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Mirshafiee F, Rezaei M. Enhancing hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride hydrolysis and the role of a Co/CuFe 2O 4 nanocatalyst in a continuous flow system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9659. [PMID: 38671177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of cobalt-based spinel ferrites catalysts, including nickel, cobalt, zinc, and copper ferrites, were synthesized using the sol-gel auto-combustion method followed by a chemical reduction process. These catalysts were employed for accelerating hydrogen generation via the sodium borohydride hydrolysis process. A continuous stirred tank reactor was used to perform catalytic reactor tests. All samples were subjected to analysis using XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The results revealed that the cobalt-based copper ferrite sample, Co/Cu-Ferrite, exhibited superior particle distribution, and porosity characteristics, as it achieved a high hydrogen generation rate of 2937 mL/min.gcat. In addition, the higher electrical donating property of Cu-Ferrite which leads to the increase in the electron density of the cobalt active sites can account for its superior performance towards hydrolysis of NaBH4. Using the Arrhenius equation and the zero-order reaction calculation, activation energy for the sodium borohydride hydrolysis reaction on the Co/Cu-Ferrite catalyst was determined to be 18.12 kJ/mol. This low activation energy compared to other cobalt-based spinel ferrite catalysts confirms the catalyst's superior performance as well. Additionally, the outcomes from the recycling experiments revealed a gradual decline in the catalyst's performance after each cycle during 4 repetitive cycles. The aforementioned properties render the Co/Cu-Ferrite catalyst an efficient catalyst for hydrogen generation through NaBH4 hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Mirshafiee
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Aziz K, Naz A, Raza N, Manzoor S, Kim KH. Reduced and modified graphene oxide with Ag/V 2O 5 as a ternary composite visible light photocatalyst against dyes and pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118256. [PMID: 38266900 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution by dyes and pesticides poses significant threats to our ecosystem. In this research, a visible-light ternary composite photocatalytic system was fabricated using graphene oxide (GO) by reducing with N2H4, modifying with KOH, and decorating with Ag/V2O5. The fabricated photocatalysts were characterized through FTIR, SEM, XRD, BET, PL, EDX, ESR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, ESI-MS, and Raman spectroscopy. The point zero charge of the reduced and modified GO (RMGO/Ag/V2O5) was measured to be 6.7 by the pH drift method. This ternary composite was able to achieve complete removal of methyl orange (MO) and chlorpyrifos (CP) in solutions in 80 min under the optimum operation conditions (e.g., in terms of pollutant/catalyst concentrations, pH effects, and contact time). The role of active species responsible for photocatalytic activity was confirmed by scavenger analysis and ESR investigations. The potential mechanism for photocatalytic activity was studied through a fragmentation process carried out by MS analysis. Through nonlinear fitting of the experimental data, MO and CP exhibited the best fit results with the pseudo 1st-order kinetics (quantum yields of 1.07 × 10-3 and 2.16 × 10-3 molecules photon-1 and space-time yields of 1.53 × 10-5 and 2.7 × 10-5 molecules photon-1 mg-1, respectively). The structure of the nanomaterials remained mostly intact to support increased stability and reusability of the prepared photocatalysts even after 10 successive regeneration cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Aziz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Asma Naz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shamaila Manzoor
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská Dolina, Bratislava, 842 48, Slovakia
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Assafi A, El Hadj Ali YA, Almufarij RS, Hejji L, Raza N, Villarejo LP, Souhail B, Azzouz A, Abdelrahman EA. Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of organic dyes in real water samples using zirconium (IV)-based metal-organic frameworks UiO-66-NH 2 as an adsorbent. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22001. [PMID: 38027594 PMCID: PMC10679492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of dye adsorption through metal-organic frameworks represents an eco-friendly and highly effective approach in real water treatment. Here, ultrasound assisted adsorption approach was employed for the remediation of three dyes including methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and congo red (CR) from real water samples using zirconium(IV)-based adsorbent (UiO-66-NH2). The adsorbent was characterized for structural, elemental, thermal and morphological features through XRD, XPS, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, BET , and Raman spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity of adsorbent to uptake the pollutants in aqueous solutions was investigated under different experimental conditions such as amount of UiO-66-NH2 at various contact durations, temperatures, pH levels, and initial dye loading amounts. The maximum removal of dyes under optimal conditions was found to be 938, 587, and 623 mg g-1 towardMB, MG, and CR, respectively. The adsorption of the studied dyes on the adsorbent surface was found to be a monolayer and endothermic process. The probable mechanism for the adsorption was chemisorption and follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. From the findings of regeneration studies, it was deduced that the adsorbent can be effectively used for three consecutive cycles without any momentous loss in its adsorption efficacy. Furthermore, UiO-66-NH2 with ultrasound-assisted adsorption might help to safeguard the environment and to develop new strategies for sustainability of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Assafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Youssef Aoulad El Hadj Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Rasmiah S. Almufarij
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamia Hejji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, University of Jaén, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Cinturón Sur s/n, 23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain
| | - Nadeem Raza
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luis Pérez Villarejo
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School of Linares, University of Jaén, Campus Científico-Tecnológico, Cinturón Sur s/n, 23700, Linares, Jaén, Spain
| | - Badredine Souhail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Abdelmonaim Azzouz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Abdelmalek Essaadi, B.P. 2121, M'Hannech II, 93002, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Ehab A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
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Kotwal P, Jasrotia R, Prakash J, Ahmed J, Verma A, Verma R, Kandwal A, Godara SK, Kumari S, Maji PK, Fazil M, Ahmad T, Tamboli MS, Sharma N, Kumar R. Magnetically recoverable sol-gel auto-combustion developed Ni 1-xCu xDy yFe 2-yO 4 magnetic nanoparticles for photocatalytic, electrocatalytic, and antibacterial applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116103. [PMID: 37178745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper and dysprosium doped NiFe2O4 magnetic nanomaterials, Ni1-xCuxDyyFe2-yO4 (x = y = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03), was prepared by utilizing sol-gel auto-combustion approach to inspect the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) pollutant and also, to perform the electrocatalytic water splitting and antibacterial studies. The XRD analysis reveal the growth of a single-phase spinel cubic structure for produced nanomaterials. The magnetic traits show an increasing trend in saturation magnetization (Ms) from 40.71 to 47.90 emu/g along with a decreasing behaviour of coercivity from 158.09 to 142.31 Oe at lower and higher Cu and Dy doping content (x = 0.0-0.01). The study of optical band gap values of copper and dysprosium-doped nickel nanomaterials decreased from 1.71 to 1.52 eV. This will increase the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue pollutant from 88.57% to 93.67% under natural sunlight, respectively. These findings clearly show that under natural sunlight irradiation for 60 min, the produced N4 photocatalyst displays the greatest photocatalytic activity with a maximum removal percentage of 93.67%. The electrocatalytic characteristics of produced magnetic nanomaterials for both HER and OER were examined with a Calomel electrode taking as a reference in a 0.5 N H2SO4 and 0.1 N KOH electrolyte. The N4 electrode demonstrated considerable 10 and 0.024 mA/cm2 of current density, with onset potentials of 0.99 and 1.5 V for HER and OER and also, have tafel slopes of 58.04 and 295 mV/dec, respectively. The antibacterial activity for produced magnetic nanomaterials was examined against various bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa) in which N3 sample produced significant inhibition zone against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) but no zone of inhibition against gram-negative bacteria (S. typhi and P. aeruginosa). With all these superior traits, the produced magnetic nanomaterials are highly valuable for the wastewater remediation, hydrogen evolution, and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinki Kotwal
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Rohit Jasrotia
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India; Himalayan Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India.
| | - Jyoti Prakash
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Jahangeer Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ankit Verma
- Faculty of Science and Technology, ICFAI University, Baddi, H.P., India
| | - Ritesh Verma
- Department of Physics, Amity University, Haryana, 122413, Gurugram, India
| | - Abhishek Kandwal
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Sachin Kumar Godara
- Department of Apparel and Textile Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, H.P., India
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Dept. of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 247001, India
| | - Mohd Fazil
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Tokeer Ahmad
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mohaseen S Tamboli
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 200 Hyeokshin-ro, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58330, Republic of Korea
| | - Naresh Sharma
- Govt. Degree College for Women, Kathua, J & K, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Sardar Patel University, Mandi, HP, 175001, India.
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El-Khawaga AM, Elsayed MA, Fahim YA, Shalaby RE. Promising photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of novel capsaicin coated cobalt ferrite nanocatalyst. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5353. [PMID: 37005443 PMCID: PMC10067836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were prepared by the co-precipitation method then surface modified with Capsaicin (Capsicum annuum ssp.). The virgin CoFe2O4 NPs and Capsaicin-coated CoFe2O4 NPs (CPCF NPs) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The antimicrobial potential and photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of the prepared samples via Fuchsine basic (FB) were investigated. The results revealed that CoFe2O4 NPs have spherical shapes and their diameter varied from 18.0 to 30.0 nm with an average particle size of 25.0 nm. Antimicrobial activity was tested on Gram-positive (S. aureusATCC 52923) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 52922) by disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to determine the zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively. UV-assisted photocatalytic degradation of FB was examined. Various parameters affecting the photocatalytic efficiency such as pH, initial concentration of FB, and dose of nanocatalyst were studied. The in-vitro ZOI and MIC results verified that CPCF NPs were more active upon Gram-Positive S. aureus ATCC 52923 (23.0 mm ZOI and 0.625 μg/ml MIC) than Gram-Negative E. coli ATCC 52922 (17.0 mm ZOI and 1.250 μg/ml MIC). Results obtained from the photocatalytic activity indicated that the maximum FB removal achieving 94.6% in equilibrium was observed using 20.0 mg of CPCF NPS at pH 9.0. The synthesized CPCF NPs were effective in the removal of FB and also as potent antimicrobial agent against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with potential medical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M El-Khawaga
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, 43511, Suez, Egypt.
