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Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang D, Wang C, Xie H, Chen H, Chai Y. Does deprotonated benzoic acid lose carbon monoxide in collision-induced dissociation? JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4990. [PMID: 38146124 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylation is known to be the major fragmentation pathway for the deprotonated carboxylic acids in collision-induced dissociation (CID). However, in the CID mass spectrum of deprotonated benzoic acid (m/z 121) recorded on a Q-orbitrap mass spectrometer, the dominant peak was found to be m/z 93 instead of the anticipated m/z 77. Based on theoretical calculations, 18 O-isotope labeling and MS3 experiments, we demonstrated that the fragmentation of benzoate anion begins with decarboxylation, but the initial phenide anion (m/z 77) can react with trace O2 in the mass analyzer to produce phenolate anion (m/z 93) and other oxygen-containing ions. Thus oxygen adducts should be considered when annotating the MS/MS spectra of benzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danyang Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Wang Y, Xie H, Alugubelli YR, Ma Y, Xu S, Ma J, Liu WR, Liang D. Accurate Mass Identification of an Interfering Water Adduct and Strategies in Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for Quantification of MPI8, a Potent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitor, in Rat Plasma in Pharmacokinetic Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060676. [PMID: 35745595 PMCID: PMC9228185 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
MPI8, a peptidyl aldehyde, is a potent antiviral agent against coronavirus. Due to unique tri-peptide bonds and the formyl functional group, the bioassay of MPI8 in plasma was challenged by a strong interference from water MPI8. Using QTOF LC-MS/MS, we identified MPI8•H2O as the major interference form that co-existed with MPI8 in aqueous and biological media. To avoid the resolution of MPI8 and MPI8•H2O observed on reverse phase columns, we found that a Kinetex hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column provided co-elution of both MPI8 and MPI8•H2O with a good single chromatographic peak and column retention of MPI8 which is suitable for quantification. Thus, a sensitive, specific, and reproducible LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of MPI8 in rat plasma was developed and validated using a triple QUAD LC-MS/MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kinetex HILIC column with a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min under gradient elution. The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.99) over MPI8 concentrations from 0.5−500 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision are within acceptable guidance levels. The mean matrix effect and recovery were 139% and 73%, respectively. No significant degradation of MPI8 occurred under the experimental conditions. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of MPI8 after administration of MPI8 sulfonate in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (J.M.)
| | - Huan Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (J.M.)
| | - Yugendar R. Alugubelli
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.R.A.); (Y.M.); (S.X.)
| | - Yuying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.R.A.); (Y.M.); (S.X.)
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.R.A.); (Y.M.); (S.X.)
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (J.M.)
| | - Wenshe R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (Y.R.A.); (Y.M.); (S.X.)
- Correspondence: (W.R.L.); (D.L.); Tel.: +1-979-845-1746 (W.R.L.); +1-713-313-1885 (D.L.)
| | - Dong Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (Y.W.); (H.X.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (W.R.L.); (D.L.); Tel.: +1-979-845-1746 (W.R.L.); +1-713-313-1885 (D.L.)
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3
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Schnegotzki R, Koopman J, Grimme S, Süssmuth RD. Quantum Chemistry-based Molecular Dynamics Simulations as a Tool for the Assignment of ESI-MS/MS Spectra of Drug Molecules. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200318. [PMID: 35235707 PMCID: PMC9325386 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In organic mass spectrometry, fragment ions provide important information on the analyte as a central part of its structure elucidation. With increasing molecular size and possible protonation sites, the potential energy surface (PES) of the analyte can become very complex, which results in a large number of possible fragmentation patterns. Quantum chemical (QC) calculations can help here, enabling the fast calculation of the PES and thus enhancing the mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation processes. In this work, the previously unknown fragmentation pathways of the two drug molecules Nateglinide (45 atoms) and Zopiclone (51 atoms) were investigated using a combination of generic formalisms and calculations conducted with the Quantum Chemical Mass Spectrometry (QCxMS) program. The computations of the de novo fragment spectra were conducted with the semi-empirical GFNn-xTB (n=1, 2) methods and compared against Orbitrap measured electrospray ionization (ESI) spectra in positive ion mode. It was found that the unbiased QC calculations are particularly suitable to predict non-evident fragment ion structures, sometimes contrasting the accepted generic formulation of fragment ion structures from electron migration rules, where the "true" ion fragment structures are approximated. For the first time, all fragment and intermediate structures of these large-sized molecules could be elucidated completely and routinely using this merger of methods, finding new undocumented mechanisms, that are not considered in common rules published so far. Given the importance of ESI for medicinal chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and metabolomics, this approach can significantly enhance the mass spectrometry-based structure elucidation processes and contribute to the understanding of previously unknown fragmentation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Schnegotzki
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Koopman
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Wang S, Kind T, Bremer PL, Tantillo DJ, Fiehn O. Quantum Chemical Prediction of Electron Ionization Mass Spectra of Trimethylsilylated Metabolites. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1559-1566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyang Wang
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tobias Kind
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Parker Ladd Bremer
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
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5
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Fukuuchi T, Moriya SS, Sugiyama T, Tabata H, Kaneko K. Differentiation of Positional Isomers of Halogenated Benzoylindole Synthetic Cannabinoid Derivatives in Serum by Hybrid Quadrupole/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:329-335. [PMID: 32921652 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Legally regulated synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are continuously being created by making minor positional modifications to pre-existing analogs; thus, compounds with minor structural differences must be isolated and identified accurately. For iodo-benzoylindole derivatives of SCs, only specific isomers are currently the target of legal control, and it is necessary to establish an analytical method for accurately identifying positional isomers. In this study, we synthesized a series of 57 designer drugs and developed a screening method for identifying halogen positional isomers on the phenyl ring of benzoylindole derivative SCs in serum. Analytical methods using the Discovery F5 pentafluorophenyl column gave the best selectivity and retention of the positional isomer analytes. Some of the meta and para iodo-substituted SCs were eluted at similar retention times and were difficult to separate by liquid chromatography (LC). However, they were identified via the relative abundance of the two product ions in the collision-induced dissociation reaction using LC-hybrid quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Our synthesized halogen-substituted positional isomer SC library and method for differentiating positional isomers of halogenated benzoylindole SC derivatives could provide an indispensable analysis tool for identifying illegal drugs in serum of drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fukuuchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Shun-Suke Moriya
