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González-Praetorius A, Fernández-García A, Pérez-Olmeda M, García-Rivera MV, Caballero-López B, Gilaberte-Reyzabal S, Román-Marcos E, Ory-Machón FD, Echevarría-Mayo JE. Measles outbreak in the sanitary area of Guadalajara (Spain): difficulty in microbiological diagnosis in the era of its elimination. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:532-538. [PMID: 35811250 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Spain, like in other countries where endemic measles has been eliminated, there is a need for available diagnostic tolos for confirming any cases in order to prevent and control its transmission. We describe the different microbiological tests used for the diagnosis of measles during an outbreak that occurred in 2019 in the province of Guadalajara (Spain). METHODS Serological and molecular tests were performed at the Microbiology laboratory of the Guadalajara University Hospital and at the National Center for Microbiology of the Carlos III Health Institute (Majadahonda, Spain). Patient data were obtained from the surveillance system. RESULTS A total of 43 patients had a laboratory diagnosis of measles: 29 cases by PCR (pharyngeal exudate or urine) and positive specific IgM, 11 cases by PCR, and 3 cases only by a positive IgM. Genotype D8 was identified in 35 confirmed cases and genotype A in two that were discarded as post-vaccination cases. PCR was positive in the acute sera of 11 out of 14 patients with a negative IgM. Eleven confirmed cases had recieved one or two vaccine doses. Twelve adult patients were hospitalizated, all of them with a diagnostic of hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS The combination of molecular tests and the presence of specific IgM is necessary for a correct diagnosis of measles and also to classify patients with a breakthrough infection or vaccine failures (primary or secondary). Genotyping is essential for the correct classification of the patients in the context of a measles elimination program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Fernández-García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Victoria García-Rivera
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - Elena Román-Marcos
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando de Ory-Machón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Emilio Echevarría-Mayo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación, Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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González-Praetorius A, Fernández-García A, Pérez-Olmeda M, García-Rivera MV, Caballero-López B, Gilaberte-Reyzabal S, Román-Marcos E, de Ory-Machón F, Echevarría-Mayo JE. Measles outbreak in the sanitary area of Guadalajara (Spain): Difficulty in microbiological diagnosis in the era of its elimination. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2021; 40:S0213-005X(21)00232-9. [PMID: 34429225 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Spain, like in other countries where endemic measles has been eliminated, there is a need for available diagnostic tools for confirming any cases in order to prevent and control its transmission. We describe the different microbiological tests used for the diagnosis of measles during an outbreak that occurred in 2019 in the province of Guadalajara (Spain). METHODS Serological and molecular tests were performed at the Microbiology laboratory of the Guadalajara University Hospital and at the National Center for Microbiology of the Carlos III Health Institute (Majadahonda, Spain). Patient data were obtained from the surveillance system. RESULTS A total of 43 patients had a laboratory diagnosis of measles: 29 cases by PCR (pharyngeal exudate or urine) and positive specific IgM, 11 cases by PCR, and 3 cases only by a positive IgM. Genotype D8 was identified in 35 confirmed cases and genotype A in 2 that were discarded as post-vaccination cases. PCR was positive in the acute sera of 11 out of 14 patients with a negative IgM. Eleven confirmed cases had recieved one or 2 vaccine doses. Twelve adult patients were hospitalizated, all of them with a diagnostic of hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS The combination of molecular tests and the presence of specific IgG and IgM are necessary for a correct diagnosis of measles and also to classify patients with a breakthrough infection or vaccine failures (primary or secondary). Genotyping is essential for the correct classification of the patients in the context of a measles elimination program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurora Fernández-García
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España
| | - M Victoria García-Rivera
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, España
| | | | | | - Elena Román-Marcos
- Servicio de Epidemiología, Dirección General de Salud Pública de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, España
| | - Fernando de Ory-Machón
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España
| | - Juan Emilio Echevarría-Mayo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, España
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Seki F, Miyoshi M, Ikeda T, Nishijima H, Saikusa M, Itamochi M, Minagawa H, Kurata T, Ootomo R, Kajiwara J, Kato T, Komase K, Tanaka-Taya K, Sunagawa T, Oishi K, Okabe N, Kimura H, Suga S, Kozawa K, Otsuki N, Mori Y, Shirabe K, Takeda M. Nationwide Molecular Epidemiology of Measles Virus in Japan Between 2008 and 2017. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1470. [PMID: 31333607 PMCID: PMC6620789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping evidence that supports the interruption of endemic measles virus (MV) transmission is one of the essential criteria to be verified in achieving measles elimination. In Japan since 2014, MV genotype analyses have been performed for most of the measles cases in prefectural public health institutes nationwide. With this strong molecular epidemiological data, Japan was verified to have eliminated measles in March, 2015. However, even in the postelimination era, sporadic cases and small outbreaks of measles have been detected repeatedly in Japan. This study investigated the nationwide molecular epidemiology of MV between 2008 and 2017. The 891 strains in the total period between 2008 and 2017 belonged to seven genotypes (D5, D4, D9, H1, G3, B3, and D8) and 124 different MV sequence variants, based on the 450-nucleotide sequence region of the N gene (N450). The 311 MV strains in the postelimination era between 2015 and 2017 were classified into 1, 7, 8, and 32 different N450 sequence variants in D9, H1, B3, and D8 genotypes, respectively. Analysis of the detection period of the individual N450 sequence variants showed that the majority of MV strains were detected only for a short period. However, MV strains, MVs/Osaka.JPN/29.15/ [D8] and MVi/Hulu Langat.MYS/26.11/ [D8], which are named strains designated by World Health Organization (WHO), have been detected in many cases over 2 or 3 years between 2015 and 2017. The WHO-named strains have circulated worldwide, causing outbreaks in many countries. Epidemiological investigation revealed repeated importation of these WHO-named strains into Japan. To demonstrate the elimination status (interruption of endemic transmission) in situations with repeated importation of the same strains is challenging. Nevertheless, the detailed sequence analysis of individual MV strains and chronological analysis of these strains provided sufficient evidence to show that Japan has still maintained its measles elimination status in 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Miwako Saikusa
