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Rao Y, Zhu J, Zheng H, Dong W, Lin Q. A novel melanoma prognostic model based on the ferroptosis-related long non-coding RNA. Front Oncol 2022; 12:929960. [PMID: 36313708 PMCID: PMC9598429 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.929960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death related to the biological process of many kinds of tumors. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNA) have been found to play essential roles in the tumor, and their functions in the ferroptosis of tumor cells have been partially discovered. However, there is no summary of ferroptosis-related LncRNA and its functions in melanoma. In the present study, we aim to explore the expression profile of ferroptosis-related LncRNA genes and their value in melanoma prognosis by bioinformatics analysis. The expression of ferroptosis-related gene (FRG) from melanoma clinical data was extracted based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. By screening the RNA expression data of 472 cases of melanoma and 810 cases of normal skin, eighteen ferroptosis-related differential genes were found to be related to the overall survival rate. Furthermore, 384 ferroptosis-related LncRNAs were discovered through constructing the mRNA-LncRNA co-expression network, and ten of them were found with prognostic significance in melanoma by multivariate Cox analysis. Risk assessment showed that the high expression of LncRNA00520 is associated with poor prognosis, while the increased expression of the other LncRNA is beneficial to the prognosis of patients with melanoma. From univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, there were ten ferroptosis-related LncRNA risk models towards to be significant independent prognostic factors for patients with melanoma and valuable predictive factors for overall survival (OS)(P<0.05). The ROC curve further suggested that the risk score has relatively reliable predictive ability (AUC=0.718). The protein level of ferroptosis-related genes was verified by the HPA database and IHC test, leading to the discovery that the expressions of ALOX5, PEBP1, ACSL4, and ZEB1 proteins up-regulated in tumor tissues, and existed differences between tumor tissues and normal tissues. In conclusion, we identified ten ferroptosis-related LncRNA and constructed a prognosis model base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Rao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinchao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobilliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Peil J, Bock F, Kiefer F, Schmidt R, Heindl LM, Cursiefen C, Schlereth SL. New Therapeutic Approaches for Conjunctival Melanoma-What We Know So Far and Where Therapy Is Potentially Heading: Focus on Lymphatic Vessels and Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1478. [PMID: 35163401 PMCID: PMC8835854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival melanoma (CM) accounts for 5% of all ocular melanomas and arises from malignantly transformed melanocytes in the conjunctival epithelium. Current therapies using surgical excision in combination with chemo- or cryotherapy still have high rates for recurrences and metastatic disease. Lately, novel signal transduction-targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitors like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors, programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) receptor inhibitors, BRAF- or MEK-inhibitors for systemic treatment of melanoma have improved the outcome even for unresectable cutaneous melanoma, improving patient survival dramatically. The use of these therapies is now also recommended for CM; however, the immunological background of CM is barely known, underlining the need for research to better understand the immunological basics when treating CM patients with immunomodulatory therapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors activate tumor defense by interrupting inhibitory interactions between tumor cells and T lymphocytes at the so-called checkpoints. The tumor cells exploit these inhibitory targets on T-cells that are usually used by dendritic cells (DCs). DCs are antigen-presenting cells at the forefront of immune response induction. They contribute to immune tolerance and immune defense but in the case of tumor development, immune tolerance is often prevalent. Enhancing the immune response via DCs, interfering with the lymphatic pathways during immune cell migration and tumor development and specifically targeting tumor cells is a major therapeutic opportunity for many tumor entities including CM. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of lymphatic vessels in tumor growth and immune cell transport and continues to compare DC subsets in CM with related melanomas, such as cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Peil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Rebecca Schmidt
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Ludwig M. Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
| | - Claus Cursiefen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Simona L. Schlereth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (J.P.); (F.B.); (L.M.H.); (C.C.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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Motwani J, Eccles MR. Genetic and Genomic Pathways of Melanoma Development, Invasion and Metastasis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1543. [PMID: 34680938 PMCID: PMC8535311 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a serious form of skin cancer that accounts for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Recent studies have suggested that melanoma invasiveness is attributed to phenotype switching, which is a reversible type of cell behaviour with similarities to epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Phenotype switching in melanoma is reported to be independent of genetic alterations, whereas changes in gene transcription, and epigenetic alterations have been associated with invasiveness in melanoma cell lines. Here, we review mutational, transcriptional, and epigenomic alterations that contribute to tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, and their potential to drive melanoma invasion and metastasis. We also discuss three models that are hypothesized to contribute towards aspects of tumour heterogeneity and tumour progression in melanoma, namely the clonal evolution model, the cancer stem cell model, and the phenotype switching model. We discuss the merits and disadvantages of each model in explaining tumour heterogeneity in melanoma, as a precursor to invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Motwani
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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4
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Jurado M, Castaño Ó, Zorzano A. Stochastic modulation evidences a transitory EGF-Ras-ERK MAPK activity induced by PRMT5. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104339. [PMID: 33910125 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway involves a three-step cascade of kinases that transduce signals and promote processes such as cell growth, development, and apoptosis. An aberrant response of this pathway is related to the proliferation of cell diseases and tumors. By using simulation modeling, we document that the protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) modulates the MAPK pathway and thus avoids an aberrant behavior. PRMT5 methylates the Raf kinase, reducing its catalytic activity and thereby, reducing the activation of ERK in time and amplitude. Two minimal computational models of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-Ras-ERK MAPK pathway influenced by PRMT5 were proposed: a first model in which PRMT5 is activated by EGF and a second one in which PRMT5 is stimulated by the cascade response. The reported results show that PRMT5 reduces the time duration and the expression of the activated ERK in both cases, but only in the first model PRMT5 limits the EGF range that generates an ERK activation. Based on our data, we propose the protein PRMT5 as a regulatory factor to develop strategies to fight against an excessive activity of the MAPK pathway, which could be of use in chronic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jurado
- Biotechnology Ph.D. Programme, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Castaño
- Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Bioelectronics Unit and Nanobioengineering Lab., Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology of the University of Barcelona (IN2UB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wu J, Das J, Kalra M, Ratto B. Comparative efficacy of dabrafenib + trametinib versus treatment options for metastatic melanoma in first-line settings. J Comp Eff Res 2021; 10:267-280. [PMID: 33448878 DOI: 10.2217/cer-2020-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective was to systematically review the literature and assess the relative efficacy of agents approved in first-line settings via network meta-analysis. Materials & methods: A literature review was conducted via searching different medical databases. The eligibility criteria included Phase II or III randomized controlled trials that had enrolled treatment-naive adult patients with advanced/metastatic melanoma. Results: The network meta-analysis results suggested that dabrafenib + trametinib significantly prolongs the survival outcomes compared with the monotherapies and had comparable efficacy profile compared with encorafenib + binimetinib and cobimetinib + vemurafenib. In comparison with immunotherapies, the results varied for progression-free survival and overall survival. Conclusion: Long-term survival data of dabrafenib + trametinib establishes the combination as one of the preferred treatment options for previously untreated melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, PR China
| | - Jaydeep Das
- Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manik Kalra
- Novartis Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India
| | - Barbara Ratto
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, NJ 07936-1080, US
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6