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Metabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Toru Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Bioorganic and Metabolic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Hidetsugu Tabata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Kiyoko Kaneko
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
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Philip M, Mathew B, Karatt TK, Perwad Z, Subhahar MB, Karakka Kal AK. Metabolic studies of hypoxia-inducible factor stabilisers IOX2, IOX3 and IOX4 (in vitro) for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:794-816. [PMID: 33458935 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional activator hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a vital arbitrator in the performance of cellular responses lacking oxygen supply in aerobic organisms. Because these compounds are capable of enhancing the organism's capacity for molecular oxygen transport, they possess great potential for abuse as a performance-enhancing agent in sports. A comprehensive study of the metabolic conversion of the most popular HIF stabilisers such as IOX2, IOX3 and IOX4 using equine liver microsomes (in vitro) is reported. The parents and their metabolites were identified and characterised by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative ionisation mode using a QExactive high-resolution mass spectrometer. Under the current experimental condition, a total of 10 metabolites for IOX2 (three phase I and seven phase II), nine metabolites for IOX3 (four phase I and five phase II) and five metabolites for IOX4 (three phase I and two phase II) were detected. The outcome of the present study is as follows: (1) all the three IOX candidates are prone to oxidation, results in subsequent monohydroxylated, and some dihydroxylated metabolites. (2) Besides oxidation, there is a possibility of hydrolysis and de-alkylation, which results in corresponding carboxylic acid and amide, respectively. (3) The glucuronide and sulphate conjugate of the parent drugs as well as the monohydroxylated analogues were observed in this study. The characterised in vitro metabolites can potentially serve as target analytes for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Philip
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binoy Mathew
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tajudheen K Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zubair Perwad
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Chai Y, Chen H, Lu C. An intriguing "reversible reaction" in the fragmentation of deprotonated dicamba and benzoic acid in a Q-orbitrap mass spectrometer: Loss and addition of carbon dioxide. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8893. [PMID: 32666557 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Loss of carbon dioxide is an important characteristic fragmentation reaction of deprotonated benzoic acid and its derivatives in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. However, researchers have rarely noticed or believed that the loss of carbon dioxide in multistage mass spectrometry is a "reversible reaction," that is, the fragment anion generated by carbon dioxide loss can capture another carbon dioxide to regenerate its precursor ion. METHODS The fragmentation of the [M - H]- ions of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and benzoic acid was performed with an electrospray ionization hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer. The structural confirmation of the precursor ions and their product ions was supported by accurate mass (elemental composition) analysis. Pseudo-MS3 experiments (in-source collision-induced dissociation as MS2 ) and isotope labelling experiments were used to confirm the addition of carbon dioxide to the product ions in MS2 . RESULTS In the fragmentation of deprotonated dicamba (m/z 219), the relative abundance of the precursor ion does not decrease significantly or even increases as the collision energy increases. When the m/z 145 and 175 product ions were isolated in the mass analyzer, the ions 44 m/z units larger (m/z 189 and 219) were generated spontaneously, indicating the formation of carbon dioxide adduct ions. In the fragmentation of deprotonated [carboxyl-13 C]-benzoic acid (m/z 122), a deprotonated [carboxyl-12 C]-benzoic acid ion (m/z 121) was generated which was derived from 13 CO2 loss and 12 CO2 addition. The isotope labelling experiment further supports the formation of CO2 -attached ions in the fragmentation of deprotonated benzoic acids. CONCLUSIONS Under collisional activation, deprotonated dicamba and benzoic acids easily undergo carbon dioxide loss, but the decarboxylated product anions have an appropriate nucleophilicity to carbon dioxide and they can capture a background carbon dioxide molecule remaining in the vacuum system to regenerate the precursor ions. This study provides a new and deeper understanding of the gas-phase chemistry of deprotonated benzoic acid derivatives in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, China
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8
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Giorgi G, Bellani L, Giorgetti L. Characterization of additives in plastics: From MS to MS 10 multistep mass analysis and theoretical calculations of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 55:e4515. [PMID: 32363623 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the analysis by electrospray (+) of an extract of hemp sprouts put in a polypropylene vial, we found a large contamination of a plastic additive. It was characterized by multiple-stage MSn experiments (MS ÷ MS10 ) and identified as tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, also known with the synonyms F32IRS6B46, oxidized Naugard 524, and others. The MS2 ÷ MS7 spectra are characterized by consecutive eliminations of six isobutene molecules from the tert-butyl moieties, some of them also occurring in the ion source. The first three are calculated to occur preferentially from the ortho positions, whereas eliminations from the para positions are estimated to be less favored at about 5-6 kcal/mol in each step. Once the first three isobutene molecules are eliminated, the remaining three are lost from the tert-butyl moieties in para positions (MS5 ÷ MS7 ), yielding protonated triphenylphosphate, whose structure has been confirmed by the MS2 spectrum of triphenylphosphate standard: the latter spectrum is almost superimposable with the MS8 spectrum of the analyte under investigation. MS8 and MS9 spectra show main losses of water and C6 H4 molecules. The MS10 spectrum of precursor ions at m/z 215 shows the gas-phase addition of water and methanol and ions at m/z 168, attributable to the loss of a phosphorus oxide radical. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations (Becke 3LYP [B3LYP] 6-311+G(2d,2p)) have been used to evaluate structure and stability of different ionic and neutral species involved in the decomposition pathways and to calculate thermochemical data of the decomposition reactions. This multistep mass analysis combined with theoretical calculations resulted to be particularly useful and effective, yielding chemical, thermochemical, and mechanistic data of significant utility in the structural characterization and identification of the unknown analyte as well as to define its gas-phase reactivity under a multistep low-energy collision-induced dissociation regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giorgi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenza Bellani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Area of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Giorgetti
