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Rubio-Peirotén A, Cartón-Llorente A, Roche-Seruendo LE, Jaén-Carrillo D. Larger Achilles and plantar fascia induce lower duty factor during barefoot running. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:593-598. [PMID: 37778957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tendons play a crucial role allowing the storage and release of mechanical energy during the running cycle. Running kinematics, including duty factor, constitute a basic element of the runner's biomechanics, and can determine their performance. This study aimed to analyze the link between Achilles tendon and plantar fascia morphology and running parameters, considering the influence of wearing shoes versus running barefoot. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS 44 participants (30 men and 14 women) engaged in two running sessions, one with shoes and one without, both lasting 3 min at a consistent speed of 12 km/h. We captured running kinematic data using a photoelectric cell system throughout the sessions. Before the trials, we measured the thickness and cross-sectional area of both the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia using ultrasound. RESULTS The Pearson test revealed a significant correlation (p < 0,05) between Achilles tendon and plantar fascia morphology and contact time (r > -0.325), flight time (r > -0.325) and duty factor (ratio of ground contact to stride time) (r > -0.328) during barefoot running. During the shod condition, no significant correlation was found between connective tissue morphology and kinematic variables. CONCLUSIONS In barefoot running, greater size of the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia results in a reduced duty factor, attributed to longer flight times and shorter contact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rubio-Peirotén
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Antonio Cartón-Llorente
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis E Roche-Seruendo
- Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain
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Cowin J, Nimphius S, Fell J, Culhane P, Schmidt M. A Proposed Framework to Describe Movement Variability within Sporting Tasks: A Scoping Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:85. [PMID: 35759128 PMCID: PMC9237196 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Movement variability is defined as the normal variations in motor performance across multiple repetitions of a task. However, the term "movement variability" can mean different things depending on context, and when used by itself does not capture the specifics of what has been investigated. Within sport, complex movements are performed repeatedly under a variety of different constraints (e.g. different situations, presence of defenders, time pressure). Movement variability has implications for sport performance and injury risk management. Given the importance of movement variability, it is important to understand the terms used to measure and describe it. This broad term of "movement variability" does not specify the different types of movement variability that are currently being assessed in the sporting literature. We conducted a scoping review (1) to assess the current terms and definitions used to describe movement variability within sporting tasks and (2) to utilise the results of the review for a proposed framework that distinguishes and defines the different types of movement variability within sporting tasks. To be considered eligible, sources must have assessed a sporting movement or skill and had at least one quantifiable measure of movement variability. A total of 43 peer-reviewed journal article sources were included in the scoping review. A total of 280 terms relating to movement variability terminology were extracted using a data-charting form jointly developed by two reviewers. One source out of 43 (2%) supplied definitions for all types of movement variability discussed. Moreover, 169 of 280 terms (60%) were undefined in the source material. Our proposed theoretical framework explains three types of movement variability: strategic, execution, and outcome. Strategic variability describes the different approaches or methods of movement used to complete a task. Execution variability describes the intentional and unintentional adjustments of the body between repetitions within the same strategy. Outcome variability describes the differences in the result or product of a movement. These types emerged from broader frameworks in motor control and were adapted to fit the movement variability needs in sports literature. By providing specific terms with explicit definitions, our proposed framework can ensure like-to-like comparisons of previous terms used in the literature. The practical goal of this framework is to aid athletes, coaches, and support staff to gain a better understanding of how the different types of movement variability within sporting tasks contribute to performance. The framework may allow training methods to be tailored to optimise the specific aspects of movement variability that contribute to success. This review was retrospectively registered using the Open Science Framework (OSF) Registries ( https://osf.io/q73fd ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Cowin
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia.
- Tasmanian Institute of Sport (Sports Performance Unit), Prospect, TAS, Australia.