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Zhao J, Galvez C, Beckermann KE, Johnson DB, Sosman JA. Novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of NRAS mutant melanoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021; 6:281-294. [PMID: 34485698 PMCID: PMC8415440 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1938545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NRAS was the first mutated oncogene identified in melanoma and is currently the second most common driver mutation in this malignancy. For patients with NRASmutant advanced stage melanoma refractory to immunotherapy or with contraindications to immune-based regimens, there are few therapeutic options including low-efficacy chemotherapy regimens and binimetinib monotherapy. Here, we review recent advances in preclinical studies of molecular targets for NRAS mutant melanoma as well as the failures and successes of early-phase clinical trials. While there are no targeted therapies for NRAS-driven melanoma, there is great promise in approaches combining MEK inhibition with inhibitors of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibitors of autophagy pathways, and pan-RAF inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review surveys new developments in all aspects of disease pathogenesis and potential treatment - including those that have failed, stalled, or progressed through various phases of preclinical and clinical development. EXPERT OPINION There are no currently approved targeted therapies for BRAF wild-type melanoma patients harboring NRAS driver mutations though an array of agents are in early phase clinical trials. The diverse strategies taken exploit combined MAP kinase signaling blockade with inhibition of cell cycle mediators, inhibition of the autophagy pathway, and alteration of kinases involved in actin cytoskeleton signaling. Future advances of developmental therapeutics into late stage trials may yield new options beyond immunotherapy for patients with advanced stage disease and NRAS mutation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Zhao
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Carlos Galvez
- Northwestern Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kathryn Eby Beckermann
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, 1301 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sosman
- Northwestern Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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7
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Gutiérrez-Castañeda LD, Gamboa M, Nova JA, Pulido L, Tovar-Parra JD. Mutations in the BRAF, NRAS, and C-KIT Genes of Patients Diagnosed with Melanoma in Colombia Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2046947. [PMID: 32775409 PMCID: PMC7396105 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2046947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in the BRAF, NRAS, and C-KIT genes have been associated with the histopathological characteristics of melanoma. Likewise, the incidence of each of these subtypes changes according to the geographical origin of the population analyzed. OBJECTIVE To determine the mutation frequency in exons 11 and 15 of the BRAF gene, exons 1 and 2 of the NRAS gene, and exons 11, 13, and 17 of the C-KIT gene and to relate it with histological subtypes in patients from a region with high levels of ultraviolet radiation. Methodology. The clinicopathological characteristics of 54 cutaneous melanoma samples were analyzed. Mutation analysis was performed via qPCR on paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples using probes specific for the V600E mutation. Amplification of exons 11 and 15 of the BRAF gene, exons 1 and 2 of the NRAS gene, and exons 11, 13, and 17 of the C-KIT gene was performed for subsequent sequencing using the Sanger method. RESULT The most frequent histological subtype in the analyzed sample was lentigo maligna/lentigo maligna melanoma (52%) followed by acral lentiginous melanoma (20%). The BRAF-V600 variant was the most frequent (63.6%). The most frequent (54%) mutation in NRAS was p.Lys5∗. In the C-KIT gene, only the Val560Ala mutation was found. CONCLUSION Differences in histological subtypes and mutations in the BRAF, NRAS, and C-KIT genes were found in the analyzed population. This indicates that environmental and genetic factors significantly influence the introduction of the disease in this geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Gamboa
- Hospital Universitario-Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta-CDFLLA, Bogota 111511, Colombia
| | - John A. Nova
- Hospital Universitario-Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta-CDFLLA, Bogota 111511, Colombia
| | - Leonardo Pulido
- Hospital Universitario-Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta-CDFLLA, Bogota 111511, Colombia
| | - Jose D. Tovar-Parra
- Hospital Universitario-Centro Dermatológico Federico Lleras Acosta-CDFLLA, Bogota 111511, Colombia
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8
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Grimes JM, Shah NV, Samie FH, Carvajal RD, Marr BP. Conjunctival Melanoma: Current Treatments and Future Options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:371-381. [PMID: 31965542 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-019-00500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival melanoma is a rare tumor of the conjunctival epithelium with a heterogenous clinical presentation and a propensity for regional and distant metastatic spread. Guidelines for the treatment of local conjunctival melanoma are well-established, but there are no standard efficacious therapies for metastatic disease. Given that conjunctival melanoma is genetically similar to cutaneous melanoma and mucosal melanomas, targeted therapies effective in the treatment of these diseases, such as BRAF inhibitors and KIT inhibitors, may be effective in the treatment of patients with metastatic conjunctival melanoma. Other targeted small-molecule drugs in the drug development pipeline for the treatment of more prevalent melanomas could also be applicable to conjunctival melanoma. Furthermore, systemic immunotherapy treatments that are now a mainstay in the treatment of cutaneous melanoma, such as programmed cell death-1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 inhibitors, could also stand to benefit patients with metastatic conjunctival melanoma. Limited case reports provide clues about the effectiveness of both targeted small-molecule inhibitors and immunotherapy in patients with advanced local and metastatic conjunctival melanoma and give credence to the argument that conjunctival melanoma patients should be included in major trials studying new therapies in both cutaneous and mucosal melanomas where applicable.
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9
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Min KW, Choe JY, Kwon MJ, Lee HK, Kang HS, Nam ES, Cho SJ, Park HR, Min SK, Seo J, Kim YJ, Kim NY, Kim HY. BRAF and NRAS mutations and antitumor immunity in Korean malignant melanomas and their prognostic relevance: Gene set enrichment analysis and CIBERSORT analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Benitez MLR, Bender CB, Oliveira TL, Schachtschneider KM, Collares T, Seixas FK. Mycobacterium bovis BCG in metastatic melanoma therapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7903-7916. [PMID: 31402426 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, with a high mortality rate and with 96,480 new cases expected in 2019 in the USS. BRAFV600E, the most common driver mutation, is found in around 50% of melanomas, contributing to tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Dacarbazine (DTIC), an alkylate agent, was the first chemotherapeutic agent approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) used as a standard treatment. Since then, immunotherapies have been approved for metastatic melanoma (MM) including ipilimumab and pembrolizumab checkpoint inhibitors that help decrease the risk of progression. Moreover, Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) serves as an adjuvant therapy that induces the recruitment of natural killer NK, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells and contributes to antitumor immunity. BCG can be administered in combination with chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents and can be genetically manipulated to produce recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains that express heterologous proteins or overexpress immunogenic proteins, increasing the immune response and improving patient survival. In this review, we highlight several studies utilizing rBCG immunotherapy for MM in combination with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lucia Ruiz Benitez
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Bonnemann Bender
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kyle M Schachtschneider
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tiago Collares
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Kömmling Seixas
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Polubothu S, McGuire N, Al-Olabi L, Baird W, Bulstrode N, Chalker J, Josifova D, Lomas D, O'Hara J, Ong J, Rampling D, Stadnik P, Thomas A, Wedgeworth E, Sebire NJ, Kinsler VA. Does the gene matter? Genotype-phenotype and genotype-outcome associations in congenital melanocytic naevi. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:434-443. [PMID: 31111470 PMCID: PMC7028140 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Genotype–phenotype studies can identify subgroups of patients with specific clinical features or differing outcomes, which can help shape management. Objectives To characterize the frequency of different causative genotypes in congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN), and to investigate genotype–phenotype and genotype–outcome associations. Methods We conducted a large cohort study in which we undertook MC1R genotyping from blood, and high‐sensitivity genotyping of NRAS and BRAF hotspots in 156 naevus biopsies from 134 patients with CMN [male 40%; multiple CMN 76%; projected adult size (PAS) > 20 cm, 59%]. Results Mosaic NRAS mutations were detected in 68%, mutually exclusive with BRAF mutations in 7%, with double wild‐type in 25%. Two separate naevi were sequenced in five of seven patients with BRAF mutations, confirming clonality. Five of seven patients with BRAF mutations had a dramatic multinodular phenotype, with characteristic histology distinct from classical proliferative nodules. NRAS mutation was the commonest in all sizes of CMN, but was particularly common in naevi with PAS > 60 cm, implying more tolerance to that mutation early in embryogenesis. Facial features were less common in double wild‐type patients. Importantly, the incidence of congenital neurological disease, and apparently of melanoma, was not altered by genotype; no cases of melanoma were seen in BRAF‐mutant multiple CMN, however, this genotype is rare. Conclusions CMN of all sizes are most commonly caused by mutations in NRAS. BRAF is confirmed as a much rarer cause of multiple CMN, and appears to be commonly associated with a multinodular phenotype. Genotype in this cohort was not associated with differences in incidence of neurological disease in childhood. However, genotyping should be undertaken in suspected melanoma, for guidance of treatment. What's already known about this topic? Multiple congenital melanocytic naevi (CMN) have been shown to be caused by NRAS mosaic mutations in 70–80% of cases, by BRAF mosaicism in one case report and by inference in some previous cases. There has been debate about genotypic association with different sizes of CMN, and no data on genotype–outcome.
