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Abu Elella MH, Kolawole OM. Recent advances in modified chitosan-based drug delivery systems for transmucosal applications: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134531. [PMID: 39116977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, transmucosal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have been extensively studied because they protect therapeutic agents from degradation; improve drug residence time at the mucosal membranes; and facilitate sustained drug release for a prolonged period. Chitosan is a well-researched polymeric excipient due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, biodegradability, mucoadhesive, antimicrobial, and low immunogenicity. Its limited mucoadhesiveness in the physiological environment necessitated its chemical modification. This review highlights the recent advances in the chemical modification of chitosan with various chemical groups to generate various functionalized chitosan derivatives, such as thiolated, acrylated, methacrylated, boronated, catechol, and maleimide-functionalized chitosans with superior mucoadhesive capabilities compared to the parent chitosan. Moreover, it presents the different prepared dosage forms, such as tablets, hydrogels, films, micro/nanoparticles, and liposomes/niosomes for drug administration within various mucosal routes including oral, buccal, nasal, ocular, colonic, intravesical, and vaginal routes. The reported data from preclinical studies of these pharmaceutical formulations have revealed the controlled and target-specific delivery of therapeutics because of their formation of covalent bonds with thiol groups on the mucosal surface. All functionalized chitosan derivatives exhibited long drug residence time on mucosal surfaces and sustainable drug release with excellent cellular permeability, drug efficacy, and biocompatibility. These promising data could be translated from the research laboratories to the clinics with consistent and intensive research effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Abu Elella
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Bagul US, Khot SV, Ashtekar KS, Monde AA, Kolhe OH, Tagalpallewar AA, Kokare CR. Fabrication of acetazolamide loaded leciplex for intraocular delivery: Optimization by 3 2 full factorial design, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo pharmacodynamics. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124391. [PMID: 38936444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The complex structure of the eye poses challenges in delivering drugs effectively, which can be circumvented by employing nanotechnologies. The present study aimed to prepareacetazolamide-loadedleciplex (ACZ - LP) using a simple one-step fabrication approach followed byoptimization employing a 32 Full Factorial Design. The ACZ - LP demonstrated high entrapment efficiency (93.25 ± 2.32 %), average diameter was recorded around 171.03 ± 3.32 with monodisperse size distribution and zeta potential of 41.33 ± 2.10 mV. Invitro release and ex vivo permeation studies of prepared formulation demonstrated an initial burst release in 1 h followed by sustained release pattern as compared to plain acetazolamide solution. Moreover, an ex vivo corneal drug retention (27.05 ± 1.20 %) and in vitro mucoadhesive studies with different concentration of mucin indicated strong electrostatic bonding confirming the mucoadhesive characteristics of the formulation. Additionally, the histopathological studies ensured that the formulation was non-irritant and nontoxic while and HET-CAM ensured substantial tolerability of the formulation. The in vivo pharmacodynamic investigation carried out on a rabbit model demonstrated that treatment with ACZ - LP resulted in a significant and prolonged reduction in intraocular pressure as compared to plain acetazolamide solution, acetazolamide oral tablet, and Brinzox®. In summary, the ACZ - LP is anefficient and versatile drug delivery approach which demonstrates significant potential in controlling glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uddhav S Bagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Shubham V Khot
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran S Ashtekar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish A Monde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Omkar H Kolhe
- Department of Quality Assurance Techniques, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amol A Tagalpallewar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr.Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, School of Health Science and Technology, Kothrud, Pune 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandrakant R Kokare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, STES Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Narhe, Pune 411041, Maharashtra, India
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Peng J, Wang Q, Sun R, Zhang K, Chen Y, Gong Z. Phospholipids of inhaled liposomes determine the in vivo fate and therapeutic effects of salvianolic acid B on idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2024; 371:1-15. [PMID: 38761856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Since phospholipids have an important effect on the size, surface potential and hardness of liposomes that decide their in vivo fate after inhalation, this research has systematically evaluated the effect of phospholipids on pulmonary drug delivery by liposomes. In this study, liposomes composed of neutral saturated/unsaturated phospholipids, anionic and cationic phospholipids were constructed to investigate how surface potential and the degree of saturation of fatty acid chains determined their mucus and epithelium permeability both in vitro and in vivo. Our results clearly indicated that liposomes composed of saturated neutral and anionic phospholipids possessed high stability and permeability, compared to that of liposomes composed of unsaturated phospholipids and cationic phospholipids. Furthermore, both in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled liposomes and biodistribution of salvianolic acid B (SAB) that encapsulated in liposomes were performed to estimate the effect of phospholipids on the lung exposure and retention of inhaled liposomes. Finally, inhaled SAB-loaded liposomes exhibited enhanced therapeutic effects in a bleomycin-induced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mice model via inhibition of inflammation and regulation on coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Such findings will be beneficial to the development of inhalable lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems for the treatment of respiratory diseases where inhalation is the preferred route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China.
