1
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Muchhala KH, Kallurkar PS, Kang M, Koseli E, Poklis JL, Xu Q, Dewey WL, Fettweis JM, Jimenez NR, Akbarali HI. The role of morphine- and fentanyl-induced impairment of intestinal epithelial antibacterial activity in dysbiosis and its impact on the microbiota-gut-brain axis. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23603. [PMID: 38648368 PMCID: PMC11047137 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301590rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that chronic exposure to opioid analgesics such as morphine disrupts the intestinal epithelial layer and causes intestinal dysbiosis. Depleting gut bacteria can preclude the development of tolerance to opioid-induced antinociception, suggesting an important role of the gut-brain axis in mediating opioid effects. The mechanism underlying opioid-induced dysbiosis, however, remains unclear. Host-produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are critical for the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier as they prevent the pathogenesis of the enteric microbiota. Here, we report that chronic morphine or fentanyl exposure reduces the antimicrobial activity in the ileum, resulting in changes in the composition of bacteria. Fecal samples from morphine-treated mice had increased levels of Akkermansia muciniphila with a shift in the abundance ratio of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Fecal microbial transplant (FMT) from morphine-naïve mice or oral supplementation with butyrate restored (a) the antimicrobial activity, (b) the expression of the antimicrobial peptide, Reg3γ, (c) prevented the increase in intestinal permeability and (d) prevented the development of antinociceptive tolerance in morphine-dependent mice. Improved epithelial barrier function with FMT or butyrate prevented the enrichment of the mucin-degrading A. muciniphila in morphine-dependent mice. These data implicate impairment of the antimicrobial activity of the intestinal epithelium as a mechanism by which opioids disrupt the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan H. Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Prajkta S. Kallurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Eda Koseli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Qingguo Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William L. Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Fettweis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Nicole R. Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hamid I. Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Zhao Y, Luo H, Ren X, Jia B, Li J, Wang L, Li J. The P2Y 1 receptor in the colonic myenteric plexus of rats and its correlation with opioid-induced constipation. BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:23. [PMID: 38191294 PMCID: PMC10773096 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the expression changes of P2Y1 receptors in the distal colonic myenteric layer of rats. An opioid induced constipation(OIC) rat model was generated by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of loperamide. At 7 days post-treatment, the model rats were assessed by calculating the fecal water content and the gastrointestinal transit ratio. The immunofluorescence (IF)-based histochemical study was used to observe the distribution of P2Y1 receptors in the distal colonic myenteric plexus. Western blotting (WB) was performed to evaluate the expression changes of P2Y1 proteins in the myenteric layer, and the electrophysiological approaches were carried out to determine the regulatory roles of P2Y1 receptors on distal colonic motor function. IF showed that P2Y1 receptors are co-expressed MOR in the enteric nerve cells of the distal colonic myenteric plexus. Moreover, the WB revealed that the protein levels of P2Y1 were significantly decreased in the distal colonic myenteric layer of OIC rats. In vitro tension experiments exhibited that the P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500 enhanced the spontaneous contraction amplitude, adding EM2 and β-FNA did not have any effect on MRS2500. Therefore, P2Y1 receptor expression could be associated with the occurrence of OIC in this rat model and the regulation of colonic motility by MOR may be related to the release of purine neurotransmitters such as ATP in the colonic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Binghan Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhao Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- The Medical Laboratory Center of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, 750001, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, P.R. China.
