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Schaible A, Kabourek J, Elverson W, Venter C, Cox A, Groetch M. Precautionary Allergen Labeling: Avoidance for All? Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2024; 24:81-94. [PMID: 38270804 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-024-01129-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Precautionary allergen labeling (PAL) suggests the risk of unintended allergen presence (UAP) in food but is unregulated in most countries and inconsistently applied by food manufacturers. This review evaluates the current use of PAL, its relevance to allergic consumers, and weighs possible advantages and disadvantages of avoiding products with PAL. RECENT FINDINGS In most countries, manufacturers are free to decide whether, when, and how to apply PAL resulting in inconsistencies and consumer confusion. Patients with food allergy often interpret PAL incorrectly and without guidance from their health care providers. Health care providers are also prone to misinterpreting PAL, indicating a need for better education. Consumers desire guidance on whether to avoid products with PAL or not. Until further regulatory guidance is available, shared decision-making between patient and provider is required to offer individualized, rather than one-size-fits-all, approaches to PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Schaible
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jamie Kabourek
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Wendy Elverson
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carina Venter
- Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, Co, USA
| | - Amanda Cox
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marion Groetch
- Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1198, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Venter C, Meyer R, Bauer M, Bird JA, Fleischer DM, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Anagnostou A, Vickery BP, Wang J, Groetch M. Identifying Children at Risk of Growth and Nutrient Deficiencies in the Food Allergy Clinic. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2024; 12:579-589. [PMID: 38280452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergies affect growth in children by decreasing the availability of nutrients through decreased dietary intake, increased dietary needs, food-medication interactions, and psychosocial burden. Guidelines on food allergy management frequently recommend nutrition counseling and growth monitoring of children with food allergies. OBJECTIVE To provide clear guidance for clinicians to identify children with food allergies who are at nutritional risk and ensure prompt intervention. METHODS We provide a narrative review summarizing information from national and international guidelines, retrospective studies, population studies, review articles, case reports, and case series to identify those with food allergy at greatest nutritional risk, determine the impact of nutritional interventions on growth, and develop guidance for risk reduction in children with food allergies. RESULTS Children with food allergies are at increased risk of nutritional deficiencies and poor growth. Nutritional assessment and intervention can improve outcomes. Identifying poor growth is an important step in the nutrition assessment. Therefore, growth should be assessed at each allergy evaluation. Interventions to ensure adequate dietary intake for growth include appropriately prescribed elimination diets, breast-feeding support and assessment, supplemental formula, vitamin and/or mineral supplementation, appropriate milk substitutes, and timely introduction of nutrient-dense complementary foods. Access to foods of appropriate nutritional value is an ongoing concern. CONCLUSION Nutrition intervention or referral to registered dietitian nutritionists with additional training and/or experience in food allergy may result in improved growth and nutrition outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Venter
- Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Rosan Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maureen Bauer
- Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - J Andrew Bird
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David M Fleischer
- Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colo
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aikaterini Anagnostou
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Brian P Vickery
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Ga; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marion Groetch
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Vandenplas Y, Broekaert I, Domellöf M, Indrio F, Lapillonne A, Pienar C, Ribes-Koninckx C, Shamir R, Szajewska H, Thapar N, Thomassen RA, Verduci E, West C. An ESPGHAN Position Paper on the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Cow's Milk Allergy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:386-413. [PMID: 38374567 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
A previous guideline on cow's milk allergy (CMA) developed by the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) was published in 2012. This position paper provides an update on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CMA with focus on gastrointestinal manifestations. All systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding prevalence, pathophysiology, symptoms, and diagnosis of CMA published after the previous ESPGHAN document were considered. Medline was searched from inception until May 2022 for topics that were not covered in the previous document. After reaching consensus on the manuscript, statements were formulated and voted on each of them with a score between 0 and 9. A score of ≥6 was arbitrarily considered as agreement. Available evidence on the role of dietary practice in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of CMA was updated and recommendations formulated. CMA in exclusively breastfed infants exists, but is uncommon and suffers from over-diagnosis. CMA is also over-diagnosed in formula and mixed fed infants. Changes in stool characteristics, feeding aversion, or occasional spots of blood in stool are common and in general should not be considered as diagnostic of CMA, irrespective of preceding consumption of cow's milk. Over-diagnosis of CMA occurs much more frequently than under-diagnosis; both have potentially harmful consequences. Therefore, the necessity of a challenge test after a short diagnostic elimination diet of 2-4 weeks is recommended as the cornerstone of the diagnosis. This position paper contains sections on nutrition, growth, cost, and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvan Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilse Broekaert
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Flavia Indrio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alexandre Lapillonne
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
- CNRC, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Corina Pienar
- Department of Pediatrics, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Carmen Ribes-Koninckx
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology & Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Lea and Arieh Pickel Chair for Pediatric Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Woolworths Centre for Child Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rut Anne Thomassen
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elvira Verduci
- Department of Paediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children's Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christina West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Poredoš T, Vesel Tajnšek T, Koren Jeverica A, Zajc Avramovič M, Markelj G, Emeršič N, Avčin T. Comprehensive Care and Education Can Improve Nutritional and Growth Outcomes in Children with Persistent Cow's Milk, Egg, or Peanut Allergies: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Nutritional Status. Nutrients 2023; 16:48. [PMID: 38201880 PMCID: PMC10780307 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data suggest that food allergies greatly impact a child's health and growth due to inadequate nutrient intake. Our study aimed to establish the long-term outcome of children with food allergies compared to a control group. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort study with longitudinal follow-up with a mean period of 4.85 years from the diagnosis to the last study visit. The patients' nutritional intake was assessed using a three-day food diary and analysed by a dietitian. Patients (61 boys and 33 girls, mean age 6.9 years) had a single food allergy including 21 patients with cow's milk, 34 with egg, and 39 with peanut allergies. The control group included 36 children (19 boys and 17 girls, mean age 8.03 years). Blood analysis was performed on all participants. RESULTS Data from our study showed that patients with cow's milk, egg or peanut allergies had normal growth and achieved catch-up growth from the diagnosis until the last study visit. In the cow's milk allergy group, the allergy was shown to affect calcium intake (p < 0.05), while egg and peanut allergies did not impact the dietary intake of nutrients. None of the investigated food allergies affected blood results (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the present study, we showed that single food allergies do not compromise growth in children if they are provided with appropriate support and that the affected children reach catch-up growth from the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Poredoš
- Department of Hospital Nutrition and Dietetics, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Bohoričeva 20, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tina Vesel Tajnšek
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Anja Koren Jeverica
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Mojca Zajc Avramovič
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Gašper Markelj
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Nina Emeršič
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
| | - Tadej Avčin
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia (A.K.J.); (M.Z.A.); (G.M.); (N.E.); (T.A.)
