Coronavirus disease 2019, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immunosuppressive therapies - A Danish population-based cohort study

COVID-19 infection and pulmonary sarcoidosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of morbidity, severity and mortality

Background

The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) influenced millions of lives, not only healthy subjects but also patients with various comorbidities. Of those, interstitial lung disease (ILD) is known to be specifically vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, sometimes leading to a lethal outcome. Sarcoidosis, one of the ILDs, has been suggested to be more susceptible to COVID-19, but the results of previous studies are in disagreement.

Methods

We performed a meta-analysis, attempting to explain the correlation between COVID-19 and sarcoidosis. Electronic databases were searched and selected for analysis under pre-established criteria. Risk ratio (RR) for incidence and odds ratio (OR) for severity, i.e., intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, were calculated with (95%) confidence interval (CI) using R Statistical Software (version 4.3.1).

Results

The RR of COVID-19 incidence on sarcoidosis patients was 5.86 (95% CI: 8.02-11.91). Admission of sarcoidosis patients to the ICU who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 was 2.48 (95% CI: 2.04-3.01). Death of sarcoidosis by COVID-19 was also significantly higher compared with healthy controls (OR =1.95, 95% CI: 1.58-2.41). Both morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 was significantly higher in the sarcoidosis patients.

Conclusions

Sarcoidosis patients are undeniably prone to SARS-CoV-2 infection, with increased severity, morbidity and greater mortality of COVID-19. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 for sarcoidosis therefore is beneficial, and may be a compulsory measure. Further studies regarding other factors are needed for a better understanding of the correlation between sarcoidosis and COVID-19.

Predictive Factors for COVID-19 Severity in Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis: Real-World Data from the Romanian Registry of Rheumatic Diseases

Background and Objectives: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) posed unique challenges worldwide, underscoring important gaps in healthcare preparedness for patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, such as the individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), a subgroup of spondyloarthritis (SpA) characterized by chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation. While global registry data exist for SpA, specific data on axSpA alone remain scarce, especially in Central and Eastern European populations. This study aims to identify predictive factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes and provide a descriptive analysis of axSpA patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), using real-world data from the Romanian Registry of Rheumatic Diseases (RRBR). Materials and Methods: This is a three-year retrospective observational cohort study that included 5.786 axSpA patients from the RRBR, of whom 183 (3.16%) were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data were analyzed using R V4.4.1 and performing univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression to estimate associations using odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. A backward selection algorithm was applied to create the final predictive model, accounting for multicollinearity through variance inflation factors (VIFs). Results: The mean age of patients was 48.19 ± 12.26 years, with male predominance (64.5%). Serious COVID-19 (encompassing moderate to critical cases) occurred in 46 cases, with age ≥ 52.5 years (OR 2.64, 95% CI: 1.28-5.48, p = 0.009) and arterial hypertension (OR 2.57, 95% CI: 1.29-5.16, p = 0.007) identified as significant predictors. Individuals with advanced education levels had nearly three times lower odds of experiencing serious COVID-19 (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.76, p = 0.008). Furthermore, our findings confirm the lack of association between HLA-B27 and COVID-19 severity (p = 0.194), contributing to the ongoing discussion regarding its potential immunological role. Moreover, irrespective of the biological therapy administered, the likelihood of experiencing serious SARS-CoV-2 outcomes was not statistically significant (p = 0.882). In the final predictive model, only older age and higher education were deemed as predictive factors. Conclusions: This study highlights key predictors of COVID-19 severity in axSpA patients and emphasizes the protective role of higher education, an underexplored determinant of health outcomes in inflammatory diseases. The lessons learned during these last years can shape a more informed and compassionate healthcare system.

Rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the risk and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed across four electronic databases. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle‒Ottawa quality assessment scale and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA 14 software.

RESULTS

A total of 62 studies were included in the analysis. First, the meta-analysis revealed the following prevalence rates among rheumatoid arthritis patients: COVID-19, 11%; severe COVID-19, 18%; COVID-19-related hospitalization, 29%; admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19, 10%; and death from COVID-19, 8%. Second, rheumatoid arthritis was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection (OR 1.045(0.969-1.122), p = 0.006), COVID-19-related hospitalization (OR 1.319(1.055-1.584), p = 0.006), admission to the ICU due to COVID-19 (OR 1.498(1.145-1.850), p = 0.002), and death from COVID-19 (OR 1.377(1.168-1.587), p = 0.001). Third, no statistically significant association was found between rheumatoid arthritis and severe COVID-19 (OR 1.354(1.002-1.706), p = 0.135).

CONCLUSIONS

Rheumatoid arthritis patients have a significantly greater risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, ICU admission, and death than individuals without rheumatoid arthritis. However, rheumatoid arthritis did not show a significant association with the risk of severe COVID-19. These findings underscore the need for tailored management strategies and vigilant monitoring of COVID-19 outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

The study has been registered on PROSPERO [ https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ], and the registration number is CRD42024528119.

Treatment with immunosuppressants did not increase the risk of COVID-19 in pemphigus patients: A single-center survey-based study

BACKGROUND

The prevalence and outcomes of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) among patients using glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants remain controversial.

AIM

The study aims to investigate the impact of immunosuppressants especially glucocorticoids on patients in the Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Cohort of West China Hospital (AIBDWCH) during COVID-19.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional survey from December 7, 2022, to February 8, 2023, using questionnaires administered either face-to-face or by phone. COVID-19 cases were classified as confirmed, probable, or suspected according to World Health Organization criteria. Patients were divided into Group A (confirmed and probable cases) and Group B (suspected and other cases). The impact of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents on COVID-19 disease and progression was evaluated with logistic regression models.

RESULTS

This study included 111 patients with pemphigus. Overweight patients had a reduced risk of confirmed COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] 0.35 [95 % CI 0.13-0.97], p = 0.045). Patients treated with a medium dose of prednisone during the pandemic had a lower incidence of COVID-19 compared to those on low doses, though the difference was not statistically significant. No independent effects of age, sex, comorbidities, and therapies were observed. No significant differences were found in COVID-19 symptoms among different therapy groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Treatment with immunosuppressants, particularly glucocorticoids at low-to-medium doses, did not elevate COVID-19 risk in pemphigus patients. Consistent outcomes across treatments confirm the safety of these therapies during the pandemic.

Machine learning to understand risks for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cohort study of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, immunomodulatory medications, and comorbidities in a large US health-care system

BACKGROUND

In the context of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), COVID-19 outcomes are incompletely understood and vary considerably depending on the patient population studied. We aimed to analyse severe COVID-19 outcomes and to investigate the effects of the pandemic time period and the risks associated with individual IMIDs, classes of immunomodulatory medications (IMMs), chronic comorbidities, and COVID-19 vaccination status.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data were derived from the electronic health records of an integrated health-care system serving patients in 51 hospitals and 1085 clinics across seven US states (Providence St Joseph Health). Data were observed for patients (no age restriction) with one or more IMID and for unmatched controls without IMIDs. COVID-19 was identified with a positive nucleic acid amplification test result for SARS-CoV-2. Two timeframes were analysed: March 1, 2020-Dec 25, 2021 (pre-omicron period), and Dec 26, 2021-Aug 30, 2022 (omicron-predominant period). Primary outcomes were hospitalisation, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Factors, including IMID diagnoses, comorbidities, long-term use of IMMs, and COVID-19 vaccination status, were analysed with multivariable logistic regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGB).

