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Yang J, Li Z, Xu Q, Liu W, Gao S, Qin P, Chen Z, Wang A. Towards carbon neutrality: Sustainable recycling and upcycling strategies and mechanisms for polyethylene terephthalate via biotic/abiotic pathways. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:117-130. [PMID: 38638172 PMCID: PMC11021832 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), one of the most ubiquitous engineering plastics, presents both environmental challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality and a circular economy. This review comprehensively addressed the latest developments in biotic and abiotic approaches for PET recycling/upcycling. Biotically, microbial depolymerization of PET, along with the biosynthesis of reclaimed monomers [terephthalic acid (TPA), ethylene glycol (EG)] to value-added products, presents an alternative for managing PET waste and enables CO2 reduction. Abiotically, thermal treatments (i.e., hydrolysis, glycolysis, methanolysis, etc.) and photo/electrocatalysis, enabled by catalysis advances, can depolymerize or convert PET/PET monomers in a more flexible, simple, fast, and controllable manner. Tandem abiotic/biotic catalysis offers great potential for PET upcycling to generate commodity chemicals and alternative materials, ideally at lower energy inputs, greenhouse gas emissions, and costs, compared to virgin polymer fabrication. Remarkably, over 25 types of upgraded PET products (e.g., adipic acid, muconic acid, catechol, vanillin, and glycolic acid, etc.) have been identified, underscoring the potential of PET upcycling in diverse applications. Efforts can be made to develop chemo-catalytic depolymerization of PET, improve microbial depolymerization of PET (e.g., hydrolysis efficiency, enzymatic activity, thermal and pH level stability, etc.), as well as identify new microorganisms or hydrolases capable of degrading PET through computational and machine learning algorithms. Consequently, this review provides a roadmap for advancing PET recycling and upcycling technologies, which hold the potential to shape the future of PET waste management and contribute to the preservation of our ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qiongying Xu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenzong Liu
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuhong Gao
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenglin Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Luo X, Li Q. Insights into the hydrolysis/alcoholysis/ammonolysis mechanisms of ethylene naphthalate dimer using density functional theory (DFT) method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123965. [PMID: 38614426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Hydrolysis, alcoholysis and ammonolysis are viable routes for the efficient degradation and recycling of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) plastic waste. Various possible hydrolysis/alcoholysis/ammonolysis reaction pathways for the degradation mechanism of the ethylene naphthalate dimer were investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) B3P86/6-31++G(d,p). To determine the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, geometric structure optimization and frequency calculation were performed on a range of intermediates, transition states, and products associated with the reaction. The calculation results show that the highest energy barrier of the main element reaction step in hydrolysis is about 169.0 kJ/mol, the lowest is about 151.0 kJ/mol for ammonolysis, and the second is about 155.0 kJ/mol for alcoholysis. The main hydrolysis products of the ethylene naphthalate dimer are 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol; the main products of alcoholysis are dimethyl naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate and ethylene glycol, and the main products of ammonolysis are naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxamide and ethylene glycol. Furthermore, in the process of ethylene naphthalate dimer hydrolysis/alcoholysis/ammonolysis, the decomposition reaction in the NH3 atmosphere is better than that in methanol, and the reaction in CH3OH is better than that in the H2O molecular environment, and the increase in reaction temperature can increase its spontaneity. Our study presents the molecular mechanism of PEN hydrolysis/alcoholysis/ammonolysis and provides a reference for studying the degradation of other plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Galstyan V, D'Angelo P, Tarabella G, Vurro D, Djenizian T. High versatility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste for the development of batteries, biosensing and gas sensing devices. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142314. [PMID: 38735489 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Continuously growing adoption of electronic devices in energy storage, human health and environmental monitoring systems increases demand for cost-effective, lightweight, comfortable, and highly efficient functional structures. In this regard, the recycling and reuse of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste in the aforementioned fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance is an effective solution to reduce plastic waste. Herein, we review recent advances in synthesis procedures and research studies on the integration of PET into energy storage (Li-ion batteries) and the detection of gaseous and biological species. The operating principles of such systems are described and the role of recycled PET for various types of architectures is discussed. Modifying the composition, crystallinity, surface porosity, and polar surface functional groups of PET are important factors for tuning its features as the active or substrate material in biological and gas sensors. The findings indicate that conceptually new pathways to the study are opened up for the effective application of recycled PET in the design of Li-ion batteries, as well as biochemical and catalytic detection systems. The current challenges in these fields are also presented with perspectives on the opportunities that may enable a circular economy in PET use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardan Galstyan
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy; Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Vivarelli 10, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Pasquale D'Angelo
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tarabella
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Davide Vurro
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Magnetism, National Research Council (IMEM-CNR), Parco Area delle Scienze, 37/A, 43124, Parma, (PR), Italy
| | - Thierry Djenizian
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Center of Microelectronics in Provence, Department of Flexible Electronics, F-13541, Gardanne, France; Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Center of Physical-Chemical Methods of Research and Analysis, Tole bi str., 96A, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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4
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Vicuña L, Jaramillo-Fierro X, Cuenca PE, Godoy-Paucar B, Inga-Lafebre JD, Chavez Torres JL, García JF, Guaya D, Febres JD. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Geogrids Manufactured from Recycled Plastics for Slope Stabilization-A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1151. [PMID: 38675071 PMCID: PMC11053962 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the sustainable use of recycled plastics, specifically polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), in the manufacture of geogrids for geotechnical and civil engineering applications. Plastics were collected from a recycling center, specifically targeting containers used for food, cleaning products, and other domestic packaging items. These plastics were sorted according to the Möbius triangle classification system, with HDPE (#2) and PP (#5) being the primary categories of interest. The research methodologically evaluates the mechanical properties of PP/HDPE (0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0% w/w) composites through tensile and flexural tests, exploring various compositions and configurations of geogrids. The results highlight the superiority of pure recycled HDPE processed into 1.3 mm thick laminated yarns and hot air welded for 20 to 30 s, exhibiting a deformation exceeding 60% in comparison to the PP/HDPE composites. Through SolidWorks® Simulation, it was shown that the adoption of a trigonal geogrid geometry optimizes force distribution and tensile strength, significantly improving slope stabilization efficiency. Based on the results obtained, a laboratory-scale prototype geogrid was developed using an extrusion process. The results underscore the importance of careful composite design and yarn configuration selection to achieve the desired mechanical properties and performance in geogrid applications. It emphasizes the potential of recycled plastics as a viable and environmentally friendly solution for stabilizing slopes, contributing to the reduction in plastic waste and promoting sustainable construction practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin Vicuña
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.V.); (P.E.C.); (J.D.I.-L.); (J.D.F.)
| | - Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.F.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Paúl Eduardo Cuenca
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.V.); (P.E.C.); (J.D.I.-L.); (J.D.F.)
| | - Brenda Godoy-Paucar
- Carrera de Ingeniería Industrial, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Jorge Daniel Inga-Lafebre
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.V.); (P.E.C.); (J.D.I.-L.); (J.D.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Chavez Torres
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingenierías y Arquitectura, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Juan Fernando García
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.F.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Diana Guaya
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.F.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Juan Diego Febres
- Departamento de Producción, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (L.V.); (P.E.C.); (J.D.I.-L.); (J.D.F.)
