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Çam Derin D, Gültekin E, Gündüz E, Otlu B. Comparison of Six Aptamer-Aptamer Pairs on Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 by Lateral Flow Assay. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:464-470. [PMID: 38218729 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 is a threat to humanity. Both the spike (S) protein and its receptor binding domain (sRBD) are extensively used for rapid detection. Although real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is mostly used method for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2, rapid assays for antigenic detection are always needed. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the most commonly used tests for this purpose, and aptamers having stability and long shelf life are used as capture reagents. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop the LFAs based on the aptamer pairs for the antigenic detection of SARS-CoV-2 with the naked eye. METHOD Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as labels, and six sandwich models by three different aptamers were prepared using 4 μM and 8 μM probes and two kinds of membranes for developing the LFAs. RESULTS The 8 μM probe concentration and M2 membrane showed the best recognition of both the synthetic sRBD and SARS-CoV-2 coming from the naso/oropharingeal swabs by designed LFAs as 100% sensitivity and 93.3% specificity compared to the antibody-detecting LFAs. CONCLUSIONS Our developed strip assays based on aptamer pairs recognized the target directly in 5-6 min with the naked eye. It was also concluded that aptamer pairs, membrane types, assay buffers, and probe concentrations have a significant role in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by LFAs. HIGHLIGHTS The detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples was demonstrated with the best aptamer pairs, sensitively and selectively among the designed six aptamer pairs for LFAs. Developed LFAs can be an alternative method to the conventional antibody-based LFAs for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Çam Derin
- Inonu University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Enes Gültekin
- Inonu University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Elif Gündüz
- Inonu University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
| | - Barış Otlu
- Inonu University, Department of Medical Microbiology, 44280 Malatya, Turkey
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2
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Deenin W, Khongchareonporn N, Ruxrungtham K, Ketloy C, Hirankarn N, Wangkanont K, Rengpipat S, Yakoh A, Chaiyo S. Overlaid Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Simultaneous Detection of Two Variant-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5407-5415. [PMID: 38478766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been provided to the general public to build immunity since the 2019 coronavirus pandemic. Once vaccinated, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs-COVID-19) are needed for excellent protection against COVID-19. However, monitoring NAbs-COVID-19 is complicated and requires hospital visits. Moreover, the resulting NAbs-COVID-19 are effective against different strains of COVID-19 depending on the type of vaccine received. Here, an overlaid lateral flow immunoassay (O-LFIA) was developed for the simultaneous detection of two NAbs-COVID-19 against different virus strains, Delta and Omicron. The O-LFIA was visualized with two T-lines with a single device using competition between the free antigen and the antigen-binding antibody. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) immobilized on the T-line binds to the antigen remaining after antibody binding. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed device exhibited 50% inhibition concentrations (IC50 values) of 45.1 and 53.6 ng/mL for the Delta and Omicron variants, respectively. Additionally, the proposed platform was applied to real-world samples of animal and human serum, and the developed immunoassay provided results that were in good agreement with those obtained with the standard method. In conclusion, this developed O-LFIA can be used as an alternative method to detect NAbs-COVID-19 and can be enabled for future advancements toward commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Deenin
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nanthika Khongchareonporn
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Medicine, and School of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Integrated Frontier Biotechnology for Emerging Disease, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittikhun Wangkanont
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Crop, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirirat Rengpipat
- Qualified Diagnostic Development Center (QDD), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Abdulhadee Yakoh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sudkate Chaiyo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Uwamino Y, Tanaka S, Shibata A, Kurafuji T, Ishihara H, Sato Y, Matsushita H. The utility of smartphone-based quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody lateral flow assays. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116166. [PMID: 38157638 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although antibody measurements using lateral flow assay (LFA) kits are convenient, they usually require a specialized reader for quantification. However, a smartphone-based quantification application can be used as a reader for LFA kits. We investigated the quantification ability of the application for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. METHODS Eight hundred frozen serum samples from 100 healthcare professionals who received a COVID-19 vaccine were analyzed. Images of assayed LFA kits were obtained using a smartphone camera. We determined whether the ratio of color density of the test and control lines of spike protein IgG correlated with chemiluminescent immunoassay-measured titers. RESULTS Spike protein IgG correlated well with the quantification results of the LFA kits using the application installed on a smartphone (r = 0.886). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that smartphone-based quantitative analysis of LFA kits enables the quantification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG without special devices, enabling point-of-care assessment of acquired humoral immunity in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine. Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Shibata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine. Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine. Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Matsushita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine. Tokyo, Japan
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Schobesberger S, Thumfart H, Selinger F, Spitz S, Gonzalez C, Pei L, Poglitsch M, Ertl P. Application of a Biomimetic Nanoparticle-Based Mock Virus to Determine SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Blood Samples Using a Lateral Flow Assay. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38334364 PMCID: PMC10882572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in blood, acquired through previous infection or vaccination, is known to prevent the (re)occurrence of outbreaks unless the virus mutates. Therefore, the measurement of neutralizing antibodies constitutes an indispensable tool in assessing an individual's and a population's immunity against SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, we have developed an innovative lateral flow assay (LFA) capable of detecting blood-derived neutralizing antibodies using a biomimetic SARS-CoV-2 mock virus system. Here, functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) featuring the trimeric spike (S) protein at its surface imitate the virus's structure and are applied to monitor the presence and efficacy of neutralizing antibodies in blood samples. The detection principle relies on the interaction between mock virus and the immobilized angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is inhibited when neutralizing antibodies are present. To further enhance the sensitivity of our competitive assay and identify low titers of neutralizing antibodies, an additional mixing pad is embedded into the device to increase the interaction time between mock virus and neutralizing antibodies. The developed LFA is benchmarked against the WHO International Standard (21/338) and demonstrated reliable quantification of neutralizing antibodies that inhibit ACE2 binding events down to a detection limit of an antibody titer of 59 IU/mL. Additional validation using whole blood and plasma samples showed reproducible results and good comparability to a laboratory-based reference test, thus highlighting its applicability for point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helena Thumfart