- Yokohama City Institute of Public Health, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Rei Ootomo
- Tottori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Tottori, Japan
| | - Jumboku Kajiwara
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Dazaifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Uruma, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Komase
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Taya
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomimasa Sunagawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Oishi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Graduate School of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- Department of Pediatrics, National Mie Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Mori
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Komei Shirabe
- Yamaguchi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology 3, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Benamar T, Tajounte L, Alla A, Khebba F, Ahmed H, Mulders MN, Filali-Maltouf A, El Aouad R. Real-Time PCR for Measles Virus Detection on Clinical Specimens with Negative IgM Result in Morocco. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147154. [PMID: 26812434 PMCID: PMC4727926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the confirmation of measles cases represents an important indicator regarding the performance of the measles-elimination program, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the routine procedures followed in Morocco for the laboratory confirmation of measles cases. Suspected cases reported between January 2010 and December 2012 were assessed for the timeliness of the sample collection, occurrence of measles clinical symptoms, and the results of the laboratory diagnoses. For 88% of the 2,708 suspected cases, a clinical specimen was collected within 7d of rash onset, of which 50% were IgM-positive and 2.6% were equivocal. The measles symptoms were reported in 91.4% of the cases; the occurrence of symptoms showed a positive association with the serological results (odds ratio [OR] = 2.9883, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.2238-4.0157). Of the negative samples, 52% (n = 116) tested positive by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These results are in favor of using molecular detection to complement serological diagnosis in the context of measles surveillance approach in Morocco. In addition, the introduction of additional laboratory methods for differential diagnosis is required for the final classification of suspected cases with maculopapular rash and fever in the context of the measles elimination program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touria Benamar
- National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Latifa Tajounte
- National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Amal Alla
- Epidemiology Department, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Fatima Khebba
- National Institute of Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hinda Ahmed
- Department of Communicable Disease Prevention & Control, WHO/EMRO, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mick N. Mulders
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rajae El Aouad
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohamed V Souissi, Rabat, Morocco
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Measles surveillance in Taiwan, 2012-2014: Changing epidemiology, immune response, and circulating genotypes. J Med Virol 2015; 88:746-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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What assay is optimal for the diagnosis of measles virus infection? An evaluation of the performance of a measles virus real-time reverse transcriptase PCR using the Cepheid SmartCycler(®) and antigen detection by immunofluorescence. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:46-52. [PMID: 26305819 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the World Health Organization (WHO)-reported elimination of measles in Australia, importation of cases especially in travellers from Asia continues in Sydney, Australia's largest city. Laboratory confirmation supports clinico-epidemiological evidence of measles virus infection, and is needed to establish elimination. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the performance of a random access real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using the moderate complexity SmartCycler(®) platform, and measles antigen detection by immunofluorescence (IFA), for the detection of measles virus in patient samples. STUDY DESIGN One hundred samples comprising nose and throat swabs, nasopharyngeal aspirates and urine, collected from patients with suspected measles were tested in parallel using IFA and nucleic acid testing using the SmartCycler(®) and LightCycler(®) RT-PCR platforms. The LightCycler(®) RT-PCR was used as the reference assay against which the SmartCycler(®) RT-PCR and IFA were compared. RESULTS Using the LightCycler(®) RT-PCR, measles virus was detected in 35 clinical samples. There was 100% concordance between the results of the SmartCycler(®) and the LightCycler(®)-based RT-PCR. Measles genotypes detected included B3, D8, and D9. Testing urine in addition to NTS did not improve diagnostic yield. In contrast, the sensitivity and specificity of IFA compared to the reference LightCycler(®) RT-PCR was 34.3% and 96.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The performance of the SmartCycler(®) is comparable to the LightCycler(®) for the detection of measles virus. However, IFA had poor sensitivity and should not be used to confirm measles virus infection where nucleic acid testing is available.