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Zhang R, Zheng X, Cheng X, Xu J, Li Y, Zhou Q, Xin J, Yan D, Lu X. Degradation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Catalyzed by Nonmetallic Dibasic Ionic Liquids under UV Radiation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1583. [PMID: 38612097 PMCID: PMC11012343 DOI: 10.3390/ma17071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Nonmetallic ionic liquids (ILs) exhibit unique advantages in catalyzing poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) glycolysis, but usually require longer reaction times. We found that exposure to UV radiation can accelerate the glycolysis reaction and significantly reduce the reaction time. In this work, we synthesized five nonmetallic dibasic ILs, and their glycolysis catalytic activity was investigated. 1,8-diazabicyclo [5,4,0] undec-7-ene imidazole ([HDBU]Im) exhibited better catalytic performance. Meanwhile, UV radiation is used as a reinforcement method to improve the PET glycolysis efficiency. Under optimal conditions (5 g PET, 20 g ethylene glycol (EG), 0.25 g [HDBU]Im, 10,000 µW·cm-2 UV radiation reacted for 90 min at 185 °C), the PET conversion and BHET yield were 100% and 88.9%, respectively. Based on the UV-visible spectrum, it was found that UV radiation can activate the C=O in PET. Hence, the incorporation of UV radiation can considerably diminish the activation energy of the reaction, shortening the reaction time of PET degradation. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism of [HDBU]Im-catalyzed PET glycolysis under UV radiation was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiujie Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junli Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongxia Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingmei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (R.Z.); (J.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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6
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Lou X, Liu F, Li Q, Chu M, Wang G, Chen J, Cao M. Advances in solar-driven, electro/photoelectrochemical, and microwave-assisted upcycling of waste polyesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2828-2838. [PMID: 38362916 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Plastic waste in the environment causes significant environmental pollution. The potential of using chemical methods for upcycling plastic waste offers a dual solution to ensure resource sustainability and environmental restoration. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest technologies driven by solar-driven, electro/photoelectrochemical-catalytic, and microwave-assisted methods for the conversion of plastics into various valuable chemicals. It emphasizes selective conversion during the plastic transformation process, elucidates reaction pathways, and optimizes product selectivity. Finally, the article offers insights into the future developments of chemical upcycling of polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fangyue Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingye Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mingyu Chu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Muhan Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Kumar V, Sharma N, Umesh M, Sharma R, Sharma M, Sharma D, Sharma M, Sondhi S, Thomas J, Kumar D, Kansal L, Jha NK. Commercialization potential of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) recycled nanomaterials: A review on validation parameters. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141453. [PMID: 38364916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) is a polymer which is considered as one of the major contaminants to the environment. The PET waste materials can be recycled to produce value-added products. PET can be converted to nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanocomposites, and nano coatings. To extend the applications of PET nanomaterials, understanding its commercialization potential is important. In addition, knowledge about the factors affecting recycling of PET based nanomaterials is essential. The presented review is focused on understanding the PET commercialization aspects, keeping in mind market analysis, growth drivers, regulatory affairs, safety considerations, issues associated with scale-up, manufacturing challenges, economic viability, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, the paper elaborates the challenges associated with the use of PET based nanomaterials. These challenges include PET contamination to water, soil, sediments, and human exposure to PET nanomaterials. Moreover, the paper discusses in detail about the factors affecting PET recycling, commercialization, and circular economy with specific emphasis on life cycle assessment (LCA) of PET recycled nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Bioconversion and Tissue Engineering (BITE) Laboratory, Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam, 602105, India
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Thandalam, 602105, India
| | - Mridul Umesh
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
| | - Roopali Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Munish Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur Campus, 176206, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh College of Technology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Landran, Mohali, 140307, Punjab, India
| | - Munish Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Shahpur Campus, 176206, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sonica Sondhi
- Haryana State Pollution Control Board, C-11, Panchkula, Haryana, India
| | - Jithin Thomas
- Department of Biotechnology, Mar Athanasius College, Kerala, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology-UIBT, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
| | - Lavish Kansal
- School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Centre for Research Impact and Outcomes, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India
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8
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Jiang M, Wang X, Xi W, Yang P, Zhou H, Duan J, Ratova M, Wu D. Chemical catalytic upgrading of polyethylene terephthalate plastic waste into value-added materials, fuels and chemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169342. [PMID: 38123093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The substantial production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) products, coupled with high abandonment rates, results in significant environmental pollution and resource wastage. This has prompted global attention to the development of rational strategies for PET waste treatment. In the context of renewability and sustainability, catalytic chemical technology provides an effective means to recycle and upcycle PET waste into valuable resources. In this review, we initially provide an overview of strategies employed in the thermocatalytic process to recycle PET waste into valuable carbon materials, fuels and typical refined chemicals. The effect of catalysts on the quality and quantity of specific products is highlighted. Next, we introduce the development of renewable-energy-driven electrocatalytic and photocatalytic systems for sustainable PET waste upcycling, focusing on rational catalysts, innovative catalytic system design, and corresponding underlying catalytic mechanisms. Moreover, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of three chemical catalytic strategies. Finally, existing limitations and outlook toward controllable selectivity and yield enhancement of value-added products and PET upvaluing technology for scale-up applications are proposed. This review aims to inspire the exploration of waste-to-treasure technologies for renewable-energy-driven waste management toward a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wanlong Xi
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hexin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Junyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China
| | - Marina Ratova
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and New Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, PR China.
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9
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Viora L, Combeau M, Pucci MF, Perrin D, Liotier PJ, Bouvard JL, Combeaud C. A Comparative Study on Crystallisation for Virgin and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): Multiscale Effects on Physico-Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4613. [PMID: 38232036 PMCID: PMC10708313 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most used polymers for packaging applications. Modifications induced by service conditions and the means to make this matter circular have to be understood to really close the loop (from bottle to bottle for example). Physico-chemical properties, crystalline organisation, and mechanical behaviour of virgin PET (vPET) are compared with those of recycled PET (rPET). Using different combined experimental methods (Calorimetry, Small Angle X-ray Scattering [SAXS], Atomic Force Microscopy [AFM], Dynamic Mechanical Analysis [DMA], and uniaxial tensile test), it has been proven that even if there is no change in the crystallinity of PET, the crystallisation process shows some differences (size and number of spherulites). The potential impact of these differences on local mechanical characterisation is explored and tends to demonstrate the development of a homogeneous microstructure, leading to well-controlled and relevant local mechanical property characterisation. The main contribution of the present study is a better understanding of crystallisation of PET and recycled PET during forming processes such as thermoforming or Injection Stretch Blow Moulding (ISBM), during which elongation at the point of breaking can depend on the microstructure conditioned by the crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurianne Viora
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Marie Combeau
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Didier Perrin
- PCH, IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (M.C.); (P.-J.L.)
| | | | - Jean-Luc Bouvard
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Christelle Combeaud
- Mines Paris, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), PSL University, UMR CNRS 7635, 1 rue Claude Daunesse, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France; (L.V.); (J.-L.B.); (C.C.)