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC), Egyptian Armed Forces, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Elsayed
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College (MTC), Egyptian Armed Forces, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yosri A Fahim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, 43511, Suez, Egypt
| | - Rasha E Shalaby
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Galala University, Galala City, 43511, Suez, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Multipollutant Abatement through Visible Photocatalytic System. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Water pollution damages the aquatic environment due to the presence of organic contaminants, which in turn is distressing to the ecosystem. Photocatalytic activity is a greener and promising method to degrade these organic contaminants. In this research, we present the degradation of diverse water pollutants through zinc/iron oxide nanoparticles serving as photocatalysts. The photocatalyst was studied for its efficiency to photodegrade congo red, brilliant green and para nitro phenol. Moreover, it also presented an antibacterial activity against the bacterium E. coli. Photocatalyst was characterized via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Tauc plot was used to measure the optical band gap (1.84 eV). The effect of various parameters such as catalyst dose, contact time, dye dose/concentration and pH were also investigated to determine the optimum point of maximum degradation through response surface methodology. A face-centered composite design was used, and a quadratic model was followed by congo red, brilliant green dyes and para nitrophenol. The maximum photodegradation efficiencies were 99%, 94.3%, and 78.5% for congo red, brilliant green and phenol, respectively. Quantum yield for congo red, brilliant green and para-nitrophenol were 9.62 × 10−8, 1.17 × 10−7 and 4.11 × 10−7 molecules/photons, while the reaction rates were 27.1 µmolg−1h−1, 29.61 µmolg−1h−1 and 231 µmolg−1h−1, respectively.
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Abdel Maksoud MIA, Fahim RA, Bedir AG, Osman AI, Abouelela MM, El-Sayyad GS, Elkodous MA, Mahmoud AS, Rabee MM, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Rooney DW. Engineered magnetic oxides nanoparticles as efficient sorbents for wastewater remediation: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:519-562. [DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01351-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe rapid urbanization and industrialization is causing worldwide water pollution, calling for advanced cleaning methods. For instance, pollutant adsorption on magnetic oxides is efficient and very practical due to the easy separation from solutions by an magnetic field. Here we review the synthesis and performance of magnetic oxides such as iron oxides, spinel ferrites, and perovskite oxides for water remediation. We present structural, optical, and magnetic properties. Magnetic oxides are also promising photocatalysts for the degradation of organic pollutants. Antimicrobial activities and adsorption of heavy metals and radionucleides are also discussed.
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Amino acid-assisted ferrite/MOF composite formation for visible-light induced photocatalytic cascade C=C aerobic oxidative cleavage functionalization. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Swathi S, Yuvakkumar R, Kumar PS, Ravi G, Velauthapillai D. Annealing temperature effect on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130903. [PMID: 34044303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, cobalt ferrite nanomaterials was prepared employing simple co-precipitation technique and annealed at 300, 400 and 600 °C. XRD study revealed the formation of cubic structure of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles and confirmed by high intense peak at 2θ value of 35.3°. The creation of ferrite phase was further confirmed by the studies such as FTIR, Raman and PL spectra. FTIR spectra confirmed the occurrence of Fe-O and Co-O metal oxygen vibrations and the lattice defects and oxygen vacancies of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were explored by PL spectra. No other signals were detected in Raman spectra, which explored pure spinal ferrites. The energy band gap values are obtained by using Tauc plot and the obtained band gap values for all the cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were 2.84, 2.75 and 2.89 eV respectively. The morphology of synthesized cobalt ferrite nanomaterials were observed from the SEM and TEM images. The product annealed at 400 °C showed the better morphology with least amount of agglomeration in comparison to other SEM images. In addition, SAED pattern of magnetic nanoparticles confirmed the existence of polycrystalline nature of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. The obtained surface area of CF2 sample was 5.082 m2 g-1 and pore volume and diameter of CF2 sample was found to be 0.013 cc/g and 3.937 nm respectively. Then, the product annealed at 400 °C exhibited most excellent activity and degraded 74% of cationic dye in 80 min, and it also exhibited excellent stability even maintain in three cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Swathi
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Yuvakkumar
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India.
| | - G Ravi
- Department of Physics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, 5063, Norway
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He X, Kai T, Ding P. Heterojunction photocatalysts for degradation of the tetracycline antibiotic: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:4563-4601. [PMID: 34483792 PMCID: PMC8403697 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic pollution is a major health issue inducing antibiotic resistance and the inefficiency of actual drugs, thus calling for improved methods to clean water and wastewater. Here we review the recent development of heterojunction photocatalysis and application in degrading tetracycline. We discuss mechanisms for separating photogenerated electron-hole pairs in different heterojunction systems such as traditional, p-n, direct Z-scheme, step-scheme, Schottky, and surface heterojunction. Degradation pathways of tetracycline during photocatalysis are presented. We compare the efficiency of tetracycline removal by various heterojunctions using quantum efficiency, space time yield, and figures of merit. Implications for the treatment of antibiotic-contaminated wastewater are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghou He
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
| | - Ping Ding
- Central South University Xiangya School of Public Health, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Changsha, 410078 Hunan China
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