FINDINGS

Of 2 167 656 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2, 290 855 (13·4%) had confirmed COVID-19: 15 397 (5·3%) patients with IMIDs and 275 458 (94·7%) without IMIDs. In the pre-omicron period, 169 993 (11·2%) of 1 517 295 people who were tested for COVID-19 tested positive, of whom 23 330 (13·7%) were hospitalised, 1072 (0·6%) received mechanical ventilation, and 5294 (3·1%) died. Compared with controls, patients with IMIDs and COVID-19 had higher rates of hospitalisation (1176 [14·6%] vs 22 154 [13·7%]; p=0·024) and mortality (314 [3·9%] vs 4980 [3·1%]; p<0·0001). In the omicron-predominant period, 120 862 (18·6%) of 650 361 patients tested positive for COVID-19, of whom 14 504 (12·0%) were hospitalised, 567 (0·5%) received mechanical ventilation, and 2001 (1·7%) died. Compared with controls, patients with IMIDs and COVID-19 (7327 [17·3%] of 42 249) had higher rates of hospitalisation (13 422 [11·8%] vs 1082 [14·8%]; p<0·0001) and mortality (1814 [1·6%] vs 187 [2·6%]; p<0·0001). Age was a risk factor for worse outcomes (adjusted odds ratio [OR] from 2·1 [95% CI 2·0-2·1]; p<0·0001 to 3·0 [2·9-3·0]; p<0·0001), whereas COVID-19 vaccination (from 0·082 [0·080-0·085]; p<0·0001 to 0·52 [0·50-0·53]; p<0·0001) and booster vaccination (from 2·1 [2·0-2·2]; p<0·0001 to 3·0 [2·9-3·0]; p<0·0001) status were associated with better outcomes. Seven chronic comorbidities were significant risk factors during both time periods for all three outcomes: atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic liver disease, and cancer. Two IMIDs, asthma (adjusted OR from 0·33 [0·32-0·34]; p<0·0001 to 0·49 [0·48-0·51]; p<0·0001) and psoriasis (from 0·52 [0·48-0·56] to 0·80 [0·74-0·87]; p<0·0001), were associated with a reduced risk of severe outcomes. IMID diagnoses did not appear to be significant risk factors themselves, but results were limited by small sample size, and vasculitis had high feature importance in LR. IMMs did not appear to be significant, but less frequently used IMMs were limited by sample size. XGB outperformed LR, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for models across different time periods and outcomes ranging from 0·77 to 0·92.

INTERPRETATION

Our results suggest that age, chronic comorbidities, and not being fully vaccinated might be greater risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes in patients with IMIDs than the use of IMMs or the IMIDs themselves. Overall, there is a need to take age and comorbidities into consideration when developing COVID-19 guidelines for patients with IMIDs. Further research is needed for specific IMIDs (including IMID severity at the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection) and IMMs (considering dosage and timing before a patient's first COVID-19 infection).

FUNDING

Pfizer, Novartis, Janssen, and the National Institutes of Health.

Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses in Patients with Neuroimmunological Disorders: A Real-World Experience

This study evaluates the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with neuroimmunological disorders (pwNID) who are receiving immunomodulating treatments, compared to healthy individuals. It included 25 pwNID with conditions such as optic neuritis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis, as well as 56 healthy controls. All participants had completed their full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedule, and their blood samples were collected within six months of their last dose. The concentration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that pwNID had significantly lower antibody titers (58.4 ± 49.2 RU/mL) compared to healthy individuals (81.7 ± 47.3 RU/mL). This disparity persisted even after adjusting for age and the interval between the final vaccination and sample collection. A notable correlation was found between the use of immunomodulating treatments and reduced antibody levels, whereas mRNA vaccines were linked to higher antibody concentrations. The conclusion of this study is that immunomodulating treatments may reduce the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwNID. This insight is crucial for healthcare providers in designing vaccination strategies and managing treatment plans for pwNID on immunomodulating therapies, highlighting the need for personalized approaches in this subgroup.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adults and children with atopic dermatitis and food allergy: Systematic review

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused significant disruptions to health care services and health impacts on patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and/or food allergy (FA).

Objective

We evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and disease on AD/FA patients.

Methods

A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted from December 2019 to 2022. Screening and data extraction were done following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, and the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, or MMAT, was used to assess risk of bias.

Results

In total, 159 studies were included. Five of 7 studies reported no significant changes in overall incidence or prevalence of AD during the pandemic, although some studies noted an increase in the elderly and infants. Telehealth served as an effective alternative to face-to-face consultations, with mixed levels of patient and provider satisfaction. Dissatisfaction was most marked in patients with more severe disease, who thought that their disease was inadequately managed through telemedicine. Higher levels of general anxiety were recorded in both AD/FA patients and caregivers, and it was more pronounced in patients with severe disease. Most studies reported no significant differences in postvaccination adverse effects in AD patients; however, results were more varied in FA patients.

Conclusion

Our review identified the impact of COVID-19 pandemic- and disease-driven changes on AD/FA patients. Telemedicine is uniquely suited to manage atopic diseases, and hybrid care may be a suitable approach even in the postpandemic era. COVID-19 vaccines and biologics can be safely administered to patients with atopic diseases, with appropriate patient education to ensure continued care for high-risk patients.

Expert Consensus: Main Risk Factors for Poor Prognosis in COVID-19 and the Implications for Targeted Measures against SARS-CoV-2

The clinical evolution of patients infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on the complex interplay between viral and host factors. The evolution to less aggressive but better-transmitted viral variants, and the presence of immune memory responses in a growing number of vaccinated and/or virus-exposed individuals, has caused the pandemic to slowly wane in virulence. However, there are still patients with risk factors or comorbidities that put them at risk of poor outcomes in the event of having the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the different treatment options for patients with COVID-19, virus-targeted measures include antiviral drugs or monoclonal antibodies that may be provided in the early days of infection. The present expert consensus is based on a review of all the literature published between 1 July 2021 and 15 February 2022 that was carried out to establish the characteristics of patients, in terms of presence of risk factors or comorbidities, that may make them candidates for receiving any of the virus-targeted measures available in order to prevent a fatal outcome, such as severe disease or death. A total of 119 studies were included from the review of the literature and 159 were from the additional independent review carried out by the panelists a posteriori. Conditions found related to strong recommendation of the use of virus-targeted measures in the first days of COVID-19 were age above 80 years, or above 65 years with another risk factor; antineoplastic chemotherapy or active malignancy; HIV infection with CD4+ cell counts < 200/mm³; and treatment with anti-CD20 immunosuppressive drugs. There is also a strong recommendation against using the studied interventions in HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ nadir <200/mm³ or treatment with other immunosuppressants. Indications of therapies against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of vaccination status or history of infection, may still exist for some populations, even after COVID-19 has been declared to no longer be a global health emergency by the WHO.