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10
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Enayati M, Mohammadi S, Bouldo MG. Sustainable PET Waste Recycling: Labels from PET Water Bottles Used as a Catalyst for the Chemical Recycling of the Same Bottles. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:16618-16626. [PMID: 38028403 PMCID: PMC10664144 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We report using a waste material, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) water bottle labels, for the chemical recycling of the same PET water bottles. The solid fillers used for the manufacturing of the packaging labels were recovered by thermolysis in an electrical furnace at 600, 800, and 1000 °C with 13.5, 12.0, and 10.4 wt % recovery. Characterization of the solid residue showed the presence of calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, and titanium dioxide, which are typical fillers used for packaging film manufacturing, such as water bottle labels. These solid residues were then used as a catalyst for PET depolymerization by glycolysis, in which the catalyst recovered from bottle labels and shredded PET reacted in the presence of excess ethylene glycol at 200 °C. The reaction mixtures were analyzed for PET conversion and the yield of the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET) monomer as the final product of the glycolysis reaction to determine the efficiency of the catalyst. Our results show that the catalyst prepared at 800 °C (Cat-800) has the best performance and provides a 100% PET conversion with a 95.8% BHET yield with a 1.0 wt % loading in 1.5 h. The catalyst from the PET water bottle labels is nontoxic, readily available, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and can be used as a model for the self-sufficient chemical recycling of PET via glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Enayati
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
| | - Somayeh Mohammadi
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
| | - Martin G. Bouldo
- Center for Materials and
Manufacturing Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, Alabama 36082, United States
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11
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Graf von Westarp W, Wiesenthal J, Spöring JD, Mengers HG, Kasterke M, Koß HJ, Blank LM, Rother D, Klankermayer J, Jupke A. Interdisciplinary development of an overall process concept from glucose to 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane via 2,3-butanediol. Commun Chem 2023; 6:253. [PMID: 37974008 PMCID: PMC10654704 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, carbon-neutral fuels have recently gained renewed attention. Here we show the development and evaluation of process routes for the production of such a fuel, the cyclic acetal 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, from glucose via 2,3-butanediol. The selected process routes are based on the sequential use of microbes, enzymes and chemo-catalysts in order to exploit the full potential of the different catalyst systems through a tailor-made combination. The catalysts (microbes, enzymes, chemo-catalysts) and the reaction medium selected for each conversion step are key factors in the development of the respective production methods. The production of the intermediate 2,3-butanediol by combined microbial and enzyme catalysis is compared to the conventional microbial route from glucose in terms of specific energy demand and overall yield, with the conventional route remaining more efficient. In order to be competitive with current 2,3-butanediol production, the key performance indicator, enzyme stability to high aldehyde concentrations, needs to be increased. The target value for the enzyme stability is an acetaldehyde concentration of 600 mM, which is higher than the current maximum concentration (200 mM) by a factor of three.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Graf von Westarp
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Wiesenthal
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dirk Spöring
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences Plant Sciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik G Mengers
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marvin Kasterke
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics (LTT), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Koß
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics (LTT), RWTH Aachen University, Schinkelstraße 8, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dörte Rother
- Institute for Bio- and Geosciences Plant Sciences (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klankermayer
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Jupke
- Fluid Process Engineering (AVT.FVT), RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Xu X, Li J, Dymerska A, Koh JJ, Min J, Liu S, Azadmanjiri J, Mijowska E. MIL-53(Al) assisted in upcycling plastic bottle waste into nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitors. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139865. [PMID: 37598943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Disposable aluminum cans and plastic bottles are common wastes found in modern societies. This article shows that they can be upcycled into functional materials, such as metal-organic frameworks and hierarchical porous carbon nanomaterials for high-value applications. Through a solvothermal method, used poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles and aluminum cans are converted into MIL-53(Al). Subsequently, the as-prepared MIL-53(Al) can be further carbonized into a nitrogen-doped (4.52 at%) hierarchical porous carbon framework. With an optical amount of urea present during the carbonization process, the carbon nanomaterial of a high specific surface area of 1324 m2 g-1 with well-defined porosity can be achieved. These features allow the nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon to perform impressively as the working electrode of supercapacitors, delivering a high specific capacitance of 355 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 in a three-electrode cell and exhibiting a high energy density of 20.1 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 225 W kg-1, while simultaneously maintaining 88.2% capacitance retention over 10,000 cycles in two-electrode system. This work demonstrates the possibility of upcycling wastes to obtain carbon-based high-performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland; Chongqing Shuoyingfeng New Energy Technology Co, No. 5 Gangqiao Branch Road, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, 400026, China.
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Dymerska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Justin Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jiakang Min
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore; United Microelectronics Center (CUMEC), No. 20 Xiyuan South Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401332, China; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Jalal Azadmanjiri
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland
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13
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Krainara S, Mistry AN, Malee C, Chavananikul C, Pinyakong O, Assavalapsakul W, Jitpraphai SM, Kachenchart B, Luepromchai E. Development of a plastic waste treatment process by combining deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment and bioaugmentation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132507. [PMID: 37699265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a petroleum-based plastic, and polylactic acid (PLA), a biobased plastic, have a similar visual appearance thus they usually end up in municipal waste treatment facilities. The objective of this project was to develop an effective PET and PLA waste treatment process that involves pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent (DES) followed by biodegradation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium in a composting system. The DES used was a mixture of choline chloride and glycerol, while the bacterial strains (Chitinophaga jiangningensis EA02, Nocardioides zeae EA12, Stenotrophomonas pavanii EA33, Gordonia desulfuricans EA63, Achromobacter xylosoxidans A9 and Mycolicibacterium parafortuitum J101) used to prepare the bacterial consortium were selected based on their ability to biodegrade PET, PLA, and plasticizer. The plastic samples (a PET bottle, PLA cup, and PLA film) were pretreated with DES through a dip-coating method. The DES-coated plastic samples exhibited higher surface wettability and biofilm formation, indicating that DES increases the hydrophilicity of the plastic and facilitates bacterial attachment to the plastic surface. The combined action of DES pretreatment and bioaugmentation with a plastic-degrading bacterial consortium led to improved degradation of PET and PLA samples in various environments, including aqueous media at ambient temperature, lab-scale traditional composting, and pilot-scale composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaluk Krainara
- Department of Environmental Health and Technology, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Avnish Nitin Mistry
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chawanan Malee
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chutima Chavananikul
- International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (IP-HSM), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onruthai Pinyakong
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somrudee Meprasert Jitpraphai
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonlue Kachenchart
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ekawan Luepromchai
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Marine Pollution Treatment (MiTMaPT), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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14
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Bao T, Qian Y, Xin Y, Collins JJ, Lu T. Engineering microbial division of labor for plastic upcycling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5712. [PMID: 37752119 PMCID: PMC10522701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is rapidly increasing worldwide, causing adverse impacts on the environment, wildlife and human health. One tempting solution to this crisis is upcycling plastics into products with engineered microorganisms; however, this remains challenging due to complexity in conversion. Here we present a synthetic microbial consortium that efficiently degrades polyethylene terephthalate hydrolysate and subsequently produces desired chemicals through division of labor. The consortium involves two Pseudomonas putida strains, specializing in terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol utilization respectively, to achieve complete substrate assimilation. Compared with its monoculture counterpart, the consortium exhibits reduced catabolic crosstalk and faster deconstruction, particularly when substrate concentrations are high or crude hydrolysate is used. It also outperforms monoculture when polyhydroxyalkanoates serves as a target product and confers flexible tuning through population modulation for cis-cis muconate synthesis. This work demonstrates engineered consortia as a promising, effective platform that may facilitate polymer upcycling and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuanchao Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yongping Xin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - James J Collins
- Department of Biological Engineering and Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Longwood, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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15
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Rashwan O, Koroneos Z, Townsend TG, Caputo MP, Bylone RJ, Wodrig B, Cantor K. Extrusion and characterization of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) filaments compounded with chain extender and impact modifiers for material-extrusion additive manufacturing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16041. [PMID: 37749175 PMCID: PMC10519981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous growth of annual production and consumption of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is coined with increasing waste that leaks into the environment, landfills and oceans as microplastics and nano plastics fragments. Upcycling the recycled PET to make a feedstock for the fast-growing material-extrusion additive manufacturing (MEX-AM) technology can contribute to the solution and supports the concept of sustainable materials. In this work, extrudable filaments comprising recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) with low-cost additives, such as pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) as a chain extender, styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene terpolymer functionalized with maleic anhydride (SEBS-g-MA), a thermal modifier and toughening agent, ethylene-ethyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (E-EA-GMA), a functional reactive elastomeric impact modifier and ethylene-ethyl-acrylate (EEA), a non-reactive elastomeric impact modifier, have been fabricated using the twin-screw extruder. The optimum extrusion process parameters for producing uniform filaments of different rPET compounded formulations have been identified, this includes the extrusion die temperature of 280 °C and the screw speed of 150 ± 3 rpm. The compounded filaments are then printed into standard ASTM test specimens for thermal characterization and mechanical characterization, including glass transition and melting temperatures, crystallinity and crystallization temperature, tensile strength, tensile modulus, ductility, flexural strength, and Izod impact energy. Furthermore, the melt flow index for the filaments was measured. More significantly, the experimental data showed that compounding rPET with such additives in the reactive twin-screw extrusion process results in uniform filaments that display advantageous thermal and mechanical properties and can be used as a feedstock in the MEX-AM technology. This study suggests that compounding the recycled PET pellets with low-cost additives while extruding them into filaments for MEX-AM offers excellent potential to make high-value-added customized products from a sustainable polymer feedstock, such as prototyping, tooling, testing components or end-use internal components for small machines and cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Rashwan
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA.