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - James Fell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, TAS, Australia
| | - Peter Culhane
- Tasmanian Institute of Sport (Sports Performance Unit), Prospect, TAS, Australia
| | - Matthew Schmidt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Influence of the Shod Condition on Running Power Output: An Analysis in Recreationally Active Endurance Runners. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22134828. [PMID: 35808324 PMCID: PMC9268959 DOI: 10.3390/s22134828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have already analysed power output in running or the relation between VO2max and power production as factors related to running economy; however, there are no studies assessing the difference in power output between shod and barefoot running. This study aims to identify the effect of footwear on the power output endurance runner. Forty-one endurance runners (16 female) were evaluated at shod and barefoot running over a one-session running protocol at their preferred comfortable velocity (11.71 ± 1.07 km·h−1). The mean power output (MPO) and normalized MPO (MPOnorm), form power, vertical oscillation, leg stiffness, running effectiveness and spatiotemporal parameters were obtained using the Stryd™ foot pod system. Additionally, footstrike patterns were measured using high-speed video at 240 Hz. No differences were noted in MPO (p = 0.582) and MPOnorm (p = 0.568), whereas significant differences were found in form power, in both absolute (p = 0.001) and relative values (p < 0.001), running effectiveness (p = 0.006), stiffness (p = 0.002) and vertical oscillation (p < 0.001). By running barefoot, lower values for contact time (p < 0.001) and step length (p = 0.003) were obtained with greater step frequency (p < 0.001), compared to shod running. The prevalence of footstrike pattern significantly differs between conditions, with 19.5% of runners showing a rearfoot strike, whereas no runners showed a rearfoot strike during barefoot running. Running barefoot showed greater running effectiveness in comparison with shod running, and was consistent with lower values in form power and lower vertical oscillation. From a practical perspective, the long-term effect of barefoot running drills might lead to increased running efficiency and leg stiffness in endurance runners, affecting running economy.
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Jaén-Carrillo D, García-Pinillos F, Latella C, Moore SR, Cartón-Llorente A, Roche-Seruendo LE. Influence of footwear, foot-strike pattern and step frequency on spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness in running. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:299-309. [PMID: 34668839 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1992884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the influence of footwear condition, foot-strike pattern and step frequency on running spatiotemporal parameters and lower-body stiffness during treadmill running. Thirty-one amateur endurance runners performed a two-session protocol (shod and barefoot). Each session consisted of two trials at 12 km · h-1 over 5 minutes altering step frequency every minute (150, 160, 170, 180 and 190 spm). First, participants were instructed to land with the heel first; after completion, the same protocol was repeated landing with the forefoot first. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed significant differences for footwear condition, foot-strike pattern and step frequency for each variable: percent contact time, percent flight time, vertical stiffness and leg stiffness (all p < 0.001). The results demonstrate greater estimated vertical and leg stiffness when running barefoot for both foot-strike patterns showing the largest values for barefoot+forefoot condition. Likewise, both vertical and leg stiffness became greater as step frequency increased. The proper manipulation of these variables facilitates our understanding of running performance and assist in training programmes design and injury management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jaén-Carrillo
- Campus Universitario, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Christopher Latella
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Moore
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Relationship between Connective Tissue Morphology and Lower-Limb Stiffness in Endurance Runners. A Prospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168453. [PMID: 34444202 PMCID: PMC8391394 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower limb behaves like a spring compressing and decompressing during running, where lower-limb stiffness is one of the most influential factors. This prospective observational study is aimed at examining the relationship between the connective tissue morphology and lower-limb stiffness and investigating whether the barefoot/shod condition influences on such relationship. METHODS 14 male amateur runners (10-km time trial <50') were included. Data were recorded over one session, where participants ran 2 trials (i.e., barefoot and shod conditions) of 3 minutes at 12 km/h, where running spatiotemporal parameters and vertical (Kvert) and leg stiffness (Kleg) were obtained. Prior to testing trials, thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) were recorded for Achilles (AT) and patellar tendons (PT) and plantar fascia (PF) with ultrasound. RESULTS Under barefoot condition, a positive correlation was found between Kleg and AT-thickness and CSA and PF-thickness; and between Kvert and AT-thickness and PF thickness. Under shod condition, a positive correlation was found between Kleg and PT-CSA and PT-thickness, and between Kvert and PT-CSA and PT-thickness. CONCLUSIONS The results reveal a specificity of the relationship between the lower-limb stiffness and the morphology of the connective tissue. Greater tendon shows higher lower-limb stiffness when that tendon is specially demanded by the function.