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Saito M, Hasunuma H, Okuda M, Hotta A, Fujino T, Takeshima Y, Shima M. Relationship between growth and food avoidance with food allergy at age 3 years: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100826. [PMID: 38027089 PMCID: PMC10630778 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Basic management for food allergy (FA) is eliminating causative food from the diet, which can impact normal growth. This study examined the association between food avoidance and growth failure among children with FA aged 0-3 years using the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) data. Methods Data on height, weight, and FA history registered were collected using self-administered questionnaires at age 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 years. A general linear model was used to examine whether dietary restriction affected body size. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were adjusted for age in months using standard deviation (SD) scores for each age group by month of measurement. Presence of FA or dietary restriction was used as a binary variable. Results Of the 38 477 participants included in this analysis, 4070 with FAs had significantly lower SD scores for height and weight at age 3 years. With milk avoidance, significantly lower SD scores for height (male: β = -0.097 [95%CI: 0.175, -0.019], female: β = -0.103 [95%CI: 0.204, -0.002]), a significantly lower SD score for weight (male: β = -0.115[95%CI: 0.187, -0.043], female β = -0.114[95%CI: 0.203, -0.026]) were observed. Soy avoidance in males marked a lower SD score for height (β = -0.307 [95%CI: 0.474, -0.140]). Continued food avoidance until age 3 resulted in significantly lower SD score for height and weight regardless of gender. Conclusion Growth impairment was observed with food avoidance at age 3 years. Growth impairment were more obvious in males than in females. With regards food items, the impact of milk and soy was more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasunuma
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Regional Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masumi Okuda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Aki Hotta
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Fujino
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeshima
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Regional Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan
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Rosow R, Virkud YV, Martin VM, Young M, Su KW, Phadke N, Shreffler WG, Yuan Q. Longitudinal assessment of early growth in children with IgE- and non-IgE-mediated food allergy in a healthy infant cohort. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2023; 131:362-368.e1. [PMID: 37236540 PMCID: PMC10524541 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are conflicting associations reported between food allergies (FAs) and poor growth, with some indication that children with multiple FAs are at highest risk. OBJECTIVE We analyzed longitudinal weight-for-length (WFL) trajectories from our healthy cohort to evaluate growth in children with IgE-mediated FAs and food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP), a non-IgE-mediated FA. METHODS Our observational cohort of 903 healthy newborn infants was prospectively enrolled to evaluate the development of FAs. Longitudinal mixed effects modeling was used to compare differences in WFL among children with IgE-FA and FPIAP, compared with unaffected children, through age 2. RESULTS Among the 804 participants who met inclusion criteria, FPIAP cases had significantly lower WFL than unaffected controls during active disease, which resolved by 1 year of age. In contrast, children with IgE-FA had significantly lower WFL than unaffected controls after 1 year. We also found that children with IgE-FA to cow's milk had significantly lower WFL over the first 2 years of age. Children with multiple IgE-FAs had markedly lower WFL over the first 2 years of age. CONCLUSION Children with FPIAP have impaired growth during active disease in the first year of age which resolves, whereas children with IgE-FA, particularly those with multiple IgE-FA, have impaired growth more prominently after the first year of age. It may be appropriate to focus nutritional assessment and interventions accordingly during these higher risk periods in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Rosow
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yamini V Virkud
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Food Allergy Science Initiative at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Victoria M Martin
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Food Allergy Science Initiative at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marielle Young
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kuan-Wen Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Neelam Phadke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wayne G Shreffler
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Food Allergy Science Initiative at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Yuan
- Food Allergy Center at MGH, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Food Allergy Science Initiative at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Peters RL, Soriano VX, Lycett K, Flynn C, Idrose NS, Tang MLK, Wijesuriya R, Allen KJ, Ranganathan S, Lowe AJ, Perrett KP, Lodge CJ, Koplin JJ, Dharmage SC. Infant food allergy phenotypes and association with lung function deficits and asthma at age 6 years: a population-based, prospective cohort study in Australia. THE LANCET. CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2023; 7:636-647. [PMID: 37506717 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(23)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is considered a precursor to asthma in the context of the atopic march, but the relationship between infant food allergy phenotypes and lung function and asthma in childhood is unclear. We aimed to examine the association between food sensitisation and challenge-confirmed food allergy in infancy, as well as persistent and resolved food allergy up to age 6 years, and the risk of lung function deficits and asthma at age 6 years. METHODS The longitudinal, population-based HealthNuts cohort study in Melbourne, VIC, Australia, recruited 5276 infants children aged 1 year who attended council-run immunisation sessions between Sept 28, 2007, and Aug 5, 2011. At age 1 year, all children completed skin prick testing to four food allergens (egg, peanut, sesame, and either shrimp or cow's milk) and an oral food challenge (egg, peanut, and sesame) at the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne. Parents completed questionnaires about their infant's allergy history, demographic characteristics, and environmental exposures. At age 6 years, children were invited for a health assessment that included skin prick testing for ten foods (milk, egg, peanut, wheat, sesame, soy, shrimp, cashew, almond, and hazelnut) and eight aeroallergens (alternaria, cladasporum, house dust mite, cat hair, dog hair, bermuda grass, rye grass, and birch mix), oral food challenges, and lung function testing by spirometry. Questionnaires completed by parents (different to those completed at age 1 year) captured the child's allergy and respiratory history and demographics. We investigated associations between food allergy phenotypes (food-sensitised tolerance or food allergy; and ever, transient, persistent, or late-onset food allergy), lung function spirometry measures (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC] z-scores, FEV1/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow at 25% and 75% of the pulmonary volume [FEF25-75%], and bronchodilator responsiveness), and asthma using