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, China.
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Chen Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Xu S, Li Y, Sun R, Huang J, Peng J, Gong Z, Wang J, Tang L. Development of a hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose/polyacrylic acid interpolymer complex formulated buccal mucosa adhesive film to facilitate the delivery of insulin for diabetes treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:131876. [PMID: 38685543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Buccal mucosa administration is a promising method for insulin (INS) delivery with good compliance. However, buccal mucosa delivery systems still face challenges of long-term mucosal adhesion, sustained drug release, and mucosal drug penetration. To address these issues, a double-layer film consisting of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/polyacrylic acid interpolymer complex (IPC)-formulated mucoadhesive layer and an ethylcellulose (EC)-formulated waterproof backing layer (IPC/EC film) was designed. Protamine (PTM) and INS were co-loaded in the mucoadhesive layer of the IPC/EC film (PTM-INS-IPC/EC film). In ex vivo studies with porcine buccal mucosa, this film exhibited robust adhesion, with an adhesion force of 120.2 ± 20.3 N/m2 and an adhesion duration of 491 ± 45 min. PTM has been shown to facilitate INS mucosal transfer. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film significantly improved the absorption of INS, exhibiting a 1.45 and 2.24-fold increase in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) compared to the INS-IPC/EC film and free INS, respectively. Moreover, the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film effectively stabilized the blood glucose levels of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) rats with post oral glucose administration, maintaining lower glucose levels for approximately 8 h. Hence, the PTM-INS-IPC/EC film provides a promising noninvasive INS delivery system for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Jinzhuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Shan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Jianqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
| | - Jianta Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 561113, China.
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Zhao L, Arias SL, Zipfel W, Brito IL, Yeo J. Coarse-grained modeling and dynamics tracking of nanoparticles diffusion in human gut mucus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131434. [PMID: 38614182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract's mucus layer serves as a critical barrier and a mediator in drug nanoparticle delivery. The mucus layer's diverse molecular structures and spatial complexity complicates the mechanistic study of the diffusion dynamics of particulate materials. In response, we developed a bi-component coarse-grained mucus model, specifically tailored for the colorectal cancer environment, that contained the two most abundant glycoproteins in GI mucus: Muc2 and Muc5AC. This model demonstrated the effects of molecular composition and concentration on mucus pore size, a key determinant in the permeability of nanoparticles. Using this computational model, we investigated the diffusion rate of polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated nanoparticles, a widely used muco-penetrating nanoparticle. We validated our model with experimentally characterized mucus pore sizes and the diffusional coefficients of PEG-coated nanoparticles in the mucus collected from cultured human colorectal goblet cells. Machine learning fingerprints were then employed to provide a mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle diffusional behavior. We found that larger nanoparticles tended to be trapped in mucus over longer durations but exhibited more ballistic diffusion over shorter time spans. Through these discoveries, our model provides a promising platform to study pharmacokinetics in the GI mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhao
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Sandra L Arias
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Warren Zipfel
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ilana L Brito
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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Hua T, Li S, Han B. Nanomedicines for intranasal delivery: understanding the nano-bio interactions at the nasal mucus-mucosal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:553-572. [PMID: 38720439 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2339335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intranasal administration is an effective drug delivery routes in modern pharmaceutics. However, unlike other in vivo biological barriers, the nasal mucosal barrier is characterized by high turnover and selective permeability, hindering the diffusion of both particulate drug delivery systems and drug molecules. The in vivo fate of administrated nanomedicines is often significantly affected by nano-biointeractions. AREAS COVERED The biological barriers that nanomedicines encounter when administered intranasally are introduced, with a discussion on the factors influencing the interaction between nanomedicines and the mucus layer/mucosal barriers. General design strategies for nanomedicines administered via the nasal route are further proposed. Furthermore, the most common methods to investigate the characteristics and the interactions of nanomedicines when in presence of the mucus layer/mucosal barrier are briefly summarized. EXPERT OPINION Detailed investigation of nanomedicine-mucus/mucosal interactions and exploration of their mechanisms provide solutions for designing better intranasal nanomedicines. Designing and applying nanomedicines with mucus interaction properties or non-mucosal interactions should be customized according to the therapeutic need, considering the target of the drug, i.e. brain, lung or nose. Then how to improve the precise targeting efficiency of nanomedicines becomes a difficult task for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangsiyuan Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou Univesity, Changzhou, PR China