Managing IBD in the COVID-19 era

Over the last 2 years the lives of millions have changed because of the emergence of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represent a sizable population with their own sets of challenges to providers in the wake of so much uncertainty. The Centers for Disease Control considers immunocompromised individuals at higher risk of infection and complications from COVID-19. Early in the pandemic, the specific risks for IBD patients were unclear as guidance was based on expert opinion regarding the management of IBD during a COVID-19 era. Fortunately, after considerable work in the field, the overwhelming evidence suggests that IBD patients as a whole do not appear to be at increased risk for more severe disease from COVID-19. Certain risk factors such as age, steroids, comorbidities, combination immunomodulatory therapy, and IBD disease activity have been associated with worse outcomes. Most IBD medications are low risk, with the exception of immunomodulator monotherapy and combination therapy with thiopurine and anti-TNF. Vaccination remains safe and effective for all IBD patients, although additional booster doses may be necessary, particularly in patients taking anti-TNF agents.

Serum titer of neutralizing antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Vaccination is an important strategy to reduce the infection rate and adverse events of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effect of COVID-19 vaccination for Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the serum titer of neutralizing antibodies after COVID-19 vaccination in patients with IBD, treated with and without immunosuppressive therapy. The study consisted of 108 patients with IBD [76 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 32 with Crohn's disease (CD)] from the gastroenterology outpatient clinic at the Hospital of the Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine who underwent anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination. The control group included 64 healthy subjects who received the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. When 10 AU/ml of neutralizing antibodies was used as cut-off value, the positive rates of neutralizing antibodies of patients with UC, patients with DC, and the control group were 97.3%, 84.3%, and 100%, respectively. The neutralizing antibody titer showed no difference between patients treated with and without immunosuppressive therapy. These results indicate that COVID-19 vaccination may be useful in patients with IBD, treated with or without immunosuppressive therapy.

Prognostic factors for mortality, intensive care unit and hospital admission due to SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies in Europe

BACKGROUND

As mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is strongly age-dependent, we aimed to identify population subgroups at an elevated risk for adverse outcomes from COVID-19 using age-/gender-adjusted data from European cohort studies with the aim to identify populations that could potentially benefit from booster vaccinations.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the role of underlying medical conditions as prognostic factors for adverse outcomes due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including death, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation within three separate settings (community, hospital and ICU). Cohort studies that reported at least age and gender-adjusted data from Europe were identified through a search of peer-reviewed articles published until 11 June 2021 in Ovid Medline and Embase. Results are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and absolute risk differences in deaths per 1000 COVID-19 patients.

FINDINGS

We included 88 cohort studies with age-/gender-adjusted data from 6 653 207 SARS-CoV-2 patients from Europe. Hospital-based mortality was associated with high and moderate certainty evidence for solid organ tumours, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, arrhythmia, ischemic heart disease, liver disease and obesity, while a higher risk, albeit with low certainty, was noted for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure. Community-based mortality was associated with a history of heart failure, stroke, diabetes and end-stage renal disease. Evidence of high/moderate certainty revealed a strong association between hospitalisation for COVID-19 and solid organ transplant recipients, sleep apnoea, diabetes, stroke and liver disease.

INTERPRETATION

The results confirmed the strong association between specific prognostic factors and mortality and hospital admission. Prioritisation of booster vaccinations and the implementation of nonpharmaceutical protective measures for these populations may contribute to a reduction in COVID-19 mortality, ICU and hospital admissions.

Inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19 outcomes: a meta-analysis

There is conflicting evidence concerning the effect of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on COVID-19 incidence and outcome. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the published evidence through a systematic review process and perform a meta-analysis to assess the association between IBD and COVID-19. A compressive literature search was performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library from inception to July 2021. A snowball search in Google, Google Scholar, Research Gate, and MedRxiv; and bibliographic research were also performed to identify any other relevant articles. Quantitative observational studies such as cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies that assessed the incidence, risk, and outcomes of COVID-19 among the adult IBD patients published in the English language, were considered for this review. The incidence and risk of COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, the severity of COVID-19, and mortality were considered as the outcomes of interest. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist was used for quality assessment. A subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed to explore the heterogeneity and robustness of the results, respectively. A total of 86 studies out of 2828 non-duplicate records were considered for this meta-analysis. The studies were single or multicentric internationally from settings such as IBD centres, medical colleges, hospitals, or from the general public. Most of the studies were observed to be of good quality with an acceptable risk of bias. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, severe COVID-19, and mortality in the IBD population were 6.10%, 10.63%, 40.43%, and 1.94%, respectively. IBD was not significantly (p > 0.05) associated with the risk of COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, severe COVID-19, and mortality. In contrast, ulcerative colitis was significantly associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 (OR 1.37; p = 0.01), COVID-19 hospitalization (OR 1.28; p < 0.00001), and severe COVID-19 (OR 2.45; p < 0.0007). Crohn's disease was significantly associated with a lesser risk of severe COVID-19 (OR 0.48; p = 0.02). Type of IBD was a potential factor that might have contributed to the higher level of heterogeneity. There was a significant association between ulcerative colitis and increased risk of COVID-19, COVID-19 hospitalization, and severe COVID-19 infection. This association was not observed in patients with Crohns' disease or in those diagnosed non-specifically as IBD.

The Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Related Medications on COVID-19 Severity and Outcome: A Tertiary Referral Center Experience from Turkey

BACKGROUND

Coronavirus disease-2019 has become a serious pandemic, and still remains a risk despite vaccines that have been devel- oped. Among inflammatory bowel disease patients old age, inflammatory bowel disease activation, the existence of the comorbid dis- ease, and using steroids are known risk factors for severe coronavirus disease-2019. But there are different data for drugs other than corticosteroids used. The aims of the study are to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of severe coronavirus disease-2019 and the effect of inflammatory bowel disease drugs on severe coronavirus disease-2019.

METHODS

In this study among 1195 inflammatory bowel disease patients, 130 patients who were found to be positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 between March 2020 and May 2021 were evaluated. Patients were divided into 3 groups as mild, moderate, and severe coronavirus disease-2019.

RESULTS

Among 130 patients, 91 (70%) had mild, 16 (12.3%) had moderate, and 23 (17.7%) had severe coronavirus disease-2019. Being 60 years of age or older (P = .009), having at least 1 comorbid disease (P = .002), and having active inflammatory bowel disease (P = .001) were factors that increased the risk for severe coronavirus disease-2019. The use of mesalazine (P = .35), biologic agents (P = .23), and corticosteroids (P = .42) did not increase the risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019. The use of azathioprine seemed to decrease the risk of severe disease with univariate regression analysis however the significance disappeared with multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION

Older age, active inflammatory bowel disease, and existence of at least 1 comorbid disease are risk factors for severe coro- navirus disease-2019. However, drugs used in inflammatory bowel disease management do not increase the risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019. But due to the small number of patients, it is difficult to reach a definite conclusion about corticosteroids.