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Selinger
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Lei Pei
- Covirabio GmbH, Brehmstraße 14a, 1110 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Ertl
- TU Wien, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Dong T, Wang M, Liu J, Ma P, Pang S, Liu W, Liu A. Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6149-6206. [PMID: 37325147 PMCID: PMC10266450 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as fatal as the initial outbreak, many infected victims suffer from long COVID. Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. Herein, we review the recent advances in techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensing principles are detailed together with their application domains and analytical performances. In addition, the advantages and limits of each method are discussed and analyzed. Besides molecular diagnostics and antigen and antibody tests, we also review neutralizing antibodies and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the characteristics of the mutational locations in the different variants with epidemiological features are summarized. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies are prospected to develop new assays to meet different diagnostic needs. Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wanjian Liu
- Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Qingdao 266112 China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
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Liu Z, Liang J, Hu H, Wu M, Ma J, Ma Z, Ji J, Chen H, Li X, Wang Z, Luo Y. Development of an Effective Neutralizing Antibody Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3125-3139. [PMID: 37333734 PMCID: PMC10275375 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s408921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are essential for preventing reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and the recurrence of COVID-19; nonetheless, the formation of NAbs following vaccination and infection remains enigmatic due to the lack of a practical and effective NAb assay in routine laboratory settings. In this study, we developed a convenient lateral flow assay for the rapid and precise measurement of serum NAb levels within 20 minutes. Methods Receptor-binding domain-fragment crystallizable (RBD-Fc) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-histidine tag (ACE2-His) were expressed by the eukaryotic expression systems of Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 and human embryonic kidney 293T, respectively. Then, colloidal gold was synthesized and conjugated with ACE2. After optimizing various operating parameters, an NAb lateral flow assay was constructed. Subsequently, its detection limit, specificity, and stability were systematically evaluated, and clinical samples were analyzed to validate its clinical feasibility. Results RBD-Fc and ACE2-His were obtained with 94.01% and 90.05% purity, respectively. The synthesized colloidal gold had a uniform distribution with an average diameter of 24.15 ± 2.56 nm. With a detection limit of 2 μg/mL, the proposed assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.80% and a specificity of 100% in 684 uninfected clinical samples. By evaluating 356 specimens from infected individuals, we observed that the overall concordance rate between the proposed assay and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 95.22%, and we noticed that 16.57% (59/356) of individuals still did not produce NAbs after infection (both by ELISA and the proposed assay). All the above tests by this assay can obtain results within 20 minutes by the naked eye without any additional instruments or equipment. Conclusion The proposed assay can expediently and reliably detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs after infection, and the results provide valuable data to facilitate effective prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial registration Serum and blood samples were used under approval from the Biomedical Research Ethics Subcommittee of Henan University, and the clinical trial registration number was HUSOM-2022-052. We confirm that this study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengli Wu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianing Ji
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengyi Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China
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Markmann AJ, Bhowmik DR, Jiang B, Van Hoy M, Wang F, Hou YJ, Baric RS, de Silva AM, Bartelt LA. A semi-quantitative, rapid, point of care SARS-CoV-2 serologic assay predicts neutralizing antibody levels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542314. [PMID: 37398270 PMCID: PMC10312490 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and the continued emergence of new variants suggests continued circulation in the human population. In the current time of vaccine availability and new therapeutic development, including antibody-based therapies, many questions about long-term immunity and protection remain uncertain. Identification of protective antibodies in individuals is often done using highly specialized and challenging assays such as functional neutralizing assays, which are not available in the clinical setting. Therefore, there is a great need for the development of rapid, clinically available assays that correlate with neutralizing antibody assays to identify individuals who may benefit from additional vaccination or specific COVID-19 therapies. In this report, we apply a novel semi-quantitative method to an established lateral flow assay (sqLFA) and analyze its ability to detect the presence functional neutralizing antibodies from the serum of COVID-19 recovered individuals. We found that the sqLFA has a strong positive correlation with neutralizing antibody levels. At lower assay cutoffs, the sqLFA is a highly sensitive assay to identify the presence of a range of neutralizing antibody levels. At higher cutoffs, it can detect higher levels of neutralizing antibody with high specificity. This sqLFA can be used both as a screening tool to identify individuals with any level of neutralizing antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or as a more specific tool to identify those with high neutralizing antibody levels who may not benefit from antibody-based therapies or further vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena J. Markmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - D. Ryan Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Frank Wang
- BioMedomics Inc. Morrisville, NC 27560, USA
| | - Yixuan J. Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Current affiliation: Moderna Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Luther A. Bartelt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
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8
