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Chakkour M, Hammoud Z, Farhat S, El Roz A, Ezzeddine Z, Ghssein G. Overview of Proteus mirabilis pathogenicity and virulence. Insights into the role of metals. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1383618. [PMID: 38646633 PMCID: PMC11026637 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1383618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium with exclusive molecular and biological features. It is a versatile pathogen acclaimed for its distinct urease production, swarming behavior, and rapid multicellular activity. Clinically, P. mirabilis is a frequent pathogen of the human urinary system where it causes urinary tract infections (UTIs) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). This review explores the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment of P. mirabilis infections, emphasizing its association with UTIs. The bacterium's genome analysis revealed the presence of resistance genes against commonly used antibiotics, an antibiotic-resistant phenotype that poses a serious clinical challenge. Particularly, the emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases resistant P. mirabilis strains. On a molecular level, P. mirabilis possesses a wide array of virulence factors including the production of fimbriae, urease, hemolysins, metallophores, and biofilm formation. This review thoroughly tackles a substantial gap in understanding the role of metallophores in shaping the virulence factors of P. mirabilis virulence. Siderophores, iron metal chelating and transporting metallophores, particularly contribute to the complex pathogenic strategies, displaying a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Chakkour
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Zeinab Hammoud
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Solay Farhat
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali El Roz
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde, Lebanon
| | - Zeinab Ezzeddine
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Ghssein
- Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Public Health, Islamic University of Lebanon (IUL), Khalde, Lebanon
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Elbaramawi SS, Eissa AG, Noureldin NA, Simons C. Exploring Proteus mirabilis Methionine tRNA Synthetase Active Site: Homology Model Construction, Molecular Dynamics, Pharmacophore and Docking Validation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1263. [PMID: 37765071 PMCID: PMC10535265 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the treatment of Proteus mirabilis infections is considered to be complicated as the organism has become resistant to numerous antibiotic classes. Therefore, new inhibitors should be developed, targeting bacterial molecular functions. Methionine tRNA synthetase (MetRS), a member of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family, is essential for protein biosynthesis offering a promising target for novel antibiotics discovery. In the context of computer-aided drug design (CADD), the current research presents the construction and analysis of a comparative homology model for P. mirabilis MetRS, enabling development of novel inhibitors with greater selectivity. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software was used to build a homology model for P. mirabilis MetRS using Escherichia coli MetRS as a template. The model was evaluated, and the active site of the target protein predicted from its sequence using conservation analysis. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to evaluate the stability of the modeled protein structure. In order to evaluate the predicted active site interactions, methionine (the natural substrate of MetRS) and several inhibitors of bacterial MetRS were docked into the constructed model using MOE. After validation of the model, pharmacophore-based virtual screening for a systemically prepared dataset of compounds was performed to prove the feasibility of the proposed model, identifying possible parent compounds for further development of MetRS inhibitors against P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S. Elbaramawi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.S.E.); (A.G.E.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Ahmed G. Eissa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.S.E.); (A.G.E.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Nada A. Noureldin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (S.S.E.); (A.G.E.); (N.A.N.)