| | - Zachary Koroneos
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Trent G Townsend
- Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Matthew P Caputo
- Pennsylvania State University -Shenango, 147 Shenango Avenue, Sharon, PA, 16146, USA
| | - Robert J Bylone
- Recycling Markets Center, Pennsylvania State University - Harrisburg, 777 W Harrisburg Pike, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
| | - Brennan Wodrig
- Plastics Innovation and Resource Center, Pennsylvania College of Technology, One College Avenue, Williamsport, PA, 17701, USA
| | - Kirk Cantor
- Plastics Innovation and Resource Center, Pennsylvania College of Technology, One College Avenue, Williamsport, PA, 17701, USA
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16
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Zhou Y, Zhu B, Yang T, Liu Y, Zhang KQ, Liu J. Hollow polyester/kapok/hollow polyester fiber-based needle punched nonwoven composite materials for rapid and efficient oil sorption. RSC Adv 2023; 13:27077-27087. [PMID: 37701279 PMCID: PMC10493646 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays oil pollution poses a serious threat to the environment and people's daily life. As reusable and environmentally friendly materials, fiber-based oil sorption materials can effectively alleviate this phenomenon. However, maintaining a high sorption rate along with improved mechanical properties remains a challenge for oil sorption materials. Herein, we report a novel hollow PET/kapok/hollow PET nonwoven with high porosity and oil retention, outstanding cyclic oil sorption rate and improved mechanical performance using kapok as the oil preserver and hollow PET as the conductor and structure enhancer. Benefiting from the three-layer composite structure fabricated by carding and needle punching reinforcement, the resulting oil sorption materials, with kapok proportion more than or equal to 60%, exhibited high oil sorption rate and oil sorption speed. The materials of 20HP/60K/20HP component content present a high initial oil sorption rate of 28.22 g g-1, a maximum oil sorption rate of 31.17 g g-1 and a sorption rate constant of the Quasi second-order kinetic equation of 0.067 in plant oil. On the other hand, when the proportion of kapok fiber in the material was below 60%, due to the introduction of hollow PET, the mechanical properties were significantly boosted, and its oil retention and reusability were distinguished, with a reuse rate stabilizing at a relatively high level (>93%) in plant oil after undergoing three oil sorption cycles. The successful fabrication of hollow PET/kapok/hollow PET nonwovens could provide a new approach for the design and development of oil sorption materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Zhou
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Borong Zhu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Ke-Qin Zhang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Jinxin Liu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- China National Textile and Apparel Council Key Laboratory for Silk Functional Materials and Technology, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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17
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Arcanjo AP, Liborio DO, Arias S, Carvalho FR, Silva JP, Ribeiro BD, Dias ML, Castro AM, Fréty R, Barbosa CMBM, Pacheco JGA. Chemical Recycling of PET Using Catalysts from Layered Double Hydroxides: Effect of Synthesis Method and Mg-Fe Biocompatible Metals. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3274. [PMID: 37571167 PMCID: PMC10422272 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) residues was performed via glycolysis with ethylene glycol (EG) over Mg-Fe and Mg-Al oxide catalysts derived from layered double hydroxides. Catalysts prepared using the high supersaturation method (h.s.c.) presented a higher surface area and larger particles, but this represented less PET conversion than those prepared by the low supersaturation method (l.s.c.). This difference was attributed to the smaller mass transfer limitations inside the (l.s.c.) catalysts. An artificial neural network model well fitted the PET conversion and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) yield. The influence of Fe in place of Al resulted in a higher PET conversion of the Mg-Fe-h.s.c. catalyst (~95.8%) than of Mg-Al-h.s.c. (~63%). Mg-Fe catalysts could be reused four to five times with final conversions of up to 97% with reaction conditions of EG: PET = 5:1 and catalyst: PET = 0.5%. These results confirm the Mg-Fe oxides as a biocompatible novel catalyst for the chemical recycling of PET residues to obtain non-toxic BHET for further polymerization, and use in food and beverage packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. Arcanjo
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
| | - Denisson O. Liborio
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
| | - Santiago Arias
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
| | - Florival R. Carvalho
- Fuel Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil
| | - Josivan P. Silva
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
- Engineering and Technology Center, Uninassau University, Paulista 53401-440, PE, Brazil
| | - Bernardo D. Ribeiro
- Biochemical Engineering Department, School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos L. Dias
- Macromolecules Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-598, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline M. Castro
- Research, Development and Innovation Center (Cenpes), Petrobras, Rio de Janeiro 21941-915, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roger Fréty
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
| | - Celmy M. B. M. Barbosa
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
| | - Jose Geraldo A. Pacheco
- Laboratory of Refining and Cleaner Technology (LabRefino-Lateclim), Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute for Petroleum and Energy Research (i-LITPEG), Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-550, PE, Brazil (S.A.)
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18
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Ciobanu RC, Aradoaei M, Caramitu AR, Ion I, Schreiner CM, Tsakiris V, Marinescu V, Hitruc EG, Aflori M. Special Packaging Materials from Recycled PET and Metallic Nano-Powders. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3161. [PMID: 37571055 PMCID: PMC10420901 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The European methodology for plastics, as a feature of the EU's circular economy activity plan, ought to support the decrease in plastic waste. The improvement of recycled plastics' economics and quality is one important part of this action plan. Additionally, achieving the requirement that all plastic packaging sold in the EU by 2030 be recyclable or reusable is an important objective. This means that food packaging materials should be recycled in a closed loop at the end. One of the most significant engineering polymers is polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is widely used. Due to its numerous crucial qualities, it has a wide variety of applications, from packaging to fibers. The thermoplastic polyolefin, primarily polyethylene and polypropylene (PP), is a popular choice utilized globally in a wide range of applications. In the first phase of the current experiment, the materials were obtained by hot pressing with the press machine. The reinforcer is made of Al nanopowder 800 nm and Fe nanopowder 790 nm and the quality of the recycled polymer was examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From DSC variation curves as a function of temperature, the values from the transformation processes (glass transition, crystallization, and melting) are obtained. SEM measurements revealed that the polymer composites with Al have smooth spherical particles while the ones with Fe have bigger rough spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo C. Ciobanu
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Mihaela Aradoaei
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Alina R. Caramitu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (I.I.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Ioana Ion
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (I.I.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristina M. Schreiner
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania; (M.A.); (C.M.S.)
| | - Violeta Tsakiris
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (I.I.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Virgil Marinescu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE—CA, 030138 Bucharest, Romania; (A.R.C.); (I.I.); (V.T.); (V.M.)