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Chen C, Liang J, Hu H, Li X, Wang L, Wang Z. Research progress in methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anal Biochem 2023:115199. [PMID: 37257735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has seriously affected the lives of people worldwide. Clarifying the attenuation rule of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only can be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration. In this research, the related technologies of SARS-CoV-2 NAb detection were reviewed, aiming to provide better research ideas for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, He Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Liang J, He J, Lu S, Gao Z, Xu J, Tang Y. Development of receptor binding domain-based double-antigen sandwich lateral flow immunoassay for the detection and evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody in clinical sera samples compared with the conventional virus neutralization test. Talanta 2023; 255:124200. [PMID: 36565525 PMCID: PMC9767659 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to fight COVID-19. However, the effectiveness of the vaccine varies among different populations in varying immune effects. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) level is an important indicator to evaluate the protective effect of immune response after vaccination. Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is a rapid, safe and sensitivity detection method, which has great potential in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 NAb. In this study, a fluorescent beads-based lateral flow immunoassay (FBs-LFIA) and a latex beads-based LFIA (LBs-LFIA) using double antigen sandwich (DAS) strategy were established to detect NAbs in the serum of vaccinated people. The limit of detection (LoD) of the FBs-LFIA was 1.13 ng mL- 1 and the LBs-LFIA was 7.11 ng mL- 1. The two LFIAs were no cross-reactive with sera infected by other pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the two LFIAs showed a good performance in testing clinical samples. The sensitivity of FBs-LFIA and LBs-LFIA were 97.44% (95%CI: 93.15%-99.18%) and 98.29% (95%CI: 95.84%-99.37%), and the specificity were 98.28% (95%CI: 95.37%-99.45%) and 97.70% (95%CI: 94.82%-99.06%) compared with the conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT), respectively. Notably, the LBs-LFIA was also suitable for whole blood sample, requiring only 3 μL of whole blood, which provided the possibility to detect NAbs at home. To sum up, the two LFIAs based on double antigen sandwich established by us can rapidly, safely, sensitively and accurately detect SARS-CoV-2 NAb in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yixiao Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Yizhe Li
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Jinyong He
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Shaofang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China
| | - Zhixing Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Department of Laboratory Science, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528000, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center of Antibody Drug and Immunoassay, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China,Corresponding author
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10
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Jang HJ, Zhuang W, Sui X, Ryu B, Huang X, Chen M, Cai X, Pu H, Beavis K, Huang J, Chen J. Rapid, Sensitive, Label-Free Electrical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Nasal Swab Samples. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15195-15202. [PMID: 36938607 PMCID: PMC10041344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is key for the long-term control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) amid renewed threats of mutated SARS-CoV-2 around the world. Here, we report on an electrical label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swab samples directly collected from outpatients or in saliva-relevant conditions by using a remote floating-gate field-effect transistor (RFGFET) with a 2-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sensing membrane. RFGFET sensors demonstrate rapid detection (<5 min), a 90.6% accuracy from 8 nasal swab samples measured by 4 different devices for each sample, and a coefficient of variation (CV) < 6%. Also, RFGFET sensors display a limit of detection (LOD) of pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 that is 10 000-fold lower than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, with a comparable LOD to that of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for patient samples. To achieve this, comprehensive systematic studies were performed regarding interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and spike proteins, neutralizing antibodies, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, as either a biomarker (detection target) or a sensing probe (receptor) functionalized on the rGO sensing membrane. Taken together, this work may have an immense effect on positioning FET bioelectronics for rapid SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-June Jang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wen Zhuang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Sui
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Byunghoon Ryu
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Min Chen
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Xiaolei Cai
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Haihui Pu
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kathleen Beavis
- Department
of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Junhong Chen
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Physical Sciences and Engineering
Directorate, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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11
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Liposome-based high-throughput and point-of-care assays toward the quick, simple, and sensitive detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in patient sera. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1421-1435. [PMID: 36754874 PMCID: PMC9909147 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 caused an increased interest in neutralizing antibody tests to determine the immune status of the population. Standard live-virus-based neutralization assays such as plaque-reduction assays or pseudovirus neutralization tests cannot be adapted to the point-of-care (POC). Accordingly, tests quantifying competitive binding inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by neutralizing antibodies have been developed. Here, we present a new platform using sulforhodamine B encapsulating liposomes decorated with RBD as foundation for the development of both a fluorescent, highly feasible high-throughput (HTS) and a POC-ready neutralizing antibody assay. RBD-conjugated liposomes are incubated with serum and subsequently immobilized in an ACE2-coated plate or mixed with biotinylated ACE2 and used in test strip with streptavidin test line, respectively. Polyclonal neutralizing human antibodies were shown to cause complete binding inhibition, while S309 and CR3022 human monoclonal antibodies only caused partial inhibition, proving the functionality of the assay. Both formats, the HTS and POC assay, were then tested using 20 sera containing varying titers of neutralizing antibodies, and a control panel of sera including prepandemic sera and reconvalescent sera from respiratory infections other than SARS-CoV-2. Both assays correlated well with a standard pseudovirus neutralization test (r = 0.847 for HTS and r = 0.614 for POC format). Furthermore, excellent correlation (r = 0.868) between HTS and POC formats was observed. The flexibility afforded by liposomes as signaling agents using different dyes and sizes can hence be utilized in the future for a broad range of multianalyte neutralizing antibody diagnostics.