What does this study add? NRAS mosaicism was found in 68%, BRAF in 7% and double wild‐type in 25% of cases of CMN. NRAS was the commonest mutation in all sizes of CMN, but was nearly universal in projected adult size > 60 cm. BRAF is often associated with a distinct multinodular clinical/histological phenotype. Adverse outcomes did not differ between genotypes on current numbers.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.18747 available online
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Affiliation(s)
- S Polubothu
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K.,Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - N McGuire
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - L Al-Olabi
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - W Baird
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - N Bulstrode
- Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - J Chalker
- Paediatric Malignancy Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - D Josifova
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, U.K
| | - D Lomas
- Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - J O'Hara
- Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - J Ong
- Paediatric Plastic Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - D Rampling
- Paediatric Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - P Stadnik
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - A Thomas
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
| | - E Wedgeworth
- Department of Dermatology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, U.K
| | - N J Sebire
- Paediatric Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - V A Kinsler
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, U.K.,Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
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12
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BRAF-inhibitors can exert control of disease in BRAF T599I mutated melanoma: a case report. Melanoma Res 2018; 28:143-146. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Babagana M, Johnson S, Slabodkin H, Bshara W, Morrison C, Kandel ES. P21-activated kinase 1 regulates resistance to BRAF inhibition in human cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1515-1525. [PMID: 28052407 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BRAF is a commonly mutated oncogene in various human malignancies and a target of a new class of anti-cancer agents, BRAF-inhibitors (BRAFi). The initial enthusiasm for these agents, based on the early successes in the management of metastatic melanoma, is now challenged by the mounting evidence of intrinsic BRAFi-insensitivity in many BRAF-mutated tumors, by the scarcity of complete responses, and by the inevitable emergence of drug resistance in initially responsive cases. These setbacks put an emphasis on discovering the means to increase the efficacy of BRAFi and to prevent or overcome BRAFi-resistance. We explored the role of p21-activated kinases (PAKs), in particular PAK1, in BRAFi response. BRAFi lowered the levels of active PAK1 in treated cells. An activated form of PAK1 conferred BRAFi-resistance on otherwise sensitive cells, while genetic or pharmacologic suppression of PAK1 had a sensitizing effect. While activation of AKT1 and RAC1 proto-oncogenes increased BRAFi-tolerance, the protective effect was negated in the presence of PAK inhibitors. Furthermore, combining otherwise ineffective doses of PAK- and BRAF-inhibitors synergistically affected intrinsically BRAFi-resistant cells. Considering the high incidence of PAK1 activation in cancers, our findings suggests PAK inhibition as a strategy to augment BRAFi therapy and overcome some of the well-known resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamat Babagana
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Sydney Johnson
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hannah Slabodkin
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
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14
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Mor JM, Heindl LM. Systemic BRAF/MEK Inhibitors as a Potential Treatment Option in Metastatic Conjunctival Melanoma. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2016; 3:133-141. [PMID: 28868285 DOI: 10.1159/000452473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM In this review, we outline similarities between conjunctival and skin melanoma as well as the effectiveness of combined BRAF/MEK inhibition in melanoma, and discuss the applicability of these agents in conjunctival melanoma. METHODS The study provides a PubMed literature review. RESULTS Conjunctival melanoma and skin melanoma are genetically and phenotypically related. Both tumors typically harbor BRAF mutations in more than 50% of cases. New targeted therapies in metastatic skin melanoma include selective inhibition of BRAF and MEK. Combined BRAF/MEK inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic skin melanoma, significantly improving patients' prognoses. While these new substances have been investigated extensively in the treatment of skin melanoma, comparable studies in conjunctival melanoma do not exist owing to the rarity of the malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The application of combined BRAF/MEK inhibition in metastatic or unresectable conjunctival melanoma shows great potential for improving patients' prognoses. Future studies are needed to investigate the assumed benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M Mor
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Lyu SM, Wu JY, Byun JY, Choi HY, Park SH, Choi YW. Expression of Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue, phospho-Akt, and p53 in Acral Benign and Malignant Melanocytic Neoplasms (Benign Nevi, Dysplastic Nevi, and Acral Melanomas). Ann Dermatol 2016; 28:548-554. [PMID: 27746632 PMCID: PMC5064182 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2016.28.5.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling pathway in the development of acral melanoma has recently gained evidence. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), one of the key molecules in the pathway, acts as a tumor suppressor through either an Akt-dependent or Akt-independent pathway. Akt accelerates degradation of p53. Objective We assessed the expression of PTEN, phospho-Akt (p-Akt), and p53 by immunohistochemistry in benign acral nevi, acral dysplastic nevi, and acral melanomas in the radial growth phase and with a vertical growth component. Methods Ten specimens in each group were included. Paraffin-embedded specimens were immunostained with antibodies for PTEN, p-Akt, and p53. We scored both the staining intensity and the proportion of positive cells. The final score was calculated by multiplying the intensity score by the proportion score. Results All specimens of benign acral nevi except one showed some degree of PTEN-negative cells. The numbers of p-Akt and p53-positive cells were higher in acral dysplastic nevi and melanoma than in benign nevi. P-Akt scores were 1.7, 1.8, 2.6, and 4.4, and p53 scores were 2.0, 2.1, 3.8, and 4.1 in each group. PTEN and p-Akt scores in advanced acral melanoma were higher than in the other neoplasms. Conclusion The expression of PTEN was decreased and the expression of p-Akt was increased in acral melanoma, especially in advanced cases. The PTEN-induced pathway appears to affect the late stage of melanomagenesis. Altered expression of p-Akt is thought to be due to secondary changes following the loss of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Byun
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Young Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Won Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Abstract
Cancer is driven by mutations in genes whose products participate in major signaling pathways that fuel cell proliferation and survival. It is easy to assume that the more of these so-called driver mutations a tumor accumulates, the faster it progresses. However, this does not appear to be the case: Data from large-scale genome sequencing studies indicate that mutations in driver oncogenes often are mutually exclusive. The mechanisms underlying the mutual exclusivity of oncogenes are not completely understood, but recent reports suggest that the mechanisms may depend on the tumor type, and the nature of interacting oncogenes. Here we discuss our recent findings that the oncogenes KRASG12D and BRAFV600E are mutually exclusive in lung cancer in mouse models because their coexpression leads to oncogene-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Cisowski
- a Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Martin O Bergo
- a Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine , University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden.,b Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , Karolinska Institutet , Huddinge , Sweden
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17
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Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) stimulates metastasis of melanoma through FAK/PI3K/AKT but not MEK/ERK pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14290-9. [PMID: 26033450 PMCID: PMC4546467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deltex-3-like (DTX3L), an E3 ligase, is a member of the Deltex (DTX) family and is also called B-lymphoma and BAL-associated protein (BBAP). Previously, we established RFP/RET-transgenic mice, in which systemic hyperpigmented skin, benign melanocytic tumor(s) and melanoma(s) develop stepwise. Here we showed that levels of Dtx3l/DTX3L in spontaneous melanoma in RFP/RET-transgenic mice and human melanoma cell lines were significantly higher than those in benign melanocytic cells and primarily cultured normal human epithelial melanocytes, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of human tissues showed that more than 80% of the melanomas highly expressed DTX3L. Activity of FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling, but not that of MEK/ERK signaling, was decreased in Dtx3l/DTX3L-depleted murine and human melanoma cells. In summary, we demonstrated not only increased DTX3L level in melanoma cells but also DTX3L-mediated regulation of invasion and metastasis in melanoma through FAK/PI3K/AKT but not MEK/ERK signaling. Our analysis in human BRAFV600E inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells showed about 80% decreased invasion in the DTX3L-depleted cells compared to that in the DTX3L-intact cells. Thus, DTX3L is clinically a potential therapeutic target as well as a potential biomarker for melanoma.
