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Guerin AA, Bridson T, Plapp HM, Bedi G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of health, functional, and cognitive outcomes in young people who use methamphetamine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 153:105380. [PMID: 37678571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine use typically starts in adolescence, and early onset is associated with worse outcomes. Yet, health, functional, and cognitive outcomes associated with methamphetamine use in young people are not well understood. The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the evidence on health, functional, and cognitive outcomes in young people (10-25 years-old) who use methamphetamine. Sixty-six studies were included. The strongest association observed was with conduct disorder, with young people who use methamphetamine some 13 times more likely to meet conduct disorder criteria than controls. They were also more likely to have justice system involvement and to perpetrate violence against others. Educational problems were consistently associated with youth methamphetamine use. The cognitive domain most reliably implicated was inhibitory control. Key limitations in the literature were identified, including heterogenous measurement of exposure and outcomes, lack of adequate controls, and limited longitudinal evidence. Outcomes identified in the present review - suggesting complex and clinically significant behavioural issues in this population - are informative for the development of future research and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A Guerin
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Orygen, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Tahnee Bridson
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena M Plapp
- Orygen, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gillinder Bedi
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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Johnson ME, Lloyd SL, Bristol SC, Elliott AL, Cottler LB. Black girls and referrals: racial and gender disparities in self-reported referral to substance use disorder assessment among justice-involved children. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2022; 17:68. [PMID: 36242056 PMCID: PMC9569097 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-022-00462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a higher prevalence of substance use disorder (SUD) among justice-involved children (JIC). It is critical to ensure that JIC who report current use are referred for SUD assessment and potentially life-saving treatment services. Prior research suggests that certain minoritized groups may be less likely to have ever been referred for screening, and research on intersectionality suggests that these disparities may be exacerbated for racially minoritized females. METHODS Multivariate logistic regression and interaction effects were employed to analyze longitudinal data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice on 12,128 JIC who reported SU in the past 6 months. The main and interaction effects of race and gender on the odds of having a history of reporting a referral to SUD assessment were tested. The primary outcome variable was a self-reported measure of a youth's history of being referred to service. The control variables included substance type, household income, current SU problems, history of mental health problems, number of misdemeanors, risk to recidivate, and age at first offense. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the likelihood of having a history of reporting being referred to SUD assessment between White females, White males, and Latinx females. However, Black females (AOR = 0.62), Latinx males (AOR = 0.71), and Black males (AOR = 0.65) were significantly less likely to self-report having a history of being referred than White males. Black females were 34% likely to report a history of being referred as White males and females. CONCLUSION In this sample, Black females who use substances were substantially less likely to self-report being referred to SUD screening. According to officials, FLDJJ has solid process to ensure referrals are made. Therefore, the results are likely to be due to external factors and alternative explanations. Community leaders and stakeholders may consider culturally relevant and gender-sensitive programs to expand access to services for minoritized adolescents in their communities, schools, and other institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah E Johnson
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Shawnta L Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Skye C Bristol
- Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amy L Elliott
- Sure Med Compliance, 561 Fairhope Ave, Suite 203 C, Fairhope, AL, 36532, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and, College of Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
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3