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12
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Klüpfel J, Paßreiter S, Rumpf M, Christa C, Holthoff HP, Ungerer M, Lohse M, Knolle P, Protzer U, Elsner M, Seidel M. Automated detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in minutes using a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:391-404. [PMID: 36346456 PMCID: PMC9643999 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown the importance of rapid and comprehensive diagnostic tools. While there are numerous rapid antigen tests available, rapid serological assays for the detection of neutralizing antibodies are and will be needed to determine not only the amount of antibodies formed after infection or vaccination but also their neutralizing potential, preventing the cell entry of SARS-CoV-2. Current active-virus neutralization assays require biosafety level 3 facilities, while virus-free surrogate assays are more versatile in applications, but still take typically several hours until results are available. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay that enables the detection of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 7 min. The neutralizing antibodies bind to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD) and inhibit the binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. This competitive binding inhibition test was characterized with a set of 80 samples, which could all be classified correctly. The assay results favorably compare to those obtained with a more time-intensive ELISA-based neutralization test and a commercial surrogate neutralization assay. Our test could further be used to detect individuals with a high total IgG antibody titer, but only a low neutralizing titer, as well as for monitoring neutralizing antibodies after vaccinations. This effective performance in SARS-CoV-2 seromonitoring delineates the potential for the test to be adapted to other diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klüpfel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sandra Paßreiter
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Melina Rumpf
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martin Ungerer
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Martin Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience GmbH, Semmelweisstr. 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Percy Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology/Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstr. 30, 81675 Munich, Germany ,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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13
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SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Responses in Various Populations, at the Time of SARS-CoV-2 Variant Virus Emergence: Evaluation of Two Surrogate Neutralization Assays in Front of Whole Virus Neutralization Test. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122064. [PMID: 36556429 PMCID: PMC9782962 DOI: 10.3390/life12122064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies response is the best indicator of effective protection after infection and/or vaccination, but its evaluation requires tedious cell-based experiments using an infectious virus. We analyzed, in 105 patients with various histories of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination, the neutralizing response using a virus neutralization test (VNT) against B.1, Alpha, Beta and Omicron variants, and compared the results with two surrogate assays based on antibody-mediated blockage of the ACE2-RBD interaction (Lateral Flow Boditech and ELISA Genscript). The strongest response was observed for recovered COVID-19 patients receiving one vaccine dose. Naïve patients receiving 2 doses of mRNA vaccine also demonstrate high neutralization titers against B.1, Alpha and Beta variants, but only 34.3% displayed a neutralization activity against the Omicron variant. On the other hand, non-infected patients with half vaccination schedules displayed a weak and inconstant activity against all isolates. Non-vaccinated COVID-19 patients kept a neutralizing activity against B.1 and Alpha up to 12 months after recovery but a decreased activity against Beta and Omicron. Both surrogate assays displayed a good correlation with the VNT. However, an adaptation of the cut-off positivity was necessary, especially for the most resistant Beta and Omicron variants. We validated two simple and reliable surrogate neutralization assays, which may favorably replace cell-based methods, allowing functional analysis on a larger scale.