| | - Elena Gabriela Hitruc
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Magdalena Aflori
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
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19
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Bottega Pergher B, Girigan N, Vlasblom S, Weinland DH, Wang B, van Putten RJ, Gruter GJM. Reactive phenolic solvents applied to the synthesis of renewable aromatic polyesters with high isosorbide content. Polym Chem 2023; 14:3225-3238. [PMID: 37441225 PMCID: PMC10334470 DOI: 10.1039/d2py01578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
High boiling point phenolic reactive solvents like p-cresol could play a key role in improving the synthesis of aromatic polyesters with a high content of secondary diols such as isosorbide. Previously, our group showed that this method significantly improves the synthesis of poly(isosorbide succinate). In this work, terephthalic acid and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid were used as building blocks for the synthesis of high Tg polyesters with high isosorbide content (>30 mol% of diols) and high molecular weight (Mn > 24 kg mol-1). A number of reactive and non-reactive solvents were tested in this work, and the results clearly point to a significant improvement when using reactive solvents, in terms of molecular weight and polycondensation time, especially for the case of p-cresol. The synthesis method was successfully scaled to 1 kg, showing promise for production at industrial scale. A method to remove these solvents (including end groups) from the polymers, which uses small excesses of isosorbide (1.5-3.0%) in the feed, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bottega Pergher
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Narcisa Girigan
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sietse Vlasblom
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Daniel H Weinland
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bing Wang
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan van Putten
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan M Gruter
- Van't Hoff Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720 1090GS Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Avantium Chemicals BV Zekeringstraat 29 1014BV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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20
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Chan K, Zinchenko A. Templating of catalytic gold and silver nanoparticles by waste plastic PET-derived hydrogel playing a dual role of a reductant and a matrix. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 164:20-28. [PMID: 37185066 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The progressive accumulation of discarded plastic in the environment demands further development of waste management of plastic waste and conversion technologies of such waste to value-added materials. Recently, the conversion of plastic waste to functional materials via chemical recycling has attracted considerable attention. In this report, plastic waste (PET) was utilized for the preparation of a hydrogel-based catalyst via a cross-linking reaction of PET-derived oligo(terephthalamide)s followed by the electroless metallization. The polymeric matrix of PET-derived hydrogel plays multiple roles of (i) an adsorption media for noble metal ions such as Au3+ and Ag+, (ii) a reducing agent of Au3+ and Ag+ ions to Au0 and Ag0, and (iii) a matrix for the controlled growth of Au and Ag nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs). The obtained hybrid hydrogels after metallization contained well-dispersed AuNPs and AgNPs of 6.1 ± 3.7 nm or 6.1 ± 1.4 nm size, respectively. The catalytic activities of the hybrid hydrogels with metal nanoparticles were studied in a model system of p-nitrophenol reduction in an aqueous solution. The hybrid materials of both Au@hydrogel and Ag@hydrogel were catalytically active for the reduction of p-nitrophenol, obeying the first-order kinetics. Importantly, the AuNPs or AgNPs in the hydrogel matrix preserved the original catalytic activity after multiple p-nitrophenol reduction reactions, showing a promising reusability of the catalysts. The proposed here approach aims to broaden the scope of conversion routes of plastic waste to value-added materials as well as to develop new types of polymeric matrices for templating and growth of metal nanoparticles for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayee Chan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Anatoly Zinchenko
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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21
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Efimov MN, Vasilev AA, Muratov DG, Kostev AI, Kolesnikov EA, Kiseleva SG, Karpacheva GP. Conversion of polyethylene terephthalate waste into high-yield porous carbon adsorbent via pyrolysis of dipotassium terephthalate. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 162:113-122. [PMID: 36965449 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A method for conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste into porous carbon material is proposed. The recycling of PET bottle waste includes the stages of low-temperature hydrolysis of the polymer and subsequent pyrolysis at 800 °C. To provide PET hydrolysis at ∼150 °C and atmospheric pressure, the polymer was pre-dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and then an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide was added. The potassium terephthalate formed as a result of the alkaline hydrolysis of PET allows the carbon-containing precursor to be preserved for further activation to temperatures beyond 600 °C. The proposed method leads to the formation of a porous carbon material, increasing the yield of carbon residue to 25 wt%, which is higher compared to the yield of carbon residue in the direct pyrolysis of PET. The obtained porous carbon is characterized by graphite-like structure and specific surface area of ∼1100 m2 g-1. It has been shown that PET-derived carbon material can be used to remove pollutants from aqueous media. The adsorption properties of the carbon material were demonstrated by adsorption of methylene blue from an aqueous solution. The capacity of the carbon material was found to be 443 mg g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Efimov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Vasilev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - D G Muratov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Kostev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Kolesnikov
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Leninskiy Prospekt. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - S G Kiseleva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - G P Karpacheva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, Leninskiy Prospekt 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Lerna M, Foti D, Petrella A, Sabbà MF, Mansour S. Effect of the Chemical and Mechanical Recycling of PET on the Thermal and Mechanical Response of Mortars and Premixed Screeds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3155. [PMID: 37109991 PMCID: PMC10144017 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was used to produce eco-innovative engineering materials with optimized performance, minimizing the environmental impact deriving from plastic consumption activity and limiting the continuous consumption of raw materials. The recycled PET obtained from waste bottles, commonly used to improve the ductility of concrete, has been used with a different weight percentage as plastic aggregate in the replacement of sand in cement mortars and as fibers added to premixed screeds. In detail, the effect of PET treatment (chemical or mechanical) on the thermal performance was evaluated. Non-destructive physical tests were conducted to determine the thermal conductivity of the investigated building materials. The performed tests showed that chemically depolymerized PET aggregate and recycled PET fibers derived from plastic wastes can reduce the heat conduction capacity of the cementitious materials with limited reduction in compressive strength. The results of the experimental campaign have made it possible to evaluate the influence of the recycled material on the physical and mechanical properties and its feasibility in non-structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lerna
- Department of Architecture, Construction and Design (DArCoD), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Dora Foti
- Department of Architecture, Construction and Design (DArCoD), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrella
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Construction and Chemistry, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Sabbà
- Department of Architecture, Construction and Design (DArCoD), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sulyman Mansour
- Department of Architecture, Construction and Design (DArCoD), Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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23
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Mastropietro TF. Metal-organic frameworks and plastic: an emerging synergic partnership. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2023; 24:2189890. [PMID: 37007671 PMCID: PMC10054298 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2189890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mismanagement of plastic waste results in its ubiquitous presence in the environment. Despite being durable and persistent materials, plastics are reduced by weathering phenomena into debris with a particle size down to nanometers. The fate and ecotoxicological effects of these solid micropollutants are not fully understood yet, but they are raising increasing concerns for the environment and people's health. Even if different current technologies have the potential to remove plastic particles, the efficiency of these processes is modest, especially for nanoparticles. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline nano-porous materials with unique properties, have unique properties, such as strong coordination bonds, large and robustus porous structures, high accessible surface areas and adsorption capacity, which make them suitable adsorbent materials for micropollutants. This review examines the preliminary results reported in literature indicating that MOFs are promising adsorbents for the removal of plastic particles from water, especially when MOFs are integrated in porous composite materials or membranes, where they are able to assure high removal efficiency, superior water flux and antifouling properties, even in the presence of other dissolved co-pollutants. Moreover, a recent trend for the alternative preparation of MOFs starting from plastic waste, especially polyethylene terephthalate, as a sustainable source of organic linkers is also reviewed, as it represents a promising route for mitigating the impact of the costs deriving from the widescale MOFs production and application. This connubial between MOFs and plastic has the potential to contribute at implementing a more effective waste management and the circular economy principles in the polymer life cycle.
