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Elzayat AM, Adam-Cervera I, Albus M, Cháfer A, Badia JD, Pérez-Pla FF, Muñoz-Espí R. Polysaccharide/Silica Microcapsules Prepared via Ionic Gelation Combined with Spray Drying: Application in the Release of Hydrophilic Substances and Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4116. [PMID: 37896359 PMCID: PMC10610447 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide/silica hybrid microcapsules were prepared using ionic gelation followed by spray-drying. Chitosan and alginate were used as biopolymer matrices, and in situ prepared silica was used as a structuring additive. The prepared microparticles were used in two very different applications: the encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules, and as a support for palladium nanoparticles used as catalysts for a model organic reaction, namely the reduction of p-nitrophenol by sodium borhydride. In the first application, erioglaucine disodium salt, taken as a model hydrophilic substance, was encapsulated in situ during the preparation of the microparticles. The results indicate that the presence of silica nanostructures, integrated within the polymer matrix, affect the morphology and the stability of the particles, retarding the release of the encapsulated substance. In the second application, chloropalladate was complexed on the surface of chitosan microparticles, and palladium(II) was subsequently reduced to palladium(0) to obtain heterogeneous catalysts with an excellent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M. Elzayat
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Inés Adam-Cervera
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Marie Albus
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Amparo Cháfer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - José D. Badia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universitat de València, Av. de la Universitat s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco F. Pérez-Pla
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, C/Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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2
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Elzayat A, Tolba E, Pérez‐Pla FF, Oraby A, Muñoz‐Espí R. Increased Stability of Polysaccharide/Silica Hybrid Sub‐Millicarriers for Retarded Release of Hydrophilic Substances. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elzayat
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV) Universitat de València C/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2 Paterna 46980 Spain
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Emad Tolba
- Polymers and Pigments Department National Research Centre Dokki Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Francisco F. Pérez‐Pla
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV) Universitat de València C/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2 Paterna 46980 Spain
| | - Ahmed Oraby
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Rafael Muñoz‐Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV) Universitat de València C/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2 Paterna 46980 Spain
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3
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Elzayat A, Adam-Cervera I, Álvarez-Bermúdez O, Muñoz-Espí R. Nanoemulsions for synthesis of biomedical nanocarriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111764. [PMID: 33892282 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanoemulsions are kinetically stabilized emulsions with droplet sizes in the nanometer scale. These nanodroplets are able to confine spaces in which reactions of polymerization or precipitation can take place, leading to the formation of particles and capsules that can act as nanocarriers for biomedical applications. This review discusses the different possibilities of using nanoemulsions for preparing biomedical nanocarriers. According to the chemical nature, nanocarriers prepared in nanoemulsions are classified in polymeric, inorganic, or hybrid. The main synthetic strategies for each type are revised, including miniemulsion polymerization, nanoemulsion-solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol-gel processes, and combination of different techniques to form multicomponent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Elzayat
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain; Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Inés Adam-Cervera
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Olaia Álvarez-Bermúdez
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Muñoz-Espí
- Institute of Materials Science (ICMUV), Universitat de València, c/ Catedràtic José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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4
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Seidi F, Crespy D. Fighting corrosion with stimuli-responsive polymer conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11931-11940. [PMID: 32955055 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corrosion is a financial and enviromental plague which leads to the deterioration of our infrastructures. Using corrosion inhibitors at low concentrations in coatings is one effective method for preventing corrosion. Inspired by the development of polymer-drug conjugates, corrosion inhibitors are incorporated in various polymer structures to create novel materials for hindering corrosion. We discuss the strategies to covalently integrate corrosion inhibitors in polymer structures to form polymer-inhibitor conjugates. Inhibitors are conjugated to polymers via non-labile or stimuli-labile linkages to allow the release of the inhibitors upon onset of corrosion. The application and anticorrosion performance of representative polymers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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5