regression methods. Only children with complete data on the exposure, outcome, and confounders were included in models. Infants without food sensitisation or food allergy at age 1 year and 6 years served as the reference group. FINDINGS Of 5276 participants, 3233 completed the health assessment at age 6 years and were included in this analysis. Food allergy, but not food-sensitised tolerance, at age 1 year was associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC (aβ -0·19 [95% CI -0·32 to -0·06] and -0·17 [-0·31 to -0·04], respectively) at age 6 years. Transient egg allergy was associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC compared with never having egg allergy (-0·18 [95% CI -0·33 to -0·03] and -0·15 [-0·31 to 0·00], respectively), whereas persistent egg allergy was not (FEV1 -0·09 [-0·48 to 0·31]; FVC -0·20 [-0·62 to 0·21]). Transient peanut allergy was associated with reduced FEV1 and FVC (FEV1 aβ -0·37 [-0·79 to 0·04] and FVC aβ -0·55 [-0·98 to -0·12]), in addition to persistent peanut allergy (FEV1 aβ -0·30 [-0·54 to -0·06] and FVC aβ-0·30 [-0·55 to -0·05]), and late-onset peanut allergy (FEV1 aβ -0·62 [-1·06 to -0·18] and FVC aβ-0·49 [-0·96 to -0·03]). Estimates suggested that food-sensitised tolerance and food allergy were associated with reduced FEF25-75%, although some estimates were imprecise. Food allergy phenotypes were not associated with an FEV1/FVC ratio. Late-onset peanut allergy was the only allergy phenotype that was possibly associated with increased risk of bronchodilator responsiveness (2·95 [95% CI 0·77 to 11·38]). 430 (13·7%) of 3135 children were diagnosed with asthma before age 6 years (95% CI 12·5-15·0). Both food-sensitised tolerance and food allergy at age 1 year were associated with increased asthma risk at age 6 years (adjusted odds ratio 1·97 [95% CI 1·23 to 3·15] and 3·69 [2·81 to 4·85], respectively). Persistent and late-onset peanut allergy were associated with higher asthma risk (3·87 [2·39 to 6·26] and 5·06 [2·15 to 11·90], respectively). INTERPRETATION Food allergy in infancy, whether it resolves or not, is associated with lung function deficits and asthma at age 6 years. Follow-up studies of interventions to prevent food allergy present an opportunity to examine whether preventing these food allergies improves respiratory health. FUNDING National Health & Medical Research Council of Australia, Ilhan Food Allergy Foundation, AnaphylaxiStop, the Charles and Sylvia Viertel Medical Research Foundation, the Victorian Government's Operational Infrastructure Support Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Peters
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Victoria X Soriano
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kate Lycett
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Flynn
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nur Sabrina Idrose
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mimi L K Tang
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rushani Wijesuriya
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina J Allen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarath Ranganathan
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian J Lowe
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten P Perrett
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline J Lodge
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer J Koplin
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Centre for Food and Allergy Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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PARLAK Z, İLGÜN GÜREL D, SOYER Ö, ŞEKEREL BE, ŞAHİNER ÜM. Nutritional risks in children with food allergy. Turk J Med Sci 2023; 53:845-858. [PMID: 38031941 PMCID: PMC10765559 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergies (FA) are a growing problem in the pediatric population and clinical features differ according to the underlying immunological mechanisms. While the primary management strategy is to eliminate the culprit food from the diet, assessment of the potential nutritional risks of elimination is also an integral part of management. In cases that do not improve over time; if you have basic food allergies and multiple food allergies, this can also lead to negative nutritional consequences. The contribution of basic nutrients, economical and easily accessible foods to the diet, is critical and has an important place in meeting the daily adequate intake of many nutrients. In the presence of food allergy, it is necessary to meet the vitamins and minerals that cannot be obtained from allergic foods, with alternative sources or supplements. For example, insufficient calcium intake in cow's milk allergy (CMA), the most common FA in early childhood, is very likely if an alternative supplement has not been introduced. In the management of CMA, choosing the appropriate formula and/or supplement for the clinical characteristics of children, when necessary, has an important place. In conclusion, nutritional risk assessment of children with FA requires a comprehensive, detailed, and multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep PARLAK
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe İhsan Doğramacı Children’s Hospital, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Deniz İLGÜN GÜREL
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Özge SOYER
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Bülent Enis ŞEKEREL
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
| | - Ümit Murat ŞAHİNER
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Asthma, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara,
Turkiye
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9
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Gore C, Minshall E, Marino LV, Cox H. Poor head growth and developmental delay in infants with eczema, food allergies and growth faltering. Clin Exp Allergy 2023; 53:874-879. [PMID: 37246595 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gore
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Minshall
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luise V Marino
- Department of Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Department of Paediatric Allergy, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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10
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Meyer R, Venter C, Bognanni A, Szajewska H, Shamir R, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Fiocchi A, Vandenplas Y. World Allergy Organization (WAO) Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guideline update - VII - Milk elimination and reintroduction in the diagnostic process of cow's milk allergy. World Allergy Organ J 2023; 16:100785. [PMID: 37546235 PMCID: PMC10401347 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of cow's milk allergy (CMA) in infants and young children remains a challenge because many of the presenting symptoms are similar to those experienced in other diagnoses. Both over- and under-diagnosis occur frequently. Misdiagnosis carries allergic and nutritional risks, including acute reactions, growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies and a diminished quality of life for infants and caregivers. An inappropriate diagnosis may also add a financial burden on families and on the healthcare system. Elimination and reintroduction of cow's milk (CM) and its derivatives is essential for diagnosing CMA as well as inducing tolerance to CM. In non-IgE mediated CMA, the diagnostic elimination diet typically requires 2-4 weeks before reintroduction, while for IgE mediated allergy the time window may be shorter (1-2 weeks). An oral food challenge (OFC) under medical supervision remains the most reliable diagnostic method for IgE mediated and more severe types of non-IgE mediated CMA such as