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Li Y, He L, Song H, Bao X, Niu S, Bai J, Ma J, Yuan R, Liu S, Guo J. Cordyceps: Alleviating Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Injury - A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024:118321. [PMID: 38735418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cordyceps has a long medicinal history as a nourishing herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs), including cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) and myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury (MI/RI), are major contributors to mortality and disability in humans. Numerous studies have indicated that Cordyceps or its artificial substitutes have significant bioactivity on ischemic CCVDs, however, there is a lack of relevant reviews. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aimed to investigate the chemical elements of Cordyceps and their pharmacological effects on ischemic CCVDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on the Web of Science, PubMed, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang databases using the keywords "Cordyceps", "Cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury", and "Myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury" or their synonyms. The retrieved literature was then categorized and summarized. RESULTS The study findings indicated that Cordyceps and its bioactive components, including adenosine, cordycepin, mannitol, polysaccharide, and protein, have the potential to protect against CI/RI and MI/RI by improving blood perfusion, mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species, suppressing inflammation, preventing cellular apoptosis, and promoting tissue regeneration. Individually, Cordyceps could reduce neuronal excitatory toxicity and blood-brain barrier damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Additionally, it can significantly improve cardiac energy metabolism disorders and inhibit calcium overload caused by myocardial ischemia. Moreover, Cordyceps exerts a significant preventive and curative influence on the factors responsible for heart/brain ischemia, including hypertension, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and arrhythmia. CONCLUSION This review reveals the underlying effectiveness of Cordyceps on CI/RI and MI/RI, providing novel insights for managing these ischemic CCVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Liying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haoran Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiuwen Bao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shuqi Niu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Junhao Ma
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Run Yuan
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Sijing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinlin Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Wang T, Tang C, Xiao M, Cao Z, He M, Qi J, Li Y, Li X. Effect of Air Drying on the Metabolic Profile of Fresh Wild and Artificial Cordyceps sinensis. Foods 2023; 13:48. [PMID: 38201076 PMCID: PMC10778509 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fresh and dried Cordyceps sinensis are widely used by the public for medicinal and health purposes. However, the differences between them have not been examined. In this study, fresh wild and artificial C. sinensis (WFC and AFC) were dried to obtain dried wild and artificial C. sinensis (WDC and ADC). Non-targeted GC-MS was used to analyze the metabolic profile characteristics of the four groups of samples. The results showed that air drying significantly altered the composition and content of C. sinensis, mainly in the form of higher abundance of organic acids and derivatives and lower abundance of lipids and lipid-like molecules in fresh C. sinensis. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and quantitative analyses showed that air drying increased the abundance of Valine, Zinniol, Urocanate, Vulpinic acid, and Uridine 5'-diphosphate, and decreased Xanthotoxol, Vitexin-4-o-glucoside, Val-trp, and Wogonin. These differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were also shown to be potential biomarkers for C. sinensis. KEGG enrichment analysis identified lysine biosynthesis as the most significantly enriched pathway. Annotation of these DAMs to lysine biosynthesis revealed that citrate cycle and pyruvate metabolism entered lysine biosynthesis via 2-oxohlutarate and Homocitrate, respectively, resulting in significant enrichment of L-saccharopine and L-lysine content was significantly higher. Alanine, aspartate, and Glutamate metabolism synthesized more L-aspartate to promote L-lysine synthesis. Thus, high levels of L-lysine result in lysine degradation and pymolysine, which are the most active metabolic pathways during the drying of fresh C. sinensis and indirectly lead to differences in metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhengfei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuling Li
- Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (M.X.); (Z.C.); (M.H.)