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18
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Pinheiro C, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Longatto-Filho A, Vicente ALSA, Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Costa RFA, Viana CR, Reis RM, Baltazar F, Vazquez VL. The metabolic microenvironment of melanomas: Prognostic value of MCT1 and MCT4. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1462-70. [PMID: 27105345 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1175258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations are known drivers of melanoma development and, recently, were also described as players in the Warburg effect, while this reprogramming of energy metabolism has been identified as a possible strategy for treating melanoma patients. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the expression and prognostic value of a panel of glycolytic metabolism-related proteins in a series of melanomas. The immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT4, GLUT1, and CAIX was evaluated in 356 patients presenting melanoma and 20 patients presenting benign nevi. Samples included 20 benign nevi, 282 primary melanomas, 117 lymph node and 54 distant metastases samples. BRAF mutation was observed in 29/92 (31.5%) melanoma patients and 17/20 (85%) benign nevi samples. NRAS mutation was observed in 4/36 (11.1%) melanoma patients and 1/19 (5.3%) benign nevi samples. MCT4 and GLUT1 expression was significantly increased in metastatic samples, and MCT1, MCT4 and GLUT1 were significantly associated with poor prognostic variables. Importantly, MCT1 and MCT4 were associated with shorter overall survival. In conclusion, the present study brings new insights on metabolic aspects of melanoma, paving the way for the development of new-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pinheiro
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal.,e Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-14), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Anna L S A Vicente
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Berardinelli
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo F A Costa
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Viana
- f Pathology Department , Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Vinicius L Vazquez
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,g Surgery Department , Melanoma/Sarcoma, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
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19
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Shitara D, Tell-Martí G, Badenas C, Enokihara MMSS, Alós L, Larque AB, Michalany N, Puig-Butille JA, Carrera C, Malvehy J, Puig S, Bagatin E. Mutational status of naevus-associated melanomas. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:671-80. [PMID: 25857817 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of melanoma has always been a debated subject, as well as the role of adjacent melanocytic naevi. Epidemiological and histopathological studies point to melanomas arising either de novo or from a naevus. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the presence of mutations in genes from well-known melanomagenesis pathways in a large series of naevus-associated melanomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-one melanomas found in association with a pre-existing naevus were microdissected, after careful selection of cell subpopulations, and submitted to Sanger sequencing of the BRAF, NRAS, c-KIT, PPP6C, STK19 and RAC1 genes. Each gene was evaluated twice in all samples by sequencing or by sequencing and another confirmation method, allele-specific fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary electrophoresis detection or by SNaPshot analysis. Only mutations confirmed via two different molecular methods or twice by sequencing were considered positive. RESULTS The majority of cases presented concordance of mutational status between melanoma and the associated naevus for all six genes (40 of 60; 66.7%). Nine cases presented concomitant BRAF and NRAS mutations, including one case in which both the melanoma and the adjacent naevus harboured V600E and Q61K double mutations. In two cases, both melanoma and associated naevus located on acral sites were BRAF mutated, including an acral lentiginous melanoma. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the largest naevus-associated melanoma series evaluated molecularly. The majority of melanomas and adjacent naevi in our sample share the same mutational profile, corroborating the theory that the adjacent naevus and melanoma are clonally related and that the melanoma originated within a naevus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shitara
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Tell-Martí
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Badenas
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M M S S Enokihara
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Alós
- Melanoma Unit, Pathology Service, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A B Larque
- Melanoma Unit, Pathology Service, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Michalany
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Puig-Butille
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Carrera
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Malvehy
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Departments, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Bagatin
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Cisowski J, Sayin VI, Liu M, Karlsson C, Bergo MO. Oncogene-induced senescence underlies the mutual exclusive nature of oncogenic KRAS and BRAF. Oncogene 2015; 35:1328-33. [PMID: 26028035 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
KRAS and BRAF are among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancer that contribute to tumorigenesis in both distinct and overlapping tissues. However, KRAS and BRAF mutations are mutually exclusive; they never occur in the same tumor cell. The reason for the mutual exclusivity is unknown, but there are several possibilities. The two mutations could be functionally redundant and not create a selective advantage to tumor cells. Alternatively, they could be deleterious for the tumor cell and induce apoptosis or senescence. To distinguish between these possibilities, we activated the expression of BRAF(V600E) and KRAS(G12D) from their endogenous promoters in mouse lungs. Although the tumor-forming ability of BRAF(V600E) was higher than KRAS(G12D), KRAS(G12D) tumors were larger and more advanced. Coactivation of BRAF(V600E) and KRAS(G12D) markedly reduced lung tumor numbers and overall tumor burden compared with activation of BRAF(V600E) alone. Moreover, several tumors expressed only one oncogene, suggesting negative selection against expression of both. Similarly, expression of both oncogenes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts essentially stopped proliferation. The expression of both oncogenes hyperactivated the MEK-ERK-cyclin D pathway but reduced proliferation by increasing the production of p15, p16 and p19 proteins encoded by the Ink4/Arf locus and thereby increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase-positive cells. The data suggest that coexpression of BRAF(V600E) and KRAS(G12D) in early tumorigenesis leads to negative selection due to oncogene-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cisowski
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V I Sayin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Liu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C Karlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M O Bergo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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21
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Cao HH, Cheng CY, Su T, Fu XQ, Guo H, Li T, Tse AKW, Kwan HY, Yu H, Yu ZL. Quercetin inhibits HGF/c-Met signaling and HGF-stimulated melanoma cell migration and invasion. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:103. [PMID: 25971889 PMCID: PMC4435529 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is notorious for its propensity to metastasize, which makes treatment extremely difficult. Receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met is activated in human melanoma and is involved in melanoma progression and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-mediated activation of c-Met signaling has been suggested as a therapeutic target for melanoma metastasis. Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid that exerts anti-metastatic effect in various types of cancer including melanoma. In a previous report, we demonstrated that quercetin inhibited melanoma cell migration and invasion in vitro, and prevented melanoma cell lung metastasis in vivo. In this study, we sought to determine the involvement of HGF/c-Met signaling in the anti-metastatic action of quercetin in melanoma. Methods Transwell chamber assay was conducted to determine the cell migratory and invasive abilities. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression levels and activities of c-Met and its downstream molecules. And immunoblotting was performed in BS3 cross-linked cells to examine the homo-dimerization of c-Met. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was carried out to evaluate the mRNA expression level of HGF. Transient transfection was used to overexpress PAK or FAK in cell models. Student’s t-test was used in analyzing differences between two groups. Results Quercetin dose-dependently suppressed HGF-stimulated melanoma cell migration and invasion. Further study indicated that quercetin inhibited c-Met phosphorylation, reduced c-Met homo-dimerization and decreased c-Met protein expression. The effect of quercetin on c-Met expression was associated with a reduced expression of fatty acid synthase. In addition, quercetin suppressed the phosphorylation of c-Met downstream molecules including Gab1 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 1), FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) and PAK (p21-activated kinases). More importantly, overexpression of FAK or PAK significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of quercetin on the migration of the melanoma cells. Conclusions Our findings suggest that suppression of the HGF/c-Met signaling pathway contributes to the anti-metastatic action of quercetin in melanoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0367-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Cao
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Chi-Yan Cheng
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Tao Su
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Xiu-Qiong Fu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Ting Li
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Anfernee Kai-Wing Tse
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hiu-Yee Kwan
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Hua Yu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- Jockey Club School of Chinese Medicine Building, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, China.
