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He S, Shi J, Ma L, Pei H, Zhang P, Shi D, Li H. Total ginsenosides decrease Aβ production through activating PPARγ. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116577. [PMID: 38593704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Total ginsenosides (TG), the major active constituents of ginseng, have been proven to be beneficial in treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the underlying mechanism of TG remains unclear. METHODS APP/PS1 mice and N2a/APP695 cells were used as in vivo and in vitro model, respectively. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to investigate behavioral changes of mice; neuronal pathological changes were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and nissl staining; immunofluorescence staining was used to examine amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition; Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were used to examine the expression of relative amyloidogenic genes and proteins. Moreover, the antagonist of PPARγ, GW9662, was used to determine whether the effects of TG on Aβ production were associated with PPARγ activity. RESULTS TG treatment increased the spatial learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice while decreasing the Aβ accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus. In N2a/APP695 cells, TG treatment attenuated the secretion of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 acting as an PPARγ agonist by inhibiting the translocation of NF-κB p65. Additionally, TG treatment also decreased the expression of amyloidogenic pathway related gene BACE1, PS1 and PS2. CONCLUSIONS TG treatment reduced the production of Aβ both in vivo and in vitro. Activating PPARγ might be a potential therapeutic target of TG in facilitating Aβ clearance and ameliorating cognitive deficiency in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhe Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hao Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Kim S, Shin SJ, Nam Y, Park YH, Kim BH, Park HH, Kumar V, Yoo DH, Lee YY, Hoe HS, Moon M. Korean red ginseng polysaccharide as a potential therapeutic agent targeting tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130516. [PMID: 38423419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that plays a critical role in the stabilization and modulation of neuronal axons. Tau pathology is stronger associated with cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) than amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology. Hence, tau targeting is a promising approach for the treatment of AD. Previous studies have demonstrated that the non-saponin fraction with rich polysaccharide (NFP) from Korean red ginseng (KRG) can modulate tau aggregation and exert a therapeutic effect on AD. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of NFP isolated from KRG on tau pathology in experimental models of AD. Our results showed that NFP from KRG ameliorated deposition and hyperphosphorylation of tau in the brain of 3xTg mice. Moreover, NFP from KRG modulated the aggregation and dissociation of tau K18 in vitro. We demonstrated the alleviatory effects of NFP from KRG on hyperphosphorylated tau and tau kinase in okadaic acid-treated HT22 cells. Furthermore, NFP from KRG mitigated Aβ deposition, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation in 3xTg mice. We revealed the neuroprotective effects of NFP from KRG on tau-induced neuronal loss in HT22 cells. Our results indicate that NFP extracted from KRG is a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD associated with tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunkwon Nam
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ha Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Han Yoo
- Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational Therapy, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yook Lee
- The Korean Ginseng Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Gajeong-ro 30, Shinseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Department of Neural Development and Disease, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), 61, Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu 41068, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea; Research Institute for Dementia Science, Konyang University, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
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He S, Shi J, Chai H, Ma L, Pei H, Zhang P, Shi D, Li H. Mechanisms with network pharmacology approach of Ginsenosides in Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26642. [PMID: 38434355 PMCID: PMC10906400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss, cognitive disorder, language dysfunction, and mental disability. The main neuropathological changes in AD mainly include amyloid plaque deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, synapse loss, and neuron reduction. However, the current anti-AD drugs do not demonstrate a favorable effect in altering the pathological course of AD. Moreover, long-term use of these drugs is usually accompanied with various side effects. Ginsenosides are the major active constituents of ginseng and have protective effects on AD through various mechanisms in both in vivo and in vitro studies. In this review, we focused on discussing the therapeutic potential effects and the mechanisms of pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in AD, to provide new insight for further research and clinical application of ginsenosides in the future. Recent studies on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides were retrieved from Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and the Web of Science database up to April 2023 using relevant keywords. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides against AD. Ginsenosides presented a wide range of therapeutic and biological activities, including alleviating Aβ deposition, decreasing tau hyperphosphorylation, regulating the cholinergic system, resisting oxidative stress, modulating Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis in neurons, respectively. For further developing the therapeutic potential as well as clinical applications, the network pharmacology approach was combined with a summary of published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhe Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Chai