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Bui TQ, Dat TTH, Quy PT, Hai NTT, Thai NM, Phu NV, Tuan LV, Huynh LK, Li MS, Nhung NTA. Identification of potential anti-hyperglycemic compounds in Cordyceps militaris ethyl acetate extract: in vitro and in silico studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37997953 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2283156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been long known for valuable health benefits by folk experience and was recently reported with diabetes-tackling evidences, thus deserving extending efforts on screening for component-activity relationship. In this study, experiments were carried out to find the evidence, justification, and input for computations on the potential against diabetes-related protein structures: PDB-4W93, PDB-3W37, and PDB-4A3A. Liquid chromatography identified 14 bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract (1-14) and quantified the contents of cordycepin (0.11%) and adenosine (0.01%). Bioassays revealed the overall potential of the extract against α-amylase (IC50 = 6.443 ± 0.364 mg.mL-1) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 2.580 ± 0.194 mg.mL-1). A combination of different computational platforms was used to select the most promising candidates for applications as anti-diabetic bio-inhibitors, i.e. 1 (ground state: -888.49715 a.u.; dipole moment 3.779 Debye; DS ¯ -12.3 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 34.7 Å3; logP - 1.30), 10 (ground state: -688.52406 a.u.; dipole moment 5.487 Debye; DS ¯ -12.6 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 24.9 Å3; logP - 3.39), and 12 (ground state: -1460.07276 a.u.; dipole moment 3.976 Debye; DS ¯ -12.5 kcal.mol-1; polarizability 52.4 Å3; logP - 4.39). The results encourage further experimental tests on cordycepin (1), mannitol (10), and adenosylribose (12) to validate their in-practice diabetes-related activities, thus conducive to hypoglycemic applications.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Q Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Ton That Huu Dat
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hue, Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Minh Thai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vinh Phu
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Tuan
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Lam K Huynh
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
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Thai NM, Dat TTH, Hai NTT, Bui TQ, Phu NV, Quy PT, Triet NT, Pham DT, De Tran V, Nhung NTA. Identification of potential inhibitors against Alzheimer-related proteins in Cordyceps militaris ethanol extract: experimental evidence and computational analyses. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:292. [PMID: 37547918 PMCID: PMC10403485 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were carried out to identify the chemical composition of Cordyceps militaris and reveal the first evidence of their Alzheimer-related potential. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified 21 bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract (1-21). High-performance liquid chromatography quantified the content of cordycepin (0.32%). Bioassays revealed the overall anti-Alzheimer potential of the extract against acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 115.9 ± 11.16 µg mL-1). Multi-platform computations were utilized to predict the biological inhibitory effects of its phytochemical components against Alzheimer-related protein structures: acetylcholinesterase (PDB-4EY7) and β-amyloid protein (PDB-2LMN). In particular, 7 is considered as a most effective inhibitor predicted by its chemical stability in dipole-based environments (ground state - 467.26302 a.u.; dipole moment 11.598 Debye), inhibitory effectiveness (DS ¯ - 13.6 kcal mol-1), polarized compatibility (polarizability 25.8 Å3; logP - 1.01), and brain penetrability (logBB - 0.244; logPS - 3.047). Besides, 3 is promising as a brain-penetrating agent (logBB - 0.257; logPS - 2.400). The results preliminarily suggest further experimental attempts to verify the pro-cognitive effects of l(-)-carnitine (7). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03714-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Minh Thai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Vietnam
| | - Ton That Huu Dat
- Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Hai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Thanh Q. Bui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vinh Phu
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
| | - Phan Tu Quy
- Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak 630000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Triet
- Faculty of Traditional Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000 Vietnam
| | - Duy Toan Pham
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 Street, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Van De Tran
- Department of Health Organization and Management, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 179 Nguyen Van Cu, Can Tho, 900000 Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Ai Nhung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, 530000 Vietnam
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5
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Structure and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble α-glucan from Hirsutella sinensis mycelia. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:857-868. [PMID: 34464642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hirsutella sinensis, the anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), is a great substitute for precious and rare wild Cordyceps sinensis to effectively treat a variety of lung and kidney diseases. In this study, an α-glucan (named as HSWP-2a) was obtained by hot water extraction, DEAE-cellulose separation, and Sepharose CL-6B purification from H. sinensis mycelia. Different from known α-glucans, HSWP-2a is an α-(1 → 4)-D-glucan that branched at O-6, O-3, or O-2 with a terminal 1-linked α-D-Glcp as side chain, with an average molecular weight of 870.70 kDa. Immunological tests showed that HSWP-2a could remarkably enhance the phagocytosis of macrophages and increase the production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, via activating the p38, JNK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Moreover, HSWP-2a could significantly promote splenic lymphocyte proliferation. Taken together, HSWP-2a may be potentially utilized as a natural immunomodulatory agent.