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22
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Long-term outcome in BRAF(V600E) melanoma patients treated with vemurafenib: Patterns of disease progression and clinical management of limited progression. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:1435-43. [PMID: 25980594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vemurafenib induces tumour regression in most patients with BRAF(V600E)-mutant melanoma; eventually, most experience progressive disease (PD). Long-term follow-up of patients with BRAF(V600E) melanoma treated in the phase 1 vemurafenib trial is reported. METHODS Patients received vemurafenib 240-1120 mg (dose escalation cohort) or 960 mg (extension cohort) orally twice daily. Clinical response was evaluated every 8 weeks by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST). Patients with PD amenable to local therapy (surgery or radiotherapy) were allowed to continue vemurafenib after progression. Overall survival (OS) from time of treatment initiation and from PD was estimated. Sites of PD were recorded. RESULTS Forty-eight patients (escalation cohort, n = 16; extension cohort, n = 32) received therapeutic doses of vemurafenib (⩾ 240 mg twice daily). Forty-four patients had PD by the time of this analysis and four remained progression free (follow-up time, 1.2-56.1 months). Median OS was 14 months (range, 1.2-56.1); 3- and 4-year melanoma-specific survival rate in the extension cohort was 26% and 19%, respectively. Median OS was 26.0 months (range, 7.7-56.1) among 20 patients who continued vemurafenib after local therapy. Median treatment duration beyond initial PD was 3.8 months (range, 1.1-26.6). In the extension cohort, six and five patients were alive after 3 and 4 years, respectively, on vemurafenib monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Some patients with melanoma achieved long-term survival with vemurafenib monotherapy. Continuation of vemurafenib after PD might be beneficial in some patients because remaining disease might continue to respond to BRAF inhibition.
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23
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Alegre E, Sammamed M, Fernández-Landázuri S, Zubiri L, González Á. Circulating biomarkers in malignant melanoma. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:47-89. [PMID: 25934359 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive tumor with increasing incidence worldwide. Biomarkers are valuable tools to minimize the cost and improve efficacy of treatment of this deadly disease. Serological markers have not widely been introduced in routine clinical practice due to their insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. It is likely that the lack of objective responses with traditional treatment hinder biomarker research and development in melanoma. Recently, new drugs and therapies have, however, emerged in advanced melanoma with noticeable objective response ratio and survival. In this new scenario, serological tumor markers should be revisited. In addition, other potential circulating biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, exosomes, microRNA, and circulating tumor cells have also been identified. In this review, we summarize classical and emerging tumor markers and discuss their possible roles in emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Alegre
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sammamed
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Leyre Zubiri
- Department of Oncology, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University Clinic of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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24
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Abstract
Introduction: The MAPK pathway is essential for regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and survival. Multiple human cancers have demonstrated activation of Raf-mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase signaling, a hallmark of these tumors. Efforts to inhibit various protein kinases in this pathway have led to the development of MEK inhibitors. Selumetinib is one such drug, functioning as an oral, selective non-ATP-competitive MEK1/2 inhibitor. Areas covered: In this article, the authors discuss the underlying biology of MEK inhibition and its rationale in cancer treatment. Furthermore, the authors summarize the clinical development of selumetinib in various tumor types, from initial Phase I studies to randomized Phase II studies, both as monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutics. Expert opinion: Given the frequency of activated MAPK signaling in multiple tumor types, the potent MEK inhibitor selumetinib had strong preclinical and early clinical rationale, particularly in those tumors harboring KRAS or BRAF mutations. While efficacy signals have been seen in various tumor types treated with selumetinib, better biomarkers are needed to select patients most likely to respond favorably to this agent. Furthermore, combinatorial therapy with selumetinib and other targeted agents can likely be optimized to maximize the antitumor effect of inhibiting RAS/MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Keon Ciombor
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine , Columbus, OH , USA
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Wu S, Kuo H, Li WQ, Canales AL, Han J, Qureshi AA. Association between BRAFV600E and NRASQ61R mutations and clinicopathologic characteristics, risk factors and clinical outcome of primary invasive cutaneous melanoma. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1379-86. [PMID: 25048604 PMCID: PMC4220546 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0443-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies suggest that solar UV exposure in early life is predictive of cutaneous melanoma risk in adulthood, whereas the relation of BRAF mutation with sun exposure and disease prognosis has been less certain. We investigated the associations between BRAF(V600E) and NRAS(Q61R) mutations and known risk factors, clinicopathologic characteristics and clinical outcomes of melanoma in a case series of primary invasive cutaneous melanoma from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS). METHODS Somatic BRAF(V600E) and NRAS(Q61R) mutations of 127 primary invasive melanomas from the NHS cohort were determined by pyrosequencing using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded block tissues. Logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the associations of mutations with melanoma risk factors, and Kaplan-Meier method was used to examine associations between mutations and survival. RESULTS The odds ratios for harboring BRAF(V600E) mutations were 5.54 (95% CI 1.19-25.8, p(trend) = 0.02) for women residing in states with UV index ≥ 7 versus those residing in states with UV index ≤5 at 30 years of age. Patients with BRAF(V600E) mutations tended to have shorter melanoma-specific survival when compared to patients with wild type at both loci (median survival time 110 vs. 159 months) (p = 0.03). No association was found between NRASQ61R mutation and melanoma risk factors or melanoma-specific survival. CONCLUSIONS BRAF(V600E) mutations in primary cutaneous melanomas were associated with residence in locations with medium and high UV indices in mid-life. BRAF(V600E) mutation may be associated with an unfavorable prognosis among melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Helen Kuo
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alvaro Laga Canales
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A. Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kang S, Kim JE, Song NR, Jung SK, Lee MH, Park JS, Yeom MH, Bode AM, Dong Z, Lee KW. The ginsenoside 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol induces autophagy and apoptosis in human melanoma via AMPK/JNK phosphorylation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104305. [PMID: 25137374 PMCID: PMC4138097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that a major metabolite of the red ginseng ginsenoside Rb1, called 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (GPD), exhibits anticancer properties. However, the chemotherapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms behind GPD action in human melanoma have not been previously investigated. Here we report the anticancer activity of GPD and its mechanism of action in melanoma cells. GPD, but not its parent compound Rb1, inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that GPD treatment achieved this inhibition through the induction of autophagy and apoptosis, while Rb1 failed to show significant effect at the same concentrations. The inhibitory effect of GPD appears to be mediated through the induction of AMPK and the subsequent attenuation of mTOR phosphorylation. In addition, GPD activated c-Jun by inducing JNK phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that GPD suppresses melanoma growth by inducing autophagic cell death and apoptosis via AMPK/JNK pathway activation. GPD therefore has the potential to be developed as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soouk Kang
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nu Ry Song
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America; Functional Food Resources Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jun Seong Park
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Hun Yeom
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Bio Food Industry, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
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Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Robinson KC, Han J. Sildenafil use and increased risk of incident melanoma in US men: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:964-70. [PMID: 24710960 PMCID: PMC4178948 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK cascade plays a crucial role in melanoma cell proliferation and survival. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5A inhibitor commonly used for erectile dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that BRAF activation down-regulates PDE5A levels, and low PDE5A expression by BRAF activation or sildenafil use increases the invasiveness of melanoma cells, which raises the possible adverse effect of sildenafil use on melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between sildenafil use and risk of incident melanoma among men in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Our study is a prospective cohort study. In 2000, participants in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study were questioned regarding sildenafil use for erectile dysfunction. Participants who reported cancers at baseline were excluded. A total of 25,848 men remained in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), was obtained in the self-reported questionnaires biennially. The diagnosis of melanoma and SCC was pathologically confirmed. RESULTS We identified 142 melanoma, 580 SCC, and 3030 BCC cases during follow-up (2000-2010). Recent sildenafil use at baseline was significantly associated with an increased risk of subsequent melanoma with a multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.84 (95% CI, 1.04-3.22). In contrast, we did not observe an increase in risk of SCC (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.59-1.20) or BCC (1.08; 0.93-1.25) associated with sildenafil use. Moreover, erectile function itself was not associated with an altered risk of melanoma. Ever use of sildenafil was also associated with a higher risk of melanoma (HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.14-3.22). A secondary analysis excluding those reporting major chronic diseases at baseline did not appreciably change the findings; the HR of melanoma was 2.24 (95% CI, 1.05-4.78) for sildenafil use at baseline and 2.77 (1.32-5.85) for ever use. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Sildenafil use may be associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma. Although this study is insufficient to alter clinical recommendations, we support a need for continued investigation of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts2Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence3Channing Division of Network Medicine, Depa