food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). Conversely, for other forms of non-IgE mediated CMA, reintroduction can be performed at home. The OFC cannot be replaced by the milk ladder after a diagnostic elimination diet. The duration of the therapeutic elimination diet, once a diagnosis was confirmed, can only be established through testing changes in sensitization status, OFCs or home reintroduction, which are directed by local protocols and services' availability. Prior non-evidence-based recommendations suggest that the first therapeutic elimination diet should last for at least 6 months or up to the age of 9-12 months, whichever is reached first. After a therapeutic elimination diet, a milk-ladder approach can be used for non-IgE mediated allergies to determine tolerance. Whilst some centers use the milk ladder also for IgE mediated allergies, there are concerns about the risk of having immediate-type reactions at home. Milk ladders have been adapted to local dietary habits, and typically start with small amounts of baked milk which then step up in the ladder to less heated and fermented foods, increasing the allergenicity. This publication aims to narratively review the risks associated with under- and over-diagnosis of CMA, therefore stressing the necessity of an appropriate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosan Meyer
- Faculty Medicine, Imperial College London, Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Winchester University, UK and Faculty Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carina Venter
- Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Antonio Bognanni
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Evidence in Allergy Group; Department of Medicine and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Raanan Shamir
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Diseases, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Allergy Unit - Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Yvan Vandenplas
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Wright K, Feeney M, Yerlett N, Meyer R. Nutritional Management of Children with Food Allergies. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of the Review
The purpose of the review is to review the evidence for the nutritional management of paediatric food allergy and provide a practical approach for healthcare professionals working in this area.
Recent Findings
Dietary elimination remains the mainstay for management of food allergies in children. However, the elimination of food allergens increases the risk for growth faltering, micronutrient deficiencies and feeding difficulties. Breastmilk remains the ideal source of nutrition for infants, but when not available, the vast majority will tolerate an extensively hydrolysed formula, and rice hydrolysate has also been suggested as a suitable alternative. Only in severe cases, including anaphylaxis, eosinophilic oesophagitis and growth faltering, is an amino acid formula indicated. The early introduction of peanut and egg and avoiding the delay in the introduction of other allergens, when not already allergic, has been highlighted by recent studies.
Summary
Whilst the elimination of allergens increases the risk of developing poor growth, micronutrient deficiencies and feeding difficulties, optimal, early dietary input, including advice on active introduction of allergens and alternative feeds, ideally from a registered dietitian/nutritionist, may be prevent and improve outcomes.
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12
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Kotchetkoff ECDA, Mendonça RB, Barreto TLN, Boaventura RM, Sarni ROS. Cow's milk allergy immunoglobulin E-mediated: intake of proteins and amino acids. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1027-1032. [PMID: 36000600 PMCID: PMC9574972 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Children with cow’s milk allergy may be at nutritional risk due to the lower intake of nutrients, such as protein, calcium, and vitamin A, which are present in cow’s milk. The objective was to evaluate children’s diets with Children with cow’s milk allergy compared with healthy controls as well as to compare the intake of proteins and amino acids from the diet followed by Children with cow’s milk allergy who consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives with Children with cow’s milk allergy who do not consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives. METHODS: Through a cross-sectional controlled study, the dietary intake of 57 children (27 with immunoglobulin E-mediated Children with cow’s milk allergy and 30 healthy controls) was evaluated. Using 24-h nutritional recalls, the total energy intake value, macronutrients, and amino acids were calculated. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the Children with cow’s milk allergy group and healthy controls for the intake of proteins and amino acids. However, the Children with cow’s milk allergy do not consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives group had a lower protein (g/kg) and branched-chain amino acid (mg/kg) intake than the Children with cow’s milk allergy consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives group. CONCLUSIONS: The Children with cow’s milk allergy group achieved the recommendations for the intake of proteins and amino acids compared to the healthy control group. However, the Children with cow’s milk allergy do not consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives group had a lower intake of protein (g/kg) and branched-chain amino acid (mg/kg) than the Children with cow’s milk allergy consume special infant formula or plant-based dairy alternatives group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Magalhães Boaventura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pediatrics Department - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Universidade Estácio de Sá de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Roseli Oselka Saccardo Sarni
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Pediatrics Department - São Paulo (SP), Brazil.,Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - Santo André (SP), Brazil
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13
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Singh AM, Anvari S, Hauk P, Lio P, Nanda A, Sidbury R, Schneider L. Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy: Best Practices and Knowledge Gaps-A Work Group Report from the AAAAI Allergic Skin Diseases Committee and Leadership Institute Project. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:697-706. [PMID: 35101439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergists are often asked to evaluate children with atopic dermatitis (AD) for allergen triggers to disease. Testing, particularly for food triggers, often leads to elimination diets in an effort to improve AD control. However, the dual exposure hypothesis suggests that oral tolerance to food antigens is promoted through high-dose oral exposure, where sensitization occurs through lower dose cutaneous exposure. This suggests that strict elimination diets may pose some risks in children with AD. In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role of skin inflammation in further allergic disease and the importance of dietary exposure to maintain oral tolerance. This work group report reviews current guidelines-based management for children with moderate-to-severe AD, the evidence for current recommendations for the evaluation and management of these children, provides a nuanced examination of these studies, and addresses current knowledge gaps in the care of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Departments of Dermatology and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, American Family Children's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin.