| | - Shuling Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Peng J, Zhang X, Zhang K, Wang Q, Sun R, Chen Y, Chen Y, Gong Z. Polysaccharides screening for pulmonary mucus penetration by molecular dynamics simulation and in vitro verification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130839. [PMID: 38490391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Mucus penetration is one of the physiologic barriers of inhalation and nanocarriers can effectively facilitate the permeation of drugs. The interactions between the nanocarriers and mucin are crucial for penetration across the mucus layer on the respiratory tract. In this study, we proposed a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method for the screening of polysaccharides that acted as the surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration. MD revealed all-atom interactions between the monomers of polysaccharides, including dextran (DEX)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and the human mucin protein MUC5AC (hMUC5AC). The obtained data showed that DEX formed stronger non-covalent bonds with hMUC5AC compared to HA and CMCS, which suggested that HA and CMCS had better mucus permeability than DEX. For the in vitro verification, HA/CMCS-coated liposomes and DEX/PEG-inserted liposomes were prepared. The results of mucin interactions and mucus penetration studies confirmed that HA and CMCS possessed the weakest interactions with mucin and facilitated the mucus penetration, which was in consistent with the data from MD simulation. This work may shed light on the MD simulation-based screening of surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; The Key and Characteristic Laboratory of Modern Pathogenicity Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Runbin Sun
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Zipeng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Teng Z, Yang J, Chen X, Liu Y. Intranasal Morphology Transformation Nanomedicines for Long-Term Intervention of Allergic Rhinitis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25322-25334. [PMID: 38088363 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal administration has been widely explored as a potential treatment for allergic rhinitis, and improving intranasal penetration and retention of drugs is a challenging requirement to further improve efficacy. Delivery strategies of nanocarriers that enhance mucosal adhesion or mucus penetration have been proposed to improve nasal drug delivery; however, delivery efficiency remains limited by excessive pulmonary deposition and nonspecific cell phagocytosis. In this work, a "nasal in situ assembly" strategy was presented to construct intranasal morphology transformation nanomedicines with enhanced effective drug concentration for long-term intervention of allergic rhinitis. The polymer-polypeptide nanomedicine (PHCK) with a CCR3 antagonistic peptide (C) and a pH-responsive polyethylene glycol (H) was developed, encapsulating ketotifen (KT). PHCK nanoparticles displayed nasal mucosa permeability and transformed to nanofibers in the acidic environment of the nasal cavity, realizing responsive burst release of KT simultaneously. The fibrotic reassembly reduced the cellular internalization of nanomedicine and increased the CCR3 blockade on the eosinophil (EOS) membranes. Both in vitro and in vivo data indicated that PHCK achieved improved drug accumulation and retention in the nasal cavity and decreased pulmonary deposition, then effectively inhibited mast cell degranulation and EOS chemotaxis. This study demonstrates that the "nasal in situ assembly" strategy can improve drug delivery efficiency upon nasal responsive morphologic transformation, providing exploratory perspectives for nasal delivery platforms establishment and boosting therapeutic effect of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Teng
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jianke Yang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266000, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
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Sato H, Yamada K, Miyake M, Onoue S. Recent Advancements in the Development of Nanocarriers for Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems to Control Oral Absorption. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2708. [PMID: 38140049 PMCID: PMC10747340 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients is desirable because it is easy, safe, painless, and can be performed by patients, resulting in good medication adherence. The mucus layer in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract generally acts as a barrier to protect the epithelial membrane from foreign substances; however, in the absorption process after oral administration, it can also disturb effective drug absorption by trapping it in the biological sieve structured by mucin, a major component of mucus, and eliminating it by mucus turnover. Recently, functional nanocarriers (NCs) have attracted much attention due to their immense potential and effectiveness in the field of oral drug delivery. Among them, NCs with mucopenetrating and mucoadhesive properties are promising dosage options for controlling drug absorption from the GI tracts. Mucopenetrating and mucoadhesive NCs can rapidly deliver encapsulated drugs to the absorption site and/or prolong the residence time of NCs close to the absorption membrane, providing better medications than conventional approaches. The surface characteristics of NCs are important factors that determine their functionality, owing to the formation of various kinds of interactions between the particle surface and mucosal components. Thus, a deeper understanding of surface modifications on the biopharmaceutical characteristics of NCs is necessary to develop the appropriate mucosal drug delivery systems (mDDS) for the treatment of target diseases. This review summarizes the basic information and functions of the mucosal layer, highlights the recent progress in designing functional NCs for mDDS, and discusses their performance in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kohei Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.S.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masateru Miyake
- Business Integrity and External Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8242, Japan;
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (H.S.); (K.Y.)