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Snow-Hill NL, Donenberg G, Feil EG, Smith DR, Floyd BR, Leve C. A Technology-Based Training Tool for a Health Promotion and Sex Education Program for Justice-Involved Youth: Development and Usability Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e31185. [PMID: 34591028 PMCID: PMC8517818 DOI: 10.2196/31185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Justice-involved youth are especially vulnerable to mental health distress, substance misuse, and risky sexual activity, amplifying the need for evidence-based programs (EBPs). Yet, uptake of EBPs in the justice system is challenging because staff training is costly in time and effort. Hence, justice-involved youth experience increasing health disparities despite the availability of EBPs. Objective To counter these challenges, this study develops and pilot-tests a prototype of a technology-based training tool that teaches juvenile justice staff to deliver a uniquely tailored EBP for justice-involved youth—PHAT (Preventing HIV/AIDS Among Teens) Life. PHAT Life is a comprehensive sex education, mental health, and substance use EBP collaboratively designed and tested with guidance from key stakeholders and community members. The training tool addresses implementation barriers that impede uptake and sustainment of EBPs, including staff training and support and implementation costs. Methods Staff (n=11) from two juvenile justice settings pilot-tested the technology-based training tool, which included five modules. Participants completed measures of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) knowledge, sex education confidence, and implementation outcomes such as training satisfaction, adoption, implementation, acceptability, appropriateness, and sustainability. PHAT Life trainers assessed fidelity through two activity role plays participants submitted upon completing the training modules. Results Participants demonstrated increases in HIV and STI knowledge (t10=3.07; P=.01), and were very satisfied (mean 4.42, SD 0.36) with the training tool and the PHAT Life curriculum. They believed that the training tool and curriculum could be adopted, implemented, and sustained within their settings as an appropriate and acceptable intervention and training. Conclusions Overall, the results from this pilot test demonstrate feasibility and support continuing efforts toward completing the training tool and evaluating it within a fully powered randomized controlled trial. Ultimately, this study will provide a scalable option for disseminating an EBP and offers a more cost-effective and sustainable way to train staff in an EBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa L Snow-Hill
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Geri Donenberg
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Brenikki R Floyd
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Craig Leve
- Influents Innovations, Eugene, OR, United States
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4
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Chaplo S, Fishbein D. Capitalizing on Neuroplasticity Across Development to Redirect Pathways from Juvenile Justice Involvement. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 53:235-254. [PMID: 34486099 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is an exquisitely sensitive period of development during which pathways branch toward success in school and prosocial pursuits or, conversely, toward behavior problems and involvement in high-risk activities and systems, such as juvenile justice (JJ). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) such as poverty, family dysfunction, and child maltreatment, have been strongly and repeatedly associated with JJ involvement. A significant body of research from neuroscience has established that ACEs can alter facets of neurodevelopment that undergird self-regulation throughout childhood and adolescence, thereby increasing susceptibility to behaviors that attract attention of the JJ system. Because the ability to intervene prior to system-entrenchment is crucial to disrupting an adverse developmental pathway, we look toward neuroscience to offer insights into how to do so more effectively. In this chapter, evidence is summarized that informs an understanding of how neurodevelopmental pathways may lead to JJ involvement. Because neurodevelopment is malleable in response to both detrimental and positive experiences, there is potential for well-targeted interventions to normalize brain and cognitive development, especially during sensitive periods of maturation. This discussion is followed by a proposed research agenda to determine how to exploit these critical windows of opportunity to divert youth from persistent antisocial behavior and JJ involvement. Lastly, a review of neuroscience findings regarding the ability of intervention to strengthen brain systems that modulate self-regulation is presented. This research has direct practical significance with potential to be translated into meaningful policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Chaplo
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Diana Fishbein
- FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA.
