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Do KM, Shin MK, Kodama T, Win NN, Prema P, Nguyen HM, Hayakawa Y, Morita H. Flavanols and Flavanes from Crinum asiaticum and Their Effects on LPS Signaling Pathway Through the Inhibition of NF-κB Activation. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:913-920. [PMID: 34474490 DOI: 10.1055/a-1585-5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three new flavanols, (2R,3S)-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (1: ), (2R,3S)-7-hydroxy-flavan-3-ol (2: ), and (2R,3S)-2'-hydroxy-7-methoxy-flavan-3-ol (3: ), together with two known flavans (4: and 5: ), were isolated from the chloroform extract of Crinum asiaticum. Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and CD data. The isolated compounds 1: and 3: -5: showed inhibitory activity toward LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. Further investigation of the NF-κB pathway mechanisms indicated that 1: and 3: -5: inhibited the LPS-induced IL-6 production and p65 subunit phosphorylation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells, with an effective dose of 10 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiep Minh Do
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kodama
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nwet Nwet Win
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Prema Prema
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Hien Minh Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Pham TNA, Kim HL, Lee DR, Choi BK, Yang SH. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Scrophularia buergeriana Extract Mixture Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-021-0308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Spondias mangifera Extract Fractions: An In Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Approach. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050825. [PMID: 33919084 PMCID: PMC8143105 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The fruits of Spondias mangifera (S. mangifera) have traditionally been used for the management of rheumatism in the northeast region of India. The present study explores the probable anti-arthritis and anti-inflammatory potential of S. mangifera fruit extract's ethanolic fraction (EtoH-F). To support this study, we first approached the parameters in silico by means of the active constituents of the plant (beta amyrin, beta sitosterol, oleonolic acid and co-crystallised ligands, i.e., SPD-304) via molecular docking on COX-1, COX-2 and TNF-α. Thereafter, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity properties were also determined, and finally experimental activity was performed in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro activities of the plant extract fractions were evaluated by means of parameters like 1,1-Diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), free radical-reducing potential, albumin denaturation, and protease inhibitory activity. The in vivo activity was evaluated using parameters like COX, TNF-α and IL-6 inhibition assay and arthritis score in Freund Adjuvant (CFA) models at a dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. per day of different fractions (hexane, chloroform, alcoholic). The molecular docking assay was performed on COX-1, COX-2 and TNF-α. The results of in vitro studies showed concentration-dependent reduction in albumin denaturation, protease inhibitors and scavenging activity at 500 µg/mL. Administration of the S. mangifera alcoholic fraction at the abovementioned dose resulted in a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in arthritis score, paw diameters, TNF-α, IL-6 as compared to diseased animals. The docking results showed that residues show a critical binding affinity with TNF-α and act as the TNF-α antagonist. The alcoholic fraction of S. mangifera extract possesses beneficial effects on rheumatoid arthritis as well as anti-inflammatory potential, and can further can be used as a possible agent for novel target-based therapies for the management of arthritis.
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Jin L, Schmiech M, El Gaafary M, Zhang X, Syrovets T, Simmet T. A comparative study on root and bark extracts of Eleutherococcus senticosus and their effects on human macrophages. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153181. [PMID: 32065954 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eleutherococcus senticosus or Siberian ginseng is a medicinal plant containing adaptogenic substances believed to regulate immune responses. Both, the root and stem bark are commonly used in traditional medicines. PURPOSE The purpose of the present study is to chemically characterize E. senticosus root and bark extracts and to compare their effects on functions of human primary macrophages. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS HPLC-DAD-MS analysis was used to characterize chemical constituents of alcoholic extracts from E. senticosus root and bark. The data obtained and available databases were combined for network pharmacology analysis. Involvement of predicted pathways was further functionally confirmed by using monocyte-derived human macrophages and endotoxin-free E. senticosus root and bark extracts. RESULTS Chemical analysis showed that the root extract contained more syringin, caffeic acid, and isofraxidin than the bark extract. At variance, bark extract contained more sesamin and oleanolic acid. Coniferyl aldehyde and afzelin were below the limit of quantification in both extracts. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that constituents of E. senticosus might affect the immune cell phenotype and signaling pathways involved in cell metabolism and cytoskeleton regulation. Indeed, both extracts promoted actin polymerization, migration, and phagocytosis of E. coli by macrophages pointing to macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype. In addition, treatment with E. senticosus root and bark extracts decreased phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and significantly reduced expression of the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163 by macrophages. Neither extract affected expression of CD11b, CD80, or CD64 by macrophages. In addition, macrophages treated with the bark extract, but not with the root extract, exhibited activated p38 MAPK and NF-κB and released increased, but still moderate, amounts of proinflammatory TNF-α and IL-6, anti-inflammatory IL-10, and chemotactic CCL1, which all together point to a M2b-like macrophage polarization. Differently, the root extract increased the IL-4-induced expression of anti-inflammatory CD200R. These changes in monocytes are in agreement with an increased M2a macrophage polarization. CONCLUSION The ability of E. senticosus root and bark extracts to promote polarization of human macrophages towards anti-inflammatory M2a and M2b phenotypes, respectively, might underlay the immunoregulatory activities and point to potential wound healing promoting effects of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jin
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schmiech
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Menna El Gaafary
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Xinlei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Treatment with Peanut Sprout Root Extract Alleviates Inflammation in a Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Macrophage Cell Line by Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235907. [PMID: 31775245 PMCID: PMC6928906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key response of the immune system to infection but aberrant inflammatory activity can lead to tissue damage and inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that peanut sprout root extract (PSRE) has anti-inflammatory activity, and the aim of this study is therefore to investigate the effects of PSRE on the inflammatory response and the molecular mechanisms underpinning this effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Using a combination of cell viability, ELISA, and nitric oxide (NO) assays, together with Western blotting, we showed that PSRE effectively inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated cells and significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1β, and PGE2, at a dose of 200 µg/mL of PSRE, whereas TNF-α expression tended to decrease under PSRE treatment. We also confirmed a dose-dependent and significant inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. In addition, PSRE treatment induced anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB activation. Our results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties of PSRE may result from inhibition of the MAPK pathways, which are known promoters of cytokine secretion.