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biology and Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Area of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, I-56124, Pisa, Italy
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Chai Y, Wang L, Lu C. Formation of molecular oxygen- and water-attached fragment ions in the fragmentation of protonated 3-(phenylthio)chromones. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8567. [PMID: 31469930 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Room 254, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China
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10
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Chai Y, Chen H, Liu X, Lu C. Formation of Carbon Dioxide Attached Fragment Ions in the Fragmentation of Deprotonated Tolfenpyrad and Tebufenpyrad. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2060-2067. [PMID: 31338738 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) and MS/MS mass spectra of deprotonated tolfenpyrad and tebufenpyrad both showed an unusual fragment ion at m/z 187, but its fragmentation pattern and structure could not be explained by logical neutral losses. Accurate mass measurement indicated that the mass difference between this fragment ion and the dominant fragment ion at m/z 143 equaled to a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule. The isolation of the fragment ion m/z 143 in the mass analyzer could spontaneously give rise to the ion m/z 187. The Gibbs free energy of carbon dioxide addition to deprotonated pyrazole ion was significantly negative from the computational results. According to these results, we derived a proposal for the formation and structure of the ion m/z 187, which was an attachment of molecular carbon dioxide to the fragment ion m/z 143 to produce a carboxylate anion. The trace carbon dioxide was speculated to be derived from the residual atmosphere or collision gas in the instrument. This study is valuable for the qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of pesticides containing the pyrazole functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengyin Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Tea Products (Hangzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Niyonsaba E, Easton MW, Liu JK, Yu Z, Sheng H, Kong JY, Zhang Z, Easterling LF, Milton J, Kenttämaa HI. Identification of Protonated Primary Carbamates by Using Gas-Phase Ion–Molecule Reactions Followed by Collision-Activated Dissociation in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Experiments. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Niyonsaba
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mckay W. Easton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Judy K.Y. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zaikuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Huaming Sheng
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John Y. Kong
- Department of Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Leah F. Easterling
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jacob Milton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hilkka I. Kenttämaa
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Baumeister TUH, Ueberschaar N, Pohnert G. Gas-Phase Chemistry in the GC Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:573-580. [PMID: 30569429 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of temporally stored ions play a significant role in trapped ion mass spectrometry. Especially highly labile ion species generated through electron ionization (EI) are prone to undergo gas-phase reactions after relaxation to a low vibrational state. Here, we show that in the C-Trap of the Q Exactive GC Orbitrap mass spectrometer, gaseous water reacts with radical cations of various compound classes. High-resolution accurate mass spectrometry of the resulting ions provides a key to the mechanistic understanding of the chemistry of high energetic species generated during EI. We systematically addressed water adduct formation by use of H2O and D218O in the C-Trap. Mass spectra of halogen cyanides XCN (X=Cl, Br, I) showed the formation of HXCN+ species, indicating hydrogen atomic transfer reactions. Relative ratios of HXCN+/XCN+• increased as the electronegativity of the halide increased. The common internal calibrant perfluorotributylamine forms oxygenated products from water reactive fragment ions. These can be explained by the addition of water to an initial cation followed by elimination of two HF molecules. This addition/elimination chemistry can also explain [M+2]+ and [M+3]+ ions that commonly occur in mass spectra of silylated analytes. High-resolution accurate mass spectra of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives revealed these as [M-CH3•+H2O]+ and [M-CH4+H2O]•+, respectively. This study explains common fragment ions in ion trap mass spectrometry. It also opens up perspectives for the systematic mechanistic and kinetic investigation of high-energy ion reactivity. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim U H Baumeister
- Max Planck Fellow Group on Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry Platform, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Max Planck Fellow Group on Plankton Community Interaction, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany.
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Zheng Z, Pavlov J, Attygalle AB. Fortuitous Ion-Molecule Reaction Enables Enumeration of Metal-Hydrogen Bonds Present in Gaseous Ions. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3965-3972. [PMID: 31459605 PMCID: PMC6648366 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Upon mass selection and ion activation under mass spectrometric conditions, gaseous formate adducts of many metal formates undergo decarboxylation and form product ions that bear metal-hydrogen bonds. Fortuitously, we noted that negative-ion spectra of several such formate adducts showed many peaks that could not be rationalized by the conventional fragmentation pathways attributed to the precursor ion. Subsequent experimentation proved that these enigmatic peaks are due to an ion-molecule reaction that takes place between traces of adventitious water vapor in the collision gas and the in situ formed product anions bearing metal-hydrogen bonds, generated by the fragmentation of the formate adducts. Results show that metal-hydrogen bonds of the group 2 elements are particularly susceptible to this reaction. For example, in the product-ion spectrum of [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]-, the peak at m/z 91 for SrH3 - was accompanied by three peaks at higher m/z ratios. These peaks, at m/z 107, 123, and 139, represented SrH2(OH)1 -, SrH1(OH)2 -, and Sr(OH)3 -, respectively. These satellite peaks, which were separated by 16 m/z units, were attributed to adducts formed due to the high affinity of gas-phase anions bearing metal-hydrogen bonds to water. Although undesired, these peaks are diagnostically useful to determine the number of metal-hydrogen bonds present in a precursor ion. Even though the peaks were less pronounced, analogous reactions were noted from the adducts of the group 1 elements as well. Moreover, Gibbs free energy values computed for the interaction of [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]- with water to form [HO-Mg(η2-OCOH)2]- and H2 indicated that this is an exergonic reaction.