- National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Zwecker NA, Harrison AJ, Welty LJ, Teplin LA, Abram KM. Social Support Networks among Delinquent Youth: An 8-Year Follow-up Study. JOURNAL OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION 2019; 57:459-480. [PMID: 31190722 PMCID: PMC6561504 DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2018.1523821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supportive social networks are key to the successful transition to young adulthood. Yet, we know little about networks of delinquent youth, a population at risk for disrupted social connections. This study describes the structure and function of social support networks among delinquent youth eight years after detention; median age 24 years. Nearly one-fifth of participants had no one that they could count on, and one-third had only one person in their support network. Participants tended to have very dense networks composed almost entirely of family. Findings underscore the importance of expanding social supports for delinquent youth as they age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi A. Zwecker
- OCD & Anxiety Program of Southern California, 2656 29th Street, Suite 208 Santa Monica, CA 90405
| | - Anna J. Harrison
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, Division of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 5, Suite 7G15, San Francisco, CA 94110
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences
| | - Leah J. Welty
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Linda A. Teplin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
| | - Karen M. Abram
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 710 N Lake Shore Drive, Suite 900, Chicago IL, 60611
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6
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Donenberg G, Emerson E, Kendall AD. HIV-risk reduction intervention for juvenile offenders on probation: The PHAT Life group randomized controlled trial. Health Psychol 2018; 37:364-374. [PMID: 29389155 DOI: 10.1037/hea0000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Juvenile offenders report high rates of sexual risk taking, increasing the possibility of HIV. This 2-arm group randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of PHAT Life, a sexual risk reduction program, compared with a time-matched health promotion program for youth on probation. METHOD Male and female 13- to 17-year-olds (M = 16.08; SD = 1.09) recently arrested and placed on probation at an Evening Reporting Center were eligible for the study. Youth were 66% male, and 90% African American. Teens self-reported their sexual behavior (condom use, number of sexual partners) at baseline and 6 months. Retention was 85%. RESULTS Youth were randomized to PHAT Life (n = 163) or a health promotion program (n = 147). Among youth reporting the highest risk at baseline (a composite measure of multiple partners and inconsistent condom use), those who received PHAT Life were over 4 times more likely than the control group to report a lower level of risk (i.e., no sex or one partner plus consistent condom use) by 6 months, OR = 4.28 with 95% CI [1.37, 13.38], SE = 0.58, p = .01. Among sexually active teens who reported sexual debut before 12-years-old, those who received PHAT Life reported significantly fewer sexual partners at 6-months than controls, partial eta squared = .32, p = .002. CONCLUSIONS Findings support PHAT Life's efficacy to reduce sexual risk for juvenile offenders on probation. Future research should examine how best to disseminate PHAT Life to ensure that it is self-sustaining within the juvenile justice system. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri Donenberg
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Erin Emerson
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Healthy Youths Program, Community Outreach Intervention Projects, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ashley D Kendall
- Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, Healthy Youths Program, Community Outreach Intervention Projects, University of Illinois at Chicago
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7
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Vidourek RA, King KA, Merianos AL, Bartsch LA. Predictors of illicit drug use among a national sample of adolescents. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2017.1316782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Vidourek
- Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Keith A. King
- Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley L. Merianos
- Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lauren A. Bartsch
- Miami University, Department of Kinesiology & Health, Oxford, OH, USA
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8
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A Jury of Their Peers: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Teen Court on Criminal Recidivism. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1472-1487. [PMID: 28365901 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile delinquency has been on the decline for a number of years, yet, juvenile courts continue to assess more than 1 million cases per year. Involvement with the juvenile justice system has been linked to a number of risk factors and consequences that may impact positive youth development; however, evidence-based correctional programs that divert juvenile offenders away from formal processing are limited. Teen Court is a specialized diversion intervention that offers an alternative to traditional court processing for juvenile offenders. Despite the rapid expansion of Teen Courts, there is little comprehensive and systematic evidence available to justify this expansion. This meta-analytic study examines the effects of Teen Court on the recidivism of juvenile offenders. The literature search resulted in the selection of 14 studies, which contributed 18 unique effect sizes with a total sample of 2125 treatment group and 979 comparison group youth. The findings suggest that Teen Court is no more effective at reducing recidivism than (a) formal processing or (b) other diversion programs. Implications of formal and informal court processing for low-risk, first-time young offenders are discussed. The authors draw on the Risk-Need-Responsivity model to provide recommendations for policies and practices.