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Panossian A, Seo EJ, Efferth T. Novel molecular mechanisms for the adaptogenic effects of herbal extracts on isolated brain cells using systems biology. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:257-284. [PMID: 30466987 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adaptogens are natural compounds or plant extracts that increase adaptability and survival of organisms under stress. Adaptogens stimulate cellular and organismal defense systems by activating intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways and expression of stress-activated proteins and neuropeptides. The effects adaptogens on mediators of adaptive stress response and longevity signaling pathways have been reported, but their stress-protective mechanisms are still not fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to identify key molecular mechanisms of adaptogenic plants traditionally used to treat stress and aging-related disorders, i.e., Rhodiola rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Withania somnifera, Rhaponticum carthamoides, and Bryonia alba. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptogens, we conducted RNA sequencing to profile gene expression alterations in T98G neuroglia cells upon treatment of adaptogens and analyzed the relevance of deregulated genes to adaptive stress-response signaling pathways using in silico pathway analysis software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION At least 88 of the 3516 genes regulated by adaptogens were closely associated with adaptive stress response and adaptive stress-response signaling pathways (ASRSPs), including neuronal signaling related to corticotropin-releasing hormone, cAMP-mediated, protein kinase A, and CREB; pathways related to signaling involving CXCR4, melatonin, nitric oxide synthase, GP6, Gαs, MAPK, neuroinflammation, neuropathic pain, opioids, renin-angiotensin, AMPK, calcium, and synapses; and pathways associated with dendritic cell maturation and G-coupled protein receptor-mediated nutrient sensing in enteroendocrine cells. All samples tested showed significant effects on the expression of genes encoding neurohormones CRH, GNRH, UCN, G-protein-coupled and other transmembrane receptors TLR9, PRLR, CHRNE, GP1BA, PLXNA4, a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor RORA, transmembrane channels, transcription regulators FOS, FOXO6, SCX, STAT5A, ZFPM2, ZNF396, ZNF467, protein kinases MAPK10, MAPK13, MERTK, FLT1, PRKCH, ROS1, TTN), phosphatases PTPRD, PTPRR, peptidases, metabolic enzymes, a chaperone (HSPA6), and other proteins, all of which modulate numerous life processes, playing key roles in several canonical pathways involved in defense response and regulation of homeostasis in organisms. It is for the first time we report that the molecular mechanism of actions of melatonin and plant adaptogens are alike, all adaptogens tested activated the melatonin signaling pathway by acting through two G-protein-coupled membrane receptors MT1 and MT2 and upregulation of the ligand-specific nuclear receptor RORA, which plays a role in intellectual disability, neurological disorders, retinopathy, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cancer, which are common in aging. Furthermore, melatonin activated adaptive signaling pathways and upregulated expression of UCN, GNRH1, TLR9, GP1BA, PLXNA4, CHRM4, GPR19, VIPR2, RORA, STAT5A, ZFPM2, ZNF396, FLT1, MAPK10, MERTK, PRKCH, and TTN, which were commonly regulated by all adaptogens tested. We conclude that melatonin is an adaptation hormone playing an important role in regulation of homeostasis. Adaptogens presumably worked as eustressors ("stress-vaccines") to activate the cellular adaptive system by inducing the expression of ASRSPs, which then reciprocally protected cells from damage caused by distress. Functional investigation by interactive pathways analysis demonstrated that adaptogens activated ASRSPs associated with stress-induced and aging-related disorders such as chronic inflammation, cardiovascular health, neurodegenerative cognitive impairment, metabolic disorders, and cancer. CONCLUSION This study has elucidated the genome-wide effects of several adaptogenic herbal extracts in brain cells culture. These data highlight the consistent activation of ASRSPs by adaptogens in T98G neuroglia cells. The extracts affected many genes playing key roles in modulation of adaptive homeostasis, indicating their ability to modify gene expression to prevent stress-induced and aging-related disorders. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive look at the molecular mechanisms by which adaptogens exerts stress-protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ean-Jeong Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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Park SB, Park GH, Kim HN, Son HJ, Song HM, Kim HS, Jeong HJ, Jeong JB. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extracts from the branch of Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:1-7. [PMID: 29758412 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mistletoe has been used as the herbal medicine to treat hypertension, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, arthritis and viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of branch from Taxillus yadoriki being parasitic in Neolitsea sericea (TY-NS-B) using in vitro model. TY-NS-B significantly inhibited LPS-induced secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW264.7 cells. TY-NS-B was also observed to inhibit LPS-mediated iNOS COX-2 expression. In addition, TY-NS-B attenuated production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β induced by LPS. TY-NS-B blocked LPS-mediated inhibitor of IκB-α, and inhibited p65 translocation to the nucleus and NF-κB activation. Furthermore, TY-NS-B reduced the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as p38 and JNK, but not ERK1/2. In addition, TY-NS-B increased ATF3 expression and ATF3 knockdown by ATF3 siRNA attenuated TY-NS-B-mediated inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator expression. Collectively, our results suggest that TY-NS-B exerts potential anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK signaling activation, and increasing ATF3 expression. These findings indicate that TY-NS-B could be further developed as an anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Park
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Son
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Min Song
- Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.
