants with persistent middle resilience (hazard ratios [HR] = 1.40, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 1.11-1.75) and decreasing resilience (HR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.65-3.23) remained consistently associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. The associations between resilience trajectories and cognitive impairment varied by lifestyle and health conditions.

DISCUSSION

Psychological resilience is a relatively stable trait among older adults in China, with most individuals maintaining a persistently high or middle level of resilience throughout the follow-up period; however, declining psychological resilience was significantly associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Therefore, developing targeted interventions to strengthen psychological resilience in older adults is crucial for promoting cognitive health and successful aging.

The association between social frailty, psychological resilience, and subsequent cognitive outcomes in older adults: A prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

The associations among social frailty, psychological resilience, and cognitive function, as well as their variations across sex and age, remain to be explored. The objective of the present study was to investigate these complex relationships in older adults.

METHODS

This study included 5555 participants from the CLHLS and categorized them into socially robust (n = 2229; 40.12%), social pre-frailty (n = 2624; 47.24%), and social frailty (n = 702; 12.64%) groups. The relationship between social frailty and cognitive outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines. The combined effects of social frailty and psychological resilience on cognitive outcomes were also analyzed. The mediating role of psychological resilience was evaluated using the SPSS PROCESS macro program.

RESULTS

Social pre-frailty (odds ratio [OR]: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.48-2.21) and social frailty (OR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.87-3.09) were positively associated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, social pre-frailty (OR: 1.71, 95%CI: 1.47-2.00), and social frailty (OR: 2.10, 95%CI: 1.69-2.60) were also positively associated with greater cognitive decline. Adverse cognitive outcomes demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with social frailty. Compared to individuals with social robustness and high psychological resilience, those with social frailty and low psychological resilience demonstrated higher odds ratios of developing cognitive impairment (OR: 3.65, 95%CI: 2.61-5.10) and experiencing greater cognitive decline (OR: 3.05; 95%CI: 2.33-4.00). The relationship between social frailty and negative cognitive outcomes was more pronounced among women and individuals younger than 80 years and exhibited a nonlinear pattern. Psychological resilience mediated the relationship between social frailty and cognitive outcomes in men (β = -0.0091, P < 0.05) and individuals with advanced age (β = -0.0087, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Social frailty is an independent influencing factor of adverse cognitive outcomes. Psychological resilience mediates the relationship between social frailty and cognitive function in men and subjects of advanced age.

Relationship between psychological resilience and cognitive function on breast cancer chemotherapy patients: a person-centered method

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have indicated a connection between resilience and cognitive function, but critical gaps persist regarding limited data exploring the relationship between resilience profiles and cognition using person-centered methodologies, especially in the context of breast cancer patients.

OBJECTIVES

While the general correlation between resilience and cognitive function is known, how various resilience profiles impact cognitive function in breast cancer patients remains unclear. The study aimed to identify resilience profiles and explore the relationship with cognitive function in breast cancer (BC) patients.

METHODS

This study was a cross-sectional study in descriptive research. BC patients (n = 425) from a tertiary oncology hospital completed the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function (FACT-Cog) scale and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC- 25). Latent profile analysis was adopted to identify subgroups of patients with distinct resilience profiles according to model fit indices. An ANOVA analysis and Chi-square test were also employed.

RESULTS

Three profiles were identified, including Class 3, "High resilience-positive coping group" (n = 187, 44.7%), Class 2, "Medium resilience-effort regulation group" (n = 157, 37.6%), and Class 1, "Low resilience-negative coping" (n = 74, 17.7%). The results demonstrate that perceived cognitive impairment (CogPCI), other people's appraisal (CogOth), perceived cognitive ability (CogPCA), impact on quality of life (CogQOL), and FACT-Cog were significant differences in all three potential latent resilience profiles (P < 0.001). The CogPCI and FACT-Cog scores in Class 3 were the best, while Class 1 was the lowest.