- Hepingli Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hao J, Li Z, Xie L, Yu B, Ma B, Yang Y, Ma X, Wang B, Zhou X. Syringaresinol promotes the recovery of spinal cord injury by inhibiting neuron apoptosis via activating the ubiquitination factor E4B/AKT Serine/Threonine kinase signal pathway. Brain Res 2024; 1824:148684. [PMID: 37992795 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious traumatic disease with no effective treatment. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic effect of syringaresinol on SCI. First, the potential targets and associated signaling pathways of syringaresinol were predicted by bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking. Second, MTT was employed to evaluate cell proliferation rate, Western blot was performed to detect protein expression, RT-qPCR was conducted to detect mRNA expression levels, flow cytometry and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EDU) staining were used to determine cell apoptosis, and immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to estimate the expression of RNA binding fox-1 homolog 3 and clipped caspase 3. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores and inclined plate tests were conducted to analyze hindlimb locomotor function. Results showed that syringaresinol could inhibit the apoptosis of glutamate-treated SHSY5Y cells by upregulating the expression of ubiquitination factor E4B (UBE4B) and activating the AKT serine/threonine kinase (AKT) signaling pathway. This effect can be rescued by UBE4B knockdown or AKT pathway inhibition. Syringaresinol remarkably improved locomotor function and increased neuronal survival in SCI rats. Our results suggested that syringaresinol could promote locomotor functional recovery by reducing neuronal apoptosis by activating the UBE4B/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hao
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenhan Li
- School of Clinical, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University Dezhou Hospital, Dezhou, China
| | - Bingbing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boyuan Ma
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubiao Yang
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuchen Ma
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bitao Wang
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Zhou
- Orthopedic Department, The 2(nd) Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Almeida MF, Farizatto KLG, Almeida RS, Bahr BA. Lifestyle strategies to promote proteostasis and reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other proteinopathies. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102162. [PMID: 38070831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyle choices, poor diet, and aging can have negative influences on cognition, gradually increasing the risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the continuum comprising early dementia. Aging is the greatest risk factor for age-related dementias such as Alzheimer's disease, and the aging process is known to be influenced by life events that can positively or negatively affect age-related diseases. Remarkably, life experiences that make the brain vulnerable to dementia, such as seizure episodes, neurotoxin exposures, metabolic disorders, and trauma-inducing events (e.g. traumatic injuries or mild neurotrauma from a fall or blast exposure), have been associated with negative effects on proteostasis and synaptic integrity. Functional compromise of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, a major contributor to proteostasis, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, obesity-related pathology, Huntington's disease, as well as in synaptic degeneration which is the best correlate of cognitive decline. Correspondingly, pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies that positively modulate lysosomal proteases are recognized as synaptoprotective through degradative clearance of pathogenic proteins. Here, we discuss life-associated vulnerabilities that influence key hallmarks of brain aging and the increased burden of age-related dementias. Additionally, we discuss exercise and diet among the lifestyle strategies that regulate proteostasis as well as synaptic integrity, leading to evident prevention of cognitive deficits during brain aging in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Almeida
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology & Marine Biology, and the Integrative, Comparative & Marine Biology Program, University of North Carolina - Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
| | - Karen L G Farizatto
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA
| | - Renato S Almeida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Taubate, Taubate, SP 12020-270, Brazil
| | - Ben A Bahr
- Biotechnology Research and Training Center, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Carolina - Pembroke, Pembroke, NC 28372, USA.
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Kim JH, Lee RM, Oh HB, Kim TY, Rhim H, Choi YK, Kim JH, Oh S, Kim DG, Cho IH, Nah SY. Atypical formations of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids as new materials and their beneficial effects on degenerative diseases. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:1-11. [PMID: 38223830 PMCID: PMC10785247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh ginseng is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. For long-term storage, most fresh ginsengs are dried to white ginseng (WG) or steamed for hours at high temperature/pressure and dried to form Korean Red ginseng (KRG). They are further processed for ginseng products when subjected to hot water extraction/concentration under pressure. These WG or KRG preparation processes affect ginsenoside compositions and also other ginseng components, probably during treatments like steaming and drying, to form diverse bioactive phospholipids. It is known that ginseng contains high amounts of gintonin lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs). LPAs are simple lipid-derived growth factors in animals and humans and act as exogenous ligands of six GTP-binding-protein coupled LPA receptor subtypes. LPAs play diverse roles ranging from brain development to hair growth in animals and humans. LPA-mediated signaling pathways involve various GTP-binding proteins to regulate downstream pathways like [Ca2+]i transient induction. Recent studies have shown that gintonin exhibits anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-arthritis effects in vitro and in vivo mediated by gintonin LPAs, the active ingredients of gintonin, a ginseng-derived neurotrophin. However, little is known about how gintonin LPAs are formed in high amounts in ginseng compared to other herbs. This review introduces atypical or non-enzymatic pathways under the conversion of ginseng phospholipids into gintonin LPAs during steaming and extraction/concentration processes, which exert beneficial effects against degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and arthritis in animals and humans via LPA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra Mi Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bin Oh
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Kim