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24
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Bohre A, Jadhao PR, Tripathi K, Pant KK, Likozar B, Saha B. Chemical Recycling Processes of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Using Solid Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023:e202300142. [PMID: 36972065 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a non-degradable single-use plastic and a major component of plastic waste in landfills. Chemical recycling is one of the most widely adopted methods to transform post-consumer PET into PET's building block chemicals. Non-catalytic depolymerization of PET is very slow and requires high temperatures and/or pressures. Recent advancements in the field of material science and catalysis have delivered several innovative strategies to promote PET depolymerization under mild reaction conditions. Particularly, heterogeneous catalysts assisted depolymerization of post-consumer PET to monomers and other value-added chemicals is the most industrially compatible method. This review includes current progresses on the heterogeneously catalyzed chemical recycling of PET. It describes four key pathways for PET depolymerization including, glycolysis, pyrolysis, alcoholysis, and reductive depolymerization. The catalyst function, active sites and structure-activity correlations are briefly outlined in each section. An outlook for future development is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bohre
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
- Biomass and Energy Management Division, Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Bio-energy Kapurthala, Punjab, 1440603, India
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prashant Ram Jadhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Komal Tripathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Blaž Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Basudeb Saha
- RiKarbon, Inc., 550 S. College Ave, Newark, Delaware, DE 19716, USA
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25
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Todaro F, Petrella A, Santomasi G, De Gisi S, Notarnicola M. Environmental Sustainable Cement Mortars Based on Polyethylene Terephthalate from Recycling Operations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2111. [PMID: 36903226 PMCID: PMC10004574 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The building and construction industry is a key sector behind the ecological transition in that it is one of the main responsible factors in the consumption of natural resources. Thus, in line with circular economy, the use of waste aggregates in mortars is a possible solution to increase the sustainability of cement materials. In the present paper, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from bottle scraps (without chemical pretreatment) was used as aggregate in cement mortars to replace conventional sand aggregate (20%, 50% and 80% by weight). The fresh and hardened properties of the innovative mixtures proposed were evaluated through a multiscale physical-mechanical investigation. The main results of this study show the feasibility of the reuse of PET waste aggregates as substitutes for natural aggregates in mortars. The mixtures with bare PET resulted in less fluid than the specimens with sand; this was ascribed to the higher volume of the recycled aggregates with respect to sand. Moreover, PET mortars showed a high tensile strength and energy absorption capacity (with Rf = 1.9 ÷ 3.3 MPa, Rc = 6 ÷ 13 MPa); instead, sand samples were characterized by a brittle rupture. The lightweight specimens showed a thermal insulation increase ranging 65-84% with respect to the reference; the best results were obtained with 800 g of PET aggregate, characterized by a decrease in conductivity of approximately 86% concerning the control. The properties of these environmentally sustainable composite materials may be suitable for non-structural insulating artifacts.
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26
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Sustainable synthesis of metal-organic frameworks and their derived materials from organic and inorganic wastes. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Aguado A, Becerra L, Martínez L. Glycolysis optimisation of different complex PET waste with recovery and reuse of ethylene glycol. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-023-02704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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28
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Pu M, Zhou X, Liu X, Fang C, Wang D. A facile, alternative and sustainable feedstock for transparent polyurethane elastomers from chemical recycling waste PET in high-efficient way. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 155:137-145. [PMID: 36370623 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymers with excellent optical and mechanical performance fabricated from renewable resources, have been paid an increasing attention in recent years. Here, high-performing polyurethane elastomers with significant mechanical properties, crystallinity, excellent stretchability and good transparency are prepared by a synergistic molecular design in the soft and hard segments. Using the liquid glycolysis degradation product (LGOP) as a chain extender, polyurethane elastomer is synthesized from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste bottles. The results suggest that the degradation products from waste PET can be directly used as feedstock for preparing polyurethane elastomers with significant performance. The polyurethanes exhibited excellent optical transparency of near 90%, and can be stretched up to 670% without any treatment to return to original size. It is assumed that the symmetrical hard domain composed of aromatic rings and ester groups in LGOP creates sufficient chain fluidity for the dynamic exchange of hydrogen bonds and urethane. This paper has devoted to achieve a complete and mature system from waste PET to polyurethane products, to create a closed loop of waste PET plastic recycling and regeneration, and to realize the polyurethane industrial chain of raw material self-supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Pu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China; Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Changqing Fang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, PR China
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29
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Bhanderi KK, Joshi JR, Patel JV. Optimization process for glycolysis of poly (ethylene terephthalate) using bio-degradable & recyclable heterogeneous catalyst. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Bhanderi KK, Joshi JR, Patel JV. Recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET Or PETE) plastics – An alternative to obtain value added products: A review. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Kibria MG, Masuk NI, Safayet R, Nguyen HQ, Mourshed M. Plastic Waste: Challenges and Opportunities to Mitigate Pollution and Effective Management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 17:20. [PMID: 36711426 PMCID: PMC9857911 DOI: 10.1007/s41742-023-00507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present world is now facing the challenge of proper management and resource recovery of the enormous amount of plastic waste. Lack of technical skills for managing hazardous waste, insufficient infrastructure development for recycling and recovery, and above all, lack of awareness of the rules and regulations are the key factors behind this massive pile of plastic waste. The severity of plastic pollution exerts an adverse effect on the environment and total ecosystem. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of plastic waste generation, as well as its effect on the human being and ecological system, is discussed in terms of source identification with respect to developed and developing countries. A detailed review of the existing waste to energy and product conversion strategies is presented in this study. Moreover, this study sheds light on sustainable waste management procedures and identifies the key challenges to adopting effective measures to minimise the negative impact of plastic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Golam Kibria
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, 6204 Bangladesh
| | - Nahid Imtiaz Masuk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, 6204 Bangladesh
| | - Rafat Safayet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, 6204 Bangladesh
| | - Huy Quoc Nguyen
- Faculty of Heat and Refrigeration Engineering, The University of Danang—University of Science and Technology, Danang, 550000 Vietnam
| | - Monjur Mourshed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, 6204 Bangladesh
- Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Bundoora, 3083 Australia
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32
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Hoang CN, Nguyen NT, Ta ST, Nguyen NN, Hoang D. Acidolysis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Waste Using Succinic Acid under Microwave Irradiation as a New Chemical Upcycling Method. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47285-47295. [PMID: 36570295 PMCID: PMC9773965 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel method of chemical upcycling of used poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles by acidolysis with succinic acid (SA) was performed under microwave irradiation. The long polyester chain of PET was efficiently fragmented into small molecules and oligomers, such as terephthalic acid and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid oligo(ethylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (OEST). Various input molar ratios of SA/PET from 1.0 to 2.5 were used, and the product mixtures were separated successfully. The recovered terephthalic acid can be reused as a basic chemical. The α,ω-dicarboxylic acid OEST was used as a curing agent for epoxy resin. The recovered SA can be reused for further PET acidolysis. Structures of OEST were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The presence of succinic anhydride as a side product was confirmed by FTIR and ESI-MS analyses. The evaporation of SA and the formation of volatile succinic anhydride compete with the acidolysis of PET. The minimum SA/PET ratio of 1.0 was selected so that the acidolysis was effective and without the SA recovery step by MEK treatment. OEST-1.0 was used for curing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. The structures and thermal properties of cured adducts were confirmed by FTIR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This chemical upcycling method of PET is eco-friendly without the use of a solvent and a catalyst for the reaction, and all materials were recovered and they could be reused for novel polymer preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong N. Hoang