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Cao X, Cai X, Mo W. Comparing the fragmentation reactions of protonated cyclic indolyl α-amino esters in quadrupole/orbitrap and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:543-551. [PMID: 29369433 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The comparative study of higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) mechanisms for protonated cyclic indolyl α-amino esters in quadrupole/orbitrap (Q/Orbitrap) and quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometers, respectively, is helpful to study the structures and properties of biologically active indole derivatives using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technology. METHODS HCD and CID experiments were carried out using electrospray ionization Q/Orbitrap MS and QTOFMS in positive ion mode, respectively. Only the labile hydrogens were exchanged with deuterium in hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments and only the aromatic indole C-H hydrogens were substituted with deuterium in regiospecific hydrogen-deuterium labeling experiments. Theoretical calculations were carried out using the density functional theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP level with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set in the Gaussian 03 package of programs. RESULTS In Q/Orbitrap MS/MS, when the added proton on the N8 position of protonated cyclic indolyl α-amino esters migrated in a stepwise fashion to the C3 position via two sequential 1,4-H shifts, an ion-neutral complex INC1 of [protonated cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimino esters/indoles] was formed by a charge-directed heterolytic cleavage of the C3 -C10 bond, while an ion-neutral complex INC3 of [cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimino esters/protonated indoles] was formed when another labile hydrogen on the N8 position successively migrated to the C4 position. Direct decomposition of INC1 and INC3 resulted in protonated cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimino esters and protonated indoles, respectively, while proton transfer led to protonated indoles and protonated cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimino esters. The HDX reaction with residual water in the HCD cell was also observed. In QTOF-MS/MS, protonated cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimino esters and protonated indoles resulted from direct decomposition of INC1 and INC3 , respectively, rather than proton transfer. CONCLUSIONS Due to the specific construction of the Q/Orbitrap and QTOF mass spectrometers, different fragmentation mechanisms medicated by ion-neutral complexes of protonated cyclic indolyl α-amino esters were proposed. This study is desirable for qualitative and quantitive investigation of indole derivatives using MS/MS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Cao
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xue Cai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Mo
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, P.R. China
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Thevis M, Volmer DA. Mass spectrometric studies on selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) using electron ionization and electrospray ionization/collision-induced dissociation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2018; 24:145-156. [PMID: 29232975 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717731228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have been identified as a promising class of drug candidates potentially applicable to diverse pathological conditions commonly associated with significantly reduced muscle mass. Due to a suspected and meanwhile repeatedly proven misuse of SARMs in elite and amateur sport, sustaining constantly updated doping control analytical methods is critical for sports drug testing laboratories. These test methods predominantly utilize mass spectrometry-based instrumentations and, consequently, studies on the mass spectrometric behavior of new compounds and, where available, their metabolic products are vital for comprehensive doping controls. In this communication, the dissociation patterns of three new SARM drug candidates referred to as GSK2881078, PF-06260414, and TFM-4 AS-1 as observed under electron ionization as well as electrospray ionization/collision-induced dissociation are discussed. By means of high resolution/high accuracy tandem mass spectrometry employing quadrupole-orbitrap mass analyzers, information on precursor-product ion relationships and elemental compositions was obtained and subsequently utilized to suggest dissociation routes of the target compounds. This information can contribute to future studies concerning structure assignments of metabolites and accelerate the identification of related substances if distributed and/or illicitly used in the world of sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- 1 German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, Cologne, Germany
- 2 European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- 3 Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 9379 Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany
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Nikolić D, Macias C, Lankin DC, van Breemen RB. Collision-induced dissociation of phenethylamides: role of ion-neutral complexes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1385-1395. [PMID: 28558170 PMCID: PMC5555735 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phenethylamides are a large group of naturally occurring molecules found both in the plant and animal kingdoms. In addition, they are used as intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important dihydro- and tetrahydroisoquinolines. To enable efficient characterization of this class of molecules, a detailed mass spectrometric fragmentation study of a broad series of analogs was carried out. METHODS The test compounds were synthesized using standard methods for amide bond formation. Low-energy high-resolution tandem mass spectra were acquired on a hybrid quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer using positive ion electrospray ionization. RESULTS A total of 26 analogs were investigated in the study. Fragmentation of phenethylamides was found to proceed via intermediate ion-neutral complexes. The complexes can break down via multiple pathways including dissociation, proton transfer, Friedel-Crafts acylation, and single electron transfer. The relative contribution of each of these pathways strongly depends on the structure of the coupling amine and acid. CONCLUSIONS A general scheme for the fragmentation of phenethylamides was developed. This study further extends the knowledge base of the ion-neutral complex by discovering Friedel-Crafts acylation as a novel reaction. The strong influence of minor structural modifications on the fragmentation patterns highlights the importance of testing many analogs in order to fully predict a fragmentation pattern of a particular class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Nikolić
- Corresponding Author: Dejan Nikolić, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612-7231, Telephone (312) 413-5867, FAX (312) 996-7107,
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Eichner D, Van Wagoner RM, Brenner M, Chou J, Leigh S, Wright LR, Flippin LA, Martinelli M, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. lmplementation of the prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Roxadustat (FG‐4592) and its main metabolites into routine doping controls. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1768-1778. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Ryan M. Van Wagoner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory 560 Arapeen Drive Suite 150A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Mitch Brenner