| | - Claire Simons
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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de Laroche M, Fellous L, Salomon E, Saadeh D, Duran C, Bouchand F, Lequintrec JL, Teillet L, Gaillard JL, Seridi Z, Michelon H, Dinh A. Bloodstream infections in older population: epidemiology, outcome, and impact of multidrug resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1665-1672. [PMID: 33694038 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) among older patients are frequent with high rate of mortality. Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) are associated with higher mortality than with susceptible microorganisms. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MDRO infection during BSI in older population and the factors associated with unfavorable outcome. This study is a retrospective cohort of all BSI episodes occurring among older patients (> 65yo), from April 1, 2010, to December 31, 2016, in a French university hospital for geriatric medicine. A total of 255 BSI episodes were analyzed. Mean age was 86.3±6.5 years, and sex ratio (M/F) was 0.96. Main comorbidities were orthopedic device (26.7%), active neoplasia (24.3%), and diabetes mellitus (18.4%). Main primary sites of infection were urinary tract infections (56.9%), respiratory tract infections (10.6%), intra-abdominal infections (7.1%), and skin and soft tissue infections (4.7%). Main bacteria identified were Escherichia coli (45.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.1%), enterococci (10.7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (5.5%), and streptococci (5.1%). MDROs were involved in 17.2% of BSI (gram-negative bacilli: 9.0%; CoNS: 4.3%; and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA): 3.9%). The main factor associated with MDRO BSI was colonization with MDRO (OR=6.29; 95%CI=2.9-14.32). Total mortality was 18.4% and significantly higher in case of initial severity (OR=3.83; 95%CI=1.75-8.38), healthcare-associated infection (OR=5.29; 95%CI=1.11-25.30), and MRSA BSI (OR=9.16; 95%CI=1.67-50.16). BSI due to MDRO is frequent in older population and is strongly associated with carriage of MDRO. Healthcare-associated BSI, severe episodes, and BSI due to MRSA are associated with unfavorable outcome. In these cases, a broad-spectrum antibiotic should be promptly initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine de Laroche
- Internal Medicine Department, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Lesly Fellous
- Pharmacy Department, Sainte-Périne Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Salomon
- Microbiology Laboratory, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Danielle Saadeh
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Clara Duran
- Internal Medicine Department, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Frédérique Bouchand
- Pharmacy Department, Raymond-Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Lequintrec
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Sainte-Périne Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Teillet
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Sainte-Périne Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France.,Geriatric Medicine Department, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Louis Gaillard
- Microbiology Laboratory, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Zineb Seridi
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Sainte-Périne Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Michelon
- Pharmacy Department, Sainte-Périne Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Paris, France.,Pharmacy Department, Raymond-Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Garches, France
| | - Aurélien Dinh
- Internal Medicine Department, Ambroise-Paré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, Raymond-Poincaré University Hospital, AP-HP Paris Saclay University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France.
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Learman BS, Brauer AL, Eaton KA, Armbruster CE. A Rare Opportunist, Morganella morganii, Decreases Severity of Polymicrobial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 88:e00691-19. [PMID: 31611275 PMCID: PMC6921659 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00691-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common hospital-acquired infections and frequently polymicrobial, which complicates effective treatment. However, few studies experimentally address the consequences of polymicrobial interactions within the urinary tract, and the clinical significance of polymicrobial bacteriuria is not fully understood. Proteus mirabilis is one of the most common causes of monomicrobial and polymicrobial CAUTI and frequently cocolonizes with Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Providencia stuartii, and Morganella morganiiP. mirabilis infections are particularly challenging due to its potent urease enzyme, which facilitates formation of struvite crystals, catheter encrustation, blockage, and formation of urinary stones. We previously determined that interactions between P. mirabilis and other uropathogens can enhance P. mirabilis urease activity, resulting in greater disease severity during experimental polymicrobial infection. Our present work reveals that M. morganii acts on P. mirabilis in a contact-independent manner to decrease urease activity. Furthermore, M. morganii actively prevents urease enhancement by E. faecalis, P. stuartii, and E. coli Importantly, these interactions translate to modulation of disease severity during experimental CAUTI, predominantly through a urease-dependent mechanism. Thus, products secreted by multiple bacterial species in the milieu of the catheterized urinary tract can directly impact prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Learman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Aimee L Brauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn A Eaton