- Department of Efficacy Study, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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She L, Sun J, Xiong L, Li A, Li L, Wu H, Ren J, Wang W, Liang G, Zhao X. Ginsenoside RK1 improves cognitive impairments and pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease via stimulation of the AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155168. [PMID: 37925892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is complex, resulting in unsatisfactory effects of single-target therapeutic drugs. Accumulation evidence suggests that low toxicity multi-target drugs may play effective roles in AD. Ginseng is the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng Meyer, which can be used not only as herbal medicine but also as a functional food to support body functions. Ginsenoside RK1 (RK1), obtained from ginseng plants through high-temperature treatment, has antiapoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects and these events are involved in the development of AD. So, we believe that RK1 may be an effective drug for the treatment of AD. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the potential protective effects and mechanisms of RK1 in AD. METHODS Neuronal damage was detected by MTT assay, LDH assay, immunofluorescence and western blotting. Oxidative stress was measured by JC-1 staining, reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonaldehyde (MDA). The cognitive deficit was measured through morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. RESULTS RK1 attenuated Aβ-induced apoptosis, restored mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and reduced intracellular levels of ROS in both PC12 cells and primary cultured neurons. In vivo, RK1 significantly improved cognitive deficits and mitigated AD-like pathological features. Notably, RK1 demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the positive control drug, donepezil. Mechanistically, our study elucidates that RK1 modulates the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream target, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), leading to the optimization of mitochondrial membrane potential, reduction of ROS levels, and mitigation of AD-like pathology. It's noteworthy that blocking the AMPK signaling pathway attenuated the protective effects of RK1. CONCLUSION RK1 demonstrates superior efficacy in alleviating cognitive deficits and mitigating pathological changes compared to donepezil. These findings suggest the potential utility of RK1-based therapies in the development of treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu She
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ankang Li
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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8
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Zhang M, Niu H, Li Q, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Active Compounds of Panax ginseng in the Improvement of Alzheimer's Disease and Application of Spatial Metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:38. [PMID: 38256872 PMCID: PMC10818864 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is one of the more common traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). It contains numerous chemical components and exhibits a range of pharmacological effects. An enormous burden is placed on people's health and life by Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition. Recent research has shown that P. ginseng's chemical constituents, particularly ginsenosides, have a significant beneficial impact on the prevention and management of neurological disorders. To understand the current status of research on P. ginseng to improve AD, this paper discusses the composition of P. ginseng, its mechanism of action, and its clinical application. The pathogenesis of AD includes amyloid beta protein (Aβ) generation and aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidant stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and neurotransmitter and gut microbiota disorders. This review presents the key molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of the active ingredients in P. ginseng involved in improving AD from the perspective of AD pathogenesis. A P. ginseng-related signaling pathway network was constructed to provide effective targets for the treatment of AD. In addition, the application of spatial metabolomics techniques in studying P. ginseng and AD is discussed. In summary, this paper discusses research perspectives for the study of P. ginseng in the treatment of AD, including a systematic and in-depth review of the mechanisms of action of the active substances in P. ginseng, and evaluates the feasibility of applying spatial metabolomics in the study of AD pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (M.Z.); (H.N.); (Q.L.); (L.J.)
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Dong L, Jiang N, Bai J, Li Y, Song Z, Liu X, Zhang C. Neuroprotective Effects of Dammarane Sapogenins Against lipopolysaccharide-induced Cognitive Impairment, Neuroinflammation and Synaptic Dysfunction. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3525-3537. [PMID: 37490197 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03997-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical driver in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Dammarane sapogenins (DS), a deglycosylated product of ginsenoside, possess a variety of potent biological activities. The present study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effects of DS in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by intracerebroventricular injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our study revealed that DS pretreatment effectively improved LPS-induced associative learning and memory impairments in the active avoidance response test and spatial learning and memory in Morris water maze test. DS also remarkably inhibited LPS-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing microglia overactivation, pro-inflammatory cytok ine release (TNF-α and IL-1β) and reducing neuronal loss in the CA1 and DG regions of the hippocampus. Importantly, pretreatment with DS reversed LPS-induced upregulation of HMGB1 and TLR4 and inhibited their downstream NF-κB signaling activation, as evidenced by increased IκBα and decreased p-NF-κB p65 levels. Furthermore, DS ameliorated LPS-induced synaptic dysfunction by decreasing MMP-9 and increasing NMDAR1 expression in the hippocampus. Taken together, this study suggests that DS could be a promising treatment for preventing cognitive impairments caused by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yiman Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhihui Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
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10