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - James Chou
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Scott Leigh
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee R. Wright
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Lee A. Flippin
- FibroGen, Inc. 409 Illinois Street San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | | | - Oliver Krug
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry ‐ Centre for Preventive Doping ResearchGerman Sport University Cologne Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne/Bonn Germany
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18
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Ion-molecule adduct formation in tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1269-77. [PMID: 26700446 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays most LC-MS methods rely on tandem mass spectrometry not only for quantitation and confirmation of compounds by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), but also for the identification of unknowns from their product ion spectra. However, gas-phase reactions between charged and neutral species inside the mass analyzer can occur, yielding product ions at m/z values higher than that of the precursor ion, or at m/z values difficult to explain by logical losses, which complicate mass spectral interpretation. In this work, the formation of adduct ions in the mass analyzer was studied using several mass spectrometers with different mass analyzers (ion trap, triple quadrupole, and quadrupole-Orbitrap). Heterocyclic amines (AαC, MeAαC, Trp-P-1, and Trp-P-2), photo-initiators (BP and THBP), and pharmaceuticals (phenacetin and levamisole) were selected as model compounds and infused in LCQ Classic, TSQ Quantum Ultra AM, and Q-Exactive Orbitrap (ThermoFisher Scientific) mass spectrometers using electrospray as ionization method. The generation of ion-molecule adducts depended on the compound and also on the instrument employed. Adducts with neutral organic solvents (methanol and acetonitrile) were only observed in the ion trap instrument (LCQ Classic), because of the ionization source on-axis configuration and the lack of gas-phase barriers, which allowed inertial entrance of the neutrals into the analyzer. Adduct formation (only with water) in the triple quadrupole instruments was less abundant than in the ion trap and quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometers, because of the lower residence time of the reactive product ions in the mass analyzer. The moisture level of the CID and/or damper gas had a great effect in beam-like mass analyzers such as triple quadrupole, but not in trap-like mass analyzers, probably because of the long residence time that allowed adduct formation even with very low concentrations of water inside the mass spectrometer.
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Cirigliano AM, Rodriguez MA, Gagliano ML, Bertinetti BV, Godeas AM, Cabrera GM. Liquid chromatography coupled to different atmospheric pressure ionization sources-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and post-column addition of metal salt solutions as a powerful tool for the metabolic profiling of Fusarium oxysporum. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1439:97-111. [PMID: 26655791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum L11 is a non-pathogenic soil-borne fungal strain that yielded an extract that showed antifungal activity against phytopathogens. In this study, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to different atmospheric pressure ionization sources-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (API-QTOF-MS) was applied for the comprehensive profiling of the metabolites from the extract. The employed sources were electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). Post-column addition of metal solutions of Ca, Cu and Zn(II) was also tested using ESI. A total of 137 compounds were identified or tentatively identified by matching their accurate mass signals, suggested molecular formulae and MS/MS analysis with previously reported data. Some compounds were isolated and identified by NMR. The extract was rich in cyclic peptides like cyclosporins, diketopiperazines and sansalvamides, most of which were new, and are reported here for the first time. The use of post-column addition of metals resulted in a useful strategy for the discrimination of compound classes since specific adducts were observed for the different compound families. This technique also allowed the screening for compounds with metal binding properties. Thus, the applied methodology is a useful choice for the metabolic profiling of extracts and also for the selection of metabolites with potential biological activities related to interactions with metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Cirigliano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, UMyMFOR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires., Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, FCEN, INBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Laura Gagliano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, UMyMFOR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires., Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brenda V Bertinetti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, UMyMFOR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires., Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia M Godeas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Universidad de Buenos Aires, FCEN, INBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela M Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, UMyMFOR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires., Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° piso, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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20
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Treu A, Rittner M, Kemken D, Schiebel HM, Spiteller P, Dülcks T. Loss of atomic nitrogen from even-electron ions? A study on benzodiazepines. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:978-986. [PMID: 28338276 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The fragment spectra of protonated nitro-substituted benzodiazepines show an unusual fragment [M + H - 14]+ , which is shown by accurate mass measurement to be due to the loss of a nitrogen atom. Our investigations show that this apparent loss of atomic nitrogen is rather an attachment of molecular oxygen to the [M + H - NO2 ]+• ion, which is the main fragment ion in these spectra. The oxygen attachment is exothermic, and rate constants have been derived. MSn spectra show that it is not easily reversible upon fragmentation of the adduct ion and that it is also observed with some secondary and tertiary fragments, which allows to limit the attachment site to the aromatic ring annulated to the diazepine moiety. Fragments of the oxygen adduct ion indicate that the O2 molecule dissociates in the adduct formation process, and the two oxygen atoms are bound to different sites of the ion. Comparison with radical cations generated by fragmentation of non-nitro-substituted benzodiazepines, none of which showed an oxygen attachment, and the fragmentation mechanisms involved in their formation indicates that the [M + H - NO2 ]+• ion is a distonic ion with the charge and radical site neighbored on the aromatic ring. From these results, we derive a proposal for the formation and structure of the [M + H - NO2 + O2 ]+• ion, which explains the experimental observations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Treu
- Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2, Leobener Str. NW2A, Bremen, D-28359, Germany
| | - Miriam Rittner