| | - Sara Anvari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Pia Hauk
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy/Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado Children's Hospital, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Lio
- Medical Dermatology Associates of Chicago and Department of Dermatology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anil Nanda
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Lewisville and Flower Mound, Texas and Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Robert Sidbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lynda Schneider
- Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Lieberman JA, Gupta RS, Knibb RC, Haselkorn T, Tilles S, Mack DP, Pouessel G. The global burden of illness of peanut allergy: A comprehensive literature review. Allergy 2021; 76:1367-1384. [PMID: 33216994 PMCID: PMC8247890 DOI: 10.1111/all.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy (PA) currently affects approximately 2% of the general population of Western nations and may be increasing in prevalence. Patients with PA and their families/caregivers bear a considerable burden of self‐management to avoid accidental peanut exposure and to administer emergency medication (adrenaline) if needed. Compared with other food allergies, PA is associated with higher rates of accidental exposure, severe reactions and potentially fatal anaphylaxis. Approximately 7%–14% of patients with PA experience accidental peanut exposure annually, and one‐third to one‐half may experience anaphylaxis, although fatalities are rare. These risks impose considerably high healthcare utilization and economic costs for patients with PA and restrictions on daily activities. Measures to accommodate patients with PA are often inadequate, with inconsistent standards for food labelling and inadequate safety policies in public establishments such as restaurants and schools. Children with PA are often bullied, resulting in sadness, humiliation and anxiety. These factors cumulatively contribute to significantly reduced health‐related quality of life for patients with PA and families/caregivers. Such factors also provide essential context for risk/benefit assessments of new PA therapies. This narrative review comprehensively assessed the various factors comprising the burden of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Lieberman
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center/Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - Ruchi S Gupta
- Institute for Public Health and Medicine Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of ChicagoNorthwestern School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas P. Mack
- Department of Pediatrics McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Guillaume Pouessel
- Pneumology and Allergology Unit Children's HospitalLille University Hospital Jeanne de Flandre France
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15
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Foong RX, Santos AF. Biomarkers of diagnosis and resolution of food allergy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:223-233. [PMID: 33020989 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is increasing in prevalence, affecting up to 10% of children in developed countries. Food allergy can significantly affect the quality of life and well-being of patients and their families; therefore, an accurate diagnosis is of extreme importance. Some food allergies can spontaneously resolve in 50%-60% of cow's milk and egg-allergic, 20% of peanut-allergic and 9% of tree nut-allergic children by school age. For that reason, food-allergic status should be monitored over time to determine when to reintroduce the food back into the child's diet. The gold-standard to confirm the diagnosis and the resolution of food allergy is an oral food challenge; however, this involves the risk of causing an acute-allergic reaction and requires clinical experience and resources to treat allergic reactions of any degree of severity. In the clinical setting, biomarkers have been used and validated to enable an accurate diagnosis when combined with the clinical history, deferring the oral food challenge, whenever possible. In this review, we cover the tools available to support the diagnosis of food allergies and to predict food allergy resolution over time. We review the latest evidence on different testing modalities and how effective they are in guiding clinical decision making in practice. We also evaluate predictive test cut-offs for the more common food allergens to try and provide guidance on when challenges might be most successful in determining oral tolerance in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xin Foong
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexandra F Santos
- Department of Women and Children's Health (Paediatric Allergy), School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Children's Allergy Service, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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16
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Food allergy and growth from late childhood to early adolescence. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2020; 125:483-485. [PMID: 32504665 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Samady W, Warren C, Wang J, Das R, Gupta RS. Egg Allergy in US Children. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:3066-3073.e6. [PMID: 32376485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg allergy is common in young children (<5 years) and has significant negative impacts on quality of life. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize egg allergy prevalence, severity, baked egg tolerance, and other associated factors in a large US cohort. METHODS A national cross-sectional survey was administered from October 2015 to September 2016, resulting in complete parent-proxy responses for 38,408 children. Weighted proportions were estimated to compare egg allergy prevalence and characteristics between key subpopulations. RESULTS The overall prevalence of current, convincingly egg allergy was 0.9% among all children and 1.3% among children <5 years. Black children were over-represented among children with egg allergy, accounting for 23.4% (95% confidence interval: 13.1-38.4) of egg-allergic children despite comprising 13.2% (12.3-14.2) of the US pediatric population. Among children with egg allergy, 64.2% reported baked egg tolerance and 60.2% had allergy to other foods, with 29.3% having peanut allergy. Asthma was more prevalent in children with an egg allergy than children with other top 8 food allergies (46.5% [35.8-57.4] vs 33.2% [29.6-37.0], P < .05). Among children with current egg allergy, those with baked egg tolerance reported that their food allergy resulted in significantly reduced psychosocial burden, relative to their baked egg-allergic counterparts (M = 3.1 [2.9-3.3] vs M = 3.7 [3.5-3.9]). CONCLUSIONS Egg allergy is common amongst young children. Nearly two-thirds of children with egg allergy reported baked egg tolerance. Increased efforts are needed to ensure that children with egg allergy are appropriately evaluated as many have comorbid allergic disease and determination of baked egg tolerance may improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheeda Samady
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Hospital Based Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Christopher Warren
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Elliot and Roslyn Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Rajeshree Das
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ruchi S Gupta
- Center for Food Allergy and Asthma Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill; Division of Academic General Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
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18
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Robbins KA, Wood RA, Keet CA. Persistent cow’s milk allergy is associated with decreased childhood growth: A longitudinal study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 145:713-716.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Presentation and Management of Food Allergy in Breastfed Infants and Risks of Maternal Elimination Diets. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2020; 8:52-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Growth Pattern, Resting Energy Expenditure, and Nutrient Intake of Children with Food Allergies. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020212. [PMID: 30678148 PMCID: PMC6412797 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth impairment has been reported in children with food allergies (FA). However, the available data on the dietary intake of FA children are controversial, and no data are available on their resting energy expenditure (REE). The aim of this study was to test whether REE differs between FA and healthy children. In this study, 30 FA children were matched by sex and age, with 31 healthy controls using coarsened exact matching (CEM). Their REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (IC). Energy and macronutrient intake were evaluated using a three-day dietary record. Between-group comparisons were performed by robust median regression using CEM-related weights. The association of REE with allergies was also evaluated using robust median regression models. Anthropometric measurements, REE, and nutrient intake were similar in FA children and matched controls. Taking into account the association of REE with gender and age, a statistically significant but biologically negligible association was detected between median REE and allergy status (+9% in FA children). In conclusion, we did not find any biologically relevant difference in REE, anthropometry, and dietary intake in children with FA compared to healthy children.
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21
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Butyrate Enhances Desensitization Induced by Oral Immunotherapy in Cow's Milk Allergic Mice. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:9062537. [PMID: 30800003 PMCID: PMC6360042 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9062537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous studies, we showed that a fructo-oligosaccharide- (FOS-) supplemented diet enhanced oral immunotherapy (OIT) efficacy in a mouse model for cow's milk allergy. Fermentation of FOS by intestinal bacteria leads to production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) including butyrate. Aim To investigate the contribution of butyrate in the enhanced efficacy of OIT + FOS. Methods C3H/HeOuJ mice were sensitized and received OIT with or without FOS or butyrate supplementation. After treatment, whole blood was collected to conduct a basophil activation test (BAT) and allergen challenges were performed to measure acute allergic symptoms. CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) were isolated from treated mice or differentiated in vitro and used in a bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC) suppression assay. Cecum content was collected to analyze SCFA concentrations. Results Allergen-induced basophil activation was reduced in OIT + butyrate samples compared to OIT. Accordingly, the acute allergic skin response and mast cell degranulation upon challenge were reduced in OIT + butyrate and OIT + FOS mice compared to sensitized controls. Butyrate was increased in the cecum content of OIT + FOS mice compared to OIT mice and sensitized controls. Treg-mediated BMMC suppression was enhanced after in vivo butyrate and FOS exposure in combination with OIT but with a more pronounced effect for butyrate. Conclusion Butyrate supplementation enhanced OIT-induced desensitization of basophils and mast cells and Treg functionality. Only OIT + FOS treatment induced potential microbial alterations, shown by increased butyrate levels in cecum content. Both butyrate and FOS are promising candidates to improve OIT efficacy in human studies to treat food allergies.