CONCLUSION

The psychological resilience profile contains three classes, and the findings provide evidence that high resilience potentially serves as a crucial protective factor for cognitive function in BC patients. Healthcare providers should improve their ability to recognize and evaluate factors influencing resilience, including social support and physical activity, which will enable the development of precise nursing interventions to mitigate the long-term adverse effects of trauma and reduce the impact of cognitive impairment on BC patients.

Psychological Resilience and Cognitive Functioning in Black and White Men and Women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Psychological resilience is associated with better physical and mental health, but little is known about its role in cognitive health from an intersectional perspective. This study aimed to assess the relationship between psychological resilience and cognitive function across subgroups of older non-Hispanic Black and White men and women while taking stress exposure into account.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 453 participants (Black men = 87; Black women = 147; White men = 98; White women = 121) from the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project completed the Brief Resilience Scale and a neuropsychological battery. Analyses of variance were used to assess differences in psychological resilience across the intersection of gender and race. Linear regressions assessed relationships between psychological resilience and global cognition, controlling for sociodemographics and discrimination. Interaction terms and stratified regressions characterized these relationships across intersectional groups.

RESULTS

The level of psychological resilience did not differ across intersectional groups despite differences in stress exposure. Higher resilience was associated with better global cognition in the whole sample (β = 0.12, p = .002), but this association was found only among Black men (β = 0.40, p < .001).

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Levels of resilience did not differ between Black and White older adults, despite disproportionate stress exposure among Black older adults. Links between psychological resilience and cognition may depend on stressors and resources that are differentially patterned across intersectional groups. Psychological resilience may be particularly important for cognitive health among Black men, who are frequently underrepresented in cognitive aging research.

Intrinsic brain functional connectivity mediates the relationship between psychological resilience and cognitive decline in ageing

Ageing individuals often experience cognitive decline and intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) changes. Psychological resilience, a personality trait that reflects the capacity to adapt and cope with age-related challenges, plays a key role in mitigating cognitive decline. In this study involving 101 older adults, we investigated how psychological resilience influences cognitive decline measured by processing speed. Particularly, we obtained resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess how intrinsic FC, represented by degree centrality, modulates the relationship between resilience and processing speed. Our results indicated while psychological resilience positively predicted processing speed, this relationship was mainly driven by education. Additionally, the degree centrality of both thalamus and caudate negatively correlated with processing speed and resilience. Notably, the degree centrality of both thalamus and caudate significantly mediated the relationship between resilience and processing speed. These findings suggest that psychological resilience could protect against age-related cognitive decline via its influence on FC in the thalamus and caudate, highlighting these areas as potential intervention targets for reducing cognitive decline in ageing people.

Psychological Resilience, Cognitive Function, and Physical Activity: A Longitudinal Mediation Study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Although recent research has consistently shown that psychological resilience is positively associated with cognitive function among older adults, the underlying mechanisms are still largely unclear. In this study, we assessed the potential mediating role of physical activity between psychological resilience and cognition using a longitudinal, population dataset of US older adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were derived from three time points (2010-2012, 2014-2016, and 2018-2020) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), with 8,296 older adults at baseline included (aged 65 or above). Cognitive function was measured by 35-point Telephone Interview Cognitive Screen (TICS). psychological resilience was measured using a previously established simplified resilience score.

RESULTS

Psychological resilience at baseline was positively associated with physical activity at T2, 4 years later (β=0.08,SE=0.01,p<0.001). In addition, physical activity predicted an increase in cognitive function from T2 to T3 (4 years to 8 years later) (β=0.05,SE=0.07,p<0.001). Finally, a significant indirect effect of psychological resilience (T1) on cognitive function (T3) through physical activity from (T2) was observed (β = 0.01, 95% CI [0.01, 0.02], p <0.001).

DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Physical activity may function as a protective factor for the cognitive functioning of older adults. This association is partially mediated by enhanced physical activity.