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10
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Yuan M, Han Z, Liang Y, Sun Y, He B, Chen W, Li F. mRNA nanodelivery systems: targeting strategies and administration routes. Biomater Res 2023; 27:90. [PMID: 37740246 PMCID: PMC10517595 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
With the great success of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines, mRNA therapeutics have gained significant momentum for the prevention and treatment of various refractory diseases. To function efficiently in vivo and overcome clinical limitations, mRNA demands safe and stable vectors and a reasonable administration route, bypassing multiple biological barriers and achieving organ-specific targeted delivery of mRNA. Nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems representing leading vector approaches ensure the successful intracellular delivery of mRNA to the target organ. In this review, chemical modifications of mRNA and various types of advanced mRNA NPs, including lipid NPs and polymers are summarized. The importance of passive targeting, especially endogenous targeting, and active targeting in mRNA nano-delivery is emphasized, and different cellular endocytic mechanisms are discussed. Most importantly, based on the above content and the physiological structure characteristics of various organs in vivo, the design strategies of mRNA NPs targeting different organs and cells are classified and discussed. Furthermore, the influence of administration routes on targeting design is highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the remaining challenges and future development toward mRNA targeted therapies and precision medicine is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujie Yuan
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266073, China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wantao Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani T, Kashanian S, Karimi I, Schiöth HB. Synthesis of an insulin-loaded mucoadhesive nanoparticle designed for intranasal administration: focus on new diffusion media. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1227423. [PMID: 37701036 PMCID: PMC10494546 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1227423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal administration is a drug delivery approach to provide a non-invasive pharmacological response in the central nervous system with relatively small peripheral side effects. To improve the residence time of intranasal drug delivery systems in the nasal mucosa, mucoadhesive polymers (e.g., chitosan) can be used. Here, insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized and their physiochemical properties were evaluated based on requirements of intranasal administration. The nanoparticles were spherical (a hydrodynamic diameter of 165.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.24, and zeta potential of +21.6 mV) that granted mucoadhesion without any noticeable toxicity to the nasal tissue. We applied a new approach using the Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution along with simulated nasal fluid in a Franz's diffusion cell to study this intranasal drug delivery system. We used the Krebs-Henseleit buffer because of its ability to supply glucose to the cells which serves as a novel ex vivo diffusion medium to maintain the viability of the tissue during the experiment. Based on diffusion rate and histopathological endpoints, the Krebs-Henseleit buffer solution can be a substituent solution to the commonly used simulated nasal fluid for such drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Jamshidnejad-Tosaramandani
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Sensor and Biosensor Research Center (SBRC), Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Isaac Karimi
- Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Chua AJ, Francesco VD, Huang D, D'Souza A, Bleier BS, Amiji MM. Nanotechnology-enabled topical delivery of therapeutics in chronic rhinosinusitis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:1399-1415. [PMID: 37800470 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses which represents a significant health burden due to its widespread prevalence and impact on patients' quality of life. As the molecular pathways driving and sustaining inflammation in CRS become better elucidated, the diversity of treatment options is likely to widen significantly. Nanotechnology offers several tools to enhance the effectiveness of topical therapies, which has been limited by factors such as poor drug retention, mucosal permeation and adhesion, removal by epithelial efflux pumps and the inability to effectively penetrate biofilms. In this review, we highlight the successful application of nanomedicine in the field of CRS therapeutics, discuss current limitations and propose opportunities for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Chua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Sengkang General Hospital, 110 Sengkang E Way, 544886, Singapore
| | - Valentina Di Francesco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115, USA
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anisha D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Benjamin S Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mansoor M Amiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 140 The Fenway Building, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 140 The Fenway Building, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Zhang S, Zhu C, Huang W, Liu H, Yang M, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi J, Hu Y, Shi X, Wang ZH. Recent progress of micro/nanomotors to overcome physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract. J Control Release 2023; 360:514-527. [PMID: 37429360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Oral administration is a convenient administration route for gastrointestinal disease therapy with good patient compliance. But the nonspecific distribution of the oral drugs may cause serious side effects. In recent years, oral drug delivery systems (ODDS) have been applied to deliver the drugs to the gastrointestinal disease sites with decreased side effects. However, the delivery efficiency of ODDS is tremendously limited by physiological barriers in the gastrointestinal sites, such as the long and complex gastrointestinal tract, mucus layer, and epithelial barrier. Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoscale devices that transfer various energy sources into autonomous motion. The outstanding motion characteristics of MNMs inspired the development of targeted drug delivery, especially the oral drug delivery. However, a comprehensive review of oral MNMs for the gastrointestinal diseases therapy is still lacking. Herein, the physiological barriers of ODDS were comprehensively reviewed. Afterward, the applications of MNMs in ODDS for overcoming the physiological barriers in the past 5 years were highlighted. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of MNMs in ODDS are discussed as well. This review will provide inspiration and direction of MNMs for the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases, pushing forward the clinical application of MNMs in oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaoran Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wanting Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mingzhu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuejiao Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yurong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiufang Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhi-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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14
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Wu Y, Lou B, Zheng N, Zhou X, Gao Y, Hong W, Yang Q, Yang G. F OF 1-ATPase Motor-Embedded Chromatophore as Drug Delivery System: Extraction, Cargo Loading Ability and Mucus Penetration Ability. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1681. [PMID: 37376130 PMCID: PMC10302136 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal drug delivery permits direct and prompt drug absorption, which is capable of reducing undesirable decomposition that occurs before absorption. However, mucus clearance of those mucosal drug delivery systems strongly retards their actual application. Herein, we propose chromatophore nanoparticles embedded with FOF1-ATPase motors to promote mucus penetration. The FOF1-ATPase motor-embedded chromatophores were firstly extracted from Thermus thermophilus by using a gradient centrifugation method. Then, the model drug (curcumin) was loaded onto the chromatophores. The drug loading efficiency and entrapment efficiency were optimized by using different loading approaches. The activity, motility, stability and mucus permeation of the drug-loaded chromatophore nanoparticles were thoroughly investigated. Both the in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that the FOF1-ATPase motor-embedded chromatophore successfully enhanced mucus penetration glioma therapy. This study indicates that the FOF1-ATPase motor-embedded chromatophore is a promising alternative as a mucosal drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
| | - Bang Lou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
| | - Ning Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
| | - Ying Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
- Zhejiang Moda Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Weiyong Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qingliang Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
| | - Gensheng Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China (B.L.)
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15
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Jalal RR, Ways TMM, Abu Elella MH, Hassan DA, Khutoryanskiy VV. Preparation of mucoadhesive methacrylated chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of ciprofloxacin. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:124980. [PMID: 37236558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive polymers and their nanoparticles have attracted a lot of attention in pharmaceutical applications, especially transmucosal drug delivery (TDD). Mucoadhesive polysaccharide-based nanoparticles, particularly chitosan, and its derivatives, are widely used for TDD owing to their outstanding features such as biocompatibility, mucoadhesive, and absorption-enhancing properties. Herein, this study aimed to design potential mucoadhesive nanoparticles for the delivery of ciprofloxacin based on methacrylated chitosan (MeCHI) using the ionic gelation method in the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and compared them with the unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. In this study, different experimental conditions including the polymer to TPP mass ratios, NaCl, and TPP concentration were changed to achieve unmodified and MeCHI nanoparticles with the smallest particle size and lowest polydispersity index. At 4:1 polymer /TPP mass ratio, both chitosan and MeCHI nanoparticles had the smallest size (133 ± 5 nm and 206 ± 9 nm, respectively). MeCHI nanoparticles were generally larger and slightly more polydisperse than the unmodified chitosan nanoparticles. Ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI nanoparticles had the highest encapsulation efficiency (69 ± 13 %) at 4:1 MeCHI /TPP mass ratio and 0.5 mg/mL TPP, but similar encapsulation efficiency to that of their chitosan counterpart at 1 mg/mL TPP. They also provided a more sustained and slower drug release compared to their chitosan counterpart. Additionally, the mucoadhesion (retention) study on sheep abomasum mucosa showed that ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI nanoparticles with optimized TPP concentration had better retention than the unmodified chitosan counterpart. The percentage of the remained ciprofloxacin-loaded MeCHI and chitosan nanoparticles on the mucosal surface was 96 % and 88 %, respectively. Therefore, MeCHI nanoparticles have an excellent potential for applications in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renas Rzgar Jalal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Twana Mohammed M Ways
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Mahmoud H Abu Elella
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Diyar Ahmed Hassan
- Pioneer Co. for Pharmaceutical Industries, Sulaimani 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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