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Lee R, Lee HS, Kim WW, Kim M, Nah SY. Cognitive function improvement effects of gintonin-enriched fraction in subjective memory impairment: An assessor- and participant-blinded placebo-controlled study. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:735-742. [PMID: 38107399 PMCID: PMC10721456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gintonin is a new material of ginseng that acts through the ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand. The gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) inhibits amyloid plaque accumulation in the cortex and hippocampus, improves cognitive dysfunction by increasing acetylcholine levels, and promoted hippocampal neurogenesis in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. We evaluated the effect of the GEF on the cognitive performance of subjects with subjective memory impairment (SMI). Methods In this eight-week, randomized, assessor- and participant-blinded, placebo-controlled study, participants with SMI were assigned to three groups receiving placebo, GEF 300 mg/day or GEF 600 mg/day. The Korean versions of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (K-ADAS), Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and Stroop color-word test (K-SCWT) were also evaluated along with the safety profiles. Results One hundred thirty-six participants completed the study. After eight weeks, we analyzed intergroup differences in primary or secondary outcome score changes. When we compared the GEF group with the placebo group, we observed significant improvements in the K-ADAS and K-SCWT scores. The GEF group did not show a significant improvement in K-MMSE and BDI scores compared to the placebo group. No adverse events were observed in the gintonin and placebo groups for eight weeks. Conclusion The GEF is safe and effective in improving subjective cognitive impairment related to both the K-ADAS and K-SCWT in this study. However, further large-scale and randomized controlled studies are warranted to secure other cognitive function tests besides the K-ADAS and K-SCWT, and to confirm the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Vu VT, Nguyen NH, Anh NTH, Tung PHT, Thuong PT, Tung NH. Panaxindole, a novel indole alkaloid N-glucoside from the leaves of Panax vietnamensis Ha et Grushv. (Vietnamese ginseng). J Nat Med 2023; 77:972-977. [PMID: 37432537 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha and Grushv., Araliaceae) is indigenous in the central highlands of Vietnam and the southernmost distribution in the Panax genus. Like other ginseng, Vietnamese ginseng is well known has been used as a tonic and for management of certain diseases in the traditional medicine. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that in respect to the long history in use and systematic studied on Korean ginseng (P. ginseng), American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), Japanese ginseng (P. japonicus), and Chinese ginseng (P. notoginseng), the up-to-date published database on Vietnamese ginseng is relatively much less extensive. In our ongoing research on the promising Vietnamese medicinal plants, the present phytochemical investigation of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Panax vietnamensis led to the isolation of three compounds (1-3), including a new indole alkaloid N-glycoside (1) and two known compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive physiochemical and chemical methods, especially the interpretation of NMR and MS spectra. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined based on the comparison of its experimental and theoretical ECD spectra along with NMR calculation. Compound 1 is naturally isolated N-glycoside, which is rarely found in natural products. The isolated compounds showed weak or no inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Tuan Vu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Thi Hoang Anh
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- Vietnam-Korea Institute of Science and Technology (VKIST), Hoa Lac High-Tech Park, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen-Huu Tung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, 12116, Vietnam.
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12
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Ren Y, Qu S. Constituent isoflavones of Puerariae radix as a potential neuroprotector in cognitive impairment: Evidence from preclinical studies. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102040. [PMID: 37619620 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing aging population worldwide, the incidence of senile cognitive impairment (CI) is increasing, posing a serious threat to the health of elderly persons. Despite developing new drugs aimed at improving CI, progress in this regard has been insufficient. Natural preparations derived from plants have become an unparalleled resource for developing new drugs. Puerariae radix (PR) has a long history as Chinese herbal medicine. PR is rich in various chemical components such as isoflavones, triterpenes, and saponins. The isoflavones (puerarin, daidzein, formononetin, and genistein) exhibit potential therapeutic effects on CI through multiple mechanisms. Relevant literature was organized from major scientific databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Using "Puerariae radix," "Pueraria lobata," "isoflavones," "puerarin," "antioxidant," "daidzein," "formononetin," "genistein," "Alzheimer"s disease," and "vascular cognitive impairment" as keywords, the relevant literature was extracted from the databases mentioned above. We found that isoflavones from PR have neuroprotective effects on multiple models of CI via multiple targets and mechanisms. These isoflavones prevent Aβ aggregation, inhibit tau hyperphosphorylation, increase cholinergic neurotransmitter levels, reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, improve synaptic plasticity, promote nerve regeneration, and prevent apoptosis. PR has been used as traditional Chinese herbal medicine for a long time, and its constituent isoflavones exert significant therapeutic effects on CI through various neuroprotective mechanisms. This review will contribute to the future development of isoflavones present in PR as novel drug candidates for the clinical treatment of CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004 Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shengtao Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao St, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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13