Inflammation Causes Exacerbation of COVID-19: How about Skin Inflammation?

COVID-19 is a recently emerged viral infection worldwide. SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus, is believed to have emerged from bat coronaviruses, probably through host conversion. The bat coronavirus which has the highest gene homology to SARS-CoV-2 specifically infects deep forest bats in China whose habitat extends through the Middle East to Southern Europe. Host conversion might have occurred due to the deforestation by humans exposing wild bats to the environment they had never encountered before. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells through two mechanisms: through its receptor ACE2 with the help of enzyme TMPRSS and through membrane fusion with the help of elastases in the inflammatory condition. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and pulmonary diseases cause poor prognosis of COVID-19. Aging is another factor promoting poor prognosis. These diseases and aging cause low-level and persistent inflammation in humans, which can promote poor prognosis of COVID-19. Psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are the major inflammatory skin diseases. These inflammatory skin conditions, however, do not seem to cause poor prognosis for COVID-19 based on the epidemiological data accumulated so far. These mechanisms need to be elucidated.

Mesalazine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and COVID-19: Hospitalization and Adverse In-Hospital Outcomes Based on Nationwide Data

BACKGROUND

We assessed whether 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), was associated with an increase in hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 and adverse in-hospital outcomes.

METHODS

This was a Danish nationwide register study. The study population consisted of all patients with an IBD diagnosis between March 1, 2010, and March 1, 2020, and living in Denmark on March 1, 2020. Patients with IBD treated with 5-ASA (exposed) were compared with patients not receiving 5-ASA (unexposed).

RESULTS

We identified 60 242 patients with IBD; 15 635 (40.5%) with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 964 (4.5%) with Crohn's disease (CD) were exposed to 5-ASA. For patients with UC who were 5-ASA exposed, the hazard ratio of hospitalization was 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.78). In-hospital outcomes were not statistical significant from those not exposed to 5-ASA (median length of hospital stay 5.6 days vs 7.2 days), mechanical ventilation (0% vs 14%), continuous positive airway pressure (7.9% vs 9.4%), and in-hospital mortality (21.1% vs 17.2%). For patients with CD, the hazard ratio of hospitalization was 2.25 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.97). We found no statistically significant difference in length of hospital stay (7.1 days vs 3.9 days), mechanical ventilation (0% vs 1.8%), use of continuous positive airway pressure (0% vs 1.8%), or in-hospital mortality (0% vs 9%) between exposed and unexposed patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with UC, treated with 5-ASA, had no increased risk of hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 or more adverse in-hospital outcomes. In patients with CD, 5-ASA may be associated with an increased risk of hospitalization but not with more adverse in-hospital outcomes.

Systemic lupus erythematosus in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic: infection, vaccination, and impact on disease management

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) form a vulnerable group in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disease management. We conducted this overview by searches through Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The prevalence and severity of COVID-19, efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination, impact on the management of SLE, and the attitudes of SLE patients to COVID-19 and vaccination were explored. After screening and due exclusions, 198 studies were included for the final review. Patients with SLE have a greater risk of acquiring COVID-19 (0.6-22%) and related hospitalization (30%), severe disease (13.5%), and death (6.5%) than the general population. Older age, male gender, comorbidities, moderate or high disease activity, and glucocorticoid, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide use are associated with unfavorable outcomes, whereas methotrexate and belimumab use showed no association with outcomes. COVID-19 vaccines are safe in SLE with minimal risk of severe flares (< 2%). Vaccine efficacy is negatively associated with glucocorticoids. The overall attitude of patients towards vaccination is positive (54-90%). The pandemic has negatively affected access to medical care, hospitalizations, procurement of drugs, employment, and the mental health of patients which need to be addressed as part of holistic care in SLE. Key Points • Lupus patients are at a greater risk of acquiring COVID-19, related hospitalization,  severe  disease, and death than the general population. • COVID-19 vaccines are relatively safe for lupus patients with minimal risk of severe flares. • Lupus patients' attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination is predominantly positive.

COVID-19 vaccination in patients receiving allergen immunotherapy (AIT) or biologicals-EAACI recommendations

Immune modulation is a key therapeutic approach for allergic diseases, asthma and autoimmunity. It can be achieved in an antigen-specific manner via allergen immunotherapy (AIT) or in an endotype-driven approach using biologicals that target the major pathways of the type 2 (T2) immune response: immunoglobulin (Ig)E, interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-4/IL-13 or non-type 2 response: anti-cytokine antibodies and B-cell depletion via anti-CD20. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination provides an excellent opportunity to tackle the global pandemics and is currently being applied in an accelerated rhythm worldwide. The vaccine exerts its effects through immune modulation, induces and amplifies the response against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, as there may be a discernible interference between these treatment modalities, recommendations on how they should be applied in sequence are expected. The European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) assembled an expert panel under its Research and Outreach Committee (ROC). This expert panel evaluated the evidence and have formulated recommendations on the administration of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with allergic diseases and asthma receiving AIT or biologicals. The panel also formulated recommendations for COVID-19 vaccine in association with biologicals targeting the type 1 or type 3 immune response. In formulating recommendations, the panel evaluated the mechanisms of COVID-19 infection, of COVID-19 vaccine, of AIT and of biologicals and considered the data published for other anti-infectious vaccines administered concurrently with AIT or biologicals.

Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes associated with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and immune-modifying therapies: a nationwide cohort study in the OpenSAFELY platform

Background

The risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and on immune-modifying drugs might not be fully mediated by comorbidities and might vary by factors such as ethnicity. We aimed to assess the risk of severe COVID-19 in adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and in those on immune-modifying therapies.

Methods

We did a cohort study, using OpenSAFELY (an analytics platform for electronic health records) and TPP (a software provider for general practitioners), analysing routinely collected primary care data linked to hospital admission, death, and previously unavailable hospital prescription data. We included people aged 18 years or older on March 1, 2020, who were registered with TPP practices with at least 12 months of primary care records before March, 2020. We used Cox regression (adjusting for confounders and mediators) to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) comparing the risk of COVID-19-related death, critical care admission or death, and hospital admission (from March 1 to Sept 30, 2020) in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases compared with the general population, and in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases on targeted immune-modifying drugs (eg, biologics) compared with those on standard systemic treatment (eg, methotrexate).