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Zou YH, Zhao L, Xu YK, Bao JM, Liu X, Zhang JS, Li W, Ahmed A, Yin S, Tang GH. Anti-inflammatory sesquiterpenoids from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Salvia plebeia: Regulates pro-inflammatory mediators through inhibition of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 210:95-106. [PMID: 28847754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia plebeia R. Brown, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has been used to treat inflammatory diseases such as cough, hepatitis, and diarrhea for a long history. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify potential anti-inflammatory agents from the herb of S. plebeia, which may have contributed to its folk pharmacological use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS The aerial parts of S. plebeia were extracted with 95% ethanol and separated by silica gel, RP-C18, Sephadex LH-20, and HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis (MS, NMR, and X-ray). Anti-inflammatory activities of all compounds were evaluated by the model of LPS-induced up-regulated of NO in Raw264.7 macrophages. The expression levels of cytokine (TNF-α) and proteins (iNOS and COX-2) were assessed by ELISA kit and Western blotting analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the influences of salviplenoid A (1) on NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways were determined by Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Six new (1-6, salviplenoids A-F) and ten known (7-16) sesquiterpenoids were isolated from the herb of S. plebeia. The absolute configurations of compounds 1, 2, and 7 were determined by X-ray diffraction. The new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, salviplenoid A (1), significantly decreased the release of NO and TNF-α and the expression of proteins iNOS and COX-2. In addition, the biochemical mechanistic study indicated that 1 regulated the NF-κB dependent transcriptional activity through inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p50/p65 dimer and decreasing the phosphorylation of IκB and Erk1/2. CONCLUSIONS Among all sesquiterpenoids isolated from S. plebeian, the new salviplenoid A (1) exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells via inhibition of NF-κB and Erk1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hong Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - You-Kai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Jing-Mei Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Abrar Ahmed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Sheng Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Gui-Hua Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Kim YS, Shin WB, Dong X, Kim EK, Nawarathna WPAS, Kim H, Park PJ. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract from fermented Asterina pectinifera with Cordyceps militaris mycelia in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1633-1640. [PMID: 30263700 PMCID: PMC6049704 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous work, Asterina pectinifera was fermented with Cordyceps militaris mycelia to improve its bioactivities and was reported to have strong antioxidant activities. The aim of the current study was to investigate its anti-inflammatory effect and mechanisms of action. In this study, we observed the inhibitory effect of the extract from fermented A. pectinifera with C. militaris mycelia (FACM) on nitric oxide (NO) production and its molecular mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FACM could decrease LPS-induced NO production. Western blot analysis showed that FACM could down-regulate LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase without affecting cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, FACM exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells through proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-6 via nuclear factor kappa B pathway. FACM inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase expression. Our results suggest that FACM may be a potential candidate for inflammation therapy by attenuating the generation of cytokines, production of NO, and generation of ROS in RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Woen-Bin Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Bio Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478 Korea
| | | | - Hakju Kim
- Seojin Biotech Co., Ltd., Yongin, Gyeonggi 17015 Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungbuk 27478 Korea
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Cheng Q, Sun GJ, Liu SB, Yang Q, Li XM, Li XB, Liu G, Zhao JN, Zhao MG. A novel translocator protein 18 kDa ligand, ZBD-2, exerts neuroprotective effects against acute spinal cord injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 43:930-8. [PMID: 27292096 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) happens accidently and often leads to motor dysfunction due to a series of biochemical and pathological events and damage, either temporarily or permanently. Translocator protein 18 (TSPO) has been found to be involved in the synthesis of endogenous neurosteroids which have multiple effects on neurons, but the internal mechanisms are not clear. N-benzyl-N-ethyl-2-(7,8-oxo-2-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl) acetamide (ZBD-2), a newly reported ligand of TSPO, shows some neuroprotective effect against focal cerebral ischemia in vivo and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. The present study aims to examine the role of ZBD-2 in SCI mice and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The SCI model was established by crushing spinal cord. ZBD-2 (10 mg/kg) significantly enhanced the hindlimb locomotor functions after SCI and decreased the tissue damage and conserved the white matter of the spinal cord. High-dose ZBD-2 alleviated the oxidative stress induced by SCI and regulated the imbalance between NR2B-containing NMDA and GABA receptors by increasing the levels of GAD67 in the spinal cord of SCI mice. Additionally, ZBD-2 (10 mg/kg) increased phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and decreased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. These results demonstrate that ZBD-2 performs neuroprotection against SCI through regulating the synaptic transmission and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Jing Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinling Hospital, Clinical School of Nanjing, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Shin JY, Kang JS, Byun HW, Ahn EK. Regulatory effects and molecular mechanism of Trigonostemon reidioides on lipopolysaccharide‑induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:5137-5142. [PMID: 28849132 PMCID: PMC5647046 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib has been traditionally used for the treatment of vomiting and asthma in Cambodia. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the anti‑inflammatory effect of T. reidioides extract remains unknown. The present study investigated the anti‑inflammatory activity and molecular action of an ethanol extract of T. reidioides (ETR) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Nitric oxide assays, ELISA, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used. ETR treatment inhibited the production of nitric oxide by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, while exhibiting no significant cytotoxicity compared with macrophages treated with LPS‑alone. Consequently, ETR decreased the production of certain proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α. Additionally, ETR inhibited the activation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal‑regulated kinase, c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase and p38 MAPK, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. These effects were mediated by inhibition of the nuclear localization of nuclear factor κ‑B (NF‑κB). Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrate that ETR may exert an anti‑inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines via downregulation of the NF‑κB, PI3K/Akt and the MAPK signaling pathways in LPS‑stimulated macrophages. Based on these results, we hypothesize that ETR may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Shin