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9
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Karoly HC, Callahan T, Schmiege SJ, Ewing SWF. Evaluating the Hispanic Paradox in the Context of Adolescent Risky Sexual Behavior: The Role of Parent Monitoring. J Pediatr Psychol 2016; 41:429-40. [PMID: 25972373 PMCID: PMC4829736 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the United States, Hispanic adolescents are at elevated risk for negative outcomes related to risky sexual behavior. To evaluate potential protective factors for this group, we examined the fit of the Hispanic Paradox for sexual behavior among high-risk youth and the moderating role of parent monitoring. METHOD We enrolled 323 justice-involved Hispanic youth (73% male; mean age 16 years), and measured generational status, parent monitoring (monitoring location, who children spend time with outside of school, family dinner frequency), and sexual risk behavior. RESULTS There were no main effects for generational status on sexual behavior. Parent monitoring of location moderated the relationship between generational status and sexual behavior, such that greater monitoring of location was associated with less risky sexual behavior, but only for youth second generation and above. CONCLUSIONS Rather than direct evidence supporting the Hispanic Paradox, we found a more nuanced relationship for generational status in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado,
| | - Tiffany Callahan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
| | - Sarah J Schmiege
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and
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10
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Donenberg GR, Emerson E, Mackesy-Amiti ME, Udell W. HIV-Risk Reduction with Juvenile Offenders on Probation. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2015; 24:1672-1684. [PMID: 26097376 PMCID: PMC4469474 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-014-9970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Youth involved in the juvenile justice system are at elevated risk for HIV as a result of high rates of sexual risk taking, substance use, mental health problems and sexually transmitted infections. Yet few HIV prevention programs exist for young offenders. This pilot study examined change in juvenile offenders' sexual activity, drug/alcohol use, HIV testing and counseling, and theoretical mediators of risk taking following participation in PHAT Life, an HIV-prevention program for teens on probation. Participants (N=54) were 13-17 year-old arrested males and females remanded to a detention alternative setting. Youth participated in a uniquely tailored HIV prevention intervention and completed a baseline and 3-month follow up assessment of their HIV and substance use knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. At 3-month follow up, teens reported less alcohol use, more positive attitudes toward peers with HIV, greater ability to resist temptation to use substances, and for males, improved HIV prevention self-efficacy and peer norms supporting prevention. Teens were also more likely to seek HIV counseling and males were more likely to get tested for HIV. Effect sizes revealed moderate change in sexual behavior. Findings support PHAT Life as a promising intervention to reduce HIV-risk among youth in juvenile justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri R Donenberg
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Erin Emerson
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Mary Ellen Mackesy-Amiti
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Wadiya Udell
- School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Community Psychology Program, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA 98011
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11
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Feldstein Ewing SW, Filbey FM, Loughran TA, Chassin L, Piquero AR. Which matters most? Demographic, neuropsychological, personality, and situational factors in long-term marijuana and alcohol trajectories for justice-involved male youth. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2015; 29:603-12. [PMID: 26030166 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth have high rates of alcohol and marijuana use. However, little is known about what may drive these rates over time. Using a large-scale (N = 1,056; 41.4% African American, 33.5% Hispanic) longitudinal study with strong retention (M retention = 90% over Years 1-7), we utilized random-effects regression to determine the comparative contribution of four sets of factors in justice-involved males' patterns of marijuana and heavy alcohol use (number of times drunk) over 7 years of follow-up: demographic, personality, situational, and neuropsychological factors. Across both marijuana and heavy alcohol use models, three factors were particularly strong contributors to lower rates of substance use: (a) Hispanic ethnicity, (b) less exposure (street) time, and (c) better impulse control. Similarly, two factors were strong contributors to increased rates of marijuana and heavy alcohol use: (a) delinquent peers and (b) family member arrest. Together, these findings indicate the relative superiority of these independent variables over other categories (i.e., neuropsychological factors) in predicting high-risk youths' long-term (7-year) rates of substance use. These findings also suggest the importance of evaluating the connection of these areas for high-risk, adjudicated youth.