Findings

We identified 17 672 065 adults; 1 163 438 adults (640 164 [55·0%] women and 523 274 [45·0%] men, and 827 457 [71·1%] of White ethnicity) had immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, and 16 508 627 people (8 215 020 [49·8%] women and 8 293 607 [50·2%] men, and 10 614 096 [64·3%] of White ethnicity) were included as the general population. Of 1 163 438 adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, 19 119 (1·6%) received targeted immune-modifying therapy and 181 694 (15·6%) received standard systemic therapy. Compared with the general population, adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases had an increased risk of COVID-19-related death after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, deprivation, and smoking status; HR 1·23, 95% CI 1·20-1·27) and further adjusting for mediators (body-mass index [BMI], cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and current glucocorticoid use; 1·15, 1·11-1·18). Adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases also had an increased risk of COVID-19-related critical care admission or death (confounder-adjusted HR 1·24, 95% CI 1·21-1·28; mediator-adjusted 1·16, 1·12-1·19) and hospital admission (confounder-adjusted 1·32, 1·29-1·35; mediator-adjusted 1·20, 1·17-1·23). In post-hoc analyses, the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases was higher in non-White ethnic groups than in White ethnic groups (as it was in the general population). We saw no evidence of increased COVID-19-related death in adults on targeted, compared with those on standard systemic, therapy after adjusting for confounders (age, sex, deprivation, BMI, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases [bowel, joint, and skin], cardiovascular disease, cancer [excluding non-melanoma skin cancer], stroke, and diabetes (HR 1·03, 95% CI 0·80-1·33), and after additionally adjusting for current glucocorticoid use (1·01, 0·78-1·30). There was no evidence of increased COVID-19-related death in adults prescribed tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, interleukin (IL)-12/IL‑23 inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, or Janus kinase inhibitors compared with those on standard systemic therapy. Rituximab was associated with increased COVID-19-related death (HR 1·68, 95% CI 1·11-2·56), with some attenuation after excluding people with haematological malignancies or organ transplants (1·54, 0·95-2·49).

Interpretation

COVID-19 deaths and hospital admissions were higher in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. We saw no increased risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes in those on most targeted immune-modifying drugs for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases compared with those on standard systemic therapy.

Funding

UK Medical Research Council, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at King's College London and Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, and Wellcome Trust.

Outcomes and Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - A Danish Prospective Population-Based Cohort Study with Individual-Level Data

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The health consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] among patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn's disease [CD] remain largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the outcomes and long-term effects of COVID-19 in patients with UC or CD.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective, population-based study covering all Danish patients with CD or UC and confirmed COVID-19 between January 28, 2020 and April 1, 2021, through medical records and questionnaires.

RESULTS

All 319 patients with UC and 197 patients with CD who developed COVID-19 in Denmark were included in this study and compared with the Danish background population with COVID-19 [N = 230 087]. A significantly higher risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization was observed among patients with UC (N = 46 [14.4%], relative risk [RR] = 2.49 [95% confidence interval, CI, 1.91-3.26]) and CD (N = 24 [12.2%], RR = 2.11 [95% CI 1.45-3.07]) as compared with the background population (N = 13 306 [5.8%]). A similar pattern was observed for admission to intensive care (UC: N = 8 [2.51%], RR = 27.88 [95% CI 13.88-56.00]; CD: N = 3 [1.52%], RR = 16.92 [95% CI 5.46-52.46]). After a median of 5.1 months (interquartile range [IQR] 4.5-7.9), 58 [42.3%] and 39 [45.9%] patients with UC and CD, respectively, reported persisting symptoms which were independently associated with discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapies during COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.50 [95% CI 1.07-10.22], p = 0.01) and severe COVID-19 (OR = 2.76 [95% CI 1.05-3.90], p = 0.04), but not with age or presence of comorbidities.

CONCLUSION

In this population-based study of 516 patients with IBD and COVID-19, 13.6% needed hospitalization and 2.1% required intensive care. Furthermore, sequelae were frequent, affecting 43.7% of COVID-19-infected patients. These findings might have implications for planning the healthcare of patients in the post-COVID-19 era.

COVID-19: Clinical features and outcomes in unvaccinated 2-dose and 3-dose vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 patients with systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory rheumatic diseases

Clinical data on vaccinated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who have systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory rheumatic diseases (SAARD) are limited. This observational study aimed to report the clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 among cases with SAARD that were unvaccinated or were 2- and 3-dose vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and were consecutively recorded by the treating physician. Unvaccinated and 2- and 3-dose vaccinated patients were compared in terms of COVID-19 symptomatology, hospitalizations, oxygen supplementation requirements, and death rates. From the beginning of the pandemic to February 15, 2022, 134 vaccine-naïve COVID-19 cases were recorded among our study cohort. From March 1, 2021 to February 15, 2022, 89 2-dose vaccinated and 105 3-dose vaccinated patients who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 ≥14 days after the second dose were included. The hospitalization rate was higher in the unvaccinated (n = 36, 26.9%) than in the 2-dose (n = 13, 14.6%, p = 0.03) or 3-dose (n = 5, 4.8%, p < 0.001) vaccinated patients. Severe/critical COVID-19 cases requiring oxygen supplementation were the least among 3-dose vaccinated (n = 4, 3.8%) compared to both 2-dose vaccinated (n = 12, 13.5%, p = 0.018) and unvaccinated (n = 25, 18.7%, p < 0.001) patients. ICU admission and death rates were similar among unvaccinated (n = 5, 3.7% and n = 3, 2.2%, respectively) and 2-dose vaccinated patients (n = 4, 4.5%; and n = 2, 2.2%, respectively), while no 3-dose vaccinated patients died or required ICU admission. Logistic regression analysis revealed a significant inverse association between 3-dose vaccination and severe/critical COVID-19 (OR = 0.078, 95% CI: 0.022–0.273, p < 0.001). In conclusion, these findings argue in favor of booster vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with SAARD.

Neuroimmune disorders in COVID-19

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the aetiologic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is now rapidly disseminating throughout the world with 147,443,848 cases reported so far. Around 30-80% of cases (depending on COVID-19 severity) are reported to have neurological manifestations including anosmia, stroke, and encephalopathy. In addition, some patients have recognised autoimmune neurological disorders, including both central (limbic and brainstem encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [ADEM], and myelitis) and peripheral diseases (Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndrome). We systematically describe data from 133 reported series on the Neurology and Neuropsychiatry of COVID-19 blog ( https://blogs.bmj.com/jnnp/2020/05/01/the-neurology-and-neuropsychiatry-of-covid-19/ ) providing a comprehensive overview concerning the diagnosis, and treatment of patients with neurological immune-mediated complications of SARS-CoV-2. In most cases the latency to neurological disorder was highly variable and the immunological or other mechanisms involved were unclear. Despite specific neuronal or ganglioside antibodies only being identified in 10, many had apparent responses to immunotherapies. Although the proportion of patients experiencing immune-mediated neurological disorders is small, the total number is likely to be underestimated. The early recognition and improvement seen with use of immunomodulatory treatment, even in those without identified autoantibodies, makes delayed or missed diagnoses risk the potential for long-term disability, including the emerging challenge of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (PACS). Finally, potential issues regarding the use of immunotherapies in patients with pre-existent neuro-immunological disorders are also discussed.