- Bio‑Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443‑270, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Shin Kang
- Biological Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404‑708, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Woo Byun
- Biological Genetic Resources Utilization Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404‑708, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio‑Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science and Technology Promotion, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443‑270, Republic of Korea
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12
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Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) is the initiation of biological end points in cells (bystander cells) that are not directly traversed by an incident-radiation track, but are in close proximity to cells that are receiving the radiation. RIBE has been indicted of causing DNA damage via oxidative stress, besides causing direct damage, inducing tumorigenesis, producing micronuclei, and causing apoptosis. RIBE is regulated by signaling proteins that are either endogenous or secreted by cells as a means of communication between cells, and can activate intracellular or intercellular oxidative metabolism that can further trigger signaling pathways of inflammation. Bystander signals can pass through gap junctions in attached cell lines, while the suspended cell lines transmit these signals via hormones and soluble proteins. This review provides the background information on how reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as bystander signals. Although ROS have a very short half-life and have a nanometer-scale sphere of influence, the wide variety of ROS produced via various sources can exert a cumulative effect, not only in forming DNA adducts but also setting up signaling pathways of inflammation, apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, aging, and even tumorigenesis. This review outlines the sources of the bystander effect linked to ROS in a cell, and provides methods of investigation for researchers who would like to pursue this field of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Aziz Sawal
- Healthcare Biotechnology Department, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad
| | - Kashif Asghar
- Basic Sciences Research, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Matthias Bureik
- Health Science Platform, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Nasir Jalal
- Health Science Platform, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Li L, Tang J, Sun Y, Wu J, Yu P, Wang G. Upregulation of HO-1 Attenuates LPS-Stimulated Proinflammatory Responses Through Downregulation of p38 Signaling Pathways in Rat Ovary. Inflammation 2016; 38:1085-92. [PMID: 25448262 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays a key role in the regulation of the inflammatory response. However, the specific mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory role of HO-1 in the reproductive system is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the mechanism of HO-1 in the regulation of the inflammatory response stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rat ovary. LPS-stimulated inflammatory models were established. Rats were pretreated with HO-1 activator (hemin) or inhibitor (ZnPP) before LPS stimulation, and we evaluated the expression of HO-1 by real-time PCR and Western blot. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in rat ovary were analyzed using real-time PCR and ELISA. In addition, we also analyzed the p38 and p-p38 protein expression in the ovary. Our results demonstrate that HO-1 is an anti-inflammatory factor in LPS-stimulated ovary, which regulates the inflammatory response through downregulation of p38 signaling pathways in rat ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095, Nanjing, People's Republic of China,
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14
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Widowati W, Rusmana D, Elisabeth M, Fauziah N, Maesaroh M. Inhibition of Inflammatory Agent Production by Ethanol Extract and Eugenol of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Flower Bud (Clove) in LPS-Stimulated Raw 264.7 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2015.264.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Adams L, Franco MC, Estevez AG. Reactive nitrogen species in cellular signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:711-7. [PMID: 25888647 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215581314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transduction of cellular signals occurs through the modification of target molecules. Most of these modifications are transitory, thus the signal transduction pathways can be tightly regulated. Reactive nitrogen species are a group of compounds with different properties and reactivity. Some reactive nitrogen species are highly reactive and their interaction with macromolecules can lead to permanent modifications, which suggested they were lacking the specificity needed to participate in cell signaling events. However, the perception of reactive nitrogen species as oxidizers of macromolecules leading to general oxidative damage has recently evolved. The concept of redox signaling is now well established for a number of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this context, the post-translational modifications introduced by reactive nitrogen species can be very specific and are active participants in signal transduction pathways. This review addresses the role of these oxidative modifications in the regulation of cell signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi Adams
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Maria C Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Alvaro G Estevez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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Anand T, Prakash KB, Pandareesh MD, Khanum F. Development of bacoside enriched date syrup juice and its evaluation for physical endurance. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 51:4026-32. [PMID: 25477676 PMCID: PMC4252464 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-0955-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacoside rich juice (BRJ) was developed using date syrup as base. BRJ was evaluated for physicochemical, sensory attributes and its effect on physical endurance. Overall acceptability of BRJ and date syrup juice (DSJ) was good according to hedonic scale/ratings. Twenty four adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6). Sedentary (Group I) and control (Group II) group rats were allowed to drink water whereas DSJ and BRJ group rats were provided free access to drink DSJ (Group III) and BRJ (Group IV) for 14 days and were subjected to weight-loaded forced swim test (WFST) for every alternate day in order to evaluate the physical endurance. Both BRJ and DSJ group rats swimming efficiency was improved by 3 and 2 folds respectively in comparison with control group on day- 15. Improved physical endurance in BRJ group is due to reduced malondialdehyde levels in brain, liver and muscle tissues by 16.50 %, 17.88 % and 30.20 %, respectively, compared to DSJ group (p < 0.01). In addition, administration of BRJ significantly protected the hepatic and muscle glycogen levels and reduced the levels of lactic acid in comparison to DSJ group. Hence, the present study clearly indicates that BRJ is an effective anti-fatigue drink ameliorates the various impairments associated with physical endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Anand