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12
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Gilman AB, Hill KG, Hawkins JD. When is youths' debt to society paid off? Examining the long-term consequences of juvenile incarceration for adult functioning. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2015; 1:33-47. [PMID: 26052482 PMCID: PMC4454422 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-015-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the long-term consequences of juvenile incarceration on functioning in adulthood (ages 27-33). METHODS Propensity score analysis was used to compare incarcerated youth with those who were never incarcerated in a subsample of individuals who had experienced at least one police contact in adolescence. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP), a multiethnic, gender balanced community sample. RESULTS Youth who were incarcerated in adolescence were more likely to experience incarceration at ages 27, 30, or 33, more likely to meet criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence, and more likely to be receiving public assistance than similar youth who were never incarcerated. CONCLUSIONS Results show that juvenile incarceration is not only ineffective at reducing criminal behavior later in life, but that there are also unintended consequences for incarceration beyond the criminal domain. Furthermore, it appears that once a youth becomes involved in the juvenile justice system, there is a higher likelihood that he/she will remain tethered to the criminal justice system through the transition to adulthood. Given these long-term deleterious outcomes, it is recommended that suitable alternatives to juvenile incarceration that do not jeopardize public safety be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Gilman
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Karl G Hill
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - J David Hawkins
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
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13
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King KA, Vidourek RA, Merianos AL, Bartsch LA. Predictors of Recent Marijuana Use and Past Year Marijuana Use Among a National Sample of Hispanic Youth. Subst Use Misuse 2015; 50:1395-405. [PMID: 26444054 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1013136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marijuana use rates remain higher among Hispanic youth compared to youth from other ethnic groups. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to examine if sex, age, authoritarian parenting, perceived school experiences, lifetime depression, legal involvement, and perceived social norms of marijuana use predicted recent marijuana use and past year marijuana use among Hispanic youth. METHODS The participants of this study were a nationwide sample of Hispanic youth (n = 3,457) in the United States. A secondary data analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was performed. Unadjusted odds ratios were computed via univariate logistic regression analyses and all statistically significant variables were retained and included in the final multiple logistic regression analyses. Recent marijuana use was operationally defined as use within the past 30 days, and marijuana use in the past year was defined as use within the past year. RESULTS Results indicated that 7.5% of Hispanic youth used within the past month and 14.5% of Hispanic youth used within the past year. Results revealed that significant predictors for recent use were age, authoritarian parenting, perceived school experiences, legal involvement, and perceived social norms of youth marijuana use. Predictors for past year were age, perceived school experiences, legal involvement, and perceived social norms of youth marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Findings from this study can be used to address the public health problem of marijuana use among Hispanic youth that is ultimately contributing to health disparities among this ethnic group nationwide. Recommendations for future studies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A King
- a Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Rebecca A Vidourek
- a Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Ashley L Merianos
- a Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
| | - Lauren A Bartsch
- a Health Promotion and Education, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio , USA
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14
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Krabbendam AA, Jansen LMC, van de Ven PM, van der Molen E, Doreleijers TAH, Vermeiren RRJM. Persistence of aggression into adulthood in detained adolescent females. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55:1572-9. [PMID: 24969619 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although detained adolescent females show high rates of severe aggression, we know little about the long-term impact of this risk-behavior. Furthermore, qualitative differences in aggression between males and females argue for gender specific research. In contrast to males, females display aggressive acts more often towards themselves (inward aggression; self harm behavior) than towards others (outward aggression). Therefore, this prospective study investigated the prevalence and predictive validity of different types of aggression in detained adolescent females. METHOD Participants were 139 adolescent females (mean age 20.1) assessed at start of detention and 5 years later. Both inward and outward aggression subtypes were assessed twice using standardized instruments. Mutual relations over time were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. RESULTS High levels of all types of aggression were found repeatedly, suggesting substantial persistence over time. While inward aggression predicted both inward and outward aggression at follow-up, outward aggression was related to outward aggression only. Furthermore, the covert form of outward aggression only, and not the overt subtype, predicted outward aggression 5 years later. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that aggression in detained adolescent females does not fade away, and should thus be given substantial clinical attention. In assessment, focus should also be on inward and covert subtypes. Further research should explore the necessity of developing gender-specific diagnostic instruments, treatment modules and risk assessment tools. When replicated, our findings may also bear implications for the classification of behavior disorders in adolescent females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Krabbendam
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands; VU university medical center Amsterdam, De Bascule, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands; EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucres M C Jansen
- VU university medical center Amsterdam, De Bascule, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands; EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van de Ven
- VU university medical center Amsterdam, Department of Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa van der Molen
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands; VU university medical center Amsterdam, De Bascule, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands; EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A H Doreleijers
- VU university medical center Amsterdam, De Bascule, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Duivendrecht, The Netherlands; EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R J M Vermeiren
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
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Liddle HA. Adapting and implementing an evidence-based treatment with justice-involved adolescents: the example of multidimensional family therapy. FAMILY PROCESS 2014; 53:516-528. [PMID: 25099536 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
For over four decades family therapy research and family centered evidence-based therapies for justice-involved youths have played influential roles in changing policies and services for these young people and their families. But research always reveals challenges as well as advances. To be sure, demonstration that an evidence-based therapy yields better outcomes than comparison treatments or services as usual is an accomplishment. But the extraordinary complexity embedded in that assertion feels tiny relative to what we are now learning about the so-called transfer of evidence-based treatments to real world practice settings. Today's family therapy studies continue to assess outcome with diverse samples and presenting problems, but research and funding priorities also include studying particular treatments in nonresearch settings. Does an evidence-based intervention work as well in a community clinic, with clinic personnel? How much of a treatment has to change to be accepted and implemented in a community clinic? Perhaps it is the setting and existing procedures that have to change? And, in those cases, do accommodations to the context compromise outcomes? Thankfully, technology transfer notions gave way to more systemic, dynamic, and frankly, more family therapy-like conceptions of the needed process. Implementation science became the more sensible, as well as the theoretically and empirically stronger overarching framework within which the evidence-based family based therapies now operate. Using the example of Multidimensional Family Therapy, this article discusses treatment development, refinement, and implementation of that adapted approach in a particular clinical context-a sector of the juvenile justice system-juvenile detention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard A Liddle
- Public Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL; Center for Treatment Research on Adolescent Drug Abuse, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Abstract
In the last three decades there has been ample research to demonstrate that instituting Multisystemic Therapy for serious juvenile offenders, keeping them in the community with intensive intervention, can significantly reduce recidivism. When there is recidivism, it is less severe than in released incarcerated juveniles. Multisystemic Therapy provides 24 h available parental guidance, family therapy, individual therapy, group therapy, educational support and quite importantly a change of peer group. In New York City, there is the new mandate through the Juvenile Justice Initiative to implement interventions to keep juvenile offenders in the community rather than sending them to be incarcerated. However, this paper aims to examine how teaching prosocial values in early childhood can reduce the incidence of first-time juvenile delinquency. Programs such as the Perry School Project will be discussed to demonstrate that although somewhat expensive, these innovative programs nonetheless are quite cost-effective as the cost to society of adjudication, incarceration and victim damages are significantly greater. Along with teaching prosocial 0020 values, there has been renewed interest in early identification of youth at risk for developing Antisocial Personality Disorder. An update is given on the status of both promising approaches in early intervention to prevent serious juvenile delinquency and hence adult criminality.