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3
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Duffy EP, Bachtell RK, Ehringer MA. Opioid trail: Tracking contributions to opioid use disorder from host genetics to the gut microbiome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 156:105487. [PMID: 38040073 PMCID: PMC10836641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a worldwide public health crisis with few effective treatment options. Traditional genetics and neuroscience approaches have provided knowledge about biological mechanisms that contribute to OUD-related phenotypes, but the complexity and magnitude of effects in the brain and body remain poorly understood. The gut-brain axis has emerged as a promising target for future therapeutics for several psychiatric conditions, so characterizing the relationship between host genetics and the gut microbiome in the context of OUD will be essential for development of novel treatments. In this review, we describe evidence that interactions between host genetics, the gut microbiome, and immune signaling likely play a key role in mediating opioid-related phenotypes. Studies in humans and model organisms consistently demonstrated that genetic background is a major determinant of gut microbiome composition. Furthermore, the gut microbiome is susceptible to environmental influences such as opioid exposure. Additional work focused on gene by microbiome interactions will be necessary to gain improved understanding of their effects on OUD-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn P Duffy
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan K Bachtell
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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4
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Gaborit M, Massotte D. Therapeutic potential of opioid receptor heteromers in chronic pain and associated comorbidities. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:994-1013. [PMID: 34883528 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain affects 20% to 45% of the global population and is often associated with the development of anxio-depressive disorders. Treatment of this debilitating condition remains particularly challenging with opioids prescribed to alleviate moderate to severe pain. However, despite strong antinociceptive properties, numerous adverse effects limit opioid use in the clinic. Moreover, opioid misuse and abuse have become a major health concern worldwide. This prompted efforts to design original strategies that would efficiently and safely relieve pain. Targeting of opioid receptor heteromers is one of these. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of heteromers involving opioid receptors in the context of chronic pain and anxio-depressive comorbidities. It also examines how heteromerization in native tissue affects ligand binding, receptor signalling and trafficking properties. Finally, the therapeutic potential of ligands designed to specifically target opioid receptor heteromers is considered. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gaborit
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Smith MT, Kong D, Kuo A, Imam MZ, Williams CM. Multitargeted Opioid Ligand Discovery as a Strategy to Retain Analgesia and Reduce Opioid-Related Adverse Effects. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3746-3784. [PMID: 36856340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The global "opioid crisis" has placed enormous pressure on the opioid ligand discovery community to produce novel opioid analgesics with superior opioid-related adverse-effect profiles compared with morphine. In this Perspective, the multitargeted opioid ligand strategy for the discovery of opioid analgesics with superior preclinical therapeutic indices relative to morphine is reviewed and discussed. Dual-targeted μ-opioid (MOP)/δ-opioid (DOP) ligands in which the in vitro DOP antagonist potency at least equals that of the MOP agonist activity, and are devoid of DOP or κ-opioid (KOP) agonist activity, are sufficiently promising candidates to warrant further investigation. Dual-targeted MOP/NOP partial agonists have superior preclinical therapeutic indices to morphine and/or fentanyl in nonhuman primates and are also considered promising. Based on the poor preclinical and clinical therapeutic indices of cebranopadol, which is a full agonist at MOP, DOP, and NOP receptors and a partial agonist at the KOP receptor, this pharmacologic template should be avoided.
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6
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Saito A, Alvi S, Valant C, Christopoulos A, Carbone SE, Poole DP. Therapeutic potential of allosteric modulators for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2022. [PMID: 36565295 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal motility is tightly regulated by the enteric nervous system (ENS). Disruption of coordinated enteric nervous system activity can result in dysmotility. Pharmacological treatment options for dysmotility include targeting of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by neurons of the enteric nervous system. Current GPCR-targeting drugs for motility disorders bind to the highly conserved endogenous ligand-binding site and promote indiscriminate activation or inhibition of the target receptor throughout the body. This can be associated with significant side-effect liability and a loss of physiological tone. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs bind to a distinct site from the endogenous ligand, which is typically less conserved across multiple receptor subtypes and can modulate endogenous ligand signalling. Allosteric modulation of GPCRs that are important for enteric nervous system function may provide effective relief from motility disorders while limiting side-effects. This review will focus on how allosteric modulators of GPCRs may influence gastrointestinal motility, using 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), acetylcholine (ACh) and opioid receptors as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sadia Alvi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Getsy PM, Young AP, Bates JN, Baby SM, Seckler JM, Grossfield A, Hsieh YH, Lewis THJ, Jenkins MW, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. S-nitroso-L-cysteine stereoselectively blunts the adverse effects of morphine on breathing and arterial blood gas chemistry while promoting analgesia. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113436. [PMID: 36076552 PMCID: PMC9464305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alex P Young
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Santhosh M Baby
- Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 213 Witmer Road, Horsham, PA, USA.