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de Ory F, Minguito T, Balfagón P, Sanz JC. Comparison of chemiluminescent immunoassay and ELISA for measles IgG and IgM. APMIS 2015; 123:648-51. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Ory
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
| | - Teodora Minguito
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
| | - Pilar Balfagón
- Laboratorio de Serología; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Majadahonda Madrid Spain
| | - Juan C. Sanz
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Barcelona Spain
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública de la Comunidad de Madrid; Madrid Spain
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Shakoor S, Mir F, Zaidi AKM, Zafar A. Hospital preparedness in community measles outbreaks-challenges and recommendations for low-resource settings. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2015; 8:24173. [PMID: 25882388 PMCID: PMC4400300 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v8.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed various strategies involved in containment of measles in healthcare facilities during community outbreaks. The strategies that are more applicable to resource-poor settings, such as natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation with heating and air-conditioning systems allowing unidirectional air-flow, and protection of un-infected patients and healthcare workers (HCWs), have been examined. Ventilation methods need innovative customization for resource-poor settings followed by validation and post-implementation analysis for impact. Mandatory vaccination of all HCWs with two doses of measles-containing vaccine, appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis of immunocompromised inpatients, and stringent admission criteria for measles cases can contribute toward reduction of nosocomial and secondary transmission within facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Shakoor
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan;
| | - Fatima Mir
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anita K M Zaidi
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Afia Zafar
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Fiebelkorn AP, Seward JF, Orenstein WA. A global perspective of vaccination of healthcare personnel against measles: systematic review. Vaccine 2014; 32:4823-39. [PMID: 24280280 PMCID: PMC4691996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Measles transmission has been well documented in healthcare facilities. Healthcare personnel who are unvaccinated and who lack other evidence of measles immunity put themselves and their patients at risk for measles. We conducted a systematic literature review of measles vaccination policies and their implementation in healthcare personnel, measles seroprevalence among healthcare personnel, measles transmission and disease burden in healthcare settings, and impact/costs incurred by healthcare facilities for healthcare-associated measles transmission. Five database searches yielded 135 relevant articles; 47 additional articles were found through cross-referencing. The risk of acquiring measles is estimated to be 2 to 19 times higher for susceptible healthcare personnel than for the general population. Fifty-three articles published worldwide during 1989-2013 reported measles transmission from patients to healthcare personnel; many of the healthcare personnel were unvaccinated or had unknown vaccination status. Eighteen articles published worldwide during 1982-2013 described examples of transmission from healthcare personnel to patients or to other healthcare personnel. Half of European countries have no measles vaccine policies for healthcare personnel. There is no global policy recommendation for the vaccination of healthcare personnel against measles. Even in countries such as the United States or Finland that have national policies, the recommendations are not uniformly implemented in healthcare facilities. Measles serosusceptibility in healthcare personnel varied widely across studies (median 6.5%, range 0-46%) but was consistently higher among younger healthcare personnel. Deficiencies in documentation of two doses of measles vaccination or other evidence of immunity among healthcare personnel presents challenges in responding to measles exposures in healthcare settings. Evaluating and containing exposures and outbreaks in healthcare settings can be disruptive and costly. Establishing policies for measles vaccination for healthcare personnel is an important strategy towards achieving measles elimination and should be a high priority for global policy setting groups, governments, and hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Parker Fiebelkorn
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jane F Seward
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Salimi V, Abbasi S, Zahraei SM, Fatemi-Nasab G, Adjaminezhad-Fard F, Shadab A, Ghavami N, Zareh-Khoshchehre R, Soltanshahi R, Bont L, Mokhtari-Azad T. Implementation of a national measles elimination program in Iran: Phylogenetic analysis of measles virus strains isolated during 2010-2012 outbreaks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94846. [PMID: 24736720 PMCID: PMC3988093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) causes small and large outbreaks in Iran. Molecular assays allow identifying and the sources of measles imported from neighboring countries. We carried out a phylogenetic analysis of measles virus circulating in Iran over the period 2010-2012. Specimens from suspected cases of measles were collected from different regions of Iran. Virus isolation was performed on urine and throat swabs. Partial nucleoprotein gene segments of MV were amplified by RT-PCR. PCR products of 173 samples were sequenced and analyzed. The median age of confirmed cases was 2 years. Among all confirmed cases, 32% had unknown vaccination status, 20% had been vaccinated, and 48% had not been vaccinated. Genotypes B3 and D8 (for the first time), H1 and D4 were detected mainly in unvaccinated toddlers and young children. Genotype B3 