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Loza N, Falina I, Kutenko N, Shkirskaya S, Loza J, Kononenko N. Bilayer Heterogeneous Cation Exchange Membrane with Polyaniline Modified Homogeneous Layer: Preparation and Electrotransport Properties. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:829. [PMID: 37888001 PMCID: PMC10608705 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer membrane based on a heterogenous cation exchange membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer and a polyaniline on its surface is prepared. The intercalation of polyaniline into the membrane with a homogeneous cation exchange layer is performed by oxidative polymerization of aniline. The influence of the homogeneous cation exchange layer and the polyaniline on the structure, conductivity, diffusion permeability, selectivity, and current-voltage curve of the heterogeneous cation exchange membrane is established. Membrane properties are studied in the HCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 solutions. The homogeneous cation exchange layer has a negligible effect on the transport properties of the initial heterogeneous membrane. The polyaniline synthesis leads to a decrease in the macropore volume in the membrane structure, conductivity, and diffusion permeability. The counterion transport number in the bilayer membrane is significantly reduced in a solution of calcium chloride and practically does not change in sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid. In addition, the asymmetry of the diffusion permeability and shape of current-voltage curve depending on the orientation of the membrane surface to the flux of electrolyte or counterion are found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Falina
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.L.); (N.K.); (S.S.); (J.L.); (N.K.)
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Huang Y, Fan H, Yip NY. Influence of electrolyte on concentration-induced conductivity-permselectivity tradeoff of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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3
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Loza NV, Taran KA, Kutenko KA. Preparation and Investigation of Anion Exchange Membranes Modified with Sulfonated Polyaniline. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622050079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Loza NV, Kutenko NA, Kononenko NA. Investigation of Anisotropic Composites Based on Anion-Exchange Membranes and Polyaniline by Voltammetry. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751621030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Falina IV, Kononenko NA, Demina OA, Titskaya EV, Loza SA. Estimation of Ion-Exchange Equilibrium Constant Using Membrane Conductivity Data. COLLOID JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x21030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Permselectivity of Cation Exchange Membranes Modified by Polyaniline. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030227. [PMID: 33806737 PMCID: PMC8004698 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the applicability of polyaniline-modified cation exchange membranes for the separation of monovalent/divalent cations by electrodialysis. A novel method of membrane modification directly in the electrodialysis unit is used to prepare permselective membranes. Complex characterization of the membranes before and after modification allows revealing the influence of membrane matrix on the modification efficiency. The characterization of the membranes includes determination of the diffusion permeability, specific conductivity and current-voltage curves in HCl, NaCl and CaCl2 solutions, as well as transport-structural parameters of the extended three-wire model. The characterization results are used to predict the influence of the modification on membrane permselectivity. The competitive mass transfer of singly and doubly charged cations in the electrodialysis process is investigated in underlimiting and overlimiting currents. Electrodialysis desalination of a solution containing Na+/Ca2+ or H+/Ca2+ cations shows that the modification leads to an increase in membrane permselectivity to single-charged cations due to the repulsion of Ca2+ ions from the positively charged membrane surface. The permselectivity of the polyaniline-modified perfluorinated membrane to H+ in the mixture of H+/Ca2+ cations is observed in all current regimes.