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Kim J, Zhu Y, Chen S, Wang D, Zhang S, Xia J, Li S, Qiu Q, Lee H, Wang J. Anti-glioma effect of ginseng-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles by active blood-brain-barrier penetration and tumor microenvironment modulation. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:253. [PMID: 37542285 PMCID: PMC10401762 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor growth and normalization of immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are critical issues for improving cancer therapy. However, in the treatment of glioma, effective nanomedicine has limited access to the brain because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Previously, we demonstrated nano-sized ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GENs) consisting of phospholipids including various bioactive components, and evaluated anti-tumor immune responses in T cells and Tregs to inhibit tumor progression. It was found that the enhanced targeting ability of GENs to the BBB and glioma induced a significant therapeutic effect and exhibited strong efficacy in recruiting M1 macrophage expression in the TME. GENs were demonstrated to be successful candidates in glioma therapeutics both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting excellent potential for inhibiting glioma progression and regulating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunhui Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxuan Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujun Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Liu J, Yu W, Ma C, Li T, Liang Y, Su S, Zhong G, Xie Z, Wu Q, Chen J, Wang Q. Network Pharmacology and Mechanism Studies of the Protective Effect of Ginseng against Alzheimer's Disease Based on Aβ Pathogenesis. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:990-1000. [PMID: 36649733 DOI: 10.1055/a-2014-6061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a critical neurodegenerative disease that manifests as progressive intellectual decline and is pathologically characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain. Despite extensive research on this topic, the pathogenesis of AD is not fully understood, while the beta-amyloid (Aβ) hypothesis remains the dominant one and only a few symptomatic drugs are approved for the treatment of AD. Ginseng has been widely reported as an effective herbal medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. Therefore, we explore the protective effects of ginseng in AD by a network pharmacological approach based on the pathogenesis of Aβ. Twenty-one major ginsenosides are screened based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) data. Among them, MAPK8, MAPK9, BACE1, FLT1, CDK2, and CCR5 are the core targets. By molecular docking and validation with the in vitro cell model APPswe-SH-SY5Y, we find that ginsenosides Rg3 and Ro have good neuroprotective effects and can reduce the expression of Aβ 1 - 42 in APPswe-SH-SY5Y. Finally, through RT-qPCR experiment, we find that ginsenoside Rg3 targeted MAPK8, FLT1, and CCR5, while ginsenoside Ro targeted MAPK8, MAPK9, FLT1, and CCR5 for its potential anti-AD efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Liu
- Affiliated Jiangmen TCM Hospital of Ji'nan University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Wenqian Yu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuiru Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyao Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhong
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouyuan Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqing Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Zhang N, Yang Y, Li C, Zhang K, GAO X, Shen J, Wang Y, Cheng D, Lv J, Sun J. Based on 1H NMR and LC-MS metabolomics reveals biomarkers with neuroprotective effects in multi-parts ginseng powder. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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16
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Li N, Duan YH, Chen L, Zhang K. Iron metabolism: An emerging therapeutic target underlying the anti-Alzheimer's disease effect of ginseng. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127252. [PMID: 37418790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Finding neuroprotective drugs with fewer side effects and more efficacy has become a major problem as the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rises. Natural drugs have risen to prominence as potential medication candidates. Ginseng has a long history of use in China, and it has a wide range of pharmacological actions that can help with neurological issues. Iron loaded in the brain has been linked to AD pathogenesis. We reviewed the regulation of iron metabolism and its studies in AD and explored how ginseng might regulate iron metabolism and prevent or treat AD. Researchers utilized network pharmacology analysis to identify key factive components of ginseng that protect against AD by regulating ferroptosis. Ginseng and its active ingredients may benefit AD by regulating iron metabolism and targeting ferroptosis genes to inhibit the ferroptosis process. The results present new ideas for ginseng pharmacological studies and initiatives for further research into AD-related drugs. To provide comprehensive information on the neuroprotective use of ginseng to modulate iron metabolism, reveal its potential to treat AD, and provide insights for future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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17
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Nakayama H, Ihara D, Fukuchi M, Toume K, Yuri C, Tsuda M, Shibahara N, Tabuchi A. The extract based on the Kampo formula daikenchuto (Da Jian Zhong Tang) induces Bdnf expression and has neurotrophic effects in cultured cortical neurons. J Nat Med 2023; 77:584-595. [PMID: 37148454 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01703-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels have been reported in the brains of patients with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, upregulating BDNF and preventing its decline in the diseased brain could help ameliorate neurological dysfunctions. Accordingly, we sought to discover agents that increase Bdnf expression in neurons. Here, we screened a library of 42 Kampo extracts to identify those with the ability to induce Bdnf expression in cultured cortical neurons. Among the active extracts identified in the screen, we focused on the extract based on the Kampo formula daikenchuto. The extract of daikenchuto in the library used in this study was prepared using the mixture of Zingiberis Rhizoma Processum (ZIN), Zanthoxyli Piperiti Pericarpium (ZAN), and Ginseng Radix (GIN) without Koi. In this study, we defined DKT as the mixture of ZIN, ZAN, and GIN without Koi (DKT extract means the extract prepared from the mixture of ZIN, ZAN, and GIN without Koi). DKT extract significantly increased endogenous Bdnf expression by mediated, at least in part, via Ca2+ signaling involving L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels in cultured cortical neurons. Furthermore, DKT extract significantly improved the survival of cultured cortical neurons and increased neurite complexity in immature neurons. Taken together, our findings suggest that DKT extract induces Bdnf expression and has a neurotrophic effect in neurons. Because BDNF inducers are expected to have therapeutic potential for neurological disorders, re-positioning of Kampo formulations such as daikenchuto may lead to clinical application in diseases associated with reduced BDNF in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakayama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ihara