| | - Kathleen C Robinson
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston5Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts3Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts6Department of
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Jiang H, Wortsman J, Matsuoka L, Granese J, Carlson JA, Mihm M, Slominski A. Molecular spectrum of pigmented skin lesions: from nevus to melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.1.5.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hill VK, Gartner JJ, Samuels Y, Goldstein AM. The genetics of melanoma: recent advances. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:257-79. [PMID: 23875803 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignant melanoma results from the interplay of genetic, host, and environmental factors. Genetic factors implicated in melanoma etiology include inherited high-, intermediate-, and low-risk susceptibility genes as well as numerous somatic mutations in melanoma tumors. CDKN2A is the major high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene identified to date. Recent identification of low-risk loci has been accomplished predominantly through genome-wide association studies. Whole-exome and whole-genome studies have identified numerous genes somatically altered in melanoma tumors and highlighted a higher mutation load in melanoma tumors compared with those in other cancers. This higher load is believed to be attributable to the preponderance of cytosine-to-thymine nucleotide substitutions as a result of UV radiation exposure. Technological advances, particularly next-generation sequencing, have increased the opportunities for germline and somatic gene discovery in melanoma and are opening up new avenues for understanding melanoma pathogenesis as well as leading to new opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K Hill
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Singhal R, Kandel ES. The response to PAK1 inhibitor IPA3 distinguishes between cancer cells with mutations in BRAF and Ras oncogenes. Oncotarget 2013; 3:700-8. [PMID: 22869096 PMCID: PMC3443253 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While new drugs aimed at BRAF-mutated cancers are entering clinical practice, cells and tumors with activating Ras mutations are relatively resistant to those and quite a few other anti-cancer agents. This inspires the effort to reverse this resistance or to uncover new vulnerabilities in such resistant cancers. IPA3 has been originally identified as a small molecule inhibitor of p21-activated protein kinase 1 (PAK1), a candidate therapeutic target in human malignancies. We have tested a battery of melanoma and colon carcinoma cell lines that carry mutations in BRAF, NRAS and KRAS genes and have observed that those with NRAS and KRAS mutations are more sensitive to killing by IPA3. Genetic manipulations suggest that the differential response depends not just on these oncogenes, but also on additional events that were co-selected during tumor evolution. Furthermore, sublethal doses of IPA3 or ectopic expression of dominant-negative PAK1 sensitized Ras-mutated cells to GDC-0897 and AZD6244, which otherwise have reduced efficiency against cells with activated Ras. Dominant-negative PAK1 also reduced the growth of NRAS-mutated cells in confluent cultures, but, unlike IPA3, caused no significant toxicity. Although it remains to be proven that all the effects of IPA3 are exclusively due to inhibition of PAK1, our findings point to the existence of selective vulnerabilities, which are associated with Ras mutations and could be useful for better understanding and treatment of a large subset of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Singhal
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Elm and Carlton St., Buffalo, NY 142263, USA
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Lee MH, Huang Z, Kim DJ, Kim SH, Kim MO, Lee SY, Xie H, Park SJ, Kim JY, Kundu JK, Bode AM, Surh YJ, Dong Z. Direct targeting of MEK1/2 and RSK2 by silybin induces cell-cycle arrest and inhibits melanoma cell growth. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2013; 6:455-65. [PMID: 23447564 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-12-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal functioning of multiple gene products underlies the neoplastic transformation of cells. Thus, chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic agents with multigene targets hold promise in the development of effective anticancer drugs. Silybin, a component of milk thistle, is a natural anticancer agent. In the present study, we investigated the effect of silybin on melanoma cell growth and elucidated its molecular targets. Our study revealed that silybin attenuated the growth of melanoma xenograft tumors in nude mice. Silybin inhibited the kinase activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)-1/2 and ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK)-2 in melanoma cells. The direct binding of silybin with MEK1/2 and RSK2 was explored using a computational docking model. Treatment of melanoma cells with silybin attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 and RSK2, which are regulated by the upstream kinases MEK1/2. The blockade of MEK1/2-ERK1/2-RSK2 signaling by silybin resulted in a reduced activation of NF-κB, activator protein-1, and STAT3, which are transcriptional regulators of a variety of proliferative genes in melanomas. Silybin, by blocking the activation of these transcription factors, induced cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase and inhibited melanoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, silybin suppresses melanoma growth by directly targeting MEK- and RSK-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hyun Lee
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Ave NE, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Kim J, Lazar AJ, Davies MA, Homsi J, Papadopoulos NE, Hwu WJ, Bedikian AY, Woodman SE, Patel SP, Hwu P, Kim KB. BRAF, NRAS and KIT sequencing analysis of spindle cell melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:821-5. [PMID: 22809251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spindle cell melanoma represents a rare but distinct subset of melanoma, and its genomic spectrum has not been fully defined. METHODS We searched our institutional database for patients with a diagnosis of pure spindle cell-type melanoma whose tumors had been analyzed for BRAF, NRAS, and KIT mutations using pyrosequencing technique. RESULTS We identified 24 patients with spindle cell melanoma, including 10 patients with desmoplastic melanoma, whose tumors had been analyzed for at least one of the three genes. The median Breslow thickness was 2.6 mm, and the most common site of the primary melanoma was the trunk, followed by the head and neck region. BRAF, NRAS and KIT genomic sequencing was performed successfully in 20, 18 and 14 patients, respectively. Among the 20 melanomas with completed BRAF-sequencing analysis, 6 (30%) harbored a mutation, of which 5 (83%) had a V600E mutation and 1 (17%) had a V600R mutation. None of the melanomas harbored NRAS or KIT mutations. CONCLUSION As has been reported in other common types of melanoma, V600 BRAF mutation is the most common mutation of those tested in spindle cell melanoma. NRAS or KIT mutation appears to be rare, if not completely absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyun Kim
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Vemurafenib in Patients With BRAF V600E Mutation–Positive Advanced Melanoma. Clin Ther 2012; 34:1474-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Patrawala S, Puzanov I. Vemurafenib (RG67204, PLX4032): a potent, selective BRAF kinase inhibitor. Future Oncol 2012; 8:509-23. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vemurafenib is a potent inhibitor of the mutated BRAF kinase. Phase I and II clinical trials of vemurafenib showed response rates of more than 50% in patients with metastatic melanoma and BRAF mutation. A Phase III study comparing vemurafenib with dacarbazine in 675 previously untreated patients revealed overall survival to be 84% (95% CI: 78–89) in the vemurafenib group and 64% (95% CI: 56–73) in the dacarbazine group. Vemurafenib was associated with a relative reduction of 63% in the risk of death and 74% in the risk of either death or disease progression, as compared with dacarbazine (p < 0.001). Progression-free survival was longer in those treated with vemurafenib (median: 5.3 vs 1.6 months; hazard ratio: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.20–0.33). Response rates were 48% for vemurafenib and 5% for dacarbazine. After review of the interim analysis by an independent data and safety monitoring board, crossover from dacarbazine to vemurafenib was recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samit Patrawala
- Phase I Drug Development, Melanoma/Renal Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6307, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Phase I Drug Development, Melanoma/Renal Cancer Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2220 Pierce Avenue, 777 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6307, USA
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van Rikxoort M, Michaelis M, Wolschek M, Muster T, Egorov A, Seipelt J, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Oncolytic effects of a novel influenza A virus expressing interleukin-15 from the NS reading frame. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36506. [PMID: 22563505 PMCID: PMC3341362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic influenza A viruses with deleted NS1 gene (delNS1) replicate selectively in tumour cells with defective interferon response and/or activated Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathway. To develop a delNS1 virus with specific immunostimulatory properties, we used an optimised technology to insert the interleukin-15 (IL-15) coding sequence into the viral NS gene segment (delNS1-IL-15). DelNS1 and delNS1-IL-15 exerted similar oncolytic effects. Both viruses replicated and caused caspase-dependent apoptosis in interferon-defective melanoma cells. Virus replication was required for their oncolytic activity. Cisplatin enhanced the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses. The cytotoxic drug increased delNS1 replication and delNS1-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. Interference with MEK/ERK signalling by RNAi-mediated depletion or the MEK inhibitor U0126 did not affect the oncolytic effects of the delNS1 viruses. In oncolysis sensitive melanoma cells, delNS1-IL-15 (but not delNS1) infection resulted in the production of IL-15 levels ranging from 70 to 1140 pg/mL in the cell culture supernatants. The supernatants of delNS1-IL-15-infected (but not of delNS1-infected) melanoma cells induced primary human natural killer cell-mediated lysis of non-infected tumour cells. In conclusion, we constructed a novel oncolytic influenza virus that combines the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses with immunostimulatory properties through production of functional IL-15. Moreover, we showed that the oncolytic activity of delNS1 viruses can be enhanced in combination with cytotoxic anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke van Rikxoort