- Laboratory Animal Medicine Unit, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chelsie E Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Joo EJ, Park DA, Kang CI, Chung DR, Song JH, Lee SM, Peck KR. Reevaluation of the impact of methicillin-resistance on outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Korean J Intern Med 2019; 34:1347-1362. [PMID: 29347812 PMCID: PMC6823568 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2017.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is highly prevalent in hospitals, and has recently emerged in the community. The impact of methicillin-resistance on mortality and medical costs for patients with S. aureus bacteremia (SAB) requires reevaluation. METHODS We searched studies with SAB or endocarditis using electronic databases including Ovid-Medline, Embase-Medline, and Cochrane Library, as well as five local databases for published studies during the period January 2000 to September 2011. RESULTS A total of 2,841 studies were identified, 62 of which involved 17,563 adult subjects and were selected as eligible. A significant increase in overall mortality associated with MRSA, compared to that with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), was evidenced by an odds ratio (OR) of 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73 to 2.21; p < 0.01). In 13 endocarditis studies, MRSA increased the risk of mortality, with an OR of 2.65 (95% CI, 1.46 to 4.80). When three studies, which compared mortality rates between CA-MRSA and CA-MSSA, were combined, the risk of methicillin-resistance increased 3.23-fold compared to MSSA (95% CI, 1.25 to 8.34). The length of hospital stay in the MRSA group was 10 days longer than that in the MSSA group (95% CI, 3.36 to 16.70). Of six studies that reported medical costs, two were included in the analysis, which estimated medical costs to be $9,954.58 (95% CI, 8,951.99 to 10,957.17). CONCLUSION MRSA is still associated with increased mortality, longer hospital stays and medical costs, compared with MSSA in SAB in studies published since the year 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ah Park
- Office of Health Technology Evaluation, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaboration Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-In Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Doo Ryeon Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lee
- Office of Health Technology Evaluation, National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaboration Agency, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Kyong Ran Peck, M.D. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel: +82-2-3410-0329 Fax: +82-2-3410-0064 E-mail:
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Armbruster CE, Forsyth VS, Johnson AO, Smith SN, White AN, Brauer AL, Learman BS, Zhao L, Wu W, Anderson MT, Bachman MA, Mobley HLT. Twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis are crucial for Proteus mirabilis fitness during bloodstream infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007653. [PMID: 31009518 PMCID: PMC6497324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), which can progress to secondary bacteremia. While numerous studies have investigated experimental infection with P. mirabilis in the urinary tract, little is known about pathogenesis in the bloodstream. This study identifies the genes that are important for survival in the bloodstream using a whole-genome transposon insertion-site sequencing (Tn-Seq) approach. A library of 50,000 transposon mutants was utilized to assess the relative contribution of each non-essential gene in the P. mirabilis HI4320 genome to fitness in the livers and spleens of mice at 24 hours following tail vein inoculation compared to growth in RPMI, heat-inactivated (HI) naïve serum, and HI acute phase serum. 138 genes were identified as ex vivo fitness factors in serum, which were primarily involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, and 143 genes were identified as infection-specific in vivo fitness factors for both spleen and liver colonization. Infection-specific fitness factors included genes involved in twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis. Mutants in sixteen genes were constructed to validate both the ex vivo and in vivo results of the transposon screen, and 12/16 (75%) exhibited the predicted phenotype. Our studies indicate a role for the twin arginine translocation (tatAC) system in motility, translocation of potential virulence factors, and fitness within the bloodstream. We also demonstrate the interplay between two nitrogen assimilation pathways in the bloodstream, providing evidence that the GS-GOGAT system may be preferentially utilized. Furthermore, we show that a dual-function arginine decarboxylase (speA) is important for fitness within the bloodstream due to its role in putrescine biosynthesis rather than its contribution to maintenance of membrane potential. This study therefore provides insight into pathways needed for fitness within the bloodstream, which may guide strategies to reduce bacteremia-associated mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E. Armbruster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Valerie S. Forsyth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Alexandra O. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Sara N. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Ashley N. White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Aimee L. Brauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Learman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Michigan School of Public Health; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Weisheng Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Bachman
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Harry L. T. Mobley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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d-Serine Degradation by Proteus mirabilis Contributes to Fitness during Single-Species and Polymicrobial Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection. mSphere 2019; 4:4/1/e00020-19. [PMID: 30814316 PMCID: PMC6393727 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00020-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are among the most common health care-associated infections worldwide, the majority of which involve a urinary catheter (CAUTI). Our recent investigation of CAUTIs in nursing home residents identified Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus species, and Escherichia coli as the three most common organisms. These infections are also often polymicrobial, and we identified Morganella morganii, Enterococcus species, and Providencia stuartii as being more prevalent during polymicrobial CAUTI than single-species infection. Our research therefore focuses on identifying “core” fitness factors that are highly conserved in P. mirabilis and that contribute to infection regardless of the presence of these other organisms. In this study, we determined that the ability to degrade d-serine, the most abundant d-amino acid in urine and serum, strongly contributes to P. mirabilis fitness within the urinary tract, even when competing for nutrients with another organism. d-Serine uptake and degradation therefore represent potential targets for disruption of P. mirabilis infections. Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) and secondary bacteremia, which are frequently polymicrobial. We previously utilized transposon insertion-site sequencing (Tn-Seq) to identify novel fitness factors for colonization of the catheterized urinary tract during single-species and polymicrobial infection, revealing numerous metabolic pathways that may contribute to P. mirabilis fitness regardless of the presence of other cocolonizing organisms. One such “core” fitness factor was d-serine utilization. In this study, we generated isogenic mutants in d-serine dehydratase (dsdA), d-serine permease (dsdX), and the divergently transcribed activator of the operon (dsdC) to characterize d-serine utilization in P. mirabilis and explore the contribution of this pathway to fitness during single-species and polymicrobial infection. P. mirabilis was capable of utilizing either d- or l-serine as a sole carbon or nitrogen source, and dsdA, dsdX, and dsdC were each specifically required for d-serine degradation. This capability was highly conserved among P. mirabilis isolates, although not universal among uropathogens: Escherichia coli and Morganella morganii utilized d-serine, while Providencia stuartii and Enterococcus faecalis did not. d-Serine utilization did not contribute to P. mirabilis growth in urine ex vivo during a 6-h time course but significantly contributed to fitness during single-species and polymicrobial CAUTI during a 96-h time course, regardless of d-serine utilization by the coinfecting isolate. d-Serine utilization also contributed to secondary bacteremia during CAUTI as well as survival in a direct bacteremia model. Thus, we propose d-serine utilization as a core fitness factor in P. mirabilis and a possible target for disruption of infection. IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections are among the most common health care-associated infections worldwide, the majority of which involve a urinary catheter (CAUTI). Our recent investigation of CAUTIs in nursing home residents identified Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus species, and Escherichia coli as the three most common organisms. These infections are also often polymicrobial, and we identified Morganella morganii, Enterococcus species, and Providencia stuartii as being more prevalent during polymicrobial CAUTI than single-species infection. Our research therefore focuses on identifying “core” fitness factors that are highly conserved in P. mirabilis and that contribute to infection regardless of the presence of these other organisms. In this study, we determined that the ability to degrade d-serine, the most abundant d-amino acid in urine and serum, strongly contributes to P. mirabilis fitness within the urinary tract, even when competing for nutrients with another organism. d-Serine uptake and degradation therefore represent potential targets for disruption of P. mirabilis infections.