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6
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Zhang B, Li B, Men XH, Xu ZW, Wu H, Qin XT, Xu F, Teng Y, Yuan SJ, Jin LQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Proteome sequencing and analysis of Ophiocordyceps sinensis at different culture periods. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:886. [PMID: 33308160 PMCID: PMC7731760 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis is an important traditional Chinese medicine for its comprehensive active ingredients, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, and Cordyceps polysaccharide. O. sinensis zjut, a special strain isolated from O. sinensis, has similar pharmacological functions to wild O. sinensis. Currently, O. sinensis with artificial cultivation has been widely studied, but systematic fundamental research at protein levels has not been determined. Results Proteomes of O. sinensis zjut at different culture periods (growth period, 3rd day; pre-stable period, 6th day; and stable period, 9th day) were relatively quantified by relative isotope markers and absolute quantitative technology. In total, 4005 proteins were obtained and further annotated with Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Based on the result of the annotations, metabolic pathways of active ingredients, amino acids and fatty acid were constructed, and the related enzymes were exhibited. Subsequently, comparative proteomics of O. sinensis zjut identified the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by growth in different culture periods, to find the important proteins involved in metabolic pathways of active ingredients. 605 DEPs between 6d-VS-3d, 1188 DEPs between 9d-VS-3d, and 428 DEPs between 9d-VS-6d were obtained, respectively. Conclusion This work provided scientific basis to study protein profile and comparison of protein expression levels of O. sinensis zjut, and it will be helpful for metabolic engineering works to active ingredients for exploration, application and improvement of this fungus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07298-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Men
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hui Wu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Xiang-Tian Qin
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Feng Xu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Yi Teng
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Shui-Jin Yuan
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Li-Qun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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7
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Tung YT, Pan CH, Chien YW, Huang HY. Edible Mushrooms: Novel Medicinal Agents to Combat Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4970-4981. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200831151316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of conditions and associated with an increased risk of developing
diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries
and are valuable components of the diet because of their attractive taste, aroma, and nutritional value. Medicinal
mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low-fat content and a transisomer
of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fiber content, biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides
or polysaccharide β-glucans, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols and terpenoids. In vitro experiments, animal
models, and even human studies have demonstrated not only fresh edible mushroom but also mushroom
extract that has great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as antiobesity,
cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effect. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods
and drugs. The focus of this report was to provide a concise and complete review of the novel medicinal properties
of fresh or dry mushroom and extracts, fruiting body or mycelium and its extracts, fiber, polysaccharides,
beta-glucan, triterpenes, fucoidan, ergothioneine from edible mushrooms that may help to prevent or treat metabolic
syndrome and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
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Singpoonga N, Rittiron R, Seang-on B, Chaiprasart P, Bantadjan Y. Determination of Adenosine and Cordycepin Concentrations in Cordyceps militaris Fruiting Bodies Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:27235-27244. [PMID: 33134685 PMCID: PMC7594118 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIRS) spectroscopy, coupled with partial least squares regression, was used to predict adenosine and cordycepin concentrations in fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. The fruiting body samples were prepared in four different sample formats, which were intact fruiting bodies, chopped fruiting bodies, dried powder, and dried crude extract. The actual amount of the adenosine and cordycepin concentrations in fresh fruiting bodies was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the prediction models developed from the chopped samples provided excellent accuracy in both parameters with minimal sample preparation. These optimum models provided a coefficient of determination of prediction, standard error of prediction, bias, and residual predictive deviation, which were respectively 0.95, 16.60 mg kg-1, -8.57 mg kg-1, and 5.04 for adenosine prediction, and 0.98, 181.56 mg kg-1, -1.05 mg kg-1, and 8.9 for cordycepin prediction. The accuracy and performance of the model were determined by ISO12099:2017(E). It was found that these two equations can be considered to be acceptable at a probability level of 95% confidence. The NIRS technique, therefore, has the potential to be an objective method for determining the adenosine and cordycepin concentrations in C. militaris fruiting bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapong Singpoonga