- SiChem GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 1 (BITZ), Bremen, D-28359, Germany
| | - Dorit Kemken
- Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2, Leobener Str. NW2A, Bremen, D-28359, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Schiebel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Organische Chemie, Hagenring 30, Braunschweig, D-38106, Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2, Leobener Str. NW2A, Bremen, D-28359, Germany
| | - Thomas Dülcks
- Universität Bremen, Fachbereich 2, Leobener Str. NW2A, Bremen, D-28359, Germany
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Chen J, Green KB, Nichols KK. Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions. Lipids 2015; 50:821-36. [PMID: 26178197 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR') were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS(3) (in-source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: (1) [RCOOH2](+) for saturated wax esters, (2) [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and (3) [RCOOH2](+) and [RCO](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R'](+) and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2](+) ions for all types of wax esters and [R'-2H](+) ions for unsaturated fatty acyl-containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- Applied Biotechnology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA,
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Zonja B, Delgado A, Pérez S, Barceló D. LC-HRMS suspect screening for detection-based prioritization of iodinated contrast media photodegradates in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3464-3472. [PMID: 25671783 DOI: 10.1021/es505250q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to demonstrate the applicability of suspect screening for the detection of six iodinated contrast media (ICM) and their phototransformation products (TPs) in surface waters. First, a photodegradation study of ICM in surface water using a sunlight lab-scale simulator was performed. By means of a guided differential sample analysis, the exact masses of the molecular ions and the retention times of TPs were identified. Positive findings were filtered manually generating a suspect list of 108 photoproducts. Following a generic solid-phase extraction of surface water samples, LC-HRMS was used to screen for the presence of the compounds previously detected in the photodegradation samples. On the basis of detection frequencies (>50% of the samples), 11 TPs were prioritized and their structures elucidated by HRMS and NMR. In the real surface water samples, median concentration of parent compounds was 110 ng/L reaching up to 6 μg/L for iomeprol, while TPs were found at median concentration of 8 ng/L, reaching up to 0.4 μg/L for iomeprol TP651-B. In summary, the proposed screening approach facilitates the evaluation of the degradation of polar compounds at a real scale with a fast detection of TPs without prior availability of the standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozo Zonja
- †Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Delgado
- ‡University of Barcelona (UB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, Avga. Joan XXIII s/n, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- §Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), IQAC-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- †Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- †Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ∥Catalan Institute of Water Research, c/Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain
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Butler M, Cabrera GM. A mass spectrometry-based method for differentiation of positional isomers of monosubstituted pyrazine N-oxides using metal ion complexes. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:136-144. [PMID: 25601685 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of 11 pairs of substituted pyrazine N-oxides, differing in the substituent position, were examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in order to use spectra to assess the differentiation of positional isomers. For each compound, mass spectra were recorded with three different metal cations, namely calcium (II), copper (II) and aluminum (III), with characterization of the observed peaks. Differentiation between regioisomeric N-oxides has been achieved by comparison of the identity and relative intensities of the peaks originating from the adduct ions formed with the metal ions. Principal component analysis (PCA) has been employed to assist in the interpretation of the results obtained with each metal ion, exploring possible trends according to the nature and position of the substituent in the pyrazine N-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Butler
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, UMyMFOR-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, 3° piso, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Housman KJ, Swift AT, Oyler JM. Fragmentation Pathways and Structural Characterization of 14 Nerve Agent Compounds by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 39:96-105. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pozo ÓJ, Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Lahoz-Beneytez J, Farré M, Papaseit E, de la Torre R, Hernández F. Mass spectrometric evaluation of mephedrone in vivo human metabolism: identification of phase I and phase II metabolites, including a novel succinyl conjugate. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:248-57. [PMID: 25468950 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many new designer drugs have emerged, including the group of cathinone derivatives. One frequently occurring drug is mephedrone; although mephedrone was originally considered as a "legal high" product, it is currently banned in most Western countries. Despite the banning, abuse of the drug and seizures are continuously reported. Although the metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats or in vitro using human liver microsomes, to the best of our knowledge, no dedicated study with human volunteers has been performed for studying the in vivo metabolism of mephedrone in humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the actual human metabolism of mephedrone and to compare it with other models. For this purpose, urine samples of two healthy volunteers, who ingested 200 mg mephedrone orally, were taken before administration and 4 hours after substance intake. The discovery and identification of the phase I and phase II metabolites of mephedrone were based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, operating in the so-called MS(E) mode. Six phase I metabolites and four phase II metabolites were identified, four of them not previously reported in the literature. The structure of four of the detected metabolites was confirmed by synthesis of the suggested compounds. Remarkably, a mephedrone metabolite conjugated with succinic acid has been identified and confirmed by synthesis. According to the reviewed literature, this is the first time that this type of conjugate is reported for human metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - María Ibáñez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Juan V Sancho
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Julio Lahoz-Beneytez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Magí Farré
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Esther Papaseit
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
| | - Félix Hernández
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain (O.J.P.); Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain (M.I., J.V.S., F.H.); Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (J.L.-B., M.F., E.P., R.d.l.T.); and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom (J.L.-B.)