- />Biochemistry & Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011 India
| | - K. Bhanu Prakash
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Vishakapatnam, 530045 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - M. D. Pandareesh
- />Biochemistry & Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011 India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- />Biochemistry & Nanosciences Discipline, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddarthanagar, Mysore, 570011 India
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Kim JH, Kim YS, Hwang JW, Han YK, Lee JS, Kim SK, Jeon YJ, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Bahk YY, Park PJ. Sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides suppress LPS-induced NO production via JNK and NF-κB inactivation. Molecules 2014; 19:18232-47. [PMID: 25387351 PMCID: PMC6271491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Various biological effects have been reported for sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides, but the molecular mechanisms of action of their anti-inflammatory effects are still unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of action. The results showed that pretreated low molecular weight sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. The sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides also suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phosphorylation of JNK and translocation of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, into the nucleus by inhibiting degradation of IκB-α. Our investigation suggests sulfated chitosan oligosaccharides inhibit IL-6/TNF-α in LPS-induced macrophages, regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) pathways dependent on NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Young-Ki Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Jung-Suck Lee
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Specialized Graduate School & Technology Convergence, Department of Marine-Bio Convergence Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Korea Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
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Jung CH, Ahn J, Heo SH, Ha TY. Eleutheroside E, an active compound from Eleutherococcus senticosus, regulates adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0119-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Pomari E, Stefanon B, Colitti M. Effect of plant extracts on H2O2-induced inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. J Inflamm Res 2014; 7:103-12. [PMID: 25075197 PMCID: PMC4106015 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s61471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arctium lappa (AL), Camellia sinensis (CS), Echinacea angustifolia, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng (PG), and Vaccinium myrtillus (VM) are plants traditionally used in many herbal formulations for the treatment of various conditions. Although they are well known and already studied for their anti-inflammatory properties, their effects on H2O2-stimulated macrophages are a novel area of study. Materials and methods Cell viability was tested after treatment with increasing doses of H2O2 and/or plant extracts at different times of incubation to identify the optimal experimental conditions. The messenger (m)RNA expression of TNFα, COX2, IL1β, NFκB1, NFκB2, NOS2, NFE2L2, and PPARγ was analyzed in macrophages under H2O2 stimulation. The same genes were also quantified after plant extract treatment on cells pre-stimulated with H2O2. Results A noncytotoxic dose (200 μM) of H2O2 induced active mRNA expression of COX2, IL1β, NFE2L2, NFκB1, NFκB2, NOS2, and TNFα, while PPARγ was depressed. The expression of all genes tested was significantly (P<0.001) regulated by plant extracts after pre-stimulation with H2O2. COX2 was downregulated by AL, PG, and VM. All extracts depressed IL1β expression, but upregulated NFE2L2. NFκB1, NFκB2, and TNFα were downregulated by AL, CS, PG, and VM. NOS2 was inhibited by CS, PG, and VM. PPARγ was decreased only after treatment with E. angustifolia and E. senticosus. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that the stimulation of H2O2 on RAW267.4 cells induced the transcription of proinflammatory mediators, showing that this could be an applicable system by which to activate macrophages. Plant extracts from AL, CS, PG, and VM possess in vitro anti-inflammatory activity on H2O2-stimulated macrophages by modulating key inflammation mediators. Further in vitro and in vivo investigation into molecular mechanisms modulated by herbal extracts should be undertaken to shed light on the development of novel modulating therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pomari
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Colitti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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20
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Joung HJ, Kim YS, Hwang JW, Han YK, Jeong JH, Lee JS, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Park PJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of extract from Haliotis discus hannai fermented with Cordyceps militaris mycelia in RAW264.7 macrophages through TRIF-dependent signaling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 38:184-189. [PMID: 24657261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Haliotis discus hannai (H. discus hannai) fermentation was attempted with Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) mycelia using a solid culture. We tried to ferment H. discus hannai to determine the optimal conditions fermentation with regards to its anti-inflammatory effects. The extracts of H. discus hannai fermented with C. militaris mycelia (HFCM-5) showed higher nitric oxide inhibitory effects than H. discus hannai and C. militaris alone. HFCM-5 also decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. HFCM-5 did not affect the MyD88-dependent pathway, but decreased phosphorylation of IRF3 and STAT1 which are involved in TRIF-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that HFCM-5 exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via TRIF signaling pathway and could potentially be used as a functional food in the regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Joo Joung
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Han
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Food & Biotechnology, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 380-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suck Lee
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea; Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea.