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand
| | - Ronnarit Rittiron
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Boonsong Seang-on
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Postharvest Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Peerasak Chaiprasart
- Faculty
of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Postharvest Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Postharvest
Technology Innovation Center, Chiang Mai
University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Yuranan Bantadjan
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
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Jin LQ, Xu ZW, Zhang B, Yi M, Weng CY, Lin S, Wu H, Qin XT, Xu F, Teng Y, Yuan SJ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Genome sequencing and analysis of fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. AMB Express 2020; 10:105. [PMID: 32494871 PMCID: PMC7270455 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. Hirsutella sinensis was reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis. It is reported that the laboratory-grown H. sinensis mycelium has similar clinical efficacy and less associated toxicity compared to the wild O. sinensis. The research of the H. sinensis is becoming more and more important and urgent. To gain deeper insight into the biological and pharmacological mechanisms, we sequenced the genome of H. sinensis. The genome of H. sinensis (102.72 Mb) was obtained for the first time, with > 99% coverage. 10,200 protein-encoding genes were predicted based on the genome sequence. A detailed secondary metabolism analysis and structure verification of the main ingredients were performed, and the biosynthesis pathways of seven ingredients (mannitol, cordycepin, purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides, unsaturated fatty acid, cordyceps polysaccharide and sphingolipid) were predicted and drawn. Furthermore, infection process and mechanism of H. sinensis were studied and elaborated in this article. The enzymes involved in the infection mechanism were also predicted, cloned and expressed to verify the mechanism. The genes and proteins were predicted and annotated based on the genome sequence. The pathways of several active components in H. sinensis were predicted and key enzymes were confirmed. The work presented here would improve the understanding of the genetic basis of this organism, and contribute to further research, production and application of H. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Zhe-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Ming Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Chun-Yue Weng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Shan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Hui Wu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Xiang-Tian Qin
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Feng Xu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Yi Teng
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Shui-Jin Yuan
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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Zhang J, Yu H, Li S, Zhong X, Wang H, Liu X. Comparative metabolic profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its cultured mycelia using GC-MS. Food Res Int 2020; 134:109241. [PMID: 32517908 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, one of the well-known traditional Chinese medicine, has multiple health-promoting effects. It is used as herbal remedy and health food in Asian countries, together with its cultured mycelia used as a substitute of natural O. sinensis. In the present study, natural O. sinensis collected from three geographical regions and its cultured mycelia derived from three strains were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with chemometrics. A total of 72 metabolites were identified from all samples with different metabolic profiles observed between natural O. sinensis and cultured mycelia. Among them, 50 metabolites showed significant differences between natural O. sinensis and cultured mycelia. Higher levels of trehalose, glycerol and citric acid in natural O. sinensis were found compared to those in cultured mycelia, while myo-inositol and some amino acids were more abundant in cultured mycelia. In addition, chemical compositions of natural O. sinensis varied depending on the geographical regions. Natural O. sinensis from three locations were clearly differentiated by the concentrations of meso-erythritol, D-mannitol, glucose and organic acids. The current study provides a comprehensive metabolic profiles of natural O. sinensis and its cultured mycelia, which is potentially important for understanding the metabolism of O. sinensis and facilitating the application of cultured mycelia as a supplement of natural O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Yu
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, China.