Heterogeneity and Risk of Bias in Studies Examining Risk Factors for Severe Illness and Death in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the evidence on the impacts of demographics and comorbidities on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19, as well as the sources of the heterogeneity and publication bias of the relevant studies. Two authors independently searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and CINAHL on 18 May 2021; removed duplicates; screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts by using criteria; and extracted data from the eligible articles. The variations among the studies were examined by using Cochrane, Q.; I2, and meta-regression. Out of 11,975 articles that were obtained from the databases and screened, 559 studies were abstracted, and then, where appropriate, were analyzed by meta-analysis (n = 542). COVID-19-related severe illness, admission to the ICU, and death were significantly correlated with comorbidities, male sex, and an age older than 60 or 65 years, although high heterogeneity was present in the pooled estimates. The study design, the study country, the sample size, and the year of publication contributed to this. There was publication bias among the studies that compared the odds of COVID-19-related deaths, severe illness, and admission to the ICU on the basis of the comorbidity status. While an older age and chronic diseases were shown to increase the risk of developing severe illness, admission to the ICU, and death among the COVID-19 patients in our analysis, a marked heterogeneity was present when linking the specific risks with the outcomes.

Immunogenicity, Effectiveness, and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Rheumatic Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Vaccination is one of the most important measures worldwide to halt the spread of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the efficacy and safety of these vaccines in rheumatic patients are not well explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a literature search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases on 17 November 2021. Forty-seven studies relevant to the immunogenicity, efficacy/effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines were selected. Results: Our results demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccination is effective in protecting rheumatic patients from severe illness caused by the virus. Both the humoral and cellular immunogenicity of vaccines were impaired in rheumatic patients, which were greatly enhanced after the second vaccine dose. Receiving anti-CD20 therapy was associated with impaired humoral immunogenicity. Adverse events due to COVID-19 vaccines in rheumatic patients were similar to those in healthy controls, except for an increased incidence of arthralgia. The incidence of disease flares after COVID-19 vaccination was low. Conclusion: Our systematic review indicated the importance of full vaccination in rheumatic patients. Withholding anti-CD20 therapy was found to be potentially beneficial for the immunogenicity. Furthermore, the vaccines were found to be safe in general. Despite significant heterogeneity between studies, we recommend that rheumatic patients receive these vaccines amidst the global pandemic.

Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune mediated inflammatory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The treatment for COVID-19 often utilizes immune-modulating drugs. These drugs are also used in immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We performed a systematic review about seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IMIDs and impact of various drugs on seroconversion rates.

METHODS

Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies reporting seroconversion rates following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IMIDs. We calculated the pooled seroconversion rates after a single or two doses of vaccination, pooled seroconversion rates in patients with specific IMIDs, and rates in patients on various drugs/drug classes.

RESULTS

Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled seroconversion rates after two doses of mRNA vaccination were higher (83.1, 95%CI: 74.9-89.0, I2 = 90%) as compared to a single dose (69.3, 52.4-82.3, I2 = 95%). The odds of seroconversion were lower in IMIDs as compared to healthy controls (0.05, 0.02-0.13, I2 = 21%). The seroconversion rates in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (95.2, 95%CI: 92.6-96.9, I2 = 0%), spondyloarthropathy (95.6, 95% CI: 83.4-98.9, I2 = 35%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (90.7, 95%CI: 85.4-94.2, I2 = 0%) were higher as compared to rheumatoid arthritis (79.5, 95% CI: 65.1-88.9, I2 = 85%), and vasculitis (70.5, 95% CI: 52.9-83.5, I2 = 51%). The seroconversion rates following double dose of mRNA were excellent (>90%) in those on anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF), anti-integrin (vedolizumab), anti-IL 17 (secukinumab), anti-IL6 (Tocilizumab) and anti-IL12/23 (Ustekinumab) therapies but attenuated (<70%) in patients on anti-CD20 (Rituximab) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA-4) therapies (Abatacept). The seroconversion rates were good (70-90%) with steroids, hydroxychloroquine, JAK inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Combination of anti-TNF with immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-meracptopurine, methotrexate) resulted in an attenuated vaccine response as compared to anti-TNF monotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Seroconversion rates after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are lower in patients with IMIDs. Certain therapies (anti-TNF, anti-integrin, anti-IL 17, anti-IL6, anti-12/23) do not impact seroconversion rates while others (anti-CD20, anti-CTLA-4) result in poorer responses.

Biologics for Psoriasis During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a new form of acute infectious respiratory syndrome first reported in 2019, has rapidly spread worldwide and has been recognized as a pandemic by the WHO. It raised widespread concern about the treatment of psoriasis in this COVID-19 pandemic era, especially on the biologics use for patients with psoriasis. This review will summarize key information that is currently known about the relationship between psoriasis, biological treatments, and COVID-19, and vaccination-related issues. We also provide references for dermatologists and patients when they need to make clinical decisions. Currently, there is no consensus on whether biological agents increase the risk of coronavirus infection; however, current research shows that biological agents have no adverse effects on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 with psoriasis. In short, it is not recommended to stop biological treatment in patients with psoriasis to prevent the infection risk, and for those patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, the decision to pause biologic therapy should be considered on a case-by-case basis, and individual risk and benefit should be taken into account. Vaccine immunization against SARS-CoV-2 is strictly recommendable in patients with psoriasis without discontinuation of their biologics but evaluating the risk-benefit ratio of maintaining biologics before vaccination is mandatory at the moment.

Short term outcomes of COVID-19 in lupus: Propensity score matched analysis from a nationwide multi-centric research network

Objectives

To determine the severity and outcome of COVID-19 among individuals with lupus as compared to controls. The secondary objective was to identify the risk association of sex, race, presence of nephritis, and use of various immunomodulators with COVID-19 outcomes.

Methods

Retrospective data of individuals with lupus with and without COVID-19 between January 2020 to May 2021 was retrieved from the TriNetX. A one-to-one matched COVID-19 positive control was selected using propensity score(PS) matching. We assessed several outcomes, including all-cause mortality, hospitalisation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, severe COVID, acute kidney injury (AKI), Haemodialysis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism (VTE) and sepsis were assessed.

Results

We identified 2140 SLE patients with COVID-19, 29,853 SLE without COVID-19 and 732,291controls. Mortality within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis was comparable among SLE and controls [RR-1.26; 95%CI-0.85,1.8]. SLE with COVID-19 had a higher risk of hospitalisation [RR-1.28; 95% CI 1.14–1.44], ICU admission [RR-1.35; 95% CI 1.01–1.83], mechanical ventilation [RR- 1.58 95% CI 1.07–2.33], stroke [RR-2.18; 95% CI 1.32,3.60], VTE [RR-2.22; 95% CI 1.57–03.12] and sepsis [RR-1.37; 95% CI 1.06–1.78].Individuals with SLE who contracted COVID-19 had higher mortality, hospitalisation, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, AKI, VTE and sepsis (p < 0.001) compared to SLE without COVID-19. Males with SLE had a higher risk of AKI [RR-2.05; 95% CI 1.27–3.31] than females. Lupus nephritis was associated with higher risk of hospitalisation [RR-1.36; 95% CI 1.05–1.76], AKI [RR-2.32; 95% CI 1.50–3.59] and sepsis [RR-2.07; 95% CI-1.12–3.83].