Trajectories of Resilience-Related Traits and Their Impact on Health Outcomes in Schizophrenia: Results From a 4-Year Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS

For the rapidly growing population of older people living with schizophrenia (PLWS), psychological resilience, or the capacity to adapt to adversity, is an understudied target for improving health. Little is known about resilience and its longitudinal impact on outcomes among PLWS. This study assesses trajectories of resilience-related traits in PLWS and a nonpsychiatric comparison group (NCs) and longitudinal interactions between resilience and health.

STUDY DESIGN

This sample included 166 PLWS and 155 NCs (mean age 48 years, 52% women), with a 4.1-year mean follow-up time. The groups were comparable in age, sex, and follow-up time. We assessed resilience-related traits, physical well-being, obesity, hyperglycemia, positive symptoms, and negative symptoms. We conducted linear mixed-effects models to examine linear trends over time and continuous-time structural equation models (CTSEM) to assess the longitudinal relationships (cross-lagged effects between resilience and health).

STUDY RESULTS

People living with schizophrenia had lower resilience levels, compared with NCs. While resilience was stable over time for White individuals, younger non-White individuals with less education had increases in resilience over time. We found bidirectional 1-year cross-lagged effects of resilience with physical well-being and obesity, but not with hyperglycemia. Among PLWS, there were 1-year cross-lagged effects of resilience with both positive symptoms and negative symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the importance of resilience and its link to physical and mental health over time. Resilience may be a key protective factor in aging among PLWS, and the potential to improve resilience is an important and understudied approach for improving outcomes for older PLWS.

Increasing stress resilience in older adults through a 6-week prevention program: effects on coping strategies, anxiety symptoms, and cortisol levels

Introduction

As people age, chronic stress, resulting in prolonged or repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, has been associated with long-term adverse health outcomes. Coping strategies and social support have been recognized as contributing to resilience to stress in older adults. Few studies have evaluated stress management training (SMT) interventions based on psychoneuroendocrinology that were designed to be delivered to healthy older adults in community settings.

Methods

In this study, a total of 170 older adults (mean age = 76.07, SD = 7.67) participated in a cluster-randomized trial designed to compare the delivery of an SMT intervention with a waitlist condition.

Results

The effect of SMT on coping strategies, stress, anxiety, and depression was measured 3 weeks and 3 months after the intervention. In addition, we tested the effect on basal cortisol secretion over 2 days from saliva samples upon awakening and the total diurnal cortisol output [area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg)]. Results from repeated measures analyses of variance showed that participants who received the intervention demonstrated a significant increase in problem-solving coping strategies and a decrease in anxiety scores 3 weeks after the intervention compared to the waitlist group. STM participants also demonstrated lower cortisol levels on the AUCg index. At the 3-month follow-up, gains were maintained only on the AUCg index.

Discussion

This type of brief preventive program could reduce basal cortisol levels in older adults, which may be an important protective factor against health outcomes associated with chronic HPA activation. Our results provide sufficient evidence to warrant further research to improve the effectiveness of O'stress in different settings.

Evaluation of the relationship between adversity quotient, professional identity, and perceived humanistic care of head nurses in Master's Degrees in nursings

Background

High-level nursing talents play an important role in solving nursing scientific problems and leading nursing innovation, so the construction of high-level nursing talents has become a necessary guarantee for the health strategy in the new era. Managers have high expectations for master's degree in nursing, hoping that they will develop in all aspects of research, teaching, and professionalism, etc. However, the high expectations of managers have led to unclear job orientation, high clinical and scientific research pressure, and low recognition of nurses' sense of professional value from the outside world, which have led to the lowering of master's degree of professional identity and the tendency to leave the profession, which is not conducive to the stabilization of the nursing workforce.

Purpose

To explore the influence of adversity quotient, perceived humanistic care of nurse leaders on professional identity of nursing masters, and to clarify the relationship model between the three.

Methods

A convenience sampling method was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey on 160 master's degree nursing students in Ningbo and Shanghai from July to September 2022 using the general information questionnaire, adversity quotient, career identity and perceived humanistic care of nurse leaders scale.