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fukuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Department of Medicinal Resources Management, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Chisato Yuri
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Shibahara
- Kampo Education and Training Center, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Akiko Tabuchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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18
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Koul B, Farooq U, Yadav D, Song M. Phytochemicals: A Promising Alternative for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040999. [PMID: 37109528 PMCID: PMC10144079 DOI: 10.3390/life13040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that worsens with ageing and affects memory and cognitive function. Presently more than 55 million individuals are affected by AD all over the world, and it is a leading cause of death in old age. The main purpose of this paper is to review the phytochemical constituents of different plants that are used for the treatment of AD. A thorough and organized review of the existing literature was conducted, and the data under the different sections were found using a computerized bibliographic search through the use of databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, INMEDPLAN, NATTS, and numerous other websites. Around 360 papers were screened, and, out of that, 258 papers were selected on the basis of keywords and relevant information that needed to be included in this review. A total of 55 plants belonging to different families have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds (galantamine, curcumin, silymarin, and many more) that play a significant role in the treatment of AD. These plants possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-amyloid properties and are safe for consumption. This paper focuses on the taxonomic details of the plants, the mode of action of their phytochemicals, their safety, future prospects, limitations, and sustainability criteria for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Usma Farooq
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Kwon OW, Kim D, Koh E, Yang HJ. Korean Red Ginseng and Rb1 facilitate remyelination after cuprizone diet-induced demyelination. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:319-328. [PMID: 36926609 PMCID: PMC10014189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Demyelination has been observed in neurological disorders, motivating researchers to search for components for enhancing remyelination. Previously we found that Rb1, a major ginsenoside in Korean Red Ginseng (KRG), enhances myelin formation. However, it has not been studied whether Rb1 or KRG function in remyelination after demyelination in vivo. Methods Mice were fed 0.2% cuprizone-containing chow for 5 weeks and returned to normal chow with daily oral injection of vehicle, KRG, or Rb1 for 3 weeks. Brain sections were stained with luxol fast blue (LFB) staining or immunohistochemistry. Primary oligodendrocyte or astrocyte cultures were subject to normal or stress condition with KRG or Rb1 treatment to measure gene expressions of myelin, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, antioxidants and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Results Compared to the vehicle, KRG or Rb1 increased myelin levels at week 6.5 but not 8, when measured by the LFB+ or GST-pi+ area within the corpus callosum. The levels of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, astrocytes, and microglia were high at week 5, and reduced afterwards but not changed by KRG or Rb1. In primary oligodendrocyte cultures, KRG or Rb1 increased expression of myelin genes, ER stress markers, and antioxidants. Interestingly, under cuprizone treatment, elevated ER stress markers were counteracted by KRG or Rb1. Under rotenone treatment, reduced myelin gene expressions were recovered by Rb1. In primary astrocyte cultures, KRG or Rb1 decreased LIF expression. Conclusion KRG and Rb1 may improve myelin regeneration during the remyelination phase in vivo, potentially by directly promoting myelin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Wook Kwon
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalnim Kim
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Hyun-Jeong Yang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Brain Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Healthcare, University of Brain Education, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biosciences, University of Brain Education, 284-31, Gyochonjisan-gil, Mokcheon-eup, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31228, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Palimariciuc M, Balmus IM, Gireadă B, Ciobica A, Chiriță R, Iordache AC, Apostu M, Dobrin RP. The Quest for Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment-Focusing on Alzheimer's Disease Personalised Diets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1519-1535. [PMID: 36826043 PMCID: PMC9955192 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia represents a clinical syndrome characterised by progressive decline in memory, language, visuospatial and executive function, personality, and behaviour, causing loss of abilities to perform instrumental or essential activities of daily living. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease (AD), which accounts for up to 80% of all dementia cases. Despite that extensive studies regarding the etiology and risk factors have been performed in recent decades, and how the current knowledge about AD pathophysiology significantly improved with the recent advances in science and technology, little is still known about its treatment options. In this controverted context, a nutritional approach could be a promising way to formulate improved AD management strategies and to further analyse possible treatment strategy options based on personalised diets, as Nutritional Psychiatry is currently gaining relevance in neuropsychiatric disease treatment. Based on the current knowledge of AD pathophysiology, as well as based on the repeatedly documented anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of different functional foods, we aimed to find, describe, and correlate several dietary compounds that could be useful in formulating a nutritional approach in AD management. We performed a screening for relevant studies on the main scientific databases using keywords such as "Alzheimer's disease", "dementia", "treatment", "medication", "treatment alternatives", "vitamin E", "nutrition", "selenium", "Ginkgo biloba", "antioxidants", "medicinal plants", and "traditional medicine" in combinations. Results: nutrients could be a key component in the physiologic and anatomic development of the brain. Several nutrients have been studied in the pursuit of the mechanism triggered by the pathology of AD: vitamin D, fatty acids, selenium, as well as neuroprotective plant extracts (i.e., Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, Curcuma longa), suggesting that the nutritional patterns could modulate the cognitive status and provide neuroprotection. The multifactorial origin of AD development and progression could suggest that nutrition could greatly contribute to the complex pathological picture. The identification of adequate nutritional interventions and the not yet fully understood nutrient activity in AD could be the next steps in finding several innovative treatment options for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matei Palimariciuc