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Mansoorianfar M, Khataee A, Riahi Z, Shahin K, Asadnia M, Razmjou A, Hojjati-Najafabadi A, Mei C, Orooji Y, Li D. Scalable fabrication of tunable titanium nanotubes via sonoelectrochemical process for biomedical applications. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 64:104783. [PMID: 31937440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Titanium does not react well with the human tissues and due to its bio-inert nature the surface modification has yet to be well-studied. In this study, the sonoelectrochemical process has been carried out to generate TiO2 nanotube arrays on implantable Ti 6-4. All the prepared nanotubes fill with the vancomycin by immersion and electrophoresis method. Drug-releasing properties, antibacterial behavior, protein adsorption and cell attachment of drug-modified nanotubes are examined by UV-vis, flow cytometry, modified disc diffusion, BSA adsorption, and FESEM, respectively. The most uniform morphology, appropriate drug release, cell viability behavior and antibacterial properties can be achieved by samples anodized in the range of 60-75 V. Also improves the adsorption of BSA protein in bone healing and promotes osteoblast activity and osseointegration. Drug loading efficiency increases up to 60% via electrophoresis comparing the immersion method for anodized sample in 75 V. While electrophoresis does not affect the amount of vancomycin adsorption for lower voltages. Besides, the present study indicates that an anodized sample without drug loading has no antibacterial activity. Moreover, 28-days drug releasing from nanotubes is investigated by mathematical formula according to Fickian's law to find an effective dose of loaded drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Mansoorianfar
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 51666-16471 Tabriz, Iran; Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Gebze, Turkey
| | - Zohreh Riahi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khashayar Shahin
- International Phage Research Center (IPRC), Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohsen Asadnia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amir Razmjou
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Akbar Hojjati-Najafabadi
- Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, PR China
| | - Changtong Mei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yasin Orooji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Dagang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037 Jiangsu, PR China.
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6
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Dararatana N, Seidi F, Crespy D. Polymer conjugates for dual functions of reporting and hindering corrosion. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Chen Y, Wei W, Zhu Y, Luo J, Liu R, Liu X. Synthesis of Temperature/pH Dual-Stimuli-Response Multicompartmental Microcapsules via Pickering Emulsion for Preprogrammable Payload Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4821-4832. [PMID: 31903756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive microcapsules, which can release the encapsulated payload under various environmental stimuli, have attracted great interests of the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and agricultural fields in recent years. However, most reported responsive microcapsules normally have a single storage area and thus load/release only one type of payload under one stimulus. In this work, we fabricated a novel kind of multicompartmental intelligent microcapsule with two storage areas and independently controlled (preprogrammable) releasing behavior under different stimuli via rapid photopolymerization of Pickering emulsions. In our strategy, a temperature-sensitive polymeric (N-isopropyl acrylamide, pNIPAM) particle was prepared and loaded with Nile Red (NR), which was then employed as a Pickering emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water droplets. The oil was composed of pH-responsive monomers and oil-soluble fluorescent green (OG). Upon exposure to photoirradiation, pH-responsive monomers were polymerized along the interior of the droplets and converted into microcapsules. With NR in the temperature-sensitive pNIPAM@NR particles and OG in the interior of the microcapsules, the as-prepared microcapsules possess dual-carrier capability with two payloads encapsulated dependently in two different compartments. In addition, the microcapsules could respond to two different external stimuli (temperature and pH) and realize the selective and independent release of encapsulated molecules (NR and OG) from the shell and core without any mutual interference. More importantly, the release of NR and OG can be programmed by preprogramming the order of the stimulus responses, which can be altered. Our work develops a simple and effective strategy to fabricate responsive multicompartment microcapsules with preprogrammable release of different molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Ren Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
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8
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Jenjob R, Phakkeeree T, Crespy D. Core–shell particles for drug-delivery, bioimaging, sensing, and tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:2756-2770. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell particles offer significant advantages in their use for bioimaging and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Treethip Phakkeeree
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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9
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Jia X, He J, Shen L, Chen J, Wei Z, Qin X, Niu D, Li Y, Shi J. Gradient Redox-Responsive and Two-Stage Rocket-Mimetic Drug Delivery System for Improved Tumor Accumulation and Safe Chemotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8690-8700. [PMID: 31698897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent drug delivery nanosystems for cancer treatment still suffer from the poor tumor accumulation and low therapeutic efficacy due to the complex in vivo biological barriers. To resolve these problems, in this work, a novel gradient redox-responsive and two-stage rocket-mimetic drug nanocarrier is designed and constructed for improved tumor accumulation and safe chemotherapy. The nanocarrier is constructed on the basis of the disulfide-doped organosilica-micellar hybrid nanoparticles and the following dual-functional modification with disulfide-bonded polyethylene glycol (PEG) and amido-bonded