| | - Shaosong Li
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haizhen Wang
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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11
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Zhou Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Huang Z, Ma J. Comparative study of the composition of cultivated, naturally grown Cordyceps sinensis, and stiff worms across different sampling years. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225750. [PMID: 31800596 PMCID: PMC6892553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Cordyceps sinensis, which is a valuable anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, and antiviral agent in Asia, has been overexploited in recent years. Therefore, it is important for cultivated C. sinensis to be recognized in the market. In this research, the main components of entirely cultivated, naturally grown C. sinensis, and stiff worms across different sampling years were detected and compared by HPLC-MS and UV spectrometry. The results indicated that the mean levels of adenosine and cordycepin were significantly higher, whereas the mean levels of mannitol and polysaccharides were remarkably lower in the cultivated type than in the natural type. No distinct difference in the average soluble protein content was observed. The composition of the stiff worms was similar to that of the natural herb, except that the total soluble protein content was higher, and that of mannitol was lower. In addition, the ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of the three types showed high similarity at 260 nm. This research indicates that the main nutritional composition of cultivated and natural C. sinensis is identical and that cultivated type can be used as an effective substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Ma
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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12
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Sande D, Oliveira GPD, Moura MAFE, Martins BDA, Lima MTNS, Takahashi JA. Edible mushrooms as a ubiquitous source of essential fatty acids. Food Res Int 2019; 125:108524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Jhou BY, Fang WC, Chen YL, Chen CC. A 90-day subchronic toxicity study of submerged mycelial culture of Cordyceps militaris in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:977-986. [PMID: 30310675 PMCID: PMC6116727 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is a parasitic fungus that grows on the larvae of Lepidoptera. It is a well-known fungus with immunomodulatory activity. The study was conducted to clarify the edible safety of C. militaris mycelium for long term use. Eighty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups (10 males and 10 females in each group). Rats were orally administrated with reverse osmosis water or 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg per kg BW per day freeze dried C. militaris mycelium powder for 90 consecutive days. Clinical observation was carried out daily. The body weight and feed intake of the rats were recorded weekly. At the end of the study, all rats were sacrificed and the blood and organs were collected for hematology, clinical biochemistry and histopathological examination. All animals survived until the end of the study. During the study period, no abnormality occurred in clinical signs, body weight, feed intake, ophthalmological examination and urinalysis. There were no significant differences upon gross necropsy between the treatment and control group. Hematology, clinical biochemistry parameters and histopathological examination showed no treatment-related change. According to the results, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of C. militaris mycelium is 4000 mg per kg BW per day for male and female SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Jhou
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Wei-Chen Fang
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Yen-Lien Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd , Taoyuan City 320 , Taiwan , R.O.C . ; ; Tel: +886 3 4572121
- Department of Food Science , Nutrition , and Nutraceutical Biotechnology , Shih Chien University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology , National Taiwan University , Taipei City , Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology , Chung Yuan Christian University , Taoyuan City , Taiwan
- Insitute of Biotechnology , National Changhua University of Education , Changhua County , Taiwan
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15
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Cheng W, Zhang X, Song Q, Lu W, Wu T, Zhang Q, Li C. Determination and comparative analysis of 13 nucleosides and nucleobases in natural fruiting body of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its substitutes. Mycology 2017; 8:318-326. [PMID: 30123652 PMCID: PMC6059082 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1385546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosides and nucleobases are one of the most important indicators of quality control. A sensitive and reliable high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method was applied to analyse 13 nucleosides and nucleobases simultaneously in 15 batches of nine Ophiocordyceps species and its allies in China. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were conducted by SPSS 22.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The 15 samples of Cordyceps were differentiated successfully based on their nucleoside and nucleobase content. Total nucleosides content in mycelium was significantly higher than that in the natural fruiting bodies of Ophiocordyceps sinensis (NFOS). Five nucleosides or nucleobases - adenine (A), guanosine (Gu), uracil (U), uridine (Ur) and guanine (G) - were the major components contributed to the total variance according to PCA. The profiles of the 13 tested nucleosides and nucleobases (including adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, thymidine, uridine, cordycepin, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil and hypoxanthine) can discriminate different samples and can be candidate indicators applied for the quality control of Ophiocordyceps and its allies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiang Song
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingni Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qunlin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Product, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chunru Li