| | - James M Seckler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alan Grossfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tristan H J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael W Jenkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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8
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Opioid Use, Gut Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and the Nervous System. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:76-93. [PMID: 34993905 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is defined as the chronic use or misuse of prescribed or illicitly obtained opioids and is characterized by clinically significant impairment. The etiology of OUD is multifactorial as it is influenced by genetics, environmental factors, stress response and behavior. Given the profound role of the gut microbiome in health and disease states, in recent years there has been a growing interest to explore interactions between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system as a causal link and potential therapeutic source for OUD. This review describes the role of the gut microbiome and opioid-induced immunopathological disturbances at the gut epithelial surface, which collectively contribute to OUD and perpetuate the vicious cycle of addiction and relapse.
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9
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Muchhala KH, Koseli E, Gade AR, Woods K, Minai S, Kang M, McQuiston AR, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Chronic Morphine Induces IL-18 in Ileum Myenteric Plexus Neurons Through Mu-opioid Receptor Activation in Cholinergic and VIPergic Neurons. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:111-130. [PMID: 35106734 PMCID: PMC9343479 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium is critical for maintaining a symbiotic relationship with commensal microbiota. Chronic morphine exposure can compromise the gut epithelial barrier in mice and lead to dysbiosis. Recently, studies have implicated morphine-induced dysbiosis in the mechanism of antinociceptive tolerance and reward, suggesting the presence of a gut-brain axis in the pharmacological effects of morphine. However, the mechanism(s) underlying morphine-induced changes in the gut microbiome remains unclear. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), released by enteric neurons can modulate gut barrier function. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the effect of morphine on IL-18 expression in the mouse ileum. We observed that chronic morphine exposure in vivo induces IL-18 expression in the ileum myenteric plexus that is attenuated by naloxone. Given that mu-opioid receptors (MORs) are mainly expressed in enteric neurons, we also characterized morphine effects on the excitability of cholinergic (excitatory) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-expressing (inhibitory) myenteric neurons. We found fundamental differences in the electrical properties of cholinergic and VIP neurons such that VIP neurons are more excitable than cholinergic neurons. Furthermore, MORs were primarily expressed in cholinergic neurons, although a subset of VIP neurons also expressed MORs and responded to morphine in electrophysiology experiments. In conclusion, these data show that morphine increases IL-18 in ileum myenteric plexus neurons via activation of MORs in a subset of cholinergic and VIP neurons. Thus, understanding the neurochemistry and electrophysiology of MOR-expressing enteric neurons can help to delineate mechanisms by which morphine perturbs the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan H Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Eda Koseli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Aravind R Gade
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Kareem Woods
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Suha Minai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - A Rory McQuiston
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 E. Marshall Street, Richmond VA 23298
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1112 E. Clay Street, Richmond, VA 23298,Corresponding Author:
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10
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Jaramillo-Polanco J, Lopez-Lopez C, Yu Y, Neary E, Hegron A, Canals M, Bunnett NW, Reed DE, Lomax AE, Vanner SJ. Opioid-Induced Pronociceptive Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract Is Mediated by Delta-Opioid Receptor Signaling. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3316-3328. [PMID: 35256532 PMCID: PMC9034783 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2098-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid tolerance (OT) leads to dose escalation and serious side effects, including opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH). We sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying this event in the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic in vivo administration of morphine by intraperitoneal injection in male C57BL/6 mice evoked tolerance and evidence of OIH in an assay of colonic afferent nerve mechanosensitivity; this was inhibited by the δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) antagonist naltrindole when intraperitoneally injected in previous morphine administration. Patch-clamp studies of DRG neurons following overnight incubation with high concentrations of morphine, the µ-opioid receptors (MOPr) agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-Enkephalin (DAMGO) or the DOPr agonist [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-Enkephalin evoked hyperexcitability. The pronociceptive actions of these opioids were blocked by the DOPr antagonist SDM25N but not the MOPr antagonist D-Pen-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 The hyperexcitability induced by DAMGO was reversed after a 1 h washout, but reapplication of low concentrations of DAMGO or [D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-Enkephalin restored the hyperexcitability, an effect mediated by protein kinase C. DOPr-dependent DRG neuron hyperexcitability was blocked by the endocytosis inhibitor Pitstop 2, and the weakly internalizing DOPr agonist ARM390 did not cause hyperexcitability. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer studies in HEK cells showed no evidence of switching of G-protein signaling from Gi to a Gs pathway in response to either high concentrations or overnight incubation of opioids. Thus, chronic high-dose opioid exposure leads to opioid tolerance and features of OIH in the colon. This action is mediated by DOPr signaling and is dependent on receptor endocytosis and downstream protein kinase C signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioids are effective in the treatment of abdominal pain, but escalating doses can lead to opioid tolerance and potentially opioid-induced hyperalgesia. We found that δ-opioid receptor (DOPr) plays a central role in the development of opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia in colonic afferent nociceptors following prolonged exposure to high concentrations of MOPr or DOPr agonists. Furthermore, the role of DOPr was dependent on OPr internalization and activation of a protein kinase C signaling pathway. Thus, targeting DOPr or key components of the downstream signaling pathway could mitigate adverse side effects by opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Jaramillo-Polanco
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Cintya Lopez-Lopez
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Yang Yu
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Emma Neary
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Alan Hegron
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10010
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
- Centre of Membrane Protein and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York 10010
| | - David E Reed
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Alan E Lomax
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
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11
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DiCello JJ, Carbone SE, Saito A, Pham V, Szymaszkiewicz A, Gondin AB, Alvi S, Marique K, Shenoy P, Veldhuis NA, Fichna J, Canals M, Christopoulos A, Valant C, Poole DP. Positive allosteric modulation of endogenous delta opioid receptor signaling in the enteric nervous system is a potential treatment for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G66-G78. [PMID: 34755545 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00297.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) are molecules that can fine-tune signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although they are a promising therapeutic approach for treating a range of disorders, allosteric modulation of GPCRs in the context of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and digestive dysfunction remains largely unexplored. This study examined allosteric modulation of the delta opioid receptor (DOR) in the ENS and assessed the suitability of DOR AMs for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms using mouse models. The effects of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of DOR, BMS-986187, on neurogenic contractions of the mouse colon and on DOR internalization in enteric neurons were quantified. The ability of BMS-986187 to influence colonic motility was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. BMS-986187 displayed DOR-selective PAM-agonist activity and orthosteric agonist probe dependence in the mouse colon. BMS-986187 augmented the inhibitory effects of DOR agonists on neurogenic contractions and enhanced reflex-evoked DOR internalization in myenteric neurons. BMS-986187 significantly increased DOR endocytosis in myenteric neurons in response to the weakly internalizing agonist ARM390. BMS-986187 reduced the generation of complex motor patterns in the isolated intact colon. BMS-986187 reduced fecal output and diarrhea onset in the novel environment stress and castor oil models of IBS symptoms, respectively. DOR PAMs enhance DOR-mediated signaling in the ENS and have potential benefit for the treatment of dysmotility. This study provides proof of concept to support the use of GPCR AMs for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study assesses the use of positive allosteric modulation as a pharmacological approach to enhance opioid receptor signaling in the enteric nervous system. We demonstrate that selective modulation of endogenous delta opioid receptor signaling can suppress colonic motility without causing constipation. We propose that allosteric modulation of opioid receptor signaling may be a therapeutic strategy to normalize gastrointestinal motility in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sadia Alvi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiliana Marique
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priyank Shenoy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Neuro-immune-metabolism: The tripod system of homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2021; 240:77-97. [PMID: 34655659 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
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13