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14
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Roeder AJ, Koehler MA, Jasbi P, McKechnie D, Vanderhoof J, Edwards BA, Gonzalez-Moa MJ, Seit-Nebi A, Svarovsky SA, Lake DF. Longitudinal Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines after Second and Third Doses. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091459. [PMID: 36146537 PMCID: PMC9504054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines protect against severe disease and hospitalization. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a first-line defense mechanism, but protective NAb responses are variable. Currently, NAb testing is not widely available. This study employed a lateral flow assay for monitoring NAb levels postvaccination and natural infection, using a finger-stick drop of blood. We report longitudinal NAb data from BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) recipients after second and third doses. Results demonstrate a third dose of mRNA vaccine elicits higher and more durable NAb titers than the second dose, independent of manufacturer, sex, and age. Our analyses also revealed that vaccinated individuals could be categorized as strong, moderate, and poorly neutralizing responders. After the second dose, 34% of subjects were classified as strong responders, compared to 79% after the third dose. The final months of this study coincided with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and symptomatic breakthrough infections within our study population. Lastly, we show that NAb levels sufficient for protection from symptomatic infection with early SARS-CoV-2 variants were not protective against Omicron infection and disease. This work highlights the need for accessible vaccine response monitoring for use in healthcare, such that individuals, particularly those in vulnerable populations, can make informed vaccination decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J. Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Megan A. Koehler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Davis McKechnie
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - John Vanderhoof
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Baylee A. Edwards
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | | | | | - Douglas F. Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Connelly GG, Kirkland OO, Bohannon S, Lim DC, Wilson RM, Richards EJ, Tay DM, Jee H, Hellinger RD, Hoang NK, Hao L, Chhabra A, Martin-Alonso C, Tan EK, Koehler AN, Yaffe MB, London WB, Lee PY, Krammer F, Bohannon RC, Bhatia SN, Sikes HD, Li H. Direct capture of neutralized RBD enables rapid point-of-care assessment of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titer. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100273. [PMID: 35942328 PMCID: PMC9350670 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NAb) titer is a key biomarker of protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, but point-of-care methods for assessing NAb titer are not widely available. Here, we present a lateral flow assay that captures SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) that has been neutralized from binding angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Quantification of neutralized RBD in this assay correlates with NAb titer from vaccinated and convalescent patients. This methodology demonstrated superior performance in assessing NAb titer compared with either measurement of total anti-spike immunoglobulin G titer or quantification of the absolute reduction in binding between ACE2 and RBD. Our testing platform has the potential for mass deployment to aid in determining at population scale the degree of protective immunity individuals may have following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination or infection and can enable simple at-home assessment of NAb titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinevere G. Connelly
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Orville O. Kirkland
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Daniel C. Lim
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert M. Wilson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward J. Richards
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Dragonfly Therapeutics, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
| | - Dousabel M. Tay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hyuk Jee
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Riley D. Hellinger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ngoc K. Hoang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Liang Hao
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arnav Chhabra
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Satellite Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carmen Martin-Alonso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward K.W. Tan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela N. Koehler
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pui Y. Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, and Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Sangeeta N. Bhatia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute at Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hojun Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Hirabidian M, Bocket L, Demaret J, Vuotto F, Rabat A, Faure K, Labalette M, Hober D, Lefevre G, Alidjinou EK. Evaluation of a rapid semiquantitative lateral flow assay for the prediction of serum neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Clin Virol 2022; 155:105268. [PMID: 35998394 PMCID: PMC9383946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 have been shown to correlate with protection against infection. Simple tools such as lateral flow assays (LFA) that can accurately measure NAbs may be useful for monitoring anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in the future. Objectives We assessed the performance of the ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb test, a rapid semiquantitative LFA, for the prediction of serum neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Study design Serum samples were collected from COVID-19 recovered patients and vaccinated individuals. The result of the ichroma assay was provided as inhibition rate, and was compared to anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels, and NAbs against Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants. Results A total of 90 sera from recovered unvaccinated patients and 209 sera from the vaccine cohort were included in this study. In post-infection samples, the ichroma inhbition rate was found to be correlated with IgG levels (ρ = 0.83), and with anti-Alpha NAbs levels (ρ = 0.78). In the vaccine cohort, a good correlation was also observed between the ichroma inhibition rate and IgG levels (ρ = 0.84), as well as NAbs against Alpha (ρ = 0.62), Delta (ρ = 0.88) and Omicron (ρ = 0.74). An ichroma inhbition rate of 77.2%, 90.8% and 99.6% accurately predicted neutralization against Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants respectively. Conclusions The ichroma™ COVID-19 nAb assay, with appropriate variant cut-offs, can be useful for the monitoring of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunization and may provide a rapid prediction of protection, especially in individuals with significant levels of NAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Hirabidian
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurence Bocket
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Demaret
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Fanny Vuotto
- CHU Lille, Département de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille France
| | - Anthony Rabat
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karine Faure
- CHU Lille, Département de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille France
| | - Myriam Labalette
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Didier Hober
- Univ Lille, CHU Lille, Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guillaume Lefevre
- CHU Lille, Institut d'Immunologie, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation Inserm Univ. Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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17