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Kinner SA, Degenhardt L, Coffey C, Sawyer S, Hearps S, Patton G. Complex health needs in the youth justice system: a survey of community-based and custodial offenders. J Adolesc Health 2014; 54:521-6. [PMID: 24287014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Estimate the prevalence and annual frequency of health risk indicators in young people serving community-based orders (CBOs) and custodial orders in the state of Victoria, Australia. METHODS Cross-sectional survey of 242 young people serving CBOs and 273 serving custodial orders in Victoria in 2002-2003. Validated measures included the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for substance dependence, Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire for depression, and Psychosis Screening Questionnaire for psychosis symptoms. Prevalence estimates were adjusted for sampling bias and age- and sex-adjusted for between-group comparisons. Prevalence estimates were applied to 2010-2011 Victorian youth justice data to estimate annual frequencies at the state level. RESULTS The prevalence of substance dependence, poor mental health, and risky sexual behavior was high in both groups. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence estimates were generally higher among those serving custodial orders; however, extrapolating prevalence estimates to statewide youth justice data generally resulted in higher estimated annual frequencies among CBOs. For example, the estimated prevalence of any substance dependence was 66% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60-72) in those serving custodial orders and 34% (95% CI, 26-42) in CBOs, but the estimated frequency of substance dependence in CBOs in 2010-2011 was 970 (95% CI, 750-1,180), compared with 490 (95% CI, 450-530) in those serving a custodial order. CONCLUSIONS There is a compelling case for scaling up health services for young offenders in custody and in the community, and for routinely monitoring the health of young offenders serving custodial and community orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carolyn Coffey
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Sawyer
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Hearps
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia
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Ewing SWF, Schmiege SJ, Bryan AD. Continued detention involvement and adolescent marijuana use trajectories. JOURNAL OF CORRECTIONAL HEALTH CARE 2013; 20:31-44. [PMID: 24272742 DOI: 10.1177/1078345813505445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Justice-involved youth have high rates of marijuana use. Less is known about what may drive these rates, particularly when justice-involved youth return to the community. One factor that has been implicated is continued detention involvement. Yet, it is unknown how this factor may influence marijuana use trajectories. Using longitudinal growth curve modeling, the researchers evaluated the association between continued detention involvement and marijuana use trajectories in two large, ethnically diverse samples of community-based, justice-involved youth. Across both samples, marijuana use decreased over time for youth with continued detention involvement but did not change for youth without continued detention involvement. These findings underscore the importance of attending to the influence of detention involvement in community-based, justice-involved adolescents' marijuana use trajectories. This study also highlights the importance of coordinating prevention/intervention programming for justice-involved youth once they are in the community.
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van der Molen E, Vermeiren RRJM, Krabbendam AA, Beekman ATF, Doreleijers TAH, Jansen LMC. Detained adolescent females' multiple mental health and adjustment problem outcomes in young adulthood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:950-7. [PMID: 23343212 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prior studies have shown that detained females are marked by significant adverse circumstances, little is known about their adult outcomes. METHOD Prospective follow-up study of 184 (80.4% of original sample of 229) detained adolescent females who were reassessed 4.5 (SD=0.6) years later in young adulthood (mean age=20.0, SD=1.4) on mental health and adjustment outcomes. Associations between these outcomes and detained females' behavior problems and offense history were examined. RESULTS In the total sample, 59.0% had one or more mental health problems at follow-up, whereas 96.2% were facing at least one adjustment problem. Subjects with a personality disorder (PD) reported more adjustment problems compared to subjects without PD. Mental health and adjustment problems in young adulthood were predicted by detained adolescent females' behavior problems and offense history. CONCLUSION Detained adolescent females suffered from multiple mental health and adjustment problems in young adulthood. Females who developed PD were most impaired. Results of this study underline the compelling need for continued and gender-specific interventions. The identification of predictors during detention for poor adult outcomes can serve as targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Molen
- Department of Child- and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Gisin D, Haller DM, Cerutti B, Wolff H, Bertrand D, Sebo P, Heller P, Niveau G, Eytan A. Mental health of young offenders in Switzerland: Recognizing psychiatric symptoms during detention. J Forensic Leg Med 2012; 19:332-6. [PMID: 22847050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the medical records of the 118 adolescent detainees which had at least one consultation by a psychiatrist at the prison health facility during 2007. General practitioners used the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC-2) for recording health problems. Psychiatrists used the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for making psychiatric diagnoses. The concordance between the mental health assessment done by general practitioners using the ICPC-2 and the diagnoses proposed by psychiatrists was globally satisfying. The five most frequent ICD categories (conduct disorder, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, personality disorder, adjustment disorder) encompassed the most frequently reported ICPC-2 psychological symptoms. Several associations between psychological symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics were observed. Apart from providing a description of the mental health of adolescent detainees in one of Switzerland's largest detention centre for minors, results suggest that general practitioners can adequately identify frequent mental disorders in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Gisin