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Critical practical aspects in the application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric studies for the characterization of impurities and degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 87:191-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Höppner S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Fragmentation studies of SIRT1-activating drugs and their detection in human plasma for doping control purposes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:35-50. [PMID: 23239315 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The efficiency of Sirtuin1, a major target for the treatment of various metabolic disorders such as inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus, can be modulated via low molecular mass SIRT1 activators (e.g. resveratrol, SRT1720, and SRT2104).The administration of such compounds results in increased deacetylation of substrates including p53, FOXO1, and PGC1alpha, potentially leading to an improved physical performance. Consequently, proactive and preventive anti-doping measures are required and an assay dedicated to serum and plasma was desirable. METHODS Model substances of emerging SIRT1 drug candidates were obtained and synthesized and their mass spectrometric behavior following positive or negative electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation was elucidated using low and high resolution/high accuracy (tandem) mass spectrometry. Subsequently, a screening and confirmation procedure necessitating 100 μL of plasma was established employing liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) based on diagnostic ion transitions recorded in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Sample preparation consisted of the addition of two deuterated internal standards (D(8)-SRT1720 and D(4)-resveratrol) to the plasma specimen and subsequent protein precipitation. RESULTS Characteristic product ions indicative of the core structures of the model analytes were characterized and utilized for the development of a multi-analyte LC/MS/MS detection method applicable to sports drug testing programs. The doping control assay was validated with regard to specificity, limits of detection (0.1-1 ng/mL), recoveries (90-98%), intraday and interday precisions (2-18%), and ion suppression/enhancement effects. CONCLUSIONS The fragmentation pathways of SRT1720 and 4 SIRT1 activator models based on a common thiazole-imidazole nucleus as well as two different complementary activators (SIRT1 activator 3 and CAY10602), comprising a quinoxaline core, were studied. The resulting information was used to establish and validate a sports drug testing methodology relevant for an efficient and timely anti-doping procedure, targeting a new class of emerging therapeutics possessing significant potential for misuse in elite and amateur sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höppner
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Wu YQ, Zhang NW, Li F, Jiang KZ. Deviant mass shift of hydrated product ions from sodiated beta-anilinodidrochalcones using an ion-trap mass spectrometer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:351-359. [PMID: 24800419 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation reactions of sodiated beta-anilinodidrochalcones have been investigated by electrospray ionization multi-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). The fragment ion of sodiated N-benzylidenebenzenamine (P1) easily undergoes ion-molecule reactions with the residual ESI solvent molecules (H2O and CH3OH) in the vacuum system, as verified by MS3 and accurate MS analysis. The formed hydrated ions appear as an unusual leading peak in the profile spectrum, which results in a deviant decreasing mass shift of almost 1 Da. Density functional theory calculations indicate that P1 easily associates with H2O without any energy barrier. Thus, the hydrated P1 exists partially as a loose system of P1 and H2O, which provides a reasonable explanation for the decreasing mass shift of the solvated P1. The above results are important in obtaining structural information from MS(n) spectra and preventing erroneous data interpretation for the analogous adducts.
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Beuck S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers and other small-molecule erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:830-45. [PMID: 22362605 DOI: 10.1002/dta.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the blood's capacity for oxygen transport by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) constitutes a prohibited procedure of performance enhancement according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The advent of orally bio-available small-molecule ESAs such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers in the development of novel anti-anaemia therapies expands the list of potential ESA doping techniques. Here, the erythropoiesis-stimulating properties and doping relevance of experimental HIF-stabilizers, such as cobaltous chloride, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or GSK360A, amongst others, are discussed. The stage of clinical trials is reviewed for the anti-anaemia drug candidates FG-2216, FG-4592, GSK1278863, AKB-6548, and BAY85-3934. Currently available methods and strategies for the determination of selected HIF stabilizers in sports drug testing are based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). For the support of further analytical assay development, patents claiming distinct compounds for the use in HIF-mediated therapies are evaluated and exemplary molecular structures of HIF stabilizers presented. Moreover, data concerning the erythropoiesis-enhancing effects of the GATA inhibitors K7174 and K11706 as well as the lipidic small-molecule ESA PBI-1402 are elucidated the context of doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beuck
- German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Selective stabilization of HIF-1α in renal tubular cells by 2-oxoglutarate analogues. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1595-606. [PMID: 22944601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of proximal versus distal tubular injury in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is debatable. Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylases that regulate the degradation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) is a promising therapeutic approach to optimize energy preservation under hypoxia and has successfully been applied to protect kidney structure and function in AKI models. Presently used prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are lipophilic 2-oxoglutarate analogues (2OGAs) that are widely taken up in cells of most organs. Given the selective expression of organic anion transporters (OATs) in renal proximal tubular cells, we hypothesized that hydrophilic 2OGAs can specifically target proximal tubular cells. We found that cellular hydrophilic 2OGAs uptake depended on OATs and largely confined to the kidney, where it resulted in activation of HIF target genes only in proximal tubular cells. When applied in ischemia-reperfusion experiments, systemically active 2OGA preserved kidney structure and function, but OAT1-transported 2OGA was not protective, suggesting that HIF stabilization in distal tubular rather than proximal tubular cells and/or nontubular cells mediates protective effects. This study provides proof of concept for selective drug targeting of proximal tubular cells on the basis of specific transporters, gives insights into the role of different nephron segments in AKI pathophysiology, and may offer options for long-term HIF stabilization in proximal tubules without confounding effects of erythropoietin induction in peritubular cells and unwarranted extrarenal effects.