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Honda H, Higuchi N, Shintani K, Higuchi M, Warren DK. Inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy and mortality in geriatric patients with bloodstream infection: A target for antimicrobial stewardship. J Infect Chemother 2018; 24:807-811. [PMID: 30037758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bloodstream infections are responsible for a large proportion of deaths among geriatric patients. Japan is a rapidly aging society; however, little is known about the epidemiology of bloodstream infections in geriatric patients in Japanese institutions. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥65 years old with a bloodstream infection in a Japanese tertiary care hospital in 2013. We defined inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy as either antimicrobial treatment that was ineffective against subsequently isolated organisms or treatment initiated after notification of a positive culture. Predictors of inadequate antimicrobial therapy and 30-day mortality among geriatric patients with bloodstream infections were evaluated. RESULTS We identified 275 patients with a bloodstream infection, of which 42.2% of cases (116/275) were healthcare-associated, hospital-onset. The most common source of bloodstream infection was hepatobiliary (28.0%). Inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy occurred in 29.8% of the patients. Factors associated with inadequate empiric therapy included a history of surgery prior to bloodstream infection during index hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-9.12). In 275 patients, 38 (13.8%) died within 30 days after the first positive blood culture. Predictors of 30-day mortality was Pitt bacteremia score >6 (aOR 9.80; 95% CI 4.72-20.36). CONCLUSION Inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy occurred in approximately one-third of episodes of bloodstream infection in geriatric patients. Severity at the time of bloodstream infection was likely to have contributed to mortality. The initiation of adequate empiric antimicrobial therapy may have important implications for antimicrobial stewardship even in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Honda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Naofumi Higuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shintani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Higuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David K Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Comparative characteristic of antimicrobial resistance in geriatric hospital: a retrospective cohort study. Aging Clin Exp Res 2018; 30:839-843. [PMID: 29032522 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-017-0841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To examine antimicrobial resistance of commonly isolated pathogens in elderly hospitalized patients. METHODS Data regarding all clinically significant isolates from blood and urine cultures of patients admitted to a multilevel geriatric hospital during March 2015 to April 2016 were collected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines. RESULTS Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common isolates, with proportions of extended spectrum beta-lactamase positivity of 60, 40, and 61% respectively. Adjusted logistic regression models indicated that resistance of Escherichia coli to ceftriaxone [odds ratio (OR) 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-5.1], ceftazidime (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5-5.1), ciprofloxacin (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.0), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.3), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.3) was significantly higher in skilled nursing wards than in acute geriatric wards. Resistance of Proteus mirabilis to ceftriaxone (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5-6.4) and Klebsiella pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3-7.9) was significantly higher in skilled nursing wards than in acute wards. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION Antimicrobial resistance was found to be high in a multilevel geriatric hospital, especially in skilled nursing wards. These findings call for rethinking of the empirical antimicrobial therapy and of the efforts for prevention of nosocomial infection.
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Aliyu S, Smaldone A, Larson E. Prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria among nursing home residents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control 2017; 45:512-518. [PMID: 28456321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB) are associated with an increasing proportion of infections among nursing home (NH) residents. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to critically review evidence of the prevalence of MDR-GNB among NH residents. METHODS Following Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, a systematic review of literature for the years 2005-2016 using multiple databases was conducted. Study quality, appraised by 2 reviewers, used Downs and Black risk of bias criteria. Studies reporting prevalence of MDR-GNB colonization were pooled using a random effects meta-analysis model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran Q and I2 statistics. RESULTS Of 327 articles, 12 met the criteria for review; of these, 8 met the criteria for meta-analysis. Escherichia coli accounted for the largest proportion of isolates. Reported MDR-GNB colonization prevalence ranged from 11.2%-59.1%. Pooled prevalence for MDR-GNB colonization, representing data from 2,720 NH residents, was 27% (95% confidence interval, 15.2%-44.1%) with heterogeneity (Q = 405.6; P = .01; I2 = 98.3). Two studies reported MDR-GNB infection rates of 10.9% and 62.7%. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a high prevalence of MDR-GNB colonization among NH residents, emphasizing the need to enhance policies for infection control and prevention (ICP) in NHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainfer Aliyu
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY.
| | | | - Elaine Larson
- Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Abstract
Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative bacterium and is well known for its ability to robustly swarm across surfaces in a striking bulls'-eye pattern. Clinically, this organism is most frequently a pathogen of the urinary tract, particularly in patients undergoing long-term catheterization. This review covers P. mirabilis with a focus on urinary tract infections (UTI), including disease models, vaccine development efforts, and clinical perspectives. Flagella-mediated motility, both swimming and swarming, is a central facet of this organism. The regulation of this complex process and its contribution to virulence is discussed, along with the type VI-secretion system-dependent intra-strain competition, which occurs during swarming. P. mirabilis uses a diverse set of virulence factors to access and colonize the host urinary tract, including urease and stone formation, fimbriae and other adhesins, iron and zinc acquisition, proteases and toxins, biofilm formation, and regulation of pathogenesis. While significant advances in this field have been made, challenges remain to combatting complicated UTI and deciphering P. mirabilis pathogenesis.