- University of Geneva, Department of Psychology, 40, Boulevard du Pont-d'Arve, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Feldstein Ewing SW, Venner KL, Mead HK, Bryan AD. Exploring racial/ethnic differences in substance use: a preliminary theory-based investigation with juvenile justice-involved youth. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:71. [PMID: 21846356 PMCID: PMC3171315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Racial/ethnic differences in representation, substance use, and its correlates may be linked to differential long-term health outcomes for justice-involved youth. Determining the nature of these differences is critical to informing more efficacious health prevention and intervention efforts. In this study, we employed a theory-based approach to evaluate the nature of these potential differences. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) racial/ethnic minority youth would be comparatively overrepresented in the juvenile justice system, (2) the rates of substance use would be different across racial/ethnic groups, and (3) individual-level risk factors would be better predictors of substance use for Caucasian youth than for youth of other racial/ethnic groups. Methods To evaluate these hypotheses, we recruited a large, diverse sample of justice-involved youth in the southwest (N = 651; M age = 15.7, SD = 1.05, range = 14-18 years); 66% male; 41% Hispanic, 24% African American, 15% Caucasian, 11% American Indian/Alaska Native). All youth were queried about their substance use behavior (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, illicit hard drug use) and individual-level risk factors (school involvement, employment, self-esteem, level of externalizing behaviors). Results As predicted, racial/ethnic minority youth were significantly overrepresented in the juvenile justice system. Additionally, Caucasian youth reported the greatest rates of substance use and substance-related individual-level risk factors. In contrast, African American youth showed the lowest rates for substance use and individual risk factors. Contrary to predictions, a racial/ethnic group by risk factor finding emerged for only one risk factor and one substance use category. Conclusions This research highlights the importance of more closely examining racial/ethnic differences in justice populations, as there are likely to be differing health needs, and subsequent treatment approaches, by racial/ethnic group for justice-involved youth. Additionally, this study highlights the need for timely, empirically supported (developmentally and cross-culturally) substance abuse interventions for all justice-involved youth.
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Steiner H, Silverman M, Karnik NS, Huemer J, Plattner B, Clark CE, Blair JR, Haapanen R. Psychopathology, trauma and delinquency: subtypes of aggression and their relevance for understanding young offenders. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2011; 5:21. [PMID: 21714905 PMCID: PMC3141659 DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-5-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the implications of an ontology of aggressive behavior which divides aggression into reactive, affective, defensive, impulsive (RADI) or "emotionally hot"; and planned, instrumental, predatory (PIP) or "emotionally cold." Recent epidemiological, criminological, clinical and neuroscience studies converge to support a connection between emotional and trauma related psychopathology and disturbances in the emotions, self-regulation and aggressive behavior which has important implications for diagnosis and treatment, especially for delinquent populations. METHOD Selective review of preclinical and clinical studies in normal, clinical and delinquent populations. RESULTS In delinquent populations we observe an increase in psychopathology, and especially trauma related psychopathology which impacts emotions and self-regulation in a manner that hotly emotionally charged acts of aggression become more likely. The identification of these disturbances can be supported by findings in cognitive neuroscience. These hot aggressive acts can be delineated from planned or emotionally cold aggression. CONCLUSION Our findings support a typology of diagnostic labels for disruptive behaviors, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, as it appears that these acts of hot emotional aggression are a legitimate target for psychopharmacological and other trauma specific interventions. The identification of this subtype of disruptive behavior disorders leads to more specific clinical interventions which in turn promise to improve hitherto unimpressive treatment outcomes of delinquents and patients with disruptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Steiner
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Melissa Silverman
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Niranjan S Karnik
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia Huemer
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Belinda Plattner
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrischer Dienst des Kantons Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - James R Blair
- National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Williams JH. The challenges of meeting community service needs for postincarcerated adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2009; 44:518-9. [PMID: 19465314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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