Results

Adversity quotient, occupational identity and perceived humanistic care of nurse leaders were all at a moderate level. Adversity quotient (r = 0.430, P < 0.01), perceived humanistic care of nurse leaders (r = 0.443, P < 0.01) and occupational identity were positively correlated, and perceived humanistic care of nurse leaders could affect occupational identity through the mediating effect of adversity quotient, with the mediating effect accounting for 31.8%.

Conclusion

Nursing managers should create a good organizational atmosphere, build a training system for adversity quotient courses, conduct regular assessment and humanistic care to improve the ability of nursing masters to face adversity and enhance the awareness of their own professional values.

Psychological resilience is protective against cognitive deterioration in motor neuron diseases

OBJECTIVES

Recent studies suggest that psychological resilience (PR) is associated with more well-preserved cognition in healthy subjects (HS), but an investigation of such phenomenon in patients with motor neuron diseases (MNDs) is still lacking. The aim of our study was therefore to evaluate PR and its relationship with baseline cognitive/behavioral and mood symptoms, as well as longitudinal cognitive functioning, in MNDs.

METHODS

94 MND patients and 87 demographically matched HS were enrolled. PR was assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Patients were further evaluated both at baseline and every 6 months for cognitive/behavioral disturbances using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen (ECAS), and for mood symptoms using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). CD-RISC scores were compared between patients and HS using the Mann-Whitney U test, and regression models were applied to evaluate the role of CD-RISC scores in predicting baseline cognitive/behavioral and mood measures, as well as longitudinal cognitive performances, in MND patients.

RESULTS

MND cases showed significantly greater PR compared to HS (p from <0.001 to 0.02). In MNDs, higher PR levels were significant predictors of both greater cognitive performance (p from 0.01 to 0.05) and milder mood symptoms (p from <0.001 to 0.04) at baseline, as well as less severe memory decline (p from 0.001 to 0.04) longitudinally.

CONCLUSIONS

PR is an important protective factor against the onset and evolution of cognitive/mood disturbances in MNDs, suggesting the usefulness of resilience enhancement psychological interventions to prevent or delay cognitive and mood disorders in these neurodegenerative conditions.

The Effect of Psychological Resilience on Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Chronic stress is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. This study aimed to assess whether better coping with stress, as assessed using the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), is associated with slower cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults.

METHODS

This study used 2018/2019 data and 2-year follow-up data from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Of the 3,014 total participants, we included 1,826 participants (mean age, 77.6±3.7 years, 51.9% female) who completed BRS and Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Battery and the Korean version of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB).

RESULTS

Higher BRS score at baseline was associated with a lesser decline in the Mini-Mental State Examination score over 2 years after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, and depression (B, 0.175; 95% confidence interval, 0.025-0.325) for 2 years, which represents global cognitive function. Other cognitive function measurements (Word List Memory, Word List Recall, Word List Recognition, Digit Span, Trail Making Test-A, and FAB) did not change significantly with the BRS score at baseline.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that better stress-coping ability, meaning faster termination of the stress response, may limit the decline in cognitive function.

Combined associations of cognitive impairment and psychological resilience with all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older adults

BACKGROUND

Cognitive impairment and psychological resilience are closely related in older adults, but their combined effect on mortality has not been reported. Using a nationally representative sample from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study, this study examined the interactions between cognitive impairment and psychological resilience and their associations with overall survival.

METHODS

A total of 32,349 community-dwelling older adults (86.85 ± 11.16 years, 56.06 % female) were enrolled in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, and 2014; all participants were followed until 2018. Cognitive function and psychological resilience were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the 7-item psychological resilience questionnaire (PRQ), respectively. Illiterate subjects with an MMSE score <18, or literate subjects with an MMSE score <24 were defined as having cognitive impairment. Cox proportional risk regressions were used to analyze the association of cognitive impairment and psychological resilience with all-cause mortality.