polyethylenimine (PEI). First, prolonged circulation duration in the bloodstream is guaranteed due to the shielding of the outer PEG chains. Once the nanocarrier accumulates at the tumoral extracellular microenvironment with low glutathione (GSH) concentrations, the first-stage redox-responsive behavior with the separation of PEG and the exposure of PEI is triggered, leading to the improved tumor accumulation and cellular internalization. Furthermore, with their endocytosis by tumor cells, a high concentration of GSH induces the second-stage redox-responsiveness with the degradation of silsesquioxane framework and the release of the encapsulated drugs. As a result, the rocket-mimetic drug carrier displays longer circulation duration in the bloodstream, higher tumor accumulation capability, and improved antitumor efficacy (which is 2.5 times higher than that with inseparable PEG). It is envisioned that the rocket-mimetic strategy can provide new solutions for improving tumor accumulation and safety of nanocarriers in further cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Jia
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Jianping He
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Luying Shen
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Chen
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Wei
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Xing Qin
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200050 , P. R. China
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10
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Doan-Nguyen TP, Natsathaporn P, Jenjob R, Niyom Y, Ittisanronnachai S, Flood A, Crespy D. Regulating Payload Release from Hybrid Nanocapsules with Dual Silica/Polycaprolactone Shells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:11389-11396. [PMID: 31394031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe a facile strategy to synthesize hybrid nanocapsules with an oil core for hindering interactions between payloads and silica shell. Polycaprolactone/silica nanocapsules are synthesized by an interfacial sol-gel process occurring simultaneously with internal phase separation of the polymer produced by a miniemulsion-solvent evaporation technique. The localization of the polycaprolactone in the nanocapsules is depending on the ratio between polymer and silica. Formation of hybrid nanocapsules is found to significantly hinder interactions of drugs such as ibuprofen and carbamazepine with the silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P Doan-Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City 700000 , Vietnam
| | - Papada Natsathaporn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Yupaporn Niyom
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Somlak Ittisanronnachai
- Frontier Research Center , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong , 21210 , Thailand
| | - Adrian Flood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Energy Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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11
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Niyom Y, Phakkeeree T, Flood A, Crespy D. Synergy between polymer crystallinity and nanoparticles size for payloads release. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 550:139-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Seidi F, Couffon A, Prawatborisut M, Crespy D. Controlling Release Kinetics of Payloads from Polymer Conjugates by Hydrophobicity. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSchool of Molecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Antoine Couffon
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSchool of Molecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Mongkhol Prawatborisut
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSchool of Molecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSchool of Molecular Science and EngineeringVidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology Rayong 21210 Thailand
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13
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Emulsion Techniques for the Production of Pharmacological Nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900063. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Iyisan B, Landfester K. Polymeric Nanocarriers. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NANOSCALE PARTICLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Jobdeedamrong A, Jenjob R, Crespy D. Encapsulation and Release of Essential Oils in Functional Silica Nanocontainers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13235-13243. [PMID: 30300551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of mesoporous silica nanocontainers (SiO2NCs) that simultaneously encapsulate different antiseptic agents. Peppermint oil (PO), thyme oil (TO), cinnamon oil (CnO), and clove oil (CO), which are known to display antibacterial properties, are loaded in the core of the silica nanocontainers that are stabilized by antiseptic surfactants. The encapsulation efficiency, surface area, and pore size are controlled by the type of oil and surfactant. The release of essential oils is further controlled by grafting oxidized hyaluronic acid on silica nanocontainers functionalized with amino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjaree Jobdeedamrong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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16
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Jo SM, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Biomimetic Cascade Network between Interactive Multicompartments Organized by Enzyme-Loaded Silica Nanoreactors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:34230-34237. [PMID: 30212628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Physical separation of reactions by interactive multicompartments in biological cells is an attractive motif to design efficient microreactors that create biomimetic cascade reactions. We present an aqueous compartment with three different subcompartments that comprise of silica nanoreactors with encapsulated enzymes, namely, β-glucosidase, glucose oxidase, and peroxidase, providing a model cascade reaction in confinement. The encapsulated enzymes retain their activity as the substrate can reach the active site and the silica shell further protects the enzymes from external stresses, such as heat and proteolytic degradation. We demonstrate the biomimetic cascade reaction in between the compartments ("organelles") inside of an additional microconfinement (water-in-oil emulsion). This strategy will allow us to design efficient multicompartmentalized reactors for further biological and organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Jo