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Mullender C, da Costa KAS, Alrubayyi A, Pett SL, Peppa D. SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccine strategies in people with HIV. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:iqac005. [PMID: 36846557 PMCID: PMC9452103 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, based on the ancestral Wuhan strain, were developed rapidly to meet the needs of a devastating global pandemic. People living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLWH) have been designated as a priority group for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in most regions and varying primary courses (two- or three-dose schedule) and additional boosters are recommended depending on current CD4+ T cell count and/or detectable HIV viraemia. From the current published data, licensed vaccines are safe for PLWH, and stimulate robust responses to vaccination in those well controlled on antiretroviral therapy and with high CD4+ T cell counts. Data on vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity remain, however, scarce in PLWH, especially in people with advanced disease. A greater concern is a potentially diminished immune response to the primary course and subsequent boosters, as well as an attenuated magnitude and durability of protective immune responses. A detailed understanding of the breadth and durability of humoral and T cell responses to vaccination, and the boosting effects of natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2, in more diverse populations of PLWH with a spectrum of HIV-related immunosuppression is therefore critical. This article summarizes focused studies of humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in PLWH and provides a comprehensive review of the emerging literature on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. Emphasis is placed on the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of co-morbidities modulating responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and the remaining challenges informing the optimal vaccination strategy to elicit enduring responses against existing and emerging variants in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mullender
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
| | - Kelly A S da Costa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah L Pett
- Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London Institute for Global Health, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Analysis of Factors Affecting Neutralizing Antibody Production after COVID-19 Vaccination Using Newly Developed Rapid Point-of-Care Test. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081924. [PMID: 36010274 PMCID: PMC9406444 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Objective: To investigate the factors that affect rates of neutralizing antibody production and duration after vaccination using the newly developed SARS-CoV-2 POCT. (2) Methods: The production of immunoglobulin and neutralizing antibody in clinical subjects who completed various vaccines was analyzed using the POCT, the semi-quantitative was interpreted by measurement application, and the quantified neutralizing antibody titers were using the ELISA. (3) Results: According to the clinical performance analysis of the POCT, the clinical sensitivity and the specificity were 96.8% (90/93) and 97.7% (167/171), respectively, for the S1 RBD IgG antibody. The clinical sensitivity was 92.22% (83/90), and the clinical specificity was 100.00% (174/174) for neutralizing antibodies. Factors influencing antibody production were analyzed using the whole blood of the five types of second-completed vaccinators (N = 736, 20−80 years old). General and neutralizing antibody and showed significant differences in age (p < 0.0001), vaccine type (p < 0.0001), inoculation interval (p < 0.0001), pain score (p < 0.0001), diabetes (p < 0.0001), and hypertension (p = 0.002). The gender (p = 0.021) and chronic fatigue (p = 0.02) did not show the significance. (4) Conclusions: An acquisition of immunoglobulin and neutralizing antibody varies according to vaccine type, age, days after vaccination, pain degree after vaccination, and underlying diseases. The POCT used in this study will be utilized for clinical recommendations such as deciding whether to receive additional vaccines through the immediate rapid determination of neutralizing antibody generation in the clinical site.
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19
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Kibler KV, Szczerba M, Lake D, Roeder AJ, Rahman M, Hogue BG, Roy Wong LY, Perlman S, Li Y, Jacobs BL. Intranasal Immunization with a Vaccinia Virus Vaccine Vector Expressing Pre-Fusion Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike Fully Protected Mice against Lethal Challenge with the Heavily Mutated Mouse-Adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 Strain of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081172. [PMID: 35893821 PMCID: PMC9394475 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated as a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, the Omicron spike is mutated at five positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493, and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501YMA30, contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at four of the five positions in the Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493, and N501). In this manuscript, we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against symptoms and death from SARS2-N501YMA30. Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that the Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus—administered without parenteral injection—can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V. Kibler
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Szczerba
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
| | - Douglas Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (D.L.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Alexa J. Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (D.L.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Masmudur Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
| | - Brenda G. Hogue
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (D.L.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.-Y.R.W.); (S.P.)
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (L.-Y.R.W.); (S.P.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (D.L.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Bertram L. Jacobs
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (M.S.); (M.R.); (B.G.H.); (Y.L.); (B.L.J.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (D.L.); (A.J.R.)
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20
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Third COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts neutralizing antibodies in poor responders. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:85. [PMID: 35832309 PMCID: PMC9273613 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While evaluating COVID-19 vaccine responses using a rapid neutralizing antibody (NAb) test, we observed that 25% of mRNA vaccine recipients did not neutralize >50%. We termed this group “vaccine poor responders” (VPRs). The objective of this study was to determine if individuals who neutralized <50% would remain VPRs, or if a third dose would elicit high levels of NAbs. Methods 269 healthy individuals ranging in age from 19 to 80 (Average age = 51; 165 females and 104 males) who received either BNT162b2 (Pfizer) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines were evaluated. NAb levels were measured: (i) 2–4 weeks after a second vaccine dose, (ii) 2–4 months after the second dose, (iii) within 1–2 weeks prior to a third dose and (iv) 2–4 weeks after a third mRNA vaccine dose. Results Analysis of vaccine recipients reveals that 25% did not neutralize above 50% (Median neutralization = 21%, titers <1:80) within a month after their second dose. Twenty-three of these VPRs obtained a third dose of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine 1–8 months (average = 5 months) after their second dose. Within a month after their third dose, VPRs show an average 5.4-fold increase in NAb levels (range: 46–99%). Conclusions The results suggest that VPRs are not permanently poor responders; they can generate high NAb levels with an additional vaccine dose. Although it is not known what levels of NAbs protect from infection or disease, those in high-risk professions may wish to keep peripheral NAb levels high, limiting infection, and potential transmission. Neutralizing antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to respond to viruses and other infectious agents. Vaccination against COVID-19 induces production of neutralizing antibodies that stop virus from infecting cells. We measured levels of neutralizing antibodies in a drop of blood after 2 doses of vaccines distributed by Pfizer and BioNTech or Moderna (COMIRNATY and Spikevax). Twenty-five percent of vaccine recipients did not make high levels of neutralizing antibodies. After receiving a third dose of vaccine, most of these vaccine recipients made high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our data suggest a third dose is important for vaccine recipients that did not generate high neutralizing antibody levels after 2 doses of vaccine and thus might be an important component of a successful vaccination strategy. Lake, Roeder et al. measured neutralizing antibody responses after 2 and 3 doses of mRNA COVID vaccination. Recipients who did not generate strong neutralizing antibody responses after 2 vaccine doses were found to have high levels of neutralizing antibodies after a third vaccine dose.