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Purna Chander C, Raju G, Mathai G, Srinivas R, Gaikwad HK, Bantu R, Nagarapu L. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of 3-phenyl-N-(3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide derivatives: unusual fragmentation involving loss of 11 u. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:207-214. [PMID: 22173810 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Beuck S, Bornatsch W, Lagojda A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Development of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based analytical assays for the determination of HIF stabilizers in preventive doping research. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:756-70. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beuck
- Institute of Biochemistry - Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | | | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50; 40789; Monheim; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Centre for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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Structure characterisation of urinary metabolites of the cannabimimetic JWH-018 using chemically synthesised reference material for the support of LC-MS/MS-based drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:493-505. [PMID: 21455647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As recently reported, the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 is the subject of extensive phase I and II metabolic reactions in vivo. Since these studies were based on LC-MS/MS and/or GC-MS identification and characterisation of analytes, the explicit structural assignment of the metabolites was only of preliminary nature, if possible at all. Here, we report the chemical synthesis of five potential in vivo metabolites of JWH-018 derivatives featuring an alkylcarboxy (M1), a terminal alkylhydroxy (M2), a 5-indolehydroxy (M3), an N-dealkylated 5-indolehydroxy (M4) and a 2'-naphthylhydroxy (5) analogue, respectively, and their characterisation by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The collision-induced dissociation (CID) patterns of the protonated compounds were studied by high-resolution/high-accuracy tandem mass spectrometry (MS( n )) applying an LTQ Orbitrap with direct infusion and electrospray ionisation of target analytes. An unusual dissociation behaviour including a reversible ion-molecule reaction between a naphthalene cation (m/z 127) and water in the gas phase of the MS was shown to be responsible for nominal neutral losses of 10 u in the course of the CID pathway. LC-MS/MS-supported comparison of synthesised reference standards with an authentic urine sample using an API 4000 QTrap mass spectrometer identified the synthetic JWH-018 analogues M1-M4 as true in vivo metabolites, presuming a chromatographic separation of potentially present regioisomeric analogues. Existing doping control methods were expanded and validated according to international guidelines in order to allow for the detection of the carboxy and the alkylhydroxy metabolites, respectively, as urinary markers for the illegal intake of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018. Both metabolites were quantified in authentic doping control urine samples that had been suspicious of JWH-018 abuse after routine screening procedures, and a stable isotope-labelled (13)C(8)-(15)N-carboxy metabolite was synthesised for future analytical applications.
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Thevis M, Gerace E, Thomas A, Beuck S, Geyer H, Schlörer N, Kearbey JD, Dalton JT, Schänzer W. Characterization of in vitro generated metabolites of the selective androgen receptor modulators S-22 and S-23 and in vivo comparison to post-administration canine urine specimens. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:589-98. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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36
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Laakia J, Adamov A, Jussila M, Pedersen CS, Sysoev AA, Kotiaho T. Separation of different ion structures in atmospheric pressure photoionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (APPI-IMS-MS). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1565-1572. [PMID: 20605730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates how positive ion atmospheric pressure photoionization-ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (APPI-IMS-MS) can be used to produce different ionic forms of an analyte and how these can be separated. When hexane:toluene (9:1) is used as a solvent, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (2,6-DtBPyr) and 2,6-di-tert-4-methylpyridine (2,6-DtB-4-MPyr) efficiently produce radical cations [M](+*) and protonated [M + H](+) molecules, whereas, when the sample solvent is hexane, protonated molecules are mainly formed. Interestingly, radical cations drift slower in the drift tube than the protonated molecules. It was observed that an oxygen adduct ion, [M + O(2)](+*), which was clearly seen in the mass spectra for hexane:toluene (9:1) solutions, shares the same mobility with radical cations, [M](+*). Therefore, the observed mobility order is most likely explained by oxygen adduct formation, i.e., the radical cation forming a heavier adduct. For pyridine and 2-tert-butylpyridine, only protonated molecules could be efficiently formed in the conditions used. For 1- and 2-naphthol it was observed that in hexane the protonated molecule typically had a higher intensity than the radical cation, whereas in hexane:toluene (9:1) the radical cation [M](+*) typically had a higher intensity than the protonated molecule [M + H](+). Interestingly, the latter drifts slower than the radical cation [M](+*), which is the opposite of the drift pattern seen for 2,6-DtBPyr and 2,6-DtB-4-MPyr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Laakia
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Holman SW, Wright P, Wells NJ, Langley GJ. Evidence for site-specific intra-ionic hydrogen/deuterium exchange in the low-energy collision-induced dissociation product ion spectra of protonated small molecules generated by electrospray ionisation. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:347-357. [PMID: 20069530 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The experimental investigation of site-specific intra-ionic hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in the low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) product ion spectra of protonated small molecules generated by electrospray ionisation (ESI) is presented. The observation of intra-ionic H/D exchange in such ions under low-energy CID conditions has hitherto been rarely reported. The data suggest that the intra-ionic H/D exchange takes place in a site-specific manner between the ionising deuteron, localised at either a tertiary amine or a tertiary amine-N-oxide, and a gamma-hydrogen relative to the nitrogen atom. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements showed that no H/D exchange takes place in solution, indicating that the reaction occurs in the gas phase. The compounds analysed in this study suggested that electron-withdrawing groups bonded to the carbon atom bearing the gamma-hydrogen can preclude exchange. The effect of the electron-withdrawing group appears dependent upon its electronegativity, with lower chi value groups still allowing exchange to take place. However, the limited dataset available in this study prevented robust conclusions being drawn regarding the effect of the electron-withdrawing group. The observation of site-specific intra-ionic H/D exchange has application in the area of structural elucidation, where it could be used to introduce an isotopic label into the carbon skeleton of a molecule containing specific structural features. This could increase the throughput, and minimise the cost, of such studies due to the obviation of the need to produce a deuterium-labelled analogue by synthetic means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Holman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Dreiocker F, Oomens J, Meijer AJHM, Pickup BT, Jackson RFW, Schäfer M. Structure Elucidation of Dimethylformamide-Solvated Alkylzinc Cations in the Gas Phase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1203-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902492z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Dreiocker
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
| | - Jos Oomens
- FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, Nieuwegein 3439 MN, The Netherlands
- University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony J. H. M. Meijer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Barry T. Pickup
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Richard F. W. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Sheffield, S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
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