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , D-55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Frederik R Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , D-55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10 , D-55128 Mainz , Germany
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17
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Kaziem AE, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Qin X, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, You H, Li J, He S. α-Amylase triggered carriers based on cyclodextrin anchored hollow mesoporous silica for enhancing insecticidal activity of avermectin against Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:213-221. [PMID: 30036751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
α-Amylase-responsive carrier for controlled release of avermectin (AVM) was prepared based on α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) anchored hollow mesoporous silica (HMS) using α-CD as a capping molecule. The release of AVM was studied at different temperatures, pH values and in the presence or absence of α-amylase. The results revealed that the AVM-encapsulated controlled release formulation (AVM-CRF) has a drastic enzymatic dependence, an excellent encapsulation efficacy reaching 38%, and outstanding UV and thermal shielding ability. The AVM-CRF biological activity survey shows excellent toxicological properties against Plutella xylostella larvae, which confirms that α-CD caps could be uncapped enzymatically in vivo and release AVM, inducing P. xylostella larval death. AVM-CRF has a notable capability to keep 0.6 mg L-1 AVM biologically active until 14th day with 83.33% mortality of the target insect, which was 40% higher than that of treated with AVM commercial formulation. The study provides a theoretical basis for the application of pesticide reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir E Kaziem
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Yunhao Gao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueying Qin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Xiao
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong You
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shun He
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Pramanik SK, Sreedharan S, Singh H, Khan M, Tiwari K, Shiras A, Smythe C, Thomas JA, Das A. Mitochondria Targeting Non-Isocyanate-Based Polyurethane Nanocapsules for Enzyme-Triggered Drug Release. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3532-3543. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Pramanik
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Harwinder Singh
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Mohsina Khan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra India
| | - Karishma Tiwari
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
| | - Anjali Shiras
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411 007, Maharashtra India
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Jim. A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Amitava Das
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat 364 002, India
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19
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Jia X, Zhang Y, Zou Y, Wang Y, Niu D, He Q, Huang Z, Zhu W, Tian H, Shi J, Li Y. Dual Intratumoral Redox/Enzyme-Responsive NO-Releasing Nanomedicine for the Specific, High-Efficacy, and Low-Toxic Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704490. [PMID: 29889325 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy suffers numbers of limitations including poor drug solubility, nonspecific biodistribution, and inevitable adverse effects on normal tissues. Tumor-targeted delivery and intratumoral stimuli-responsive release of drugs by nanomedicines are considered to be highly promising in solving these problems. Compared with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, high concentration of nitric oxide (NO) exhibits unique anticancer effects. The development of tumor-targeting and intratumoral microenvironment-responsive NO-releasing nanomedicines is highly desired. Here a novel kind of organic-inorganic composite nanomedicine (QM-NPQ@PDHNs) is presented by encapsulating a glutathione S-transferases π (GSTπ)-responsive drug O2 -(2,4-dinitro-5-{[2-(β-d-galactopyranosyl olean-12-en-28-oate-3-yl)-oxy-2-oxoethyl] piperazine-1-yl} phenyl) 1-(methylethanolamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-dilate (NPQ) as NO donor and an aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) red fluorogen QM-2 into the cores of the hybrid nanomicelles (PEGylated disulfide-doped hybrid nanocarriers (PDHNs)) with glutathione (GSH)-responsive shells. The QM-NPQ@PDHN nanomedicine is able to respond to the intratumoral over-expressed GSH and GSTπ, resulting in the responsive biodegradation of the protective organosilica shell and NPQ release, and subsequent NO release within the tumor, respectively, and thus normal organs remain unaffected. This work demonstrates a paradigm of dual intratumoral redox/enzyme-responsive NO-release nanomedicine for tumor-specific and high-efficacy cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Jia
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qianjun He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jianlin Shi
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Lab of Low-Dimensional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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20