- Zhejiang BioAsia Institute of Life Science, Pinghu, Zhejiang, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Feng K, Wang LY, Liao DJ, Lu XP, Hu DJ, Liang X, Zhao J, Mo ZY, Li SP. Potential molecular mechanisms for fruiting body formation of Cordyceps illustrated in the case of Cordyceps sinensis. Mycology 2017; 8:231-258. [PMID: 30123644 PMCID: PMC6059060 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1365314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruiting body formation mechanisms of Cordyceps sinensis are still unclear. To explore the mechanisms, proteins potentially related to the fruiting body formation, proteins from fruiting bodies, and mycelia of Cordyceps species were assessed by using two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis, and the differential expression proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation tandem time of flight mass spectrometry. The results showed that 198 differential expression proteins (252 protein spots) were identified during the fruiting body formation of Cordyceps species, and 24 of them involved in fruiting body development in both C. sinensis and other microorganisms. Especially, enolase and malate dehydrogenase were first found to play an important role in fruiting body development in macro-fungus. The results implied that cAMP signal pathway involved in fruiting body development of C. sinensis, meanwhile glycometabolism, protein metabolism, energy metabolism, and cell reconstruction were more active during fruiting body development. It has become evident that fruiting body formation of C. sinensis is a highly complex differentiation process and requires precise integration of a number of fundamental biological processes. Although the fruiting body formation mechanisms for all these activities remain to be further elucidated, the possible mechanism provides insights into the culture of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Lan-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Zhuhai College of Jilin University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dong-Jiang Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Peng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zi-Yao Mo
- The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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17
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Chiriví J, Danies G, Sierra R, Schauer N, Trenkamp S, Restrepo S, Sanjuan T. Metabolomic profile and nucleoside composition of Cordyceps nidus sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae): A new source of active compounds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179428. [PMID: 28636672 PMCID: PMC5479552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sensu lato is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi, which have been used traditionally as medicinal in Asia. Within the genus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis is the most coveted and expensive species in China. Nevertheless, harvesting wild specimens has become a challenge given that natural populations of the fungus are decreasing and because large-scale culture of it has not yet been achieved. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. In this study, we propose a new species, Cordyceps nidus, which parasitizes underground nests of trapdoor spiders. This species is phylogenetically related to Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps pruinosa, and a sibling species of Cordyceps caloceroides. It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. We also investigated the medicinal potential of this fungus based on its biochemical properties when grown on four different culture media. The metabolic profile particularly that of nucleosides, in polar and non-polar extracts was determined by UPLC, and then correlated to their antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content. The metabolome showed a high and significant dependency on the substrate used for fungal growth. The mass intensities of nucleosides and derivative compounds were higher in natural culture media in comparison to artificial culture media. Among these compounds, cordycepin was the predominant, showing the potential use of this species as an alternative to O. sinensis. Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The presence of polyphenols opens the possibility of further exploring the antioxidant capacity and the conditions that may enhance this characteristic. The metabolic composition and biochemical activity indicate potential use of C. nidus in pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chiriví
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanna Danies
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rocio Sierra
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Diseases, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Sanjuan
- Product and Processes Design Group, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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18
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High-throughput sequencing-based analysis of endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps reveals unexpectedly high fungal diversity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33437. [PMID: 27625176 PMCID: PMC5022047 DOI: 10.1038/srep33437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps, known in Chinese as “DongChong XiaCao”, is a parasitic complex of a fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) and a caterpillar. The current study explored the endogenetic fungal communities inhabiting Chinese Cordyceps. Samples were collected from five different geographical regions of Qinghai and Tibet, and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 sequences from each sample were obtained using Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that Ascomycota was the dominant fungal phylum in Chinese Cordyceps and its soil microhabitat from different sampling regions. Among the Ascomycota, 65 genera were identified, and the abundant operational taxonomic units showed the strongest sequence similarity to Ophiocordyceps, Verticillium, Pseudallescheria, Candida and Ilyonectria Not surprisingly, the genus Ophiocordyceps was the largest among the fungal communities identified in the fruiting bodies and external mycelial cortices of Chinese Cordyceps. In addition, fungal communities in the soil microhabitats were clustered separately from the external mycelial cortices and fruiting bodies of Chinese Cordyceps from different sampling regions. There was no significant structural difference in the fungal communities between the fruiting bodies and external mycelial cortices of Chinese Cordyceps. This study revealed an unexpectedly high diversity of fungal communities inhabiting the Chinese Cordyceps and its microhabitats.