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Heidary F, Khodabakhshi AR, Ghanbari D. Ionic transport properties improvement of a new cation-exchange membrane containing functionalized CNT as a clean technology for refining of saline-liquids. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1236-1251. [PMID: 31474189 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1662852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present research, a novel kind of homogeneous cation-exchange membranes were provided by solution casting technique via blending of sulfonated polyvinylchloride (SPVC) and sulfonated poly phenylene oxide (SPPO). The performance of the membranes was evaluated by membrane potential, areal resistance, transport number, ionic permeability, ion-exchange capacity, fixed ion concentration, energy consumption (EC), current efficiency, mechanical properties, membrane oxidative stability, water contact angle and water content tests. The microstructures of the membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Membrane with 70:30 (w/w) composition (SPPO: SPVC) exhibited suitable efficiency, mechanical strength and oxidative stability in comparison with other samples in this study. Also, amino groups have been successfully attached to the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) structure and the modified MWCNTs were selected as filler additive. The results revealed that a series of membranes with improved transport properties, hydrophilicity and EC can be prepared with the polymeric matrix-containing aminated-MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8- 8349, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Khodabakhshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak 38156-8- 8349, Iran
| | - Davood Ghanbari
- Department of Science, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
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Study of Polyaniline/Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) Composite Deposits Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance for the Modification of a Commercial Anion Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120387. [PMID: 33266283 PMCID: PMC7759903 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the intended applications for the modification of ion exchange membranes with polyaniline (PAni) is to use it as a matrix to include chemical species that confer a special property such as resistance to fouling or ion selectivity. In particular, the inclusion of polyelectrolyte molecules into the PAni matrix appears to be the way to modulate these properties of selective membranes. Therefore, it must be clearly understood how the polyelectrolyte is incorporated into the matrix of polyaniline. Among the results obtained in this paper using poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, the amount of polyelectrolyte incorporated into PAni is found to be proportional to the PSS concentration in solution if its value is between 0 and 20 mM, while it reaches a maximum value when the PSS in solution is greater than 20 mM. When the anion exchange membranes are modified with these composite deposits, the transport number of chloride was found to decrease progressively (when the PSS concentration in solution is between 0 and 20 mM) to reach a practically constant value when a concentration of PSS greater than 20 mM was used.
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Golubenko D, Yaroslavtsev A. Development of surface-sulfonated graft anion-exchange membranes with monovalent ion selectivity and antifouling properties for electromembrane processes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana USA
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Khurram, Qaiser AA, Ghaffar A, Munawar A, Ali NS, Hussain T, Saleem R. Development of Polyaniline Based Anion Exchange Membrane for the Separation of Lactic Acid via Electrodialysis. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193520060099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stenina I, Golubenko D, Nikonenko V, Yaroslavtsev A. Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5517. [PMID: 32752236 PMCID: PMC7432390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, ion-exchange membranes have numerous applications in water desalination, electrolysis, chemistry, food, health, energy, environment and other fields. All of these applications require high selectivity of ion transfer, i.e., high membrane permselectivity. The transport properties of ion-exchange membranes are determined by their structure, composition and preparation method. For various applications, the selectivity of transfer processes can be characterized by different parameters, for example, by the transport number of counterions (permselectivity in electrodialysis) or by the ratio of ionic conductivity to the permeability of some gases (crossover in fuel cells). However, in most cases there is a correlation: the higher the flux density of the target component through the membrane, the lower the selectivity of the process. This correlation has two aspects: first, it follows from the membrane material properties, often expressed as the trade-off between membrane permeability and permselectivity; and, second, it is due to the concentration polarization phenomenon, which increases with an increase in the applied driving force. In this review, both aspects are considered. Recent research and progress in the membrane selectivity improvement, mainly including a number of approaches as crosslinking, nanoparticle doping, surface modification, and the use of special synthetic methods (e.g., synthesis of grafted membranes or membranes with a fairly rigid three-dimensional matrix) are summarized. These approaches are promising for the ion-exchange membranes synthesis for electrodialysis, alternative energy, and the valuable component extraction from natural or waste-water. Perspectives on future development in this research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Andrey Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the RAS, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Andreeva MA, Loza NV, Pis’menskaya ND, Dammak L, Larchet C. Influence of Surface Modification of MK-40 Membrane with Polyaniline on Scale Formation under Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10070145. [PMID: 32646071 PMCID: PMC7407481 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the polyaniline influence on mineral scaling on the surface of the heterogeneous MK-40 sulfocationite membrane under electrodialysis has been conducted. Current-voltage curves and chronopotentiograms have been obtained and analyzed for the pristine MK-40 membrane and the MK-40 membrane which is surface-modified by polyaniline. The study of the electrochemical behavior of membranes has been accompanied by the simultaneous control of the pH of the solution outcoming from the desalination compartment. The mixture of Na2CO3, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 is used as a model salt solution. Two limiting states are observed on the current-voltage curve of the surface-modified membrane. There is the first pseudo-limiting state in the range of small values of the potential drop. The second limiting current is comparable with that of the limiting current for the pristine membrane. It is shown that chronopotentiometry cannot be used as a self-sufficient method for membrane scaling identification on the surface-modified membrane at high currents. A mineral scale on the surfaces of the studied membranes has been found by scanning electron microscopy. The amount of precipitate is higher in the case of the surface-modified membrane compared with the pristine one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Andreeva
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia V. Loza
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
| | - Natalia D. Pis’menskaya
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
| | - Lasaad Dammak
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE) UMR 7182 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (L.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Christian Larchet
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE) UMR 7182 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (L.D.); (C.L.)