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Alexandru Lapusneanu Street, No. 26, 700057 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Gireadă
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, B dul Carol I, No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, No. 8, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Roxana Chiriță
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin-Constantin Iordache
- Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Strada, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Apostu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo Petru Dobrin
- Department of Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Institute of Psychiatry “Socola”, 36 Bucium Street, 700282 Iasi, Romania
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21
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She L, Xiong L, Li L, Zhang J, Sun J, Wu H, Ren J, Wang W, Zhao X, Liang G. Ginsenoside Rk3 ameliorates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity in APP/PS1 model mice via AMPK signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114192. [PMID: 36587558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major public health problem affecting the elderly population, and there is currently no effective treatment. Although the pathogenesis of AD is unclear, neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the progression of AD. Ginseng, the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, is used not only as an herbal medicine but also as a functional food to support bodily functions. Ginsenoside Rk3 (Rk3), the main bioactive component in ginseng, has a strong antioxidant effect and has not been reported in AD. In this study, we showed that Rk3 improved neuronal apoptosis, decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and restored mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 and primary neuronal cells. In vivo, we found that Rk3 improved spatial learning and memory deficit in precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) double transgenic mouse model of AD. Additionally, Rk3 increases glutathione reductase (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels while inhibits malondialdehyde (MDA) production, apoptosis and activation of glial cells in APP/PS1 mice. Mechanistically, we found that the protective effect of Rk3 is in correlation with the activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide support for Rk3 as a new strategy for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu She
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Liwei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Haibin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Juan Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Bioengineer, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, China; Affiliated Yongkang First People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Yongkang, Zhejiang 321399, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311399, China.
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22
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Chen J, Huang Q, Li J, Yao Y, Sun W, Zhang Z, Qi H, Chen Z, Liu J, Zhao D, Mi J, Li X. Panax ginseng against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: A review of preclinical evidence and potential mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115715. [PMID: 36108895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is effective in the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanism by which P. ginseng exerts cardioprotective effects is complex. P. ginseng contains many pharmacologically active ingredients, such as molecular glycosides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. P. ginseng and each of its active components can potentially act against myocardial I/R injury. Myocardial I/R was originally a treatment for myocardial ischemia, but it also induced irreversible damage, including oxygen-containing free radicals, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, microvascular injury, autophagy, and apoptosis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of P. ginseng and its active ingredients against myocardial I/R injury, so as to provide experimental evidence and new insights for the research and application of P. ginseng in the field of myocardial I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review was based on a search of PubMed, NCBI, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception to February 21, 2022, using terms such as "ginseng," "ginsenosides," and "myocardial reperfusion injury." In this review, we first summarized the active ingredients of P. ginseng, including ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides, and phytosterols, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury. Importantly, preclinical models with myocardial I/R injury and potential mechanisms of these active ingredients of P. ginseng for the prevention and treatment of myocardial disorders were generally summarized. RESULTS P. ginseng and its active components can regulate oxidative stress related proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis factors, while protecting the myocardium and preventing myocardial I/R injury. Therefore, P. ginseng can play a role in the prevention and treatment of myocardial I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS P. ginseng has a certain curative effect on myocardial I/R injury. It can prevent and treat myocardial I/R injury in several ways. When ginseng exerts its effects, should be based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and with the help of modern medicine; the clinical efficacy of P. ginseng in preventing and treating myocardial I/R injury can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Weichen Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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23