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Gochman E, Mahajna J, Shenzer P, Dahan A, Blatt A, Elyakim R, Reznick AZ. The expression of iNOS and nitrotyrosine in colitis and colon cancer in humans. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:827-35. [PMID: 22417974 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation increases the risk of development of several types of malignancies including colon cancer. It also represents a paradigm for the connection between inflammation and cancer in terms of epidemiology and mechanistic studies in preclinical models. A key component of inflammation promoting cancer is the transcription factor NF-κB, which is known to play a critical role in the regulation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. iNOS is an enzyme dominantly expressed during inflammatory reactions. Although synthesis of high amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by iNOS has been demonstrated in pathophysiological processes, such as acute or chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis, the role of iNOS activity in these diseases is still not well understood. Analysis of human biopsies of colitis and colon cancer using immunohistochemistry revealed elevated iNOS protein expression levels, which were strongly paralleled by increased expression of nitrotyrosine suggesting that iNOS has been highly activated in these tissues. These results were corroborated in an in vitro study showing the presence of high iNOS levels in a colon cancer cell line (HT-29) following inflammatory stimuli (TNF-α, peroxynitrite). In addition, the involvement of metastatic processes in the colon biopsies was assessed by means of in situ zymography of MMP activation. MMP 2 (gelatinase A) activation was higher in histopathological sections of colitis and cancer compared to controls. Overall, these data strengthen the findings that in inflammation and colon cancer in humans, iNOS expression and tyrosine nitration may be an indicator of cancer development and progression.
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Anand T, Kumar GP, Ilaiyaraja N, Khanum F, Bawa A. Effect of Asiaticoside Rich Extract from Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on Physical Fatigue Induced by Weight-loaded Forced Swim Test. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2012.832.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Jung Y, Byeon SE, Yoo DS, Lee YG, Yu T, Yang Y, Kim JH, Kim E, Jeong D, Rhee MH, Choung ES, Hong S, Cho JY. 8-(Tosylamino)quinoline inhibits macrophage-mediated inflammation by suppressing NF-κB signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1037-46. [PMID: 22796759 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The macrophage-mediated inflammatory response may contribute to the development of cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis and septic shock. This study was to characterize several new compounds to suppress macrophage-mediated inflammation. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 male mice and RAW264.7 cells were examined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in the cells exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity were investigated via measuring transcription factor activation in response to specific signals and via assaying the activities of the target kinases. RESULTS Of 7 candidate compounds tested, 8-(tosylamino)quinoline (8-TQ, compound 7) exhibited the strongest activities in suppressing the production of NO, TNF-α, and PGE(2) in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages (the IC(50) values=1-5 μmol/L). This compound (1.25-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently suppressed the expression of the pro-inflammatory genes for iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and the cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 at the level of transcription in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. 8-TQ (20 μmol/L) significantly suppressed the activation of NF-κB and its upstream signaling elements, including inhibitor of κB (IκBα), IκBα kinase (IKK) and Akt in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. In in vivo experiments, oral administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg 8-TQ for 3 d significantly alleviated the signs of LPS-induced hepatitis and HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis, respectively, in ICR mice. CONCLUSION 8-TQ (compound 7) exerts significant anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of the Akt/NF-κB pathway, thus may be developed as a novel anti-inflammatory drug.
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Lee SJ, Kim EK, Kim YS, Hwang JW, Lee KH, Choi DK, Kang H, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Park PJ. Purification and characterization of a nitric oxide inhibitory peptide from Ruditapes philippinarum. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:1660-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bachiega TF, Orsatti CL, Pagliarone AC, Sforcin JM. The effects of propolis and its isolated compounds on cytokine production by murine macrophages. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1308-13. [PMID: 22275284 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since propolis and phenolic compounds, such as cinnamic and coumaric acids, have several biological properties, their immunomodulatory effect on cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) was investigated. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were incubated with propolis, coumaric and cinnamic acids in different concentrations and the concentrations that inhibited cytokine production were tested before or after macrophage challenge with LPS, to evaluate a possible immunomodulatory action. Propolis and the acids stimulated IL-1β production, while IL-6 production was significantly inhibited after incubation with propolis (5, 50 and 100 µg/well), coumaric and cinnamic acids (50 and 100 µg/well). In LPS-challenge protocols, inhibitory concentrations of cinnamic and coumaric acids after LPS incubation prevented efficiently its effects on IL-6 production, whereas propolis inhibited LPS effects both before and after its addition. Propolis, coumaric and cinnamic acids (50 and 100 µg/well) inhibited IL-10 production as well. Both acids showed a similar inhibitory activity on IL-10 production when added after LPS challenge, while propolis counteracted LPS action when added before and after LPS incubation. Propolis modulated the immune/inflammatory response, depending on the concentration. Its efficiency may occur due to the synergistic effect of its compounds, and cinnamic and coumaric acids may be involved in the action of propolis on cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Bachiega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Botucatu, SP 18618-970, Brazil
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A Herbal Composition of Scutellaria baicalensis and Eleutherococcus senticosus Shows Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects in an Ex Vivo Human Mucosal Tissue Model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:673145. [PMID: 22272213 PMCID: PMC3261630 DOI: 10.1155/2012/673145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Patients seek an effective alternative to pharmacotherapy including herbal treatment options for allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis. Material and Methods. Nasal mucosal tissue was obtained from 12 patients, fragmented, preincubated with tissue culture medium, S. baicalensis and/or E. senticosus and/or vitamin C (each compound 0.2 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL) for 1 hour at 37°C/5% CO2, and stimulated with anti-IgE for 30 minutes and 6 hours to imitate the allergic early and late phases. Furthermore, Staphylococcus aureus superantigen B (SEB) stimulation for 6 hours was used to imitate T-cell activation. Results. The combination of S. baicalensis and E. senticosus had a more potent suppressive effect on the release of PGD2, histamine, and IL-5 than S. baicalensis alone. The combination also resulted in a significant inhibition of SEB-induced cytokines comparable or superior to an established topical corticosteroid, fluticasone propionate. Vitamin C increased ciliary beat frequency, but had no anti-inflammatory effects. Discussion. The combination of S. baicalensis and E. senticosus may be able to significantly block allergic early-and late-phase mediators and substantially suppress the release of proinflammatory, and Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-derived cytokines.