Conclusion

The mortality of individuals with SLE due to COVID-19 is comparable to the general population but with higher risks of hospitalisation, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, stroke, VTE and sepsis. The presence of nephritis increases the risk of AKI, thus probably increasing hospitalisation and sepsis

COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: effect of disease and treatment on COVID-19 outcomes and vaccine responses

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases were considered to be at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19. Data collected over the past year, however, suggest that a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel diseases does not increase risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 compared with people without these diseases. Furthermore, substantial data suggest that certain medications frequently used in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, in particular cytokine inhibitors, might even lower the risk for severe COVID-19. Conversely, glucocorticoids and potentially B-cell-depleting treatments seem to worsen COVID-19 outcomes. Additionally, the first data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with these diseases suggest that tolerability of vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases is good, although the immune response to vaccination can be somewhat reduced in this patient group, particularly those taking methotrexate or CD20-targeted treatment.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Autoimmunity 1 Year Later: The Era of Vaccines

Impressive efforts have been made by researchers worldwide in the development of target vaccines against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and in improving the management of immunomodulating agents. Currently, different vaccine formulations, such as viral vector, mRNA, and protein-based, almost all directed toward the spike protein that includes the domain for receptor binding, have been approved. Although data are not conclusive, patients affected by autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) seem to have a slightly higher disease prevalence, risk of hospitalization, and death from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) than the general population. Therefore, ARD patients, under immunosuppressive agents, have been included among the priority target groups for vaccine administration. However, specific cautions are needed to optimize vaccine safety and effectiveness in these patients, such as modification in some of the ongoing immunosuppressive therapies and the preferential use of mRNA other than vector-based vaccines. Immunomodulating agents can be a therapeutic opportunity for the management of COVID-19 patients; however, their clinical impact depends on how they are handled. To place in therapy immunomodulating agents in the correct window of opportunity throughout the identification of surrogate markers of disease progression and host immune response is mandatory to optimize patient's outcome.

Influence of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection on the Course of Psoriasis during Treatment with Biological Drugs

Background and objectives: Biological treatment is an important and effective therapy for psoriasis. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains unclear whether this type of therapy affects the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of the study was to observe patients with psoriasis undergoing biological or other systemic treatment in relation to the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the course of psoriasis and the COVID-19 disease itself. Materials and methods: A one-year observational study included 57 patients with diagnosed psoriasis who qualified for biological treatment and a group of 68 similar patients who were administered a different systemic treatment. Patients were analyzed monthly for psoriasis (including Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) assessment) and constantly for SARS-CoV-2 infection (telephone contact). Cases of COVID-19 were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) at the study center. Results: SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by a positive Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test in eight patients (14.0%) with psoriasis on biological therapy. None of the cases in this group required hospitalization for COVID-19. Similar data were obtained in the control group. Specifically, 11 (16%) patients were confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. These results were statistically comparable (p > 0.05). In the group of patients undergoing biological treatment, six (75%) of eight patients developed an exacerbation of psoriasis during SARS-CoV-2 infection, and similar results were noted in the control group, with eight (72%) patients experiencing an exacerbation of psoriasis. Conclusions: Patients with psoriasis who were administered biological treatment or other systemic therapy may experience a mild course of SARS-CoV-2 infection but might also experience a temporary exacerbation of skin lesions.

COVID-19 infection among autoimmune rheumatic disease patients: Data from an observational study and literature review

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with autoimmune/auto-inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AARD) under immunomodulatory treatment has been a focus of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this observational study, demographic data, disease related features and comorbidities, COVID-19 manifestations and outcome as well as antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were recorded among 77 consecutive patients with underlying AARD infected by SARS-CoV-2. Analysis of data was performed using univariate and multivariate models. Most patients (68.8%) had a mild COVID-19 course. The predominant clinical manifestations were fatigue (58.4%), low grade fever (45.4%) and upper respiratory tract symptoms (68.8%). About a quarter of patients required hospitalization (23.3%) and the mortality rate was 1.3%. Regarding COVID-19 severity, prior treatment with corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil or rituximab was more common in patients who developed a more serious disease course (60.0 vs 29.9%, p = 0.003, 40.0 vs 7.5%, p = 0.003, 10.0 vs 0.0%, p = 0.009, respectively). When disease related features and comorbidities were considered in multivariate models, older age and lung disease in the context of the AARD were found to be independent predictive factors for hospitalization (OR [95%]: 1.09 [1.03-1.15] and 6.43 [1.11-37.19]). Among COVID-19 related features, patients with shortness of breath and high-grade fever were more likely to get hospitalized (OR [95%]: 7.06 [1.36-36.57], 12.04 [2.96-48.86]), while anosmia was independently associated with lower hospitalization risk (OR [95%]: 0.09 [0.01-0.99]). Though the majority of AARD patients displayed a mild COVID-19 course, certain underlying disease features and COVID-19 related manifestations should prompt alertness for the physician to identify patients with AARD at high risk for severe COVID-19 and need for hospitalization.

Risk of severe COVID-19 in patients treated with IBD medications: a French nationwide study

BACKGROUND

Recently, the SECURE-IBD study, based on a physician-reported registry, suggested that thiopurines, either alone or combined with anti-TNF, may increase risk of severe COVID-19.

AIMS

To compare the risk of severe COVID-19 according to IBD medications in a large and unselected population.

METHODS

Using the French national health data system, the risks of hospitalisation and of death or mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 from 15 February 2020 to 31 August 2020 in IBD patients were compared according to IBD treatment (immunomodulators and biologics), using multivariable Cox models adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, budesonide/corticosteroids and aminosalicylates use, and comorbidities.

RESULTS

Among 268 185 IBD patients, 600 were hospitalised for COVID-19 and 111 of them died or were mechanically ventilated (including 78 deaths). In multivariable analysis, the risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19 did not differ according to IBD treatment category, with adjusted Hazard Ratios (aHR, unexposed patients used as reference) of 0.94 (95%CI: 0.66-1.35) for immunomodulator monotherapy, 1.05 (0.80-1.38) for anti-TNF monotherapy, 0.80 (0.38-1.69) for anti-TNF combination therapy, 1.06 (0.55-2.05) for vedolizumab and 1.25 (0.64-2.43) for ustekinumab. Similarly, the risk of death or mechanical ventilation for COVID-19 did not differ according to IBD treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Immunomodulators and biologics prescribed in patients with IBD do not appear to increase the severity of COVID-19 infection.

Editorial: IBD medications during the COVID-19 pandemic-are they safe to use?

This article is linked to Meyer et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16410

Management of patients with Intestinal Bowel Disease and COVID-19: A review of current evidence and future perspectives

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge for countries and health professionals worldwide. Viral entry by ACE-2 receptor and an excessive activation of the immune system are key to understand both incidence and severity of disease. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents a special condition associated with an inordinate response of the immune system to external agents. IBD treatments have been associated to an increased risk of bacterial and viral infections. This has raised the question of possible higher incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in IBD patients. Several papers have been published during this year of pandemic to answer that question. Moreover, COVID-19 vaccination offers great promise in controlling infection in patients with IBD. Based on current evidence, patients with IBD do not have a higher incidence of COVID-19 than the general population, and they do not have worse disease evolution. Advanced age and presence of a greater number of comorbidities have been associated with worse outcomes, similar to the general population. Corticosteroids are associated to an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, higher hospitalization rate and higher risk of severe COVID-19. 5-ASA/Sulfasalazine and Thiopurines have a possible increased risk of severe COVID-19, although studies are lacking. On the other hand, Anti-TNF may have a possible protective effect. It is recommended to maintain the treatment. Anti-IL-12/23, anti-integrins and tofacitinib have results comparable to anti-TNF. Based on the efficacy, expert recommendations, and the absence of other evidence, it is recommended that patients with IBD be vaccinated.