RESULTS

After 146,993.52 person-years of follow-up, 23,349 older adults died. Both MMSE and PRQ scores (as continuous variables) were negatively associated with mortality risk after adjusting for all covariates. The hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality for cognitive impairment was not significantly moderated by levels of psychological resilience (P-interaction = 0.094). In joint analyses, participants with combined cognitive impairment and low resilience (by the median of PRQ: < 25 points) had the highest risk of mortality (adjusted-HR: 1.56, 95%CI: 1.48-1.61), which was higher than that of patients with either condition alone. There was a significant additive interaction effect of cognitive impairment and low resilience on all-cause mortality (relative excess risk due to interaction: 0.11, 95 % CI: 0.09-0.13), and 7 % of the overall mortality risk was attributable to their synergistic effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Cognitive impairment and low resilience are synergistically associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in community-dwelling older adults. The potential mechanisms underlying this combined effect warrant further exploration.

Childhood experiences and sleep problems: A cross-sectional study on the indirect relationship mediated by stress, resilience and anxiety

BACKGROUND

Childhood experiences either adverse (ACE) or benevolent (BCE) can indirectly impact sleep quality in adult life, which in turn are modulated by the interplay of a variety of factors such as depression, anxiety, resilience and mental health problems.

METHODS

A cross-sectional observational study was conducted across the UK and the Middle Eastern countries during the COVID-pandemic on 405 participants. An online survey used a combination of questionnaires to assess ACE and BCEs. The following tools were then used to assess the contribution of resilience, stress, depression and anxiety respectively: Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and General Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) scale on childhood experiences. The extent of sleep disturbances experienced over a period of seven days was assessed using the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short-Form Tool. A serial-parallel mediation model was used to evaluate the impact of the mediators on childhood experiences and sleep quality.

RESULTS

Over 50% of the cohort were from Middle Eastern countries. Four or more BCEs were experienced by 94.3% of the cohort. In contrast, 67.9% of participants experienced at least one ACE before the age of 18 years, with moderate levels of stress, mild depression and anxiety were reported in 3.7%, 13% and 20% of participants respectively. Whilst 25.4% of participants reported having had four or more ACEs, with higher reports in the middle easter countries (32%). ACEs were found to correlate with sleep disturbance whilst BCEs showed an inverse correlation. The relationship between ACE and sleep disturbances was shown to be mediated by stress, and anxiety, but not by resilience or depression. Resilience and stress, and resilience and anxiety serially mediated the interaction between ACE and sleep disturbance. With regards to BCE, an inverse association with sleep disturbance was recorded with similar mediators of stress and anxiety observed.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the negative effects of ACEs, and the positive effects of BCEs on sleep in adulthood which are both mediated predominantly by psychological resilience, anxiety and stress. Strategies aimed at improving psychological resilience as well as addressing stress and anxiety may help improve sleep quality.

Association of psychological resilience and cognitive function in older adults: Based on the Ma' anshan Healthy Aging Cohort Study

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to explore whether psychological resilience can influence changes in cognitive function in older adults and provide clues and rationale for improving cognitive function and preventing the onset of dementia in the geriatric population.

METHODS

A total of 2495 older adults aged 60 years or older from the Ma' anshan Healthy Aging Cohort were included in the study. Participants' cognitive functioning and psychological resilience were measured using the MMSE (mini-mental state examination) scale and the SRQS (stress resilience quotient scale) scale during the 5 years of follow-up, and the association was explored. Those with MMSE scores ≤ 17 in the illiterate group, ≤ 20 in the elementary school group, and ≤ 24 in the secondary school and above group were considered cognitive impairment.

RESULTS

The prevalence of cognitive impairment increased from 6.89% to 14.30% during the five years of follow-up. At 5-year follow-up, the group with the highest psychological resilience had 41 (6.83%) individuals whose cognitive functioning changed from normal to cognitive impairment, while the group with the worst psychological resilience had 114 (18.33%) individuals. The study also found a significant effect of different levels of psychological resilience on changes in cognitive functioning after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with Q1 (the reference group), the Odds ratio of cognitive decline in Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups were 0.51(0.42,0.64), 0.37(0.29,0.47) and 0.19(0.13,0.27), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Improving the level of psychological resilience in older adults may be one way to prevent the incidence of cognitive impairment.