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Venu Prasa M, Khanum F. Antifatigue Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum sanctum in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2012.37.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Anand T, Phani Kumar G, Pandareesh MD, Swamy MSL, Khanum F, Bawa AS. Effect of Bacoside Extract from Bacopa monniera on Physical Fatigue Induced by Forced Swimming. Phytother Res 2011; 26:587-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Anand
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
| | - G. Phani Kumar
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
| | - M. D. Pandareesh
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
| | - M. S. L. Swamy
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
| | - A. S. Bawa
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Discipline; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddarthanagar; Mysore; 570011; India
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Anti-fatigue activity of extracts of stem bark from Acanthopanax senticosus. Molecules 2010; 16:28-37. [PMID: 21187815 PMCID: PMC6259449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the anti-fatigue activity in male Kunming mice of extracts of stem bark from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASSE) using a forced swimming test. Mice were divided into four groups (three ASSE administered groups and the control group). The control group were gavaged with distilled water and ASSE administered groups were gavaged with ASSE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). After four weeks, a forced swimming test was performed and the biochemical parameters related to fatigue were examined. The results suggested that ASSE could extend the swimming time to exhaustion of the mice, as well as increase the tissue glycogen contents, while decreasing the blood lactate and serum urea nitrogen contents. This indicated that ASSE had anti-fatigue activity and could elevate the exercise tolerance.
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Gold nanoparticles attenuate LPS-induced NO production through the inhibition of NF-κB and IFN-β/STAT1 pathways in RAW264.7 cells. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:214-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kim AN, Jeon WK, Lee JJ, Kim BC. Up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 expression through CaMKII-ERK1/2-Nrf2 signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of bisdemethoxycurcumin in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:323-31. [PMID: 20430097 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel anti-inflammatory signaling pathway that leads to the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in response to bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), an analog of curcumin. Treatment with BDMC suppressed inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide (NO) production by down-regulating NF-kappaB activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. These effects were reversed by blocking HO-1 activity or expression. The signaling pathway involved in BDMC-mediated HO-1 induction included Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). BDMC induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a CaMKII-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor, U0126, inhibited CaMKII-induced stimulation of HO-1 promoter activity, suggesting that ERK1/2 is a downstream mediator of CaMKII in BDMC signaling to HO-1 expression. Furthermore, the CaMKII-ERK1/2 cascade targets the transcription factor, NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Finally, inhibition of the Ca(2+)-CaMKII-ERK1/2-linked cascade attenuated significantly suppression by BDMC of LPS-induced iNOS expression and subsequent NO production. Collectively, our findings identify a Ca(2+)/calmodulin-CaMKII-ERK1/2-Nrf2 cascade as a novel anti-inflammatory pathway mediating BDMC signaling to HO-1 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Na Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Ruimi N, Petrova RD, Agbaria R, Sussan S, Wasser SP, Reznick AZ, Mahajna J. Inhibition of TNFα-induced iNOS expression in HSV-tk transduced 9L glioblastoma cell lines by Marasmius oreades substances through NF-κB- and MAPK-dependent mechanisms. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3801-12. [PMID: 20224909 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, radical molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes. Previously, we reported that transduction of murine colon cancer cells (MC38) with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene resulted in a significant over-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and activation of NF-kB pathway. In this study we show that TNFα, but not LPS, was significantly able to stimulate the production of NO in HSV-tk transduced 9L glioblastoma cell lines, mediated by the up-regulation of iNOS transcript and iNOS protein. The TNFα-induced up-regulation of iNOS expression was mediated by MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways as revealed by using selective pharmaceutical inhibitors. A culture liquid extract of the edible and medicinal mushroom Marasmius oreades that was previously shown to inhibit iNOS expression in MCF-7 was utilized to prepare fractions and evaluate their ability to affect TNFα-induced iNOS expression in HSV tk transduced 9L cell lines. While most of the tested fractions were shown to inhibit TNFα-induced iNOS expression, they targeted different signaling pathways in a selective fashion. Here, we report that fraction SiSiF1 interfered with IKBα phosphorylation and consequently interfered with NF-κB activation pathway. SiSiF1 showed minimal interference with the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK proteins. In contrast, fraction SiSiF3 selectively inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 and fractions SiSiF4 and SiSiF5 selectively inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK with no observed effect against IKBα and p38 phosphorylation. Our data illustrate the complexity of iNOS regulation in HSV tk transduced 9L cell lines and also the richness of natural products with bioactive substances that may act synergistically through different signaling pathways to affect iNOS gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Ruimi
- Migal-Galilee Technology Center, Cancer Drug Discovery Program, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
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Tuntipopipat S, Muangnoi C, Failla ML. Anti-inflammatory activities of extracts of Thai spices and herbs with lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. J Med Food 2010; 12:1213-20. [PMID: 20041774 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) play important roles in inflammatory processes. This study examined whether 13 spices/herbs commonly used in Thai dishes modulate the production of NO and TNF-alpha by the RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line pretreated with plant extracts (1-100 microg/mL) prior to activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tested plant tissues were extracted with ethanol with the exception of roselle, which was extracted with 70% acetone. Eight of the 13 plant extracts inhibited NO and TNF-alpha production in a dose-dependent manner without exerting cytotoxicity. Extract from Limnophila aromatica (Kyeng) was the most robust suppressor of NO production, followed by dill, kaffer lime, chili, Teaw, mint, sweet basil, and pea eggplant, respectively (range of 50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] = 11.4-74.6 microg/mL). Kyeng also exhibited the greatest inhibition of TNF-alpha production (IC(50) = 10.5 microg/mL). IC(50) values for NO and TNF-alpha production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells for these extracts were highly correlated (r = 0.772, P = .025). These results suggest that extracts from some spices/herbs in the habitual Thai diet possess anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, the results support the use of NO production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells as a rapid and cost-effective tool for screening the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts of spices/herbs.