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Prajapati PK, Reddy NN, Nimiwal R, Singh PS, Adimurthy S, Nagarale RK. Polyaniline@porous polypropylene for efficient separation of acid by diffusion dialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pang X, Tao Y, Xu Y, Pan J, Shen J, Gao C. Enhanced monovalent selectivity of cation exchange membranes via adjustable charge density on functional layers. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sreenath S, Sharma NK, Nagarale RK. Alkaline all iron redox flow battery with a polyethylene/poly(styrene- co-divinylbenzene) interpolymer cation-exchange membrane. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44824-44833. [PMID: 36381542 PMCID: PMC9635064 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08316j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the suitability of a polyethylene styrene–DVB based interpolymer cation exchange membrane for use in a highly alkaline redox flow battery (RFB) with a [Fe(TEA)OH]2−/[Fe(TEA)OH]− and Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− redox couple. The alkaline stability of the membrane for 1440 h was evaluated in 5 N NaOH containing a 200 mM Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64− redox couple. It was assessed according to the changes in the electrochemical and physicochemical properties. The performance of the membrane was evaluated over 40 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 current in a designed RFB cell. The obtained average coulombic efficiency (CE) was 92%, energy efficiency (EE) was 75%, voltage efficiency (VE) was 82% and volumetric efficiency was 34%. Under identical experimental conditions, the values of CE, EE, and VE for Nafion®-112 were 99%, 75%, and 76%, respectively. These results indicate the suitability of the polyethylene styrene–DVB based interpolymer cation exchange membrane for use in an alkaline RFB. A polyethylene styrene–DVB interpolymer cation exchange membrane is reported for use in a highly alkaline all iron redox flow battery.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooraj Sreenath
- Electro Membrane Processes Laboratory
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364002
- India
| | - Nitish Kumar Sharma
- Electro Membrane Processes Laboratory
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364002
- India
| | - Rajaram K. Nagarale
- Electro Membrane Processes Laboratory
- Membrane Science and Separation Technology Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar 364002
- India
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Andreeva M, Loza N, Kutenko N, Kononenko N. Polymerization of aniline in perfluorinated membranes under conditions of electrodiffusion of monomer and oxidizer. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Melnikov S, Shkirskaya S. Transport properties of bilayer and multilayer surface-modified ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li Y, Li Z, Li Y, Guan W, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Wang S. Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-SiO 2 Cation-Exchange Membranes by the Sol-Gel Method Using 3-Mercapto-Propyl-Triethoxyl-Silane. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193265. [PMID: 31591313 PMCID: PMC6804186 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis method for organic–inorganic hybrid Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-SiO2 cation-change membranes (CEMs) is proposed. This method involves mixing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-mercapto-propyl-triethoxy-silane (MPTES) into a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sol-gel solution. The resulting slurry was used to prepare films, which were immersed in 0.01 M HCl, which caused hydrolysis and polycondensation between the MPTES and TEOS. The resulting Si-O-Si polymers chains intertwined and/or penetrated the PVDF skeleton, significantly improving the mechanical strength of the resulting hybrid PVDF-SiO2 CEMs. The -SH functional groups of MPTES oxidized to-SO3H, which contributed to the excellent permeability of these CEMs. The surface morphology, hybrid structure, oxidative stability, and physicochemical properties (IEC, water uptake, membrane resistance, membrane potential, transport number, and selective permittivity) of the CEMs obtained in this work were characterized using scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as electrochemical testing. Tests to analyze the oxidative stability, water uptake, membrane potential, and selective permeability were also performed. Our organic–inorganic hybrid PVDF-SiO2 CEMs demonstrated higher oxidative stability and lower resistance than commercial Ionsep-HC-C membranes with a hydrocarbon structure. Thus, the synthesis method described in this work is very promising for the production of very efficient CEMs. In addition, the physical and electrochemical properties of the PVDF-SiO2 CEMs are comparable to the Ionsep-HC-C membranes. The electrolysis of the concentrated CoCl2 solution performed using PVDF-SiO2-6 and Ionsep-HC-C CEMs showed that at the same current density, Co2+ production, and current efficiency of the PVDF-SiO2-6 CEM membrane were slightly higher than those obtained using the Ionsep-HC-C membrane. Therefore, our novel membrane might be suitable for the recovery of cobalt from concentrated CoCl2 solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yanjuan Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Wenxue Guan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Sanfan Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No.88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Utilization in Cold and Drought Region, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, No. 88, Anning West Road, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Kononenko NA, Loza NV, Andreeva MA, Shkirskaya SA, Dammak L. Influence of Electric Field during the Chemical Synthesis of Polyaniline on the Surface of Heterogeneous Sulfonated Cation-Exchange Membranes on the Their Structure and Properties. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Hosseini S, Sohrabnejad S, Nabiyouni G, Jashni E, Van der Bruggen B, Ahmadi A. Magnetic cation exchange membrane incorporated with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for chromium ions removal via electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Chandra A, Bhuvanesh E, Mandal P, Chattopadhyay S. Surface modification of anion exchange membrane using layer-by-layer polyelectrolytes deposition facilitating monovalent organic acid transport. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Zehra A, Khan MMA, Rafiuddin. Mathematical modelling of cobalt based composite membrane using TMS method; confirming its efficiency and selectivity. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Sun M, Li M, Wang P, Zhang X, Wu C, Wu Y. Production of N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid by BMED process using porous P84 co-polyimide membranes. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Cházaro-Ruiz LF. Porous PVDF/PANI ion-exchange membrane (IEM) modified by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and lithium chloride in the application of membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:2311-2319. [PMID: 29757183 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyaniline (PANI) heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes filled with pore-forming agents polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and lithium chloride were prepared by the solution-casting technique using the solvent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and a two-step phase inversion procedure. Key properties of the as-prepared membranes, such as hydrophilicity, water content, ion exchange capacity, fixed ion concentration, conductivity and transport number were examined and compared between membranes in different conditions. The pore-forming hydrophilic additives PVP and lithium chloride to the casting solution appeared to improve the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) by increasing the conductivity, transport number and hydrophilicity. The effects of increasing membrane drying time on the porosity of the as-prepared membranes were found to lower membrane porosity by reducing membrane water content. However, pore-forming agents were found to be able to stabilise membrane transport number with different drying times. As-prepared PVDF/PANI anion-exchange membrane with pore-forming agent is demonstrated to be a more efficient candidate for water purification (e.g. desalination) and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia E-mail:
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia E-mail: ; Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Luis F Cházaro-Ruiz
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, SLP, San Luis Potosí, 78216, México C.P
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28
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Hosseini S, Jashni E, Habibi M, Nemati M, Van der Bruggen B. Evaluating the ion transport characteristics of novel graphene oxide nanoplates entrapped mixed matrix cation exchange membranes in water deionization. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Ge L, Wu B, Yu D, Mondal AN, Hou L, Afsar NU, Li Q, Xu T, Miao J, Xu T. Monovalent cation perm-selective membranes (MCPMs): New developments and perspectives. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Nemati M, Hosseini SM, Shabanian M. Novel electrodialysis cation exchange membrane prepared by 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid; heavy metal ions removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 337:90-104. [PMID: 28505511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present work a novel heterogeneous cation exchange membrane (CEM) composed of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid based hydrogel (AMAH) was prepared. The membranes were fabricated with different fractions of AMAH to optimize the performance in desalination. The hydrogel was characterized by FT-IR to prove the successful synthesis. The membrane properties such as permselectivity, ionic permeability, flux, water content, electrical resistance, morphology, contact angle and dimensional stability were evaluated. Modified membranes showed acceptable dimensional stabilities, more hydrophilic surface, higher water content and porosity. SEM images revealed the formation of a more porous membrane structure. Membrane permselectivity and transport number showed a relatively constant then decreasing trend in Na+ and Ba2+ solutions. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of AMAH into the PVC matrix obviously improved ionic permeability and flux of Na (∼9%) and Ba (∼23%). Membrane electrical resistance was declined about 36% by adding AMAH in the membrane structure. Membranes' performance in potassium and heavy metal ions removal showed a remarkable separation capacity of K+ (99.9%), Pb2+ (99.9%) and Ni2+ (96.9%). Membranes showed desirable potential for scaling removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nemati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - S M Hosseini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran.