Immunologically relevant aspects of the new COVID-19 vaccines-an ÖGAI (Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology) and AeDA (German Society for Applied Allergology) position paper

BACKGROUND

The vaccines against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approved in the European Union represent a decisive step in the fight against the pandemic. The application of these available vaccines to patients with pre-existing immunological conditions leads to a multitude of questions regarding efficacy, side effects and the necessary patient information.

RESULTS

This review article provides insight into mechanisms of action of the currently available severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and summarises the current state of science as well as expert recommendations regarding tolerability of the vaccines. In addition, the potential to develop protective immune responses is determined. A special focus is given on patients under immunosuppression or in treatment with immunomodulatory drugs. Special groups of the population such as children, pregnant women and the elderly are also considered.

CONCLUSION

Despite the need for a patient-specific risk-benefit assessment, the consensus among experts is that patients with immunological diseases in particular benefit from the induced immune protection after COVID-19 vaccination and do not have an increased risk of side effects.

Outcome of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. A population based national register study in Denmark

OBJECTIVE

COVID-19 has substantial morbidity and mortality. We studied whether hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory diseases experienced worse outcomes compared to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 without chronic inflammatory diseases.

METHODS

Danish nationwide registers were used to establish a cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathy (SpA), or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) (exposed), and a control cohort without these diseases (unexposed) between March 1, 2020, and October 31, 2020. We compared median length of hospital stay, used median regression models to estimate crude and adjusted differences. When estimating crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and mechanical ventilation, in-hospital death, 14-day and 30-day mortality, we used logistic regression models.

RESULTS

We identified 132 patients with COVID-19 and IBD, RA, SpA, or PsA, and 2811 unexposed admitted to hospital with COVID-19. There were no differences between exposed and unexposed regarding length of hospital stay (6.8 days vs. 5.5 days), need for mechanical ventilation (7.6% vs. 9.4%), or CPAP (11.4% vs. 8.8%). Adjusted OR for in-hospital death was 0.71 (95% CI 0.42-1.22), death after 14-days 0.70 (95% CI 0.42-1.16), and death after 30-days 0.68 (95% CI 0.41-1.13).

CONCLUSION

Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory diseases did not have statistically significant increased length of hospital stay, had same need for mechanical ventilation, and CPAP. Mortality was similar in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and chronic inflammatory diseases, compared to patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and no chronic inflammatory diseases.

Direct and Indirect Impact of COVID-19 for Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Retrospective Cohort Study

IMPORTANCE

Since the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been a serious challenge for immune-compromised patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs).

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 in terms of risks of infection, hospitalization and mortality in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PSO) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Furthermore, we studied the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the prescribed drug regimen in these patients.

METHODS

Through the record linkage between health information systems, a cohort of patients, ≥18 years old, assisted in the Lazio region and who had suffered from immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (RA, PSO, IBD) between 2007 and 2019, was identified. The risk of infection, hospitalization or mortality for COVID-19, was assessed by logistic regression models, and reported in an Odds Ratio (ORs; CI 95%), adjusting for sex, age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. We also estimated these risks separately by IMID and in the subgroup of prevalent biologic drug users. We investigated deferral of biological treatments in the study population by comparing the prevalence of weekly use of biologicals (2019-2020) before and during the pandemic periods.

FINDINGS

Within the 65,230 patients with IMIDs, the cumulative incidence for COVID-19 was 303/10,000 ab. In this cohort of patients, we observed a significantly higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population: OR = 1.17 (95% CI 1.12-1.22). The risk was higher even considering separately each disease and in the subgroup of prevalent biologic drug users. This last subgroup of patients showed a higher risk of death related to COVID-19 (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.04-3.33) than the general population. However, no differences in terms of risks of hospitalization or death related to COVID-19 were recorded in patients with the IMIDs. Comparing the 2019-2020 prevalence of weekly biological drug treatments in prevalent biologic drug users, we found a decrease (-19.6%) during the lockdown, probably due to pandemic restrictions.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Patients with IMIDs seem to have a higher risk of SARS-CoV2 infection. However, other than for patients with prevalent biologic drug treatment, no significant differences in terms of hospitalization and mortality were reported compared to the general populations; further investigation is warranted on account of unmeasured confounding. In addition, during the lockdown period, the COVID-19 emergency highlighted a lower use of biologic drugs; this phenomenon requires strict pharmacological monitoring as it could be a proxy of forthcoming long-term clinical progression.

Severe COVID-19 in inflammatory bowel disease patients in a population-based setting

OBJECTIVE

Data on the course of severe COVID-19 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients remains limited. We aimed to determine the incidence rate and clinical course of severe COVID-19 in the heavily affected South-Limburg region in the Netherlands.

METHODS

All COVID-19 patients admitted to the only two hospitals covering the whole South-Limburg region between February 27, 2020 and January 4, 2021 were included. Incidence rates for hospitalization due to COVID-19 were determined for the IBD (n = 4980) and general population (n = 597,184) in South-Limburg.

RESULTS

During a follow-up of 4254 and 510,120 person-years, 20 IBD patients (0.40%; 11 ulcerative colitis (UC), 9 Crohn's disease (CD)) and 1425 (0.24%) patients from the general population were hospitalized due to proven COVID-19 corresponding to an incidence rate of 4.7 (95% Confidence interval (CI) 3.0-7.1) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.6-2.9) per 1000 patient years, respectively (Incidence rate ratio: 1.68, 95% CI 1.08-2.62, p = 0.019). Median age (IBD: 63.0 (IQR 58.0-75.8) years vs. general population: 72.0 (IQR 62.0-80.0) years, p = 0.10) and mean BMI (IBD: 24.4 (SD 3.3) kg/m2 vs. general population 24.1 (SD 4.9) kg/m2, p = 0.79) at admission were comparable in both populations. As for course of severe COVID-19, similar rates of ICU admission (IBD: 12.5% vs. general population: 15.7%, p = 1.00), mechanical ventilation (6.3% vs. 11.2%, p = 1.00) and death were observed (6.3% vs. 21.8%, p = 0.22).

CONCLUSION

We found a statistically significant higher rate of hospitalization due to COVID-19 in IBD patients in a population-based setting in a heavily impacted Dutch region. This finding reflects previous research that showed IBD patients using systemic medication were at an increased risk of serious infection. However, although at an increased risk of hospitalization, clinical course of severe COVID-19 was comparable to hospitalized patients without IBD.