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Lucca LE, Axisa PP, Aloulou M, Perals C, Ramadan A, Rufas P, Kyewski B, Derbinski J, Fazilleau N, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein induces incomplete tolerance of CD4(+) T cells specific for both a myelin and a neuronal self-antigen in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2247-59. [PMID: 27334749 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
T-cell polyspecificity, predicting that individual T cells recognize a continuum of related ligands, implies that multiple antigens can tolerize T cells specific for a given self-antigen. We previously showed in C57BL/6 mice that part of the CD4(+) T-cell repertoire specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35-55 also recognizes the neuronal antigen neurofilament medium (NF-M) 15-35. Such bi-specific CD4(+) T cells are frequent and produce inflammatory cytokines after stimulation. Since T cells recognizing two self-antigens would be expected to be tolerized more efficiently, this finding prompted us to study how polyspecificity impacts tolerance. We found that similar to MOG, NF-M is expressed in the thymus by medullary thymic epithelial cells, a tolerogenic population. Nevertheless, the frequency, phenotype, and capacity to transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) of MOG35-55 -reactive CD4(+) T cells were increased in MOG-deficient but not in NF-M-deficient mice. We found that presentation of NF-M15-35 by I-A(b) on dendritic cells is of short duration, suggesting unstable MHC class II binding. Consistently, introducing an MHC-anchoring residue into NF-M15-35 (NF-M15-35 T20Y) increased its immunogenicity, activating a repertoire able to induce EAE. Our results show that in C57BL/6 mice bi-specific encephalitogenic T cells manage to escape tolerization due to inefficient exposure to two self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana E Lucca
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Paul Axisa
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Corine Perals
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Abdulraouf Ramadan
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Rufas
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Kyewski
- Developmental Immunobiology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Derbinski
- Developmental Immunobiology, Tumor Immunology Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Lennart T Mars
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- INSERM, U1043, Toulouse, France. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U5282, Toulouse, France. .,Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France. .,CHU Toulouse, Département d'Immunologie, Toulouse, France.
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Shetty A, Gupta SG, Varrin-Doyer M, Weber MS, Prod'homme T, Molnarfi N, Ji N, Nelson PA, Patarroyo JC, Schulze-Topphoff U, Fogal SE, Forsthuber T, Sobel RA, Bernard CCA, Slavin AJ, Zamvil SS. Immunodominant T-cell epitopes of MOG reside in its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in EAE. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2014; 1:e22. [PMID: 25340074 PMCID: PMC4202928 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Studies evaluating T-cell recognition of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have focused mostly on its 117 amino acid (aa) extracellular domain, especially peptide (p) 35-55. We characterized T-cell responses to the entire 218 aa MOG sequence, including its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. Methods: T-cell recognition in mice was examined using overlapping peptides and intact full-length mouse MOG. EAE was evaluated by peptide immunization and by adoptive transfer of MOG epitope-specific T cells. Frequency of epitope-specific T cells was examined by ELISPOT. Results: Three T-cell determinants of MOG were discovered in its transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, p119–132, p181–195, and p186–200. Transmembrane MOG p119-132 induced clinical EAE, CNS inflammation, and demyelination as potently as p35-55 in C57BL/6 mice and other H-2b strains. p119-128 contained its minimal encephalitogenic epitope. p119-132 did not cause disease in EAE-susceptible non-H-2b strains, including Biozzi, NOD, and PL/J. MOG p119-132–specific T cells produced Th1 and Th17 cytokines and transferred EAE to wild-type recipient mice. After immunization with full-length MOG, a significantly higher frequency of MOG-reactive T cells responded to p119-132 than to p35-55, demonstrating that p119-132 is an immunodominant encephalitogenic epitope. MOG p181-195 did not cause EAE, and MOG p181-195–specific T cells could not transfer EAE into wild-type or highly susceptible T- and B-cell–deficient mice. Conclusions: Transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of MOG contain immunodominant T-cell epitopes in EAE. A CNS autoantigen can also contain nonpathogenic stimulatory T-cell epitopes. Recognition that a myelin antigen contains multiple encephalitogenic and nonencephalitogenic determinants may have implications for therapeutic development in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Shetty
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Sheena G Gupta
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Michel Varrin-Doyer
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Prod'homme
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Nicolas Molnarfi
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Niannian Ji
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Patricia A Nelson
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Juan C Patarroyo
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Ulf Schulze-Topphoff
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephen E Fogal
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Forsthuber
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Claude C A Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Anthony J Slavin
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology and Program in Immunology (A.S., S.G.G., M.V.-D., T.P., N.M., P.A.N., J.C.P., U.S.-T., S.S.Z.), University of California, San Francisco; Department of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology (M.S.W.), University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Immunology (N.J., T.F.), University of Texas at San Antonio; Boehringer Ingelheim (S.E.F., A.J.S.), Ridgefield, CT; Department of Pathology (R.A.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and Multiple Sclerosis Research Group (C.C.A.B.), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. S.G.G. is currently at the Institute for Immunity Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. T.P. is currently at Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA. N.M. is currently at the Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital and the Department of Pathology and Immunology, Geneva Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland. J.C.P. is currently at Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, MA
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