Sex differences in the mediating effect of resilience on social support and cognitive function in older adults

This study assessed the social support-cognitive function relationship in older Chinese Han adults by sex, while examining the mediating effect of resilience. Community-dwelling participants (60-94 years, M = 70.85 ± 7.31; n = 333) completed questionnaires assessing social support, resilience, and cognitive function. The mediating effect of resilience by sex was tested through structural equation modeling. Cognitive function was lower in older age groups (70-79 and ≥80 years). In structural equation modeling, social support positively predicted cognitive function, while resilience mediated this relationship in both sexes. In men, alongside the direct contribution of objective support, the relationship between subjective support and cognitive function was completely mediated by tenacity. In women, tenacity partially mediated this relationship, whereas subjective support directly predicted cognitive function. This study provides evidence of the mediating effect of resilience in the social support-cognitive function relationship among older Chinese adults, revealing important sex differences.

Life-Satisfaction, Engagement, Mindfulness, Flourishing, and Social Support: Do they Predict Depression, Suicide Ideation, and History of Suicide Attempt in Late Life?

OBJECTIVE

Suicide is an outcome arising from a combination of risk and protective factors. Examining psychological resilience traits associated with successful aging may help to better understand late-life suicide and depression. We examined self-reported protective factors including mindfulness, life satisfaction and engagement, flourishing, and subjective and objective social support in a high suicide-risk sample of depressed older adults.

METHODS

Participants were 297 individuals aged 55+ (mean age: 64.2): 92 depressed suicide attempters, 138 depressed individuals who never attempted suicide, and 67 non-psychiatric comparisons. Using linear and binomial logistic regression, we examined the effects of a combined Protective Factor value on presence and severity of depression and suicidal ideation, and history of suicide attempt.

RESULTS

Relative to the non-psychiatric comparison group, all depressed participants had significantly lower Protective Factor values. Higher Protective Factor value was associated with lower likelihood of depression, depression severity, and likelihood of ideation, but was not associated with ideation severity or history of suicide attempt. Participants with one standard deviation higher Protective Factor had lower odds of ideation incidence by a factor of OR=0.68 (95%CI=0.48-0.96).

CONCLUSION

Resiliency characteristics relevant to psychological wellbeing and successful aging may mitigate the emergence of depression and suicidal ideation, as well as the severity of depression in late-life. The Resilience Factor used in this study can help clinicians nuance their appraisal of depression and suicide risk.

Interindividual Variability in Mental Fatigue-Related Impairments in Endurance Performance: A Systematic Review and Multiple Meta-regression

BACKGROUND

The negative effect of mental fatigue (MF) on physical performance has recently been questioned. One reason behind this could lie in the interindividual differences in MF-susceptibility and the individual features influencing them. However, the range of individual differences in mental fatigue-susceptibility is not known, and there is no clear consensus on which individual features could be responsible for these differences.

OBJECTIVE

To give an overview of interindividual differences in the effects of MF on whole-body endurance performance, and individual features influencing this effect.

METHODS

The review was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42022293242). PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO were searched until the 16th of June 2022 for studies detailing the effect of MF on dynamic maximal whole-body endurance performance. Studies needed to include healthy participants, describe at least one individual feature in participant characteristics, and apply at least one manipulation check. The Cochrane crossover risk of bias tool was used to assess risk of bias. The meta-analysis and regression were conducted in R.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight studies were included, with 23 added to the meta-analysis. Overall risk of bias of the included studies was high, with only three presenting an unclear or low rating. The meta-analysis shows the effect of MF on endurance performance was on average slightly negative (g = - 0.32, [95% CI - 0.46; - 0.18], p < 0.001). The multiple meta-regression showed no significant influences of the included features (i.e. age, sex, body mass index and physical fitness level) on MF-susceptibility.