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19
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Tang X, Mi F, Zhang Y, He X, Cao Y, Wang P, Liu C, Yang D, Dong J, Zhang K, Xu J. Diversity, population genetics, and evolution of macrofungi associated with animals. Mycology 2015; 6:94-109. [PMID: 30151318 PMCID: PMC6106070 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2015.1043968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi refers to all fungi that produce visible fruiting bodies. These fungi are evolutionarily and ecologically very divergent. Evolutionarily, they belong to two main phyla, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, and many of them have relatives that cannot form visible fruiting bodies. Ecologically, macrofungi can be associated with dead organic matter, plants, and animals. Here we review our current understanding of population structure and biogeography of macrofungi associated with animals. Their interactions, functions, and patterns of coevolution are described and discussed. Our focus is on studies using molecular markers. Our analyses suggest that the types of fungi-animal associations play an important role in the structure of these animal-associated fungal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Tang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Fei Mi
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia He
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yang Cao
- Yunnan Institute for Tropical Crop Research, Jinghong, Yunnan, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Chunli Liu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianyong Dong
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Keqing Zhang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, and Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming650091, Yunnan, PR China
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K1
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Li Y, Li R, Zhu S, Zhou R, Wang L, DU J, Wang Y, Zhou B, Mai L. Cordycepin induces apoptosis and autophagy in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH and BE(2)-M17 cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2541-2547. [PMID: 26137103 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, also termed 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine that represents a potential novel class of anticancer drugs targeting the 3' untranslated region of RNAs. Cordycepin has been reported to induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines, but the effects of cordycepin on human neuroblastoma cells have not been studied. In the present study, an MTT assay revealed that cordycepin inhibits the viability of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH and BE(2)-M17 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, cordycepin increases the early-apoptotic cell population of SK-N-SH cells, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. The induction of apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells by cordycepin was further confirmed by western blotting, which revealed cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 in the SK-N-SH and BE(2)-M17 cells. Cordycepin also induced the formation of a punctate pattern of light-chain 3 (LC3)-associated green fluorescence in the SK-N-SH cells transfected with a pEGFP-LC3 vector. Furthermore, western blotting revealed cleavage of LC3 A/B in cordycepin-treated neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Taken together, the results indicate that cordycepin significantly increases apoptosis and autophagy in neuroblastoma cells, and may therefore be a drug candidate for neuroblastoma therapy, but requires additional evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China ; Shenzhen Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Shenglang Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Ruyun Zhou
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine Rheumatology, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Jihui DU
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Bei Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
| | - Liwen Mai
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, P.R. China
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21
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Liu ZQ, Lin S, Baker PJ, Wu LF, Wang XR, Wu H, Xu F, Wang HY, Brathwaite ME, Zheng YG. Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:106. [PMID: 25765329 PMCID: PMC4342880 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a worm and fungus combined mixture which Hirsutella sinensis is parasitic on the caterpillar body, has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. H. sinensis is reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis and its main active ingredients are similar to the natural O. sinensis. RESULTS H. sinensis L0106, asexual strain of O. sinensis, was isolated and identified in this study. Three transcriptomes of H. sinensis at different cultivation periods (growth period 3d, pre-stable period 6d and stable period 9d) were sequenced for the first time by RNA-Seq method, and 25,511 unigenes (3d), 25,214 unigenes (6d) and 16,245 unigenes (9d) were assembled and obtained, respectively. These unigenes of the three samples were further assembled into 20,822 unigenes (All), and 62.3 percent of unigenes (All) could be annotated based on protein databases. Subsequently, the genes and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the active ingredients according to the sequencing and annotation results were predicted. Based on the predictions, we further investigated the interaction of different pathway networks and the corresponding enzymes. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of H. sinensis grown during different developmental stages (3d-VS-6d, 3d-VS-9d and 6d-VS-9d) were globally detected and analyzed based on the data from RNA-Seq, and 764 DEGs between 3d and 6d, 1,869 DEGs between 3d and 9d, and 770 DEGs between 6d and 9d were found, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This work presented here would aid in understanding and carrying out future studies on the genetic basis of H. sinensis and contribute to the further artificial production and application of this organism. This study provided a substantial contribution and basis to further characterize the gene expression profiles of H. sinensis in the metabolic pathways of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Shan Lin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Peter James Baker
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Ling-Fang Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Xiao-Rui Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Hui Wu
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Feng Xu
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, Zhejiang, P R China.
| | - Mgavi Elombe Brathwaite
- Polytechnic School of Engineering, New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, P R China.