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Hans Wilhelm Doerr
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Patel SP, Kim KB. Selumetinib (AZD6244; ARRY-142886) in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:531-9. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.665871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, has increased in incidence more rapidly than any other cancer. The completion of the human genome project and advancements in genomics technologies has allowed us to investigate genetic alterations of melanoma at a scale and depth that is unprecedented. Here, we survey the history of the different approaches taken to understand the genomics of melanoma - from early candidate genes, to gene families, to genome-wide studies. The new era of whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing has paved the way for an in-depth understanding of melanoma biology, identification of new therapeutic targets, and development of novel personalized therapies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Walia
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Euphemia W. Mu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jimmy C. Lin
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yardena Samuels
- The Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chattopadhyay C, Ellerhorst JA, Ekmekcioglu S, Greene VR, Davies MA, Grimm EA. Association of activated c-Met with NRAS-mutated human melanomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:E56-65. [PMID: 22020736 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanomas can be divided into three mutually exclusive genetic subsets: tumors with mutated BRAF, tumors with mutated NRAS and tumors wild type at both loci (wt/wt). Targeted therapy for melanoma has been advancing with agents directed to mutated BRAF, accounting for 50% of melanoma patients. The c-Met pathway is known to play a role in melanoma tumorigenesis and preliminary data from our laboratory suggested that this pathway is preferentially activated in NRAS-mutated tumors. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that melanomas carrying the mutated NRAS genotype are uniquely sensitively to c-Met inhibition, thus providing rationale for therapeutic targeting of c-Met in this patient cohort. Using primary human melanomas with known BRAF/NRAS genotypes, we observed greater immunostaining for phosphorylated (activated) c-Met in NRAS-mutated and wt/wt tumors, compared to BRAF-mutated tumors. NRAS-mutated and wt/wt cell lines also demonstrated more robust c-Met activation in response to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Knock-down of mutated N-Ras, but not wild type N-Ras, by RNA interference resulted in decreased c-Met phosphorylation. Compared to BRAF mutants, NRAS-mutated melanoma cells were more sensitive to pharmacologic c-Met inhibition in terms of c-Met activation, Akt phosphorylation, tumor cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis. This enhanced sensitivity was observed in wt/wt cells as well, but was a less consistent finding. On the basis of these experimental results, we propose that c-Met inhibition may be a useful therapeutic strategy for melanomas with NRAS mutations, as well as some tumors with a wt/wt genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Chattopadhyay
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee JH, Choi JW, Kim YS. Frequencies of BRAF and NRAS mutations are different in histological types and sites of origin of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:776-84. [PMID: 21166657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been conflicting data regarding the prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of BRAF and NRAS mutations in primary cutaneous melanoma. OBJECTIVES To solve this controversy, this study used a meta-analysis to evaluate the frequencies of BRAF and NRAS mutations, and the relationship between these mutations and clinicopathological parameters of cutaneous melanoma. METHODS Data from studies published between 1989 and 2010 were combined. The BRAF and NRAS mutations were reported in 36 and 31 studies involving 2521 and 1972 patients, respectively. The effect sizes of outcome parameters were calculated by odds ratios (OR). RESULTS BRAF and NRAS mutations were reported in 41% and 18% of cutaneous melanomas, respectively. The mutations were associated with histological subtype and tumour site, but not with age and sex. The BRAF mutation was frequently detected in patients with superficial spreading melanoma (OR=2·021; P<0·001) and in melanomas arising in nonchronic sun-damaged skin (OR=2·043; P=0·001). In contrast, the NRAS mutation was frequently evident in patients with nodular melanoma (OR=1·894; P<0·001) and in melanomas arising in chronic sun-damaged skin (OR=1·887; P=0·018). CONCLUSIONS This pooled analysis shows that the incidences of BRAF and NRAS mutations in cutaneous melanomas differ according to histological type and tumour location based on the degree of sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lee
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 516, Gojan-1 Dong, Danwon-Gu, Ansan-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 425-707, Korea
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Puzanov I, Burnett P, Flaherty KT. Biological challenges of BRAF inhibitor therapy. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:116-23. [PMID: 21393075 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in BRAF, a constituent of the map kinase pathway, were first discovered as being most prevalent in melanoma in 2002. Only recently have potent and selective, orally available inhibitors of BRAF emerged for clinical testing and demonstrated clear evidence of tumor regression in the majority of patients whose tumors harbor a BRAF mutation. While these early observations suggest that the BRAF targeted therapy will become part of the standard treatment paradigm for patients with advanced melanoma, it is also clear that a majority of these responses are incomplete and temporary. Therefore, the focus of the melanoma field has shifted to understanding the limits of the first generation of selective BRAF inhibitors with regard to safety and efficacy, the context of somatic genetic changes that accompany BRAF, and the combination regimens that target distinct elements of melanoma pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Puzanov
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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White RM. The natural history of malignancies under conditions of BRAF inhibitor stimulation. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 20:135-6. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.542325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ellerhorst JA, Greene VR, Ekmekcioglu S, Warneke CL, Johnson MM, Cooke CP, Wang LE, Prieto VG, Gershenwald JE, Wei Q, Grimm EA. Clinical correlates of NRAS and BRAF mutations in primary human melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:229-35. [PMID: 20975100 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE NRAS and BRAF mutations are common in cutaneous melanomas, although rarely detected mutually in the same tumor. Distinct clinical correlates of these mutations have not been described, despite in vitro data suggesting enhanced oncogenic effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that primary human cutaneous melanomas harboring mutations in NRAS or BRAF display a more aggressive clinical phenotype than tumors wild type at both loci. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Microdissection of 223 primary melanomas was carried out, followed by determination of the NRAS and BRAF mutational status. Genotypic findings were correlated with features known to influence tumor behavior including age, gender, Breslow depth, Clark level, mitotic rate, the presence of ulceration, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging. RESULTS Breslow depth and Clark level varied significantly among the genotypes, with NRAS mutants showing the deepest levels and wild-type tumors the least depth. Ulceration also differed significantly among the genotypes, with BRAF mutants demonstrating the highest rate. In addition, tumors with mutated NRAS were more likely to be located on the extremities. Patients whose tumors carried either mutation presented with more advanced AJCC stages compared with patients with wild-type tumors, and specifically, were more likely to have stage III disease at diagnosis. Overall survival did not differ among the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS Distinct clinical phenotypes exist for melanomas bearing NRAS and BRAF mutations, whether considered together or separately, and are associated with features known to predict aggressive tumor behavior. The impact of these mutations is most evident at earlier stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Ellerhorst
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Multiple metastases from cutaneous malignant melanoma patients may display heterogeneous genomic and epigenomic patterns. Melanoma Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e32833b7c7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Regulation of the expression and activity of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene GAX/MEOX2 by ZEB2 and microRNA-221. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:3902-13. [PMID: 20516212 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01237-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors secrete proangiogenic factors to induce the ingrowth of blood vessels from the stroma. These peptides bind to cell surface receptors on vascular endothelial cells (ECs), triggering signaling cascades that activate and repress batteries of downstream genes responsible for the angiogenic phenotype. To determine if microRNAs (miRNAs) affect regulation of the EC phenotype by GAX, a homeobox gene and negative transcriptional regulator of the angiogenic phenotype, we tested the effect of miR-221 on GAX expression. miR-221 strongly upregulated GAX, suggesting that miR-221 downregulates a repressor of GAX. We next expressed miR-221 in ECs and identified ZEB2, a modulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as being strongly downregulated by miR-221. Using miR-221 expression constructs and an inhibitor, we determined that ZEB2 is upregulated by serum and downregulates GAX, while the expression of miR-221 upregulates GAX and downregulates ZEB2. A mutant miR-221 fails to downregulate ZEB2 or upregulate GAX. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified two ZEB2 binding sites that modulate the ability of ZEB2 to downregulate GAX promoter activity. We conclude that miR-221 upregulates GAX primarily through its ability to downregulate the expression of ZEB2. These observations suggest a strategy for inhibiting angiogenesis by either recapitulating miR-221 expression or inhibiting ZEB2 activation.