became predominant in 2012 and was closely related to African strains. H1 strains were also found in small and large outbreaks during 2012 but were not identical to Iranian H1-2009 strains. A majority of the Iranian D4 strains during 2010-2012 outbreaks were linked to the D4 strain identified in the Pakistan in 2007. We identified a single case in 2010 belonging to D8 genotype with 99.7% identity to Indian isolates. Although the vaccination program is currently good enough to prevent nationwide epidemics and successfully decreased measles incidence in Iran, the fraction of protected individuals in the population was not high enough to prevent continuous introduction of cases from abroad. Due to increasing number of susceptible individuals in some areas, sustained transmission of the newly introduced viral genotype remains possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Abbasi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Zahraei
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Department, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Fatemi-Nasab
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Adjaminezhad-Fard
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Shadab
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Zareh-Khoshchehre
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rambod Soltanshahi
- Vaccine Preventable Diseases Department, Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Louis Bont
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- National Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Rosewell A, Spokes PJ, Gilmour RE. NSW Annual vaccine-preventable disease report, 2011. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2013; 23:171-8. [PMID: 23442994 DOI: 10.1071/nb12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe the epidemiology of selected vaccine-preventable diseases in NSW for 2011. METHODS Data from the NSW Notifiable Conditions Information Management System were analysed by: local health district of residence, age, Aboriginality, vaccination status, and organism, where available. Risk factor and vaccination status data were collected by public health units for case-patients following notification under the NSW Public Health Act 1991*. RESULTS Outbreaks of measles and pertussis were reported in 2011, associated with unimmunised groups for measles, and a variety of factors for pertussis. Notification rates for other selected vaccine-preventable diseases remained stable. CONCLUSION Vaccine-preventable diseases are generally well controlled in NSW. However, pertussis remains an important public health issue. To prevent measles high population vaccination coverage, including vaccination in risk groups, is essential.
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Rosewell A, Reinten-Reynolds T, Spokes PJ. EpiReview: Measles in NSW, 2002-2011. NSW PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2013; 23:201-7. [PMID: 23442997 DOI: 10.1071/nb12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Measles has been eliminated in NSW for more than a decade; however outbreaks associated with international travel do occur. This EpiReview describes the epidemiology of measles in NSW from 2002-2011. A total of 281 cases of measles were notified during the period, an average annual notification rate of 0.41 notifications per 100 000 population (range: 0.06-1.25). There were 139 hospitalisations recorded with a measles diagnosis in the 10-year reporting period, corresponding to a rate of 0.20 hospitalisations per 100 000 population. Of the 80 measles virus specimens genotyped, five genotypes were identified: D9 (38%), D8 (24%), D4 (16%), D5 (14%) with H1 identified less frequently (9%). No single genotype was associated with local transmission across successive years. To sustain good measles control, children should be vaccinated against measles on time through routine childhood immunisation, and all young adults who travel internationally should be vaccinated. Clinician awareness remains important in the early identification and control of measles to avoid further transmission during outbreaks and to enable the timely implementation of public health measures.
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Choe YJ, Eom HS, Bae GR, Cho SI. Timely measles surveillance in the Republic of Korea, 2002-2009: impact of sentinel laboratory surveillance. J Med Virol 2013; 86:322-8. [PMID: 24027198 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to sustain the elimination of measles, timely reporting is important. The surveillance data in Korea from 2002-2009 was analyzed to determine the effect of sentinel laboratory surveillance, which was introduced in 2006, on the timeliness of measles reporting. The data were stratified by two surveillance periods, (A) before and (B) after 2006, and by cases confirmed clinically and cases confirmed by laboratory measures. During Period A, 113 suspected cases were reported, and 241 during Period B. There was no difference in the proportion of timely reporting among cases confirmed clinically between the two periods, whereas the proportion of cases confirmed by laboratory measures has increased. The mean notification interval in cases confirmed by laboratory measures was shortened from 39 to 16 days. In Korea, sentinel laboratory surveillance has enhanced earlier detection of suspected cases that had not been reported, improving the timeliness of measles surveillance. Adopting this new method may improve the timely collection of cases in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young June Choe
- Division of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Control and National Immunization Program, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong, Republic of Korea; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lambert SB, Beard FH. Risk of measles transmission on aeroplanes: Australian experience 2007–2011. Med J Aust 2013; 199:392. [DOI: 10.5694/mja13.10434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank H Beard
- Communicable Diseases Unit, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD
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