| | - M Shabanian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj 31745-139, Iran
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31
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Li J, Zhu J, Wang J, Yuan S, Lin J, Shen J, Van der Bruggen B. Charge‐assisted ultrafiltration membranes for monovalent ions separation in electrodialysis. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
| | - Junyong Zhu
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
- School of Chemical Engineering and EnergyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shushan Yuan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
| | - Jiuyang Lin
- School of Environment and ResourcesQi Shan Campus, Fuzhou UniversityNo.2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116 China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & TechnologyZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhou 310014 China
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
- Faculty of Engineering and the Built EnvironmentTshwane University of TechnologyPrivate Bag X680, Pretoria 0001 South Africa
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32
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Shkirskaya SA, Senchikhin IN, Kononenko NA, Roldugin VI. Effect of polyaniline on the stability of electrotransport characteristics and thermochemical properties of sulfocationite membranes with different polymer matrices. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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A Novel Sulfonated Poly Phenylene Oxide-Poly Vinylchloride/ZnO Cation-Exchange Membrane Applicable in Refining of Saline Liquids. J CLUST SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-017-1156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Jafari MR, Hosseini SM, Musavi Andani SMJ, Hamidi AR, Madaeni SS. Ionic behavior modification of cation exchange ED membranes by using CMC-co-Fe3O4 nanoparticles for heavy metals removal from water. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Kaushal S, Singh G, Singh P, Kang TS. Synthesis and characterization of a tin( iv) antimonophosphate nano-composite membrane incorporating 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid doped PVC based nanocomposite membranes, with varying crystallinity that affects their physicochemical properties, are prepared and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaushal
- Department of Chemistry
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Fatehgarh Sahib
- India
| | - Gurbir Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC-centre for Advance Studies – II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
| | - Pritpal Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University
- Fatehgarh Sahib
- India
| | - Tejwant Singh Kang
- Department of Chemistry
- UGC-centre for Advance Studies – II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar
- India
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36
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Development of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes using functional polymer powders for desalination applications. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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37
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Liu X, Wang M, Jia YX. Surface-functionalized cation exchange membrane by covalent immobilization of polyelectrolyte multilayer for effective separation of mono- and multivalent cations. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1210643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-xiang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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38
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Hosseini SM, Andani SMJM, Jafari MR. Tailoring the ionic transfer characteristics of polyvinyl chloride-based heterogeneous ion exchange membranes by embedding carboxy methyl cellulose in membrane channels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-1053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Novel ion-exchange nanocomposite membrane containing in-situ formed FeOOH nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and transport properties. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-015-0275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Malik MS, Qaiser AA, Arif MA. Structural and electrochemical studies of heterogeneous ion exchange membranes based on polyaniline-coated cation exchange resin particles. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24594c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline was deposited on polystyrene sulfonated divinyl benzene resin by varying polymerization time to fabricate heterogeneous PVC matrix membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Malik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering
- University of Engineering and Technology
- Lahore 54890
- Pakistan
| | - Asif Ali Qaiser
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering
- University of Engineering and Technology
- Lahore 54890
- Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed Arif