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Science,
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City700000, Vietnam
| | - Ngan T. Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Science,
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City700000, Vietnam
| | - Sang T. Ta
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Science,
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Ngan Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, University
of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City700000, Vietnam
- Center
for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) and Faculty of Chemistry
and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Dresden01062, Germany
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, University
of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City700000, Vietnam
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33
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Cook E, Velis CA, Cottom JW. Scaling up resource recovery of plastics in the emergent circular economy to prevent plastic pollution: Assessment of risks to health and safety in the Global South. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:1680-1707. [PMID: 35875954 PMCID: PMC9606178 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the coming decades, a large additional mass of plastic waste will become available for recycling, as efforts increase to reduce plastic pollution and facilitate a circular economy. New infrastructure will need to be developed, yet the processes and systems chosen should not result in adverse effects on human health and the environment. Here, we present a rapid review and critical semi-quantitative assessment of the potential risks posed by eight approaches to recovering value during the resource recovery phase from post-consumer plastic packaging waste collected and separated with the purported intention of recycling. The focus is on the Global South, where there are more chances that high risk processes could be run below standards of safe operation. Results indicate that under non-idealised operational conditions, mechanical reprocessing is the least impactful on the environment and therefore most appropriate for implementation in developing countries. Processes known as 'chemical recycling' are hard to assess due to lack of real-world process data. Given their lack of maturity and potential for risk to human health and the environment (handling of potentially hazardous substances under pressure and heat), it is unlikely they will make a useful addition to the circular economy in the Global South in the near future. Inevitably, increasing circular economy activity will require expansion towards targeting flexible, multi-material and multilayer products, for which mechanical recycling has well-established limitations. Our comparative risk overview indicates major barriers to changing resource recovery mode from the already dominant mechanical recycling mode towards other nascent or energetic recovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Costas A Velis
- Costas A Velis, Room 304, School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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34
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Novel efficient method of chemical upcycling of waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles by acidolysis with adipic acid under microwave irradiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Kirshanov K, Toms R, Aliev G, Naumova A, Melnikov P, Gervald A. Recent Developments and Perspectives of Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)-Based Membranes: A Review. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111105. [PMID: 36363660 PMCID: PMC9699556 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-consumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste disposal is an important task of modern industry, and the development of new PET-based value added products and methods for their production is one of the ways to solve it. Membranes for various purposes, in this regard are such products. The aim of the review, on the one hand, is to systematize the known methods of processing PET and copolyesters, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages and, on the other hand, to show what valuable membrane products could be obtained, and in what areas of the economy they can be used. Among the various approaches to the processing of PET waste, we single out chemical methods as having the greatest promise. They are divided into two large categories: (1) aimed at obtaining polyethylene terephthalate, similar in properties to the primary one, and (2) aimed at obtaining copolyesters. It is shown that among the former, glycolysis has the greatest potential, and among the latter, destruction followed by copolycondensation and interchain exchange with other polyesters, have the greatest prospects. Next, the key technologies for obtaining membranes, based on polyethylene terephthalate and copolyesters are considered: (1) ion track technology, (2) electrospinning, and (3) non-solvent induced phase separation. The methods for the additional modification of membranes to impart hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, selective transmission of various substances, and other properties are also given. In each case, examples of the use are considered, including gas purification, water filtration, medical and food industry use, analytical and others. Promising directions for further research are highlighted, both in obtaining recycled PET-based materials, and in post-processing and modification methods.
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36
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Cao F, Wang L, Zheng R, Guo L, Chen Y, Qian X. Research and progress of chemical depolymerization of waste PET and high-value application of its depolymerization products. RSC Adv 2022; 12:31564-31576. [PMID: 36380916 PMCID: PMC9632252 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) has good transparency, corrosion resistance, gas barrier properties and mechanical properties, and is widely used in beverage bottles, fabrics, food packaging, tires, films, engineering plastics and other fields. With the rapid growth in demand and use of PET materials, the pollution of waste PET to the environment has become increasingly prominent. The recycling methods of waste PET mainly include primary recycling, mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, and energy recycling. The chemical recycling method is of great significance for solving environmental problems and reducing the plastic industry's dependence on petrochemical resources, and is an inevitable choice for realizing PET closed-loop recycling. In this paper, the chemical depolymerization methods of waste PET, the types of alcoholysis catalysts with the greatest possibility of industrialization, and the high-value application research of chemical recovery products are reviewed in order to have a good reference significance and promote the recycling and high-value utilization of waste PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Cao
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Rongrong Zheng
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Liying Guo
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Yanming Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology Liaoyang 111003 China
| | - Xin Qian
- Liaoning Shengda Environmental Resources Group Co., Ltd Liaoyang 111003 China
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37
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Zheng W, Liu C, Wei X, Sun W, Zhao L. Molecular-level Swelling Behaviors of Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Glycolysis using Ionic Liquids as Catalyst. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Post-consumer Poly (ethylene terephthalate) Blends: Bottle-to-Bottle recycling. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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39
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Gallegos MV, Reimers WG, Luna CR, Damonte LC, Sambeth J, Marchetti J, Juan A. Theoretical analysis of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) adsorption on Co and Mn-doped ZnO (000-1). MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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40
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Zhang MQ, Wang M, Sun B, Hu C, Xiao D, Ma D. Catalytic strategies for upvaluing plastic wastes. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Suhaimi NAS, Muhamad F, Abd Razak NA, Zeimaran E. Recycling of polyethylene terephthalate wastes: A review of technologies, routes, and applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aina Syafiqah Suhaimi
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Farina Muhamad
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Nasrul Anuar Abd Razak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ehsan Zeimaran
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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42
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Sustainably Recycling and Upcycling of Single-Use Plastic Wastes through Heterogeneous Catalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The huge amount of plastic waste has caused a series of environmental and economic problems. Depolymerization of these wastes and their conversion into desired chemicals have been regarded as a promising route for dealing with these issues, which strongly relies on catalysis for C-C and C-O bond cleavage and selective transformation. Here, we reviewed recent developments in catalysis systems for dealing with single-use plastics, such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene glycol terephthalate. The recycling processes of depolymerization into original monomers and conversion into other economic-incentive chemicals were systemically discussed. Rational designs of catalysts for efficient conversion were particularly highlighted. Overall, improving the tolerance of catalysts to impurities in practical plastics, reducing the economic cost during the catalytic depolymerization process, and trying to obtain gaseous hydrogen from plastic wastes are suggested as the developing trends in this field.