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Chen Y, Rabson AB, Gorski DH. MEOX2 regulates nuclear factor-kappaB activity in vascular endothelial cells through interactions with p65 and IkappaBbeta. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:723-31. [PMID: 20421348 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tumours secrete proangiogenic factors to induce the ingrowth of blood vessels, the end targets of which are vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The MEOX2 homeoprotein inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signalling and EC activation in response to serum and proangiogenic factors. We hypothesize that MEOX2 interacts with components of this pathway in vascular ECs to modulate NF-kappaB activity and EC activation and that these interactions depend upon specific domains within the MEOX2 protein. METHODS AND RESULTS To test our hypothesis, we transduced ECs with MEOX2 expression constructs. MEOX2 protein localized to the nuclear fraction, as did IkappaBbeta and p65. By co-immunoprecipitation, MEOX2 bound to both p65 and IkappaBbeta. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that MEOX2 colocalizes in the nucleus with both p65 and IkappaBbeta and that this colocalization requires the MEOX2 homeodomain and N-terminal domain. Finally, promoter assays revealed that MEOX2 expression has a biphasic effect on NF-kappaB-dependent promoters. At low levels, MEOX2 stimulates NF-kappaB activity, whereas at high levels, it represses, effects that also depend upon the homeodomain and the N-terminal domain. CONCLUSION Our results represent the first report of an interaction between a homeobox protein and IkappaBbeta and suggest that MEOX2 modulates the activity of the RelA complex through direct interaction with its components. These observations implicate MEOX2 as a potentially important regulatory gene inhibiting not only the angiogenic response of ECs to proangiogenic factors, but also their response to chronic inflammatory stimulation that normally activates NF-kappaB, suggesting MEOX2 as a possible molecular target for the therapy of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Division of Surgical Oncology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Cui Y, Borysova MK, Johnson JO, Guadagno TM. Oncogenic B-RafV600E Induces Spindle Abnormalities, Supernumerary Centrosomes, and Aneuploidy in Human Melanocytic Cells. Cancer Res 2010; 70:675-84. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Greene VR, Johnson MM, Grimm EA, Ellerhorst JA. Frequencies of NRAS and BRAF mutations increase from the radial to the vertical growth phase in cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1483-8. [PMID: 19037234 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A lack of consensus exists with regards to the relative rates of NRAS and BRAF mutations in the radial (RGP) and vertical (VGP) growth phases of individual melanoma tumors. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that mutations are acquired with progression from RGP to VGP. Using laser capture microdissection, pure tumor DNA was obtained from 15 in situ melanomas, and from the RGP and VGP of 29 invasive tumors. NRAS exon 2 and BRAF exon 15 DNA were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Mutations were present in 6 of 15 in situ melanomas (40%). Of 29 invasive tumors, 16 exhibited RGP mutations (55.2%); 22 showed VGP mutations (75.9%). Paired RGP/VGP mutation analysis revealed a trend toward discordance in the distribution of mutations, favoring VGP localization (P=0.07). Of 15 samples, 12 with mutations in both phases had an increased proportion of mutated DNA in the VGP, measured on DNA chromatograms (P=0.08). Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample cohort selected for technical reasons from a larger population, presenting the risk of selection bias. These concerns notwithstanding our findings support the hypothesis that NRAS and BRAF mutations increase with tumor progression from superficial to invasive disease. JID JOURNAL CLUB ARTICLE: For questions, answers, and open discussion about this article, please go to http://network.nature.com/group/jidclub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria R Greene
- The Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Yip D, Le MN, Chan JLK, Lee JH, Mehnert JA, Yudd A, Kempf J, Shih WJ, Chen S, Goydos JS. A phase 0 trial of riluzole in patients with resectable stage III and IV melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3896-902. [PMID: 19458050 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ectopic expression of GRM1 in murine melanocytes results in transformation into a form of melanoma, and more than 60% of human melanoma samples tested ectopically express GRM1. Stimulation of this receptor in vitro results in up-regulation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Furthermore, a xenograft model of melanoma treated with riluzole, an oral GRM1 blocking agent, showed decreased tumor growth compared with the untreated controls. We have now completed a phase 0 trial of riluzole in patients with melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients enrolled on this trial underwent a pretreatment biopsy, took 200 mg of oral riluzole per day for 14 days, and then underwent resection of their remaining tumor. We compared the levels of pERK and pAKT in the pretreatment and post-treatment samples and assessed the metabolic activity of pretreatment and post-treatment tumors using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning. RESULTS We accrued 12 patients and all expressed GRM1. We found a significant decrease in pAKT and/or pERK in post-treatment tumor samples as compared with pretreatment samples in 4 (34%) patients. These four patients had a significant decrease in FDG-PET intensity post-treatment as well. Two other patients had a clinical response with no corresponding metabolic response; five patients had similar pretreatment and post-treatment FDG-PET scan findings; and one patient had progressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that glutamate blockade with riluzole can inhibit signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways and suppress the metabolic activity of melanoma. The ectopic expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors may be important in the pathogenesis of human melanoma, and targeting this pathway may be an effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Yip
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA
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Bartell HL, Bedikian AY, Papadopoulos NE, Dett TK, Ballo MT, Myers JN, Hwu P, Kim KB. Biochemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma. Head Neck 2009; 30:1592-8. [PMID: 18798304 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No systemic therapy regimen has been recognized as effective for metastatic mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. We retrospectively analyzed the effectiveness of biochemotherapy in patients with advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma. METHODS We evaluated the medical records of 15 patients at our institution who had received various biochemotherapy regimens for advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma. RESULTS After a median follow-up duration of 13 months, 3 patients (20%) had partial response, and 4 patients (27%) had complete response. The median time to disease progression for all 15 patients was 10 months. The median overall survival duration for all patients was 22 months. CONCLUSIONS Although this was a small study, our results, especially the high complete response and overall response rates, indicate that biochemotherapy for advanced head and neck mucosal melanoma should be considered as a systemic treatment option for patients with this aggressive malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Bartell
- The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Haferkamp S, Scurr LL, Becker TM, Frausto M, Kefford RF, Rizos H. Oncogene-induced senescence does not require the p16(INK4a) or p14ARF melanoma tumor suppressors. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1983-91. [PMID: 19212341 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is considered to act as a potent barrier to cell transformation, and has been seen in vivo during the early stages of tumor development. Human nevus cells frequently express oncogenic N-RAS or B-RAF, and are thought to be permanently growth arrested. Many studies have suggested that the p16(INK4a) and, to a lesser extent, the p14ARF tumor suppressor proteins act as critical triggers of oncogene-induced senescence in nevi, and thus these proteins represent major inhibitors of progression to melanoma. There have also been reports, however, showing that p16(INK4a) and/or p14ARF is not sufficient to execute the oncogene-induced senescence program. In this study, we examined the impact of melanoma-associated N-RAS(Q61K) on melanocyte senescence and utilized RNA-interference vectors to directly assess the individual contribution of human p14ARF and p16(INK4a) genes to the N-RAS-induced senescence program. We formally show that cultured human melanocytes can initiate an effective oncogene-mediated senescence program in the absence of INK4a/ARF-encoded proteins. Our data are consistent with observations showing that senescent nevus cells do not always express p16(INK4a), and highlight the need to thoroughly explore INK4a/ARF-independent molecular pathways of senescence in human melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haferkamp
- Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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