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Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates inflammation in MRL/lpr mouse mesangial cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:123-32. [PMID: 20140007 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive component of green tea, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells. EGCG is also shown to activate the metabolic regulator, adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Reports have also indicated that EGCG inhibits the immune-stimulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has been implicated in mesangial cell activation in lupus. Mesangial cells from MRL/lpr lupus-like mice are hyper-responsive to immune stimulation and overproduce nitric oxide (NO) and other inflammatory mediators when stimulated. In our current studies, we sought to determine the mechanism by which EGCG attenuates immune-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Cultured mesangial cells from MRL/lpr mice were pre-treated with various concentrations of EGCG and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-gamma. EGCG activated AMPK and blocked LPS/IFN-gamma-induced inflammatory mediator production (iNOS expression, supernatant NO and interleukin-6). Interestingly, EGCG attenuated inflammation during AMPK inhibition indicating that the anti-inflammatory effect of EGCG may be partially independent of AMPK activation. Furthermore, we found that EGCG effectively inhibited the immune-stimulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway independently of AMPK, by decreasing phosphorylation of Akt, suggesting an alternate mechanism for EGCG-mediated anti-inflammatory action in mesangial cells. Taken together, these studies show that EGCG attenuated inflammation in MRL/lpr mouse mesangial cells via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Our findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for the use of EGCG to regulate inflammation and control autoimmune disease.
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Bisabolangelone isolated from Ostericum koreanum inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators by down-regulation of NF-κB and ERK MAP kinase activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Panossian A, Wikman G. Effects of Adaptogens on the Central Nervous System and the Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Their Stress-Protective Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:188-224. [PMID: 27713248 PMCID: PMC3991026 DOI: 10.3390/ph3010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptogens were initially defined as substances that enhance the "state of nonspecific resistance" in stress, a physiological condition that is linked with various disorders of the neuroendocrine-immune system. Studies on animals and isolated neuronal cells have revealed that adaptogens exhibit neuroprotective, anti-fatigue, antidepressive, anxiolytic, nootropic and CNS stimulating activity. In addition, a number of clinical trials demonstrate that adaptogens exert an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental work capacity against a background of stress and fatigue, particularly in tolerance to mental exhaustion and enhanced attention. Indeed, recent pharmacological studies of a number of adaptogens have provided a rationale for these effects also at the molecular level. It was discovered that the stress-protective activity of adaptogens was associated with regulation of homeostasis via several mechanisms of action, which was linked with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the regulation of key mediators of stress response, such as molecular chaperons (e.g., HSP70), stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1), Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor DAF-16, cortisol and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- Swedish Herbal Institute Research & Development, Spårvägen 2, SE-432 96 Åskloster, Sweden.
| | - Georg Wikman
- Swedish Herbal Institute Research & Development, Spårvägen 2, SE-432 96 Åskloster, Sweden
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Yoon SB, Lee YJ, Park SK, Kim HC, Bae H, Kim HM, Ko SG, Choi HY, Oh MS, Park W. Anti-inflammatory effects of Scutellaria baicalensis water extract on LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 125:286-90. [PMID: 19577625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae), also known as Scutellariae Radix, possesses anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. And it is one of the most widespread herbal remedies used in Oriental medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Scutellariae Radix water extract (SR) on proinflammatory mediators secreted from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the cultured medium was determined by the Griess reaction. Various Cytokines released from LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells were measured in the cell culture supernatants using a multiplex bead array assay based on xMAP technology. RESULTS We found that SR significantly inhibited the production of NO, interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-17, interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at the concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 microg/ml (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SR has anti-inflammatory activity related with its inhibition of NO, cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Bin Yoon
- Dept. of Herbology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyungwon University, Seongnam 461-701, Republic of Korea
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Hirobe T. Ferrous Ferric Chloride Induces the Differentiation of Cultured Mouse Epidermal Melanocytes Additionally with Herbal Medicines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hirobe
- Radiation Effect Mechanism Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences
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