CONCLUSIONS

The present review confirmed the negative impact of MF on endurance performance. However, no individual features influencing MF-susceptibility were identified. This can partially be explained by the multiple methodological limitations such as underreporting of participant characteristics, lack of standardization across studies, and the restricted inclusion of potentially relevant variables. Future research should include a rigorous description of multiple different individual features (e.g., performance level, diet, etc.) to further elucidate MF mechanisms.

Associations between Sleep, Depression, and Cognitive Performance in Adolescence

The relevance of cognitive performance during adolescence requires further studies that analyze potential associated factors. This study aimed to analyze inductive reasoning, reading comprehension, and mathematical thinking (problem-solving and number and calculation) in relation to sleep and depression in 244 students aged 12-17 years (47.6% boys and 52.4% girls). Daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, dysthymia, and euthymia (state and trait) were assessed by self-reported questionnaires. Moreover, correlations between these variables and cognitive performance, and differences depending on sociodemographic variables (sex, age, or academic year) were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Robust regression models were also conducted to evaluate the predictive role of significant variables on cognitive performance. The results showed significant bidirectional relationships between sleep- and depression-related variables, and between the latter ones and cognitive performance. Depression-trait was more related to cognitive performance than depression-state, and euthymia more than dysthymia, but neither daytime sleepiness nor sleep quality significantly correlated with it. As for sociodemographic variables, girls reported worse sleep and more depressive symptoms than boys did, and younger students reported better sleep but performed worse than the older ones. Although these findings should be further explored in forthcoming studies adding other promising variables, they highlight the importance of promoting euthymia to improve cognitive performance in adolescents.

Association of social network properties with resilience and depression among community-based Korean population

We aimed to determine how the properties of social networks relate to resilient-related status. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Etiology Research Center cohort and included 11,132 participants. Ego-centric social network size and intimacy were used to reflect social network properties. Resilient-related status was operationally defined based on the participant's response to the Life Experience Survey and the Back Depression Inventory Ⅱ. Participants were categorized into three groups: reference (no negative life event; no depression), resilient (with negative life event; but no depression), and depression (no/with negative life event; with depression). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of social networks on the resilient-related status after adjusting for all covariates. Social network size was positively associated with the resilient group for both sex (male: OR = 1.01 [95% CI = 0.96 to 1.05], female: OR = 1.07 [95% CI = 1.03 to 1.11]), whereas intimacy showed a negative association (male: OR = 0.91 [95% CI = 0.82 to 1.01], female: OR = 0.84 [95% CI = 0.76 to 0.92]). Additionally, as each social network property increased, the likelihood of being categorized as belonging to the depression group decreased, regardless of age and sex.

Overseas Chinese Returnees' Swindler Syndrome and Their Entrepreneurial Education Under Psychological Resilience

The study aims to explore the entrepreneurship education of overseas Chinese returnees with the swindler syndrome through psychological resilience. First, a questionnaire survey is conducted to analyze the current situations of entrepreneurship education of overseas Chinses returnees and college students, and it is found that the entrepreneurship education received by overseas Chinese returnees is more advanced and perfect than that by domestic students, which makes overseas Chinese returnees have the ability to solve the problems in the process of entrepreneurship, realizing their entrepreneurial dream. However, the emergence of swindler syndrome changes the self-awareness and psychology of these returnees, which is improved through appropriate entrepreneurship education under resilience analysis. The results show that entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial optimism covered by psychological resilience have a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intention, indicating that entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial optimism can enhance individual’s entrepreneurial intention. The scores of the subjects with the experience of studying abroad are higher than those without such experience, indicating that overseas Chinese returnees have stronger resilience and more optimistic attitudes in the face of difficulties and setbacks, which provides a new perspective for in-depth analysis of Chinese returnees’ entrepreneurship education and promotes the development of entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities in China.