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Arttamangkul S, Platt EJ, Carroll J, Farrens D. Functional independence of endogenous µ- and δ-opioid receptors co-expressed in cholinergic interneurons. eLife 2021; 10:69740. [PMID: 34477106 PMCID: PMC8718112 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) normally function as monomers, although evidence from heterologous expression systems suggests that they may sometimes form homodimers and/or heterodimers. This study aims to evaluate possible functional interplay of endogenous µ- and δ-opioid receptors (MORs and DORs) in mouse neurons. Detecting GPCR dimers in native tissues, however, has been challenging. Previously, MORs and DORs co-expressed in transfected cells have been reported to form heterodimers, and their possible co-localization in neurons has been studied in knock-in mice expressing genetically engineered receptors fused to fluorescent proteins. Here, we find that single cholinergic neurons in the mouse striatum endogenously express both MORs and DORs. The receptors on neurons from live brain slices were fluorescently labeled with a ligand-directed labeling reagent, NAI-A594. The selective activation of MORs and DORs, with DAMGO (µ-agonist) and deltorphin (δ-agonist) inhibited spontaneous firing in all cells examined. In the continued presence of agonist, the firing rate returned to baseline as the result of receptor desensitization with the application of deltorphin but was less observed with the application of DAMGO. In addition, agonist-induced internalization of DORs but not MORs was detected. When MORs and DORs were activated simultaneously with [Met5]-enkephalin, desensitization of MORs was facilitated but internalization was not increased. Together, these results indicate that while MORs and DORs are expressed in single striatal cholinergic interneurons, the two receptors function independently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily J Platt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - James Carroll
- Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - David Farrens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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14
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Muchhala KH, Jacob JC, Kang M, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. The Guts of the Opioid Crisis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:315-323. [PMID: 34431418 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00014.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions of the gut epithelium with commensal bacteria are critical for maintaining homeostasis within the gut. Chronic opioid exposure perturbs gut homeostasis through a multitude of neuro-immune-epithelial mechanisms, resulting in the development of analgesic tolerance, a major underpinning of the current opioid crisis. Differences in molecular mechanisms of opioid tolerance between the enteric and central pain pathways pose a significant challenge for managing chronic pain without untoward gastrointestinal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan H Muchhala
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joanna C Jacob
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Minho Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William L Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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15
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Guo T, Patel S, Shah D, Chi L, Emadi S, Pierce DM, Han M, Brumovsky PR, Feng B. Optical clearing reveals TNBS-induced morphological changes of VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers in mouse colorectum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G644-G657. [PMID: 33533318 PMCID: PMC8238166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00363.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal hypersensitivity and sensitization of both mechanosensitive and mechanically insensitive afferents develop after intracolonic instillation of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) in the mouse, a model of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. In mice in which ∼80% of extrinsic colorectal afferents were labeled genetically using the promotor for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGLUT2), we systematically quantified the morphology of VGLUT2-positive axons in mouse colorectum 7-28 days following intracolonic TNBS treatment. After removal, the colorectum was distended (20 mmHg), fixed with paraformaldehyde, and optically cleared to image VGLUT2-positive axons throughout the colorectal wall thickness. We conducted vector path tracing of individual axons to allow systematic quantification of nerve fiber density and shape. Abundant VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers were present in most layers of the colorectum, except the serosal and longitudinal muscular layers. A small percentage of VGLUT2-positive myenteric plexus neurons was also detected. Intracolonic TNBS treatment significantly reduced the number of VGLUT2-positive nerve fibers in submucosal, myenteric plexus, and mucosal layers at day 7 post-TNBS, which mostly recovered by day 28. We also found that almost all fibers in the submucosa were meandering and curvy, with ∼10% showing pronounced curviness (quantified by the linearity index). TNBS treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the proportions of pronounced curvy fibers in the rectal region at 28 days post-TNBS. Altogether, the present morphological study reveals profound changes in the distribution of VGLUT2-positive fibers in mouse colorectum undergoing TNBS-induced colitis and draws attention to curvy fibers in the submucosa with potential roles in visceral nociception.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We conducted genetic labeling and optical clearing to visualize extrinsic sensory nerve fibers in whole-mount colorectum, which revealed widespread presence of axons in the submucosal layer. Remarkably, axons in the submucosa were meandering and curvy, in contrast to axons in other layers generally aligned with the basal tissues. Intracolonic TNBS treatment led to pronounced changes of nerve fiber density and curviness, suggesting nerve fiber morphologies as potentially contributing factors to sensory sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Shivam Patel