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21
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Polvere I, Parrella A, Zerillo L, Voccola S, Cardinale G, D'Andrea S, Madera JR, Stilo R, Vito P, Zotti T. Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the "Green Pass" Policy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833085. [PMID: 35634315 PMCID: PMC9130843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the “Green Pass Policy” (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the assumption that vaccinated people should maintain a certain degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here we describe and compare, for the first time, the humoral immune response to mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in terms of antibody titer elicited, neutralizing activity, and epitope reactogenicity among 369 individuals aged 19 to 94 years. In parallel, we also considered the use of a rapid test for the determination of neutralizing antibodies as a tool to guide policymakers in defining booster vaccination strategies and eligibility for Green Pass. Our analysis demonstrates that the titer of antibodies directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike is significantly associated with age and vaccine type. Moreover, natural COVID-19 infection combined with vaccination results, on average, in higher antibody titer and higher neutralizing activity as compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior COVID-19. We also found that levels of anti-Spike RBD antibodies are not always strictly associated with the extent of inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding, as we could observe different neutralizing activities in sera with similar anti-RBD concentrations. Finally, we evaluated the reactivity to four synthetic peptides derived from Spike protein on a randomly selected serum sample and observed that similar to SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination elicits a heterogeneous antibody response with qualitative individual features. On the basis of our results, the use of rapid devices to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies, even on a large scale and repeatedly over time, appears helpful in determining the duration of the humoral protection elicited by vaccination. These aspects and their implications for the GPP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Polvere
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Serena Voccola
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cardinale
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy.,Tecno Bios srl, Apollosa, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Andrea
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy.,Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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22
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Lake DF, Roeder AJ, Seit-Nebi A, Gonzalez-Moa MJ, Svarovsky S. Letter to the editor RE: Fulford et al., 2021 ‘A point-of-care lateral flow assay for neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2’. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103898. [PMID: 35220041 PMCID: PMC8866046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, United States.
| | - Alexa J Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, United States
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23
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Anderson DA, Godfrey DI. Letter to the editor RE: Lake et al., 2022 comment on Fulford et al., 2021 ‘A point-of-care lateral flow assay for neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2’. EBioMedicine 2022; 77:103899. [PMID: 35278742 PMCID: PMC8905072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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24
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Nickel O, Rockstroh A, Borte S, Wolf J. Evaluation of Simple Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10030347. [PMID: 35334979 PMCID: PMC8949379 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization for the generation of protective antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged to be highly effective in preventing hospital admission, need for intensive care treatment and high mortality in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Lateral flow immune assays (LFIAs) offer a simple and competitive option to monitor antibody production after vaccination. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of three different lateral flow assays in detecting nucleocapsid protein (NP), S1 subunit (S1) and receptor binding domain (pseudo)-neutralizing antibodies (nRBD) in sera of 107 health care workers prior (V1), two weeks (V2) after first vaccination with BNT162b2 as well as three weeks (V3) and eight months later (V4). In sera at V1, overall specificity was >99%. At V3, LFIAs showed sensitivities between 98.1 and 100%. The comparison of S1 and nRBD LFIA with S1 ELISA and a focus reduction neutralization assay (FRNT) revealed high concordance at V3. Thus, the use of lateral flow immunoassays appears to have reasonable application in the short-term follow-up after vaccination for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Nickel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, 04129 Leipzig, Germany; (O.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Alexandra Rockstroh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Stephan Borte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, 04129 Leipzig, Germany; (O.N.); (S.B.)
- Immuno Deficiency Center Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Hospital St. Georg, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Wolf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, 04129 Leipzig, Germany; (O.N.); (S.B.)