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Effect of Cordyceps Militaris Waster Medium on Production Performance, Egg Traits and Egg Yolk Cholesterol of Laying Hens. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Lu RL, Bao GH, Hu FL, Huang B, Li CR, Li ZZ. Comparison of cytotoxic extracts from fruiting bodies, infected insects and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps formosana. Food Chem 2014; 145:1066-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Fatty acid compositions of six wild edible mushroom species. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:163964. [PMID: 23844377 PMCID: PMC3690749 DOI: 10.1155/2013/163964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acids of six wild edible mushroom species (Boletus reticulatus, Flammulina velutipes var. velutipes, Lactarius salmonicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, Polyporus squamosus, and Russula anthracina) collected from different regions from Anatolia were determined. The fatty acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography and studied using fruit bodies. Fatty acid composition varied among species. The dominant fatty acid in fruit bodies of all mushrooms was cis-linoleic acid (18 : 2). Percentage of cis-linoleic acid in species varied from 22.39% to 65.29%. The other major fatty acids were, respectively, cis-oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Fatty acids analysis of the mushrooms showed that the unsaturated fatty acids were at higher concentrations than saturated fatty acids.
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Zhang S, Zhang YJ, Liu XZ, Zhang H, Liu DS. On the reliability of DNA sequences of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in public databases. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:365-78. [PMID: 23397071 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Some DNA sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD) are erroneously annotated, which has lead to misleading conclusions in publications. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis) is a fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, and more than 100 populations covering almost its distribution area have been examined by us over recent years. In this study, using the data from authentic materials, we have evaluated the reliability of nucleotide sequences annotated as O. sinensis in the INSD. As of October 15, 2012, the INSD contained 874 records annotated as O. sinensis, including 555 records representing nuclear ribosomal DNA (63.5 %), 197 representing protein-coding genes (22.5 %), 92 representing random markers with unknown functions (10.5 %), and 30 representing microsatellite loci (3.5 %). Our analysis indicated that 39 of the 397 internal transcribed spacer entries, 27 of the 105 small subunit entries, and five of the 53 large subunit entries were incorrectly annotated as belonging to O. sinensis. For protein-coding sequences, all records of serine protease genes, the mating-type gene MAT1-2-1, the DNA lyase gene, the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II, and elongation factor-1α gene were correct, while 14 of the 73 β-tubulin entries were indeterminate. Genetic diversity analyses using those sequences correctly identified as O. sinensis revealed significant genetic differentiation in the fungus although the extent of genetic differentiation varied with the gene. The relationship between O. sinensis and some other related fungal taxa is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Wei X, Xu N, Wu D, He Y. Determination of Branched-Amino Acid Content in Fermented Cordyceps sinensis Mycelium by Using FT-NIR Spectroscopy Technique. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-013-1053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Marioli Nobile CG, Carreras J, Grosso R, Inga M, Silva M, Aguilar R, Allende MJ, Badini R, Martinez MJ. Proximate composition and seed lipid components of “kabuli”-type chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) from Argentina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/as.2013.412099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Lo HC, Hsieh C, Lin FY, Hsu TH. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in DongChongXiaCao (冬蟲夏草 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and Related Bioactive Ingredients. J Tradit Complement Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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29
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Gunc Ergon P, Ergonul B, Kalyoncu F, Akata I. Fatty Acid Compositions of Five Wild Edible Mushroom Species Collected from
Turkey. INT J PHARMACOL 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.463.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Analysis of Volatile Compounds of Mycelia of Hirsutella sinensis, the Anamorph of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.140.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the volatile compound profiles of mycelia of H. sinensis cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation were extracted and determined for the first time. Fifty-one volatile compounds were identified in both mycelia. Phenols and acids and alkanes were found as the major classes of compounds. And butylated hydroxytoluene is the most abundant volatile compound in the both mycelia and accounts for 47.38% and 46.12% of the total volatile compounds in the mycelia cultured by solid-state media and submerged fermentation, respectively.
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Yang F, Feng K, Zhao J, Li S. Analysis of sterols and fatty acids in natural and cultured Cordyceps by one-step derivatization followed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1172-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Zhang Z, Lei Z, L Y, L Z, Chen Y. Chemical composition and bioactivity changes in stale rice after fermentation with Cordyceps sinensis. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 106:188-93. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. is an ascomycete fungus known in China since antiquity, which is still being used today. A summary, showing relevant papers about this fungus, regarding habitat, history, marketing, consumption, nomenclature, pharmacological composition, culture and medical use, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Illana Esteban
- Departamento de. Biología Vegetal. Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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