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Jaén-Carrillo D, Cartón-Llorente A, Lozano-Jarque D, Rubio-Peirotén A, Roche-Seruendo LE, García-Pinillos F. Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136866. [PMID: 34206793 PMCID: PMC8297285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Musculotendinous reactive strength is a key factor for the utilization of elastic energy in sporting activities such as running. AIM: To evaluate the relationship between musculotendinous reactive strength and lower-limb stiffness during running as well as to identify age-related differences in both variables. Methods: Fifty-nine amateur endurance runners performed three 20-cm drop jumps and a constant 3-min easy run on a motorized treadmill. Reactive strength index and dynamic lower-limb stiffness were calculated with a photoelectric cell system by jumping and running, respectively. Additionally, sit to stand difference in plantar arch height was assessed as a static lower-limb stiffness measure. The cluster analysis allows the comparison between younger and older runners. Results: No significant correlations were found between jumping reactive strength and running lower-limb stiffness. The younger group performed better at drop jumps (p = 0.023, ES = 0.82), whereas higher-but-no-significant results were found for reactive strength index and stiffness-related metrics. Conclusions: Musculotendinous vertical reactiveness may not be transferred to combined vertical and horizontal movements such as running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Jaén-Carrillo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía Mudéjar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (A.C.-L.); (D.L.-J.); (L.E.R.-S.)
| | - Antonio Cartón-Llorente
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía Mudéjar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (A.C.-L.); (D.L.-J.); (L.E.R.-S.)
| | - Demetrio Lozano-Jarque
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía Mudéjar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (A.C.-L.); (D.L.-J.); (L.E.R.-S.)
| | - Alberto Rubio-Peirotén
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía Mudéjar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (A.C.-L.); (D.L.-J.); (L.E.R.-S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidad San Jorge, Autovía Mudéjar, Km. 299, 50830 Villanueva de Gállego Zaragoza, Spain; (D.J.-C.); (A.C.-L.); (D.L.-J.); (L.E.R.-S.)
| | - Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar, Temuco 1145, Chile;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
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Mohr M, Pieper R, Löffler S, Schmidt AR, Federolf PA. Sex-Specific Hip Movement Is Correlated With Pelvis and Upper Body Rotation During Running. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:657357. [PMID: 34235137 PMCID: PMC8255915 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.657357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a sex bias for common overuse running injuries that are associated with sex-specific hip kinematics. Gait retraining programs aimed at altering hip kinematics may be more efficient if they incorporated an understanding of how hip kinematics are correlated with the movement of the remaining body segments. We applied a principal component analysis to structure the whole-body running kinematics of 23 runners (12 ♀) into k = 12 principal movements (PMk), describing correlated patterns of upper and lower body movements. We compared the time-dependent movement amplitudes with respect to each PMk between males and females using a waveform analysis and interpreted our findings according to stick figure animations. The movement amplitudes of two PMs (PM6 and PM8) showed statistically significant effects of "sex," which were independent of running speed. According to PM8, females showed more hip adduction, which correlated with increased transverse rotation of the pelvis and upper body compared to men. We propose that increased hip adduction and upper body rotation in female runners may be a strategy to compensate for a less efficient arm and upper body swing compared to men. Gait interventions aimed at reducing hip adduction and running-related injuries in female runners should consider instructions for both upper and lower body to maximize training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robin Pieper
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sina Löffler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas R Schmidt
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter A Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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García-Pinillos F, Jerez-Mayorga D, Latorre-Román PÁ, Ramirez-Campillo R, Sanz-López F, Roche-Seruendo LE. How do Amateur Endurance Runners Alter Spatiotemporal Parameters and Step Variability as Running Velocity Increases? a Sex Comparison. J Hum Kinet 2020; 72:39-49. [PMID: 32269646 PMCID: PMC7126251 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effects of running velocity on spatiotemporal parameters and step variability in amateur endurance runners, according to sex. A group of 51 males and 46 females performed an incremental running test on a treadmill (10-16 km/h). Spatiotemporal parameters (contact and flight time, step length, step frequency and step angle [CT, FT, SL, SF, SA]) and step variability, in terms of within-participant standard deviation (SD), were recorded through the OptoGait System. The ANOVA showed significant differences in the magnitude of the spatiotemporal parameters as running velocity increased (p < 0.001). It also revealed significant differences in step variability (p < 0.005) over the entire running protocol. Between-sex differences in CT, SL, SL-normalized and SF (p < 0.05, ES = 0.4-0.8) were found. Differences were also found in step variability at high velocities (15-16 km/h), with males showing a greater SD than females. In conclusion, increasing running velocity makes CT shorter, FT and SL longer, and SF and SA greater in amateur endurance runners, changing step variability, regardless of sex. Additionally, some between-sex differences were found in spatiotemporal parameters and step variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation. Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group. Department of Physical Activity Sciences. Universidad de Los Lagos (Osorno, Chile)
| | - Fernando Sanz-López
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital. Physical Therapy Department (Doha, Qatar)
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García-Pinillos F, Cartón-Llorente A, Jaén-Carrillo D, Delgado-Floody P, Carrasco-Alarcón V, Martínez C, Roche-Seruendo LE. Does fatigue alter step characteristics and stiffness during running? Gait Posture 2020; 76:259-263. [PMID: 31881479 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Describing the response of spatiotemporal gait characteristics, and related variables such as variability and stiffness, to different stressors is important to better understand spring-mass model. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to examine the effect of fatigue induced by a running protocol on spatiotemporal gait parameters, step variability and vertical (Kvert) and leg stiffness (Kleg) during running on a treadmill. METHODS Twenty-two trained male endurance runners performed a 60-min time trial run. An analysis of spatiotemporal parameters (contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]), step variability (in terms of coefficient of variation [CV]) and stiffness was conducted in two different conditions: non-fatigued (before the protocol) and fatigued (after the protocol). RESULTS The pairwise comparisons (i.e., non-fatigued vs. fatigued condition) indicated that temporal parameters (i.e., CT and FT) experienced significant changes (p = 0.001 and <0.001, respectively). Step variability increased in presence of fatigue, with higher CV in CT (p = 0.039), FT (p = 0.005), SF (p = 0.046) and SL (p = 0.027) after the running protocol. The Kleg experienced a reduction in the fatigued condition (p < 0.001) whereas the Kvert remained unchanged (p = 0.602). SIGNIFICANCE The results indicate that fatigue induced by a 60-min time trial run causes some adaptations in spatiotemporal gait characteristics and stiffness in trained endurance runners. Specifically, in the presence of fatigue, the athletes showed greater CT and shorter FT, higher step variability and lower leg stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | | | | | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Vanessa Carrasco-Alarcón
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Cristian Martínez
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
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García-Pinillos F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Ramirez-Campillo R, Roche-Seruendo LE. Agreement between spatiotemporal parameters from a photoelectric system with different filter settings and high-speed video analysis during running on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. J Biomech 2019; 93:213-219. [PMID: 31288933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between spatiotemporal gait characteristics from a photoelectric system with different filter settings and high-speed video analysis during running on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. Forty-nine runners performed a running protocol on a treadmill at comfortable velocity. Two systems were used to determine spatiotemporal parameters (i.e. contact time [CT], flight time [FT], step frequency [SF] and step length [SL]) during running: OptoGait system and high-speed video analysis at 1000 Hz. The collected data was re-filtered in the OptoGait software by using nine different settings (i.e. 0_0, 1_1, 2_2, 3_3, 3_4, 4_4, 4_5, 5_4 and 5_5), and compared to those obtained through video analysis. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed very large correlations (r > 0.9, p < 0.001) in CT, FT, SF and SL between both systems, regardless of the OptoGait's filter settings. The ICC reported an almost perfect association (ICC > 0.9) for both SL and SF regardless of the filter setting. However, large variations between filter settings according to the data from video analysis were reported in CT and FT (0_0, 1_1 and 2_2 filter settings obtained an association ICC > 0.9, whereas other filters obtained lower ICCs). Bland-Altman plots revealed small bias and error and no presence of heteroscedasticity of error for 1_1 setting. In conclusion, the filter setting for the OptoGait system should be considered to minimize the bias and error of spatiotemporal parameters measurement. For running on a treadmill, the 1_1 filter setting is recommended if gait parameters are to be compared to a high-speed video analysis (1000 Hz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe García-Pinillos
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.
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