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22
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Meyer R, Wright K, Vieira MC, Chong KW, Chatchatee P, Vlieg-Boerstra BJ, Groetch M, Dominguez-Ortega G, Heath S, Lang A, Archibald-Durham L, Rao R, De Boer R, Assa'ad A, Trewella E, Venter C. International survey on growth indices and impacting factors in children with food allergies. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 32:175-184. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Meyer
- Department Paediatrics; Imperial College; London UK
| | - K. Wright
- Allergy Service; Department of Paediatric Medicine; KK Women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - M. C. Vieira
- Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology (Hospital Pequeno Príncipe) and School of Medicine (Pontifical University of Paraná); Curitiba Brazil
| | - K. W. Chong
- Allergy Service; Department of Paediatric Medicine; KK Women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - P. Chatchatee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Department of Pediatrics; Faculty of Medicine; King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - M. Groetch
- Division of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York NY USA
| | - G. Dominguez-Ortega
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Department; Children Hospital Niño Jesús University Children Hospital; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Heath
- Department of Dietetics; Kings College Hospital NHS Trust; London UK
| | - A. Lang
- Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre; Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | - R. Rao
- KK women's and Children's Hospital; Singapore Singapore
| | - R. De Boer
- Department of Pediatric Allergy; Guy's and St. Thomas National Health Service Trust; London UK
| | - A. Assa'ad
- Division of Allergy and Immunology; Cincinnati Children's Hospital; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - E. Trewella
- Department Nutrition and Dietetics; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital; London UK
| | - C. Venter
- Children's Hospital Colorado; Aurora Colorado USA
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Chong KW, Wright K, Goh A, Meyer R, Rao R. Growth of children with food allergies in Singapore. Asia Pac Allergy 2018; 8:e34. [PMID: 30402401 PMCID: PMC6209600 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2018.8.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is known that children with food allergies are at risk of impaired growth, this has not been well studied in South-East Asia. Objective The aim of this cross-sectional study is to survey the growth of children with food allergies in Singapore and the factors impacting it. Methods Anthropometric data, demographic data, type of food allergy, foods eliminated, and atopic comorbidities were recorded. Malnutrition was defined using World Health Organization standards (≤-2 z-score for weight-for-height [WH], weight-for-age [WA], and height-for-age [HA]). Results Seventy-four patients (51% male) were recruited over 1 month, with median age at diagnosis of 8 months (interquartile range [IQR], 4–13 months) and at data collection of 25 months (IQR, 14–48 months). Sixty-two (84%) had IgE-mediated allergy, 8 (11%) mixed IgE and non-IgE, and 4 (5%) non-IgE-mediated allergy. Food exclusions: 55% one food, 27% two foods, 8% three to four foods, and 10% ≥5 foods. Only 1% were underweight (WA ≤ -2 z-score) and 3% had WA ≥ +2 z-score. Having a mixed type food allergy significantly reduced WA (p = 0.023). WA was significantly lower for those referred to the dietitian (p = 0.027). 5.4% were stunted (HA ≤ -2 z-score). Factors significantly associated with stunting were underlying eczema (p = 0.03) and having an IgE-mediated (p = 0.03) or mixed type food allergy (p = 0.002). One point four percent (1.4%) were undernourished (WH ≤ -2 z-score) and 1.4% were overweight (WH ≥ +2 z-score). Multivariate regression analysis found that children with mixed type food allergies were significantly shorter (z-score -1 lower). Children had a lower WA if they had skin involvement as part of their symptom presentation. Conclusion This is the first survey documenting growth in children with food allergy in Singapore. Eczema, IgE-mediated and mixed type allergies are associated with poorer growth rates in these children. Early, individualised nutritional intervention is recommended for all children with food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Wee Chong
- Allergy Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899
| | - Karen Wright
- Allergy Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899
| | - Anne Goh
- Allergy Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899
| | - Rosan Meyer
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeshwar Rao
- Allergy Service, Department of Paediatric Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899
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Meyer R. Nutritional disorders resulting from food allergy in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2018; 29:689-704. [PMID: 30044008 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The elimination of food allergens that contribute essential nutrients in paediatrics may lead to the development of nutritional disorders. The most common nutritional disorders include poor growth, micronutrient deficiencies and feeding difficulties. Of the aforementioned, growth faltering has been well studied and is seen as a common presenting factor in paediatric food allergy. However, the use of different criteria and cut-off values makes it difficult to establish the overall effect. The impact of number and type of foods eliminated and comorbidities has yielded varying results, although there seems to be a trend towards worsening growth with atopic dermatitis and the avoidance of cow's milk. Low micronutrient intake is common in paediatric food allergy; however, a low intake does not necessarily translate into a deficiency as measured by biomarkers. Vitamin D and calcium have been well studied, and a long-lasting impact on bone mineral density has been found. However, other micronutrient deficiencies have also been found and should also be considered. Feeding difficulties is a common complaint in clinical practice, but limited data have been published in food allergy. Poor growth and reflux/vomiting have been shown to be associated with feeding difficulties, in particular in non-IgE-mediated food allergies. There seems to be a long-lasting effect on feeding, in particular in cow's milk allergy, which needs to be taken into account with dietary input. The interplay between growth, feeding difficulties and micronutrient deficiencies has been implied in some studies, but cause and effect is not well established and requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosan Meyer
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College, London, UK
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Eapen AA, Kloepfer KM, Leickly FE, Slaven JE, Vitalpur G. Oral food challenge failures among foods restricted because of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018; 122:193-197. [PMID: 30326323 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that removing foods from the diet to manage atopic dermatitis (AD), based on positive allergy test results, may lead to immediate allergic reactions on reintroduction of that food. OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency of oral food challenge (OFC) failures among foods removed from the diet as suspected AD triggers, focusing on the 5 major food allergens in the United States. METHODS OFCs to egg, milk, peanut, soy, and wheat, performed from 2008 to 2014, at a children's hospital's allergy clinics, were reviewed. OFCs were offered based on history and laboratory values. Reasons for food avoidance were classified as food allergy (IgE-mediated reaction occurring within 2 hours); sensitization only (lack of introduction because of positive test results); and removal because of test results during AD evaluation. RESULTS There were 442 OFCs performed, with 89 failures (20.1%). Reasons for OFCs included a history of food allergy (320 of 442 [72.4%]), food sensitization without any introduction (77 of 442 [17.4%]), and AD (45 of 442 [10.2%]). OFC failures among those who had food allergy (70 of 320 [21.9%]), sensitization only (13 of 77 [16.9%]), and suspected AD trigger (6 of 45 [13.3%]) did not significantly differ (P = .63). Wheat was more likely to be avoided than the other 4 foods for AD concerns (P < .001). CONCLUSION The frequency of OFC failure among those who removed foods suspected as AD triggers was 13.3%, indicating a loss of tolerance. Restriction of foods to manage AD must be done with caution and close monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Eapen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kirsten M Kloepfer
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - James E Slaven
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Girish Vitalpur
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy & Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Pavić I, Kolaček S. Growth of Children with Food Allergy
. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 88:91-100. [PMID: 28359060 DOI: 10.1159/000462973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of food allergy in children is increasing worldwide. Strict avoidance of identified allergens from the diet is still the cornerstone of the management of food allergies. There are widespread concerns that food allergy and elimination diet may predispose children to nutrient deficiencies and growth failure. AIM The aim of this paper was to review the current evidence on growth of children suffering from food allergy. Summarised is literature on the effects of the number and type of offending allergens, the child's age and affected organ system, as well as the importance of supervision by a dietician/nutritionist. CONCLUSION Children suffering from food allergy are stunted at the time of diagnosis and during the elimination diets, irrespective whether or not their nutritional requirements were fulfilled, and/or were under the control of a dietician. This underscores the need for further studies to obtain more precise insight into and better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to growth failure in children suffering from food allergy.