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Kumaresan L, Kasiviswanathan K, Kirubakaran KP, Priyadarshini M, Mathiyalagan K, Senthil C, Lee CW, Vediappan K. Band‐Gap Tuned Dilithium Terephthalate from Environmentally Hazardous Material for Sustainable Lithium Storage Systems with DFT Modelling. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmanan Kumaresan
- Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory (EESCL) Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kavibharathy Kasiviswanathan
- Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory (EESCL) Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kiran P. Kirubakaran
- Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory (EESCL) Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology 603203 Chennai Tamil Nadu India
| | - Marimuthu Priyadarshini
- Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory (EESCL) Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Kouthaman Mathiyalagan
- Energy Materials Lab Department of Physics Science Block Alagappa University Karaikudi 630 003 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Chenrayan Senthil
- Department of Energy Engineering Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology Jiniju-si, Gyeongnam 52725 South Korea
| | - Chang W. Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering) & Center for the SMART Energy Platform College of Engineering Kyung Hee University 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104 South Korea
| | - Kumaran Vediappan
- Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Laboratory (EESCL) Department of Chemistry Faculty of Engineering and Technology SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur 603 203 Tamil Nadu India
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44
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Yang RX, Jan K, Chen CT, Chen WT, Wu KCW. Thermochemical Conversion of Plastic Waste into Fuels, Chemicals, and Value-Added Materials: A Critical Review and Outlooks. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200171. [PMID: 35349769 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an emerging environmental issue for our society. Critical action to tackle this problem is to upcycle plastic waste as valuable feedstock. Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste has received growing attention. Although thermochemical conversion is promising for handling mixed plastic waste, it typically occurs at high temperatures (300-800 °C). Catalysts can play a critical role in improving the energy efficiency of thermochemical conversion, promoting targeted reactions, and improving product selectivity. This Review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art of catalytic thermochemical conversions of various types of plastic waste. First, general trends and recent development of catalytic thermochemical conversions including pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal processes, and chemolysis of plastic waste into fuels, chemicals, and value-added materials were reviewed. Second, the status quo for the commercial implementation of thermochemical conversion of plastic waste was summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of catalytic thermochemical conversion of plastic waste including the design of sustainable and robust catalysts were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Xuan Yang
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No.1 Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd., Taipei, 106344, Taiwan
| | - Kalsoom Jan
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Ching-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chen
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01851, USA
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
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45
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Fungal Enzymes Involved in Plastics Biodegradation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061180. [PMID: 35744698 PMCID: PMC9230134 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a growing environmental problem, in part due to the extremely stable and durable nature of this polymer. As recycling does not provide a complete solution, research has been focusing on alternative ways of degrading plastic. Fungi provide a wide array of enzymes specialized in the degradation of recalcitrant substances and are very promising candidates in the field of plastic degradation. This review examines the present literature for different fungal enzymes involved in plastic degradation, describing their characteristics, efficacy and biotechnological applications. Fungal laccases and peroxidases, generally used by fungi to degrade lignin, show good results in degrading polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), while esterases such as cutinases and lipases were successfully used to degrade polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PUR). Good results were also obtained on PUR by fungal proteases and ureases. All these enzymes were isolated from many different fungi, from both Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes, and have shown remarkable efficiency in plastic biodegradation under laboratory conditions. Therefore, future research should focus on the interactions between the genes, proteins, metabolites and environmental conditions involved in the processes. Further steps such as the improvement in catalytic efficiency and genetic engineering could lead these enzymes to become biotechnological applications in the field of plastic degradation.
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46
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Chemical Recycling of a Textile Blend from Polyester and Viscose, Part II: Mechanism and Reactivity during Alkaline Hydrolysis of Textile Polyester. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical recycling of textiles holds the potential to yield materials of equal quality and value as products from virgin feedstock. Selective depolymerization of textile polyester (PET) from regenerated cellulose/PET blends, by means of alkaline hydrolysis, renders the monomers of PET while cellulose remains in fiber form. Here, we present the mechanism and reactivity of textile PET during alkaline hydrolysis. Part I of this article series focuses on the cellulose part and a possible industrialization of such a process. The kinetics and reaction mechanism for alkaline hydrolysis of polyester packaging materials or virgin bulk polyester are well described in the scientific literature; however, information on depolymerization of PET from textiles is sparse. We find that the reaction rate of hydrolysis is not affected by disintegrating the fabric to increase its surface area. We ascribe this to the yarn structure, where texturing and a low density assures a high accessibility even without disintegration. The reaction, similar to bulk polyester, is shown to be surface specific and proceeds via endwise peeling. Finally, we show that the reaction product terephthalic acid is pure and obtained in high yields.
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47
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Schirmeister CG, Mülhaupt R. Closing the Carbon Loop in the Circular Plastics Economy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200247. [PMID: 35635841 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Today, plastics are ubiquitous in everyday life, problem solvers of modern technologies, and crucial for sustainable development. Yet the surge in global demand for plastics of the growing world population has triggered a tidal wave of plastic debris in the environment. Moving from a linear to a zero-waste and carbon-neutral circular plastic economy is vital for the future of the planet. Taming the plastic waste flood requires closing the carbon loop through plastic reuse, mechanical and molecular recycling, carbon capture, and use of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. In the quest for eco-friendly products, plastics do not need to be reinvented but tuned for reuse and recycling. Their full potential must be exploited regarding energy, resource, and eco efficiency, waste prevention, circular economy, climate change mitigation, and lowering environmental pollution. Biodegradation holds promise for composting and bio-feedstock recovery, but it is neither the Holy Grail of circular plastics economy nor a panacea for plastic littering. As an alternative to mechanical downcycling, molecular recycling enables both closed-loop recovery of virgin plastics and open-loop valorization, producing hydrogen, fuels, refinery feeds, lubricants, chemicals, and carbonaceous materials. Closing the carbon loop does not create a Perpetuum Mobile and requires renewable energy to achieve sustainability. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Schirmeister
- Freiburg Materials Research Center and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Sustainability Center, University of Freiburg, Ecker-Str. 4, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
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48
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Chen X, Bai X. Co-conversion of wood and polyvinyl chloride to valuable chemicals and high-quality solid fuel. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 144:376-386. [PMID: 35452946 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-containing waste streams are difficult to recycle due to high chlorine content in PVC. Toxic dioxins or corrosive hydrogen chloride (HCl) vapor released from improper management of PVC-containing wastes can cause severe environmental pollution and human health problems. While PVC is usually treated as contamination and burden in waste recycling, a novel recycling approach was developed in this study to leverage PVC as an asset. Specifically, red oak and PVC were co-converted in γ-Valerolactone, a green biomass-derivable solvent. During the co-conversion, PVC-derived HCl in the solvent acted as an acid catalyst to produce up to 14.4% levoglucosenone and 14.3% furfural from red oak. On the other hand, dechlorinated PVC hydrocarbons and lignin fraction of red oak reacted each other to form chlorine-free solid fuels with high thermal stability. The higher heating value of the solids was up to 36.2 MJ/kg, which is even higher than the heating value of anthracite coal. After the co-conversion, more than 80% of PVC-contained chlorine turned into chloride ion and the rest formed 5-chlorovaleric acid. 5-chlorovaleric acid crystals were further recovered from the post-reaction liquid with a purity of 91.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xianglan Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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50
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Lamberti FM, Román-Ramírez LA, Dove AP, Wood J. Methanolysis of Poly(lactic Acid) Using Catalyst Mixtures and the Kinetics of Methyl Lactate Production. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091763. [PMID: 35566932 PMCID: PMC9105383 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a leading bioplastic of which the market share is predicted to increase in the future; its growing production capacity means its end-of-life treatment is becoming increasingly important. One beneficial disposal route for PLA is its chemical recycling via alcoholysis. The alcoholysis of PLA leads to the generation of value-added products alkyl lactates; this route also has potential for a circular economy. In this work, PLA was chemically recycled via methanolysis to generate methyl lactate (MeLa). Four commercially available catalysts were investigated: zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(OAc)2), magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (Mg(OAc)2), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), and triazabicyclodecene (TBD). Dual catalyst experiments displayed an increase in reactivity when Zn(OAc)2 was paired with TBD or DMAP, or when Mg(OAc)2 was paired with TBD. Zn(OAc)2 coupled with TBD displayed the greatest reactivity. Out of the single catalyst reactions, Zn(OAc)2 exhibited the highest activity: a higher mol% was found to increase reaction rate but plateaued at 4 mol%, and a higher equivalent of methanol was found to increase the reaction rate, but plateaued at 17 equivalents. PLA methanolysis was modelled as a two-step reversible reaction; the activation energies were estimated at: Ea1 = 25.23 kJ∙mol−1, Ea2 = 34.16 kJ∙mol−1 and Ea-2 = 47.93 kJ∙mol−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio M. Lamberti
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Luis A. Román-Ramírez
- Division of Chemical and Energy Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK;
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Joseph Wood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
- Correspondence:
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