- Immuno Deficiency Center Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Hospital St. Georg, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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25
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Moabelo KL, Martin DR, Fadaka AO, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Madiehe AM. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Effective and Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7851. [PMID: 34947447 PMCID: PMC8703409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gained worldwide attention and has prompted the development of innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to mitigate the pandemic. Diagnostic methods based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology are the gold standard in the fight against COVID-19. However, this test might not be easily accessible in low-resource settings for the early detection and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of access to well-equipped clinical laboratories, requirement for the high level of technical competence, and the cost of the RT-PCR test are the major limitations. Moreover, RT-PCR is unsuitable for application at the point-of-care testing (PoCT) as it is time-consuming and lab-based. Due to emerging mutations of the virus and the burden it has placed on the health care systems, there is a growing urgency to develop sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices for COVID-19. Nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile technology in the production of reliable diagnostic tools for various diseases and offers new opportunities for the development of COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This review summarizes some of the nano-enabled diagnostic systems that were explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. It highlights how the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were exploited in the development of novel colorimetric assays and biosensors for COVID-19 at the PoCT. The potential to improve the efficiency of the current assays, as well as the challenges associated with the development of these innovative diagnostic tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
| | - Abram M. Madiehe
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
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26
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Kibler KV, Szczerba M, Lake D, Roeder AJ, Rahman M, Hogue BG, Roy Wong LY, Perlman S, Li Y, Jacobs BL. Intranasal immunization with a vaccinia virus vaccine vector expressing pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike fully protected mice against lethal challenge with the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 strain of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34909775 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.28.454201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, Omicron spike is mutated at 5 positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493 and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501Y MA30 , contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at 4 of the 5 positions in Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493 and N501). In this manuscript we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against disease and death from SARS2-N501Y MA30 . Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus, administered without parenteral injection can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Kibler
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mateusz Szczerba
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexa J Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Masmudur Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brenda G Hogue
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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27
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Kibler KV, Szczerba M, Lake D, Roeder AJ, Rahman M, Hogue BG, Roy Wong LY, Perlman S, Li Y, Jacobs BL. Intranasal immunization with a vaccinia virus vaccine vector expressing pre-fusion stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike fully protected mice against lethal challenge with the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 strain of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.06.471483. [PMID: 34909775 PMCID: PMC8669842 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.06.471483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, Omicron spike is mutated at 5 positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493 and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501Y MA30 , contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at 4 of the 5 positions in Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493 and N501). In this manuscript we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against disease and death from SARS2-N501Y MA30 . Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus, administered without parenteral injection can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501Y MA30 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V. Kibler
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mateusz Szczerba
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas Lake
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexa J. Roeder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Masmudur Rahman
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brenda G. Hogue
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lok-Yin Roy Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L. Jacobs
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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28
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Lin Q, Wu J, Liu L, Wu W, Fang X, Kong J. Sandwich/competitive immuno-sensors on micro-interface for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1187:339144. [PMID: 34753584 PMCID: PMC8490918 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and robust method to quantify SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) is urgently needed for determining COVID-19 serodiagnosis, vaccine development and evaluation of vaccine efficacy. In this study, we report sandwich/competitive immuno-sensors based on lateral chromatography micro-interface for accurate quantification of SARS-CoV-2 nAbs. Fluorescent microspheres (FMS) labeled receptor binding domain (RBD) antigen was prepared for detection of nAbs with high sensitivity. Sandwich and competitive immunoassay were conducted on the microfluidic-based sensor within 10 min and the fluorescent signal of immunoassay was analyzed by a portable microfluidic immunoassay instrument. The nAbs detection range of sandwich immuno-sensor and competitive immuno-sensor was 4.0 ng/mL to 400 ng/mL and 2.13 ng/mL to 213 ng/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the sandwich immuno-sensor was demonstrated to be comparable with existing methods and used to detect 182 clinical serum samples from vaccinated individuals. Sandwich immuno-sensor based on lateral chromatography micro-interface allowed reliable, fast, and low-cost detection of nAbs, which holds considerable potential for nAbs testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, PR China
| | - Liling Liu
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd, And IgeneTec Diagnostic Products Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201318, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200123, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China,Corresponding author
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29
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Harpaldas H, Arumugam S, Campillo Rodriguez C, Kumar BA, Shi V, Sia SK. Point-of-care diagnostics: recent developments in a pandemic age. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4517-4548. [PMID: 34778896 PMCID: PMC8860149 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we provide an overview of developments in point-of-care (POC) diagnostics during the COVID-19 pandemic. We review these advances within the framework of a holistic POC ecosystem, focusing on points of interest - both technological and non-technological - to POC researchers and test developers. Technologically, we review design choices in assay chemistry, microfluidics, and instrumentation towards nucleic acid and protein detection for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and away from the lab bench, developments that supported the unprecedented rapid development, scale up, and deployment of POC devices. We describe common features in the POC technologies that obtained Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for nucleic acid, antigen, and antibody tests, and how these tests fit into four distinct POC use cases. We conclude with implications for future pandemics, infectious disease monitoring, and digital health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Harpaldas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Siddarth Arumugam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | | | - Bhoomika Ajay Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Vivian Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - Samuel K Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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