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Dararatana N, Seidi F, Crespy D. pH-Sensitive Polymer Conjugates for Anticorrosion and Corrosion Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20876-20883. [PMID: 29812891 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, the global cost of corrosion in the world was estimated to be around 2.5 trillion dollars and has been continuously increasing. The active protection by corrosion inhibitors is a well-known technique for protecting metals against corrosion. However, one major disadvantage is that corrosion inhibitors can be leached in the environment, even when corrosion does not occur. We design and synthesize smart polymer/corrosion inhibitor conjugates as a new generation of materials for corrosion protection. These materials release inhibitors upon acidification, which may occur either by acidic rain or as a consequence of the metal corrosion process itself. A polymerizable derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), an effective corrosion inhibitor, is prepared so that it contains acid-labile β-thiopropionate linkages. The monomer is copolymerized with ethyl acrylate, and the obtained functional polymer is processed to form nanoparticles. Under acidic conditions, >95% 8HQ is released from the nanoparticles of the polymer conjugates after 14 days. However, the release was significantly slower under neutral conditions, reaching only 15% during the same period. Additionally, nonconjugated 8HQ can be physically entrapped in the nanoparticles of the polymer conjugates by encapsulation. The nonconjugated 8HQ is then released in less than 30 min so that the coexistence of both conjugated and nonconjugated 8HQ in the nanoparticles allows a release profile, which is a hybrid of sustained and burst releases. Furthermore, the nanoparticles are advantageously used as nanosensors. The 8HQ released from the nanoparticles displays enhanced fluorescence upon chelation with aluminum ions. Therefore, the nanoparticles can be used simultaneously for corrosion sensing and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruphorn Dararatana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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21
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pH-sensitive biocompatible mesoporous magnetic nanoparticles labeled with folic acid as an efficient carrier for controlled anticancer drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Kallar AR, Muthu J, Selvam S. Bioreducible amino acid-derived polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of functional proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Incorporating labile bonds inside polymer backbone and side chains yields interesting polymer materials that are responsive to change of environmental stimuli. Drugs can be conjugated to various polymers through different conjugation linkages and spacers. One of the key factors influencing the release profile of conjugated drugs is the hydrolytic stability of the conjugated linkage. Generally, the hydrolysis of acid-labile linkages, including acetal, imine, hydrazone, and to some extent β-thiopropionate, are relatively fast and the conjugated drug can be completely released in the range of several hours to a few days. The cleavage of ester linkages are usually slow, which is beneficial for continuous and prolonged release. Another key structural factor is the water solubility of polymer-drug conjugates. Generally, the release rate from highly water-soluble prodrugs is fast. In prodrugs with large hydrophobic segments, the hydrophobic drugs are usually located in the hydrophobic core of micelles and nanoparticles, which limits the access to the water, hence lowering significantly the hydrolysis rate. Finally, self-immolative polymers are also an intriguing new class of materials. New synthetic pathways are needed to overcome the fact that much of the small molecules produced upon degradation are not active molecules useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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24
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Seidi F, Druet V, Huynh N, Phakkeeree T, Crespy D. Hemiaminal ether linkages provide a selective release of payloads from polymer conjugates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13730-13733. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemiaminal linkages allow for a selective and pH-responsive release of triazoles from polymer conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Victor Druet
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Nguyen Huynh
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Treethip Phakkeeree
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC)
- Rayong 21210
- Thailand
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25
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Behzadi S, Luther GA, Harris MB, Farokhzad OC, Mahmoudi M. Nanomedicine for safe healing of bone trauma: Opportunities and challenges. Biomaterials 2017; 146:168-182. [PMID: 28918266 PMCID: PMC5706116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Historically, high-energy extremity injuries resulting in significant soft-tissue trauma and bone loss were often deemed unsalvageable and treated with primary amputation. With improved soft-tissue coverage and nerve repair techniques, these injuries now present new challenges in limb-salvage surgery. High-energy extremity trauma is pre-disposed to delayed or unpredictable bony healing and high rates of infection, depending on the integrity of the soft-tissue envelope. Furthermore, orthopedic trauma surgeons are often faced with the challenge of stabilizing and repairing large bony defects while promoting an optimal environment to prevent infection and aid bony healing. During the last decade, nanomedicine has demonstrated substantial potential in addressing the two major issues intrinsic to orthopedic traumas (i.e., high infection risk and low bony reconstruction) through combatting bacterial infection and accelerating/increasing the effectiveness of the bone-healing process. This review presents an overview and discusses recent challenges and opportunities to address major orthopedic trauma through nanomedical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahed Behzadi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Gaurav A Luther
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Mitchel B Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States; King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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