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Mohanan P, Yang TJ, Song YH. Genes and Regulatory Mechanisms for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY = SINGMUL HAKHOE CHI 2023; 66:87-97. [PMID: 36714200 PMCID: PMC9867542 DOI: 10.1007/s12374-023-09384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is a medicinal plant belonging to the Araliaceae family. Ginseng is known as the king of oriental medicine, which has been practiced since ancient times in East Asian countries and globally in the modern era. Ginseng is used as an adaptogen, and research shows that it has several pharmacological benefits for various ailments such as cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and neurological symptoms. The pharmacological benefits of ginseng are attributed to the triterpenoid saponin ginsenosides found throughout the Panax ginseng species, which are abundant in its root and are found exclusively in P. ginseng and Panax quinquefolius. Recently, with the completion of the entire ginseng genome sequencing and the construction of the ginseng genome database, it has become possible to access information about many genes newly predicted to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. This review briefly summarizes the current progress in ginseng genome analysis and genes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, proposing directions for functional studies of the predicted genes related to ginsenoside production and its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanaban Mohanan
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
| | - Young Hun Song
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Research Institute, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826 Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Korea
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24
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Jin W, Li C, Yang S, Song S, Hou W, Song Y, Du Q. Hypolipidemic effect and molecular mechanism of ginsenosides: a review based on oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166898. [PMID: 37188264 PMCID: PMC10175615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. However, effective approaches for treating this common metabolic disorder remain limited. Ginseng has traditionally been used as a natural medicine for invigorating energy or "Qi" and has been demonstrated to possess antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. A large number of studies have shown that ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of ginseng, have lipid-lowering effects. However, there remains a lack of systematic reviews detailing the molecular mechanisms by which ginsenosides reduce blood lipid levels, especially in relation to oxidative stress. For this article, research studies detailing the molecular mechanisms through which ginsenosides regulate oxidative stress and lower blood lipids in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and its related diseases (diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis) were comprehensively reviewed. The relevant papers were search on seven literature databases. According to the studies reviewed, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, Rh4, and F2 inhibit oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, promoting fatty acid β-oxidation and autophagy, and regulating the intestinal flora to alleviate high blood pressure and improve the body's lipid status. These effects are related to the regulation of various signaling pathways, such as those of PPARα, Nrf2, mitogen-activated protein kinases, SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD, and AMPK/SIRT1. These findings suggest that ginseng is a natural medicine with lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunrun Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
| | - Quanyu Du
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
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25
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Bai X, Bian Z, Zhang M. Targeting the Nrf2 signaling pathway using phytochemical ingredients: A novel therapeutic road map to combat neurodegenerative diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154582. [PMID: 36610130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a classical nuclear transcription factor that regulates the system's anti-oxidative stress response. The activation of Nrf2 induces the expression of antioxidant proteins and improves the system's anti-oxidative stress ability. Accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2-centered signaling pathways may be a key pharmacological target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). However, phytochemicals as new therapeutic agents against NDDs have not been clearly delineated. PURPOSE To review the therapeutic effects of phytochemical ingredients on NDDs by activating Nrf2 and reducing oxidative stress injury. METHODS A comprehensive search of published articles was performed using various literature databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The search terms included "Nrf2", "phytochemical ingredients", "natural bioactive agents", "neurodegenerative diseases", "Antioxidant", "Alzheimer's disease", "Parkinson's disease", "Huntington's disease", "amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" "multiple sclerosis", "toxicity", and combinations of these keywords. A total of 769 preclinical studies were retrieved until August 2022, and we included 39 of these articless on phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and other fields. RESULTS Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies showed that phytochemical ingredients could act as an Nrf2 activator in the treatment of NDDs through the antioxidant defense mechanism. These phytochemical ingredients, such as salidroside, naringenin, resveratrol, sesaminol, ellagic acid, ginsenoside Re, tanshinone I, sulforaphane, curcumin, naringin, tetramethylpyrazine, withametelin, magnolol, piperine, and myricetin, had the potential to improve Nrf2 signaling, thereby combatting NDDs. CONCLUSION As Nrf2 activators, phytochemical ingredients may provide a novel potential strategy for the treatment of NDDs. Here, we reviewed the interaction between phytochemical ingredients, Nrf2, and its antioxidant damaging pathway in NDDs and explored the advantages of phytochemical ingredients in anti-oxidative stress, which provides a reliable basis for improving the treatment of NDDs. However, further clinical trials are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of Nrf2 activators for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Zhigang Bian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, 110004, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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26
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Fan Q, Lu Q, Wang G, Zhu W, Teng L, Chen W, Bi L. Optimizing component formula suppresses lung cancer by blocking DTL-mediated PDCD4 ubiquitination to regulate the MAPK/JNK pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115546. [PMID: 35850313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer have special curative effect on cancer treatment. The optimizing component formula (OCF) extracted from those two herbs was in line with the anti-lung cancer treatment principle of activating blood and supplementing 'Qi'. However, the study on