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Ling Chi
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Sharareh Emadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - David M Pierce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Martin Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
| | - Pablo R Brumovsky
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut
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16
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Howard AG, Baker PA, Ibarra-García-Padilla R, Moore JA, Rivas LJ, Tallman JJ, Singleton EW, Westheimer JL, Corteguera JA, Uribe RA. An atlas of neural crest lineages along the posterior developing zebrafish at single-cell resolution. eLife 2021; 10:60005. [PMID: 33591267 PMCID: PMC7886338 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate stem cells that give rise to various cell types throughout the developing body in early life. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomic analyses to delineate NCC-derivatives along the posterior developing vertebrate, zebrafish, during the late embryonic to early larval stage, a period when NCCs are actively differentiating into distinct cellular lineages. We identified several major NCC/NCC-derived cell-types including mesenchyme, neural crest, neural, neuronal, glial, and pigment, from which we resolved over three dozen cellular subtypes. We dissected gene expression signatures of pigment progenitors delineating into chromatophore lineages, mesenchyme cells, and enteric NCCs transforming into enteric neurons. Global analysis of NCC derivatives revealed they were demarcated by combinatorial hox gene codes, with distinct profiles within neuronal cells. From these analyses, we present a comprehensive cell-type atlas that can be utilized as a valuable resource for further mechanistic and evolutionary investigations of NCC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Ga Howard
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Phillip A Baker
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | | | - Joshua A Moore
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Lucia J Rivas
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - James J Tallman
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | | | | | | | - Rosa A Uribe
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, United States
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17
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Zhang H, Sun M, Zhou D, Gorur A, Sun Z, Zeng W, Cata JP, Chen W, Miao C. Increased mu-opioid receptor expression is associated with reduced disease-free and overall survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:722-729. [PMID: 32900505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) is associated with poor long-term outcomes in various types of cancer. The association between MOR expression and clinical outcomes in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is not clear. METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent laryngectomy for LSCC. The expression pattern of the MOR protein and OPRM1 gene in tumours and corresponding adjacent non-carcinoma specimens was measured. Propensity score matching was used to minimise bias. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary endpoints were intraoperative sufentanil consumption, grade of surgical complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS A total of 207 LSCC patients were enrolled. After propensity score matching, there was a significant difference in DFS between groups at 1, 3, and 5 yr (60.2% vs 81.2%, P=0.019; 39.4% vs 50.2%, P=0.026; 37.5% vs 42.5%, P=0.023, respectively) in patients with high MOR expression. The OS rates at 1, 3, and 5 yr were significantly lower in the high MOR expression group (81.2% vs 93.2%, P=0.027; 57.7% vs 78.3%, P<0.001; 42.5% vs 60.3%, P<0.001, respectively). The multivariate analysis indicated that high MOR expression was associated with worse DFS and OS (hazard ratio: 1.52, 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 2.25, P=0.034; hazard ratio: 1.42, 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 2.34, P=0.032). CONCLUSION High MOR expression may be associated with poor prognosis in patients with LSCC, suggesting that MOR could be used as a valuable molecular biomarker to predict prognosis of LSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minli Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aysegul Gorur
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Oncology Research Group, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhirong Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weian Zeng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan P Cata
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Surgical Oncology Research Group, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wankun Chen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Anaesthesiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Centre, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Changhong Miao
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Feng B. New Insights on Expression and Function of Mu and Delta Opioid Receptors in Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 9:553-554. [PMID: 32004501 PMCID: PMC7078448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Bin Feng, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3247, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3247. fax: (860) 486-2500.
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