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Meyer R, Groetch M, Venter C. When Should Infants with Cow's Milk Protein Allergy Use an Amino Acid Formula? A Practical Guide. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 6:383-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to describe current concepts in managing patients with food allergy. There have been many recent advances in the management of patients with IgE-mediated reactions to food, including diagnosis, prevention, management, and ongoing research in the field. Food allergy is increasing in prevalence and may be life threatening. This review aims to highlight changes in recommended practice when diagnosing and managing patients with food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Early introduction of highly allergenic foods, particularly peanut, has been shown to decrease the risk for development of food allergy in patients who are at elevated risk. Avoidance of foods without a clinical history of food allergy may increase the risk of subsequent allergy. Epinephrine remains the first line therapy for anaphylaxis, and patients and families need to be instructed on indications and technique for use. Promising research is ongoing in areas of immunotherapy to food allergens. SUMMARY Food allergy is a potentially life-threatening condition that may persist throughout adulthood. Practitioners should be aware of changes to recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of patients with food allergy.
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Schatz M, Sicherer SH, Zeiger RS. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice - 2016 Year in Review. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 5:218-236. [PMID: 28143692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As editors, we concluded that it would be helpful to our readers to write a Year in Review article that highlights the Review, Original, and Clinical Communication articles published in 2016 in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. We summarized articles on the topics of asthma, rhinitis/rhinosinusitis, food allergy, anaphylaxis, drug allergy, urticarial/angioedema, eosinophilic disorders, and immunodeficiency. Within each topic, epidemiologic findings are presented, relevant aspects of prevention are described, and diagnostic and therapeutic advances are enumerated. Diagnostic tools described include history, skin tests, and in vitro tests. Treatments discussed include behavioral therapy, allergen avoidance therapy, positive and negative effects of pharmacologic therapy, and various forms of immunologic and desensitization management. We hope this review will help you, our readers, consolidate and use this extensive and practical knowledge for the benefit of your patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schatz
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, Calif.
| | - Scott H Sicherer
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Robert S Zeiger
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, San Diego, Calif
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Foong RX, Meyer R, Dziubak R, Lozinsky AC, Godwin H, Reeve K, Hussain ST, Nourzaie R, Shah N. Establishing the prevalence of low vitamin D in non-immunoglobulin-E mediated gastrointestinal food allergic children in a tertiary centre. World Allergy Organ J 2017; 10:4. [PMID: 28101293 PMCID: PMC5225666 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-016-0135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is no data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children with non-immunoglobulin-E (IgE) mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. The aims of our study were to understand the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children with non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy and identify predisposing factors. Methods This was a retrospective study which looked at data from Great Ormond Street Hospital from January 2002 to September 2015. Children 0–18 years old with a confirmed diagnosis of non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy who had a vitamin D level measured during the course of their disease were included. Low vitamin D levels were defined as <50 nmol/L; insufficient levels were defined as 25–50 nmol/L and deficient levels as <25 nmol/L. Patient characteristics and clinical factors were also recorded. Results Ninety-two patients met the study criteria; 49% were female and median age was 10 years 2 months [IQR: 4 years 8 months to 13 years 7 months]. Of the cohort, 26% (24/92) had low vitamin D levels; 16% had insufficient vitamin D levels and 10% had vitamin D deficiency. Gender (p = 0.043) and age (p = 0.035) were significantly associated with low vitamin D levels. Twelve percent of children who were on an amino acid formula (AAF) had low vitamin D compared to 31% of children who were not (p = 0.06). No other clinical factors were found to be significantly associated with low vitamin D levels. Conclusions Children with non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergy are at risk of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency. Further prospective studies need to be performed in all children with non-IgE mediated gastrointestinal food allergies. Trial registration The study was registered with the GOSH Research & Development department as a retrospective case note review. The Health Research Authority confirmed that NHS Research and Ethics Committee approval was not required; thus there is no trial registration number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Xin Foong
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ; Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK
| | | | - Robert Dziubak
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Adriana Chebar Lozinsky
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Heather Godwin
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kate Reeve
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Syeda Tahmida Hussain
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Romman Nourzaie
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Neil Shah
- Paediatric Gastroenterology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK ; Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Food allergic reactions have become more prevalent and management of food allergies requires dietary avoidance of triggers that may place children at nutritional risk. RECENT FINDINGS Immunoglobulin E and non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies lead to dietary avoidance. Although some children outgrow food allergies or become tolerant to cooked/baked versions of the allergen, many do not. Multiple food avoidance increases the risk for inadequate nutrient intake, including protein, calcium, vitamin D, and others. Multidisciplinary management of patients requires careful attention to growth, particularly height, and nutrition. SUMMARY Although attention to accurate diagnosis of food allergy is key, understanding nutritional risks of children with food allergies can lead to opportunities to address potential deficiencies resulting from food allergen avoidance.
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