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering
- University of Engineering and Technology
- Lahore 54890
- Pakistan
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41
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Hosseini SM, Ahmadi Z, Nemati M, Parvizian F, Madaeni SS. Electrodialysis heterogeneous ion exchange membranes modified by SiO2 nanoparticles: fabrication and electrochemical characterization. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:2074-2084. [PMID: 27148708 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2016.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current study mixed matrix heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were prepared by solution casting technique. The effect of SiO(2) nanoparticles in the polymeric solution on the physicochemical properties of prepared membranes was studied. Scanning optical microscope images showed uniform particle distribution and relatively uniform surfaces for the prepared membranes. The membrane water content was reduced by silica nanoparticles in the membranes' matrix. The membrane ion exchange capacity, membrane potential, transport number and selectivity were improved initially by an increase of SiO(2) nanoparticles concentration up to 1%wt in prepared membranes and then showed a decreasing trend with a further increase in additive ratio from 1 to 4%wt. The ionic permeability and flux were also decreased initially by an increase of silica nanoparticles concentration up to 0.5%wt in the membrane matrix and then increased again with a further increase in nanoparticles concentration from 0.5 to 4%wt. Moreover, the results exhibited that using silica nanoparticles in the membrane matrix caused an obvious decrease in areal electrical resistance. The opposite trend was found for membrane mechanical strength using SiO(2) nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hosseini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran E-mail: ;
| | - Z Ahmadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran E-mail: ;
| | - M Nemati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran E-mail: ;
| | - F Parvizian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran E-mail: ;
| | - S S Madaeni
- Membrane Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah 67149, Iran
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42
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Preparation, Characterization and Transport Properties of Novel Cation-Exchange Nanocomposite Membrane Containing BaFe12O19 Nanoparticles. J CLUST SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-015-0920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Surface modification of an anion exchange membrane to improve the selectivity for monovalent anions in electrodialysis – experimental verification of theoretical predictions. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Li J, Xu Y, Hu M, Shen J, Gao C, van der Bruggen B. Enhanced conductivity of monovalent cation exchange membranes with chitosan/PANI composite modification. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15231c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of electrodialysis (ED) for desalination requires the use of natural seawater or river water, in which the presence of multivalent ions is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Yanqing Xu
- College of Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Mengqing Hu
- College of Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- College of Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Congjie Gao
- College of Chem. Eng. & Mater. Sci
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310014
- China
| | - Bart van der Bruggen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems (ProcESS)
- KU Leuven
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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45
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Wang M, Liu X, Jia YX, Wang XL. The improvement of comprehensive transport properties to heterogeneous cation exchange membrane by the covalent immobilization of polyethyleneimine. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Farrokhzad H, Moghbeli M, Van Gerven T, Van der Bruggen B. Surface modification of composite ion exchange membranes by polyaniline. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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47
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Zendehnam A, Rabieyan M, Hosseini SM, Mokhtari S. Novel nanocomposite heterogeneous cation exchange membrane prepared by MWCNTs-co-silver nanolayer composite nanoparticles: Physico/chemical characterization and investigation of concentration effect. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Takagi R, Vaselbehagh M, Matsuyama H. Theoretical study of the permselectivity of an anion exchange membrane in electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Parvizian F, Hosseini S, Hamidi A, Madaeni S, Moghadassi A. Electrochemical characterization of mixed matrix nanocomposite ion exchange membrane modified by ZnO nanoparticles at different electrolyte conditions “pH/concentration”. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Surface modification of heterogeneous cation exchange membrane through simultaneous using polymerization of PAA and multi walled carbon nano tubes. J IND ENG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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