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12
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Schütze S, Ribes S, Kaufmann A, Manig A, Scheffel J, Redlich S, Bunkowski S, Hanisch UK, Brück W, Nau R. Higher mortality and impaired elimination of bacteria in aged mice after intracerebral infection with E. coli are associated with an age-related decline of microglia and macrophage functions. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12573-92. [PMID: 25528768 PMCID: PMC4350342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence and mortality of bacterial meningitis are strongly increased in aged compared to younger adults demanding new strategies to improve prevention and therapy of bacterial central nervous system (CNS) infections the elderly. Here, we established a geriatric mouse model for an intracerebral E. coli infection which reflects the clinical situation in aged patients: After intracerebral challenge with E. coli K1, aged mice showed a higher mortality, a faster development of clinical symptoms, and a more pronounced weight loss. Elimination of bacteria and systemic inflammatory response were impaired in aged mice, however, the number of infiltrating leukocytes and microglial cells in the CNS of aged and young mice did not differ substantially. In vitro, primary microglial cells and peritoneal macrophages from aged mice phagocytosed less E. coli and released less NO and cyto-/chemokines compared to cells from young mice both without activation and after stimulation by agonists of TLR 2, 4, and 9. Our results suggest that the age-related decline of microglia and macrophage functions plays an essential role for the higher susceptibility of aged mice to intracerebral infections. Strategies to improve the phagocytic potential of aged microglial cells and macrophages appear promising for prevention and treatment of CNS infections in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schütze
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. Department of Geriatrics, Agaplesion Diakonissen Krankenhaus, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annika Kaufmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anja Manig
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Redlich
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bunkowski
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe-Karsten Hanisch
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Roland Nau
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Nau R, Ribes S, Djukic M, Eiffert H. Strategies to increase the activity of microglia as efficient protectors of the brain against infections. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:138. [PMID: 24904283 PMCID: PMC4033068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are comparatively rare. Based on the ability of microglial cells to phagocytose and kill pathogens and on clinical findings in immunocompromised patients with CNS infections, we hypothesize that an intact microglial function is crucial to protect the brain from infections. Phagocytosis of pathogens by microglial cells can be stimulated by agonists of receptors of the innate immune system. Enhancing this pathway to increase the resistance of the brain to infections entails the risk of inducing collateral damage to the nervous tissue. The diversity of microglial cells opens avenue to selectively stimulate sub-populations responsible for the defence against pathogens without stimulating sub-populations which are responsible for collateral damage to the nervous tissue. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous lipid, increased phagocytosis of bacteria by microglial cells in vitro without a measurable proinflammatory effect. It was tested clinically apparently without severe side effects. Glatiramer acetate increased phagocytosis of latex beads by microglia and monocytes, and dimethyl fumarate enhanced elimination of human immunodeficiency virus from infected macrophages without inducing a release of proinflammatory compounds. Therefore, the discovery of compounds which stimulate the elimination of pathogens without collateral damage of neuronal structures appears an achievable goal. PEA and, with limitations, glatiramer acetate and dimethyl fumarate appear promising candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Nau
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ribes
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marija Djukic
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Geriatrics, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Göttingen-Weende Göttingen, Germany
| | - Helmut Eiffert
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, University Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen, Germany
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Wang F, Xing T, Li J, He Y, Bai M, Wang N. Survey on hospital-acquired urinary tract infection in neurological intensive care unit. APMIS 2012; 121:197-201. [PMID: 23030808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Tao Xing
- Florey Neuroscience Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Australia
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Yingzi He
- Department of Neurology; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Mei Bai
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Niansong Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology; Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai; China
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AMDA—A Leader in Developing International Long-Term Care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12:319-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Murad Y. Bacteremia in the Elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12:314-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Little MO. Diagnostic Challenge of Bloodstream Infections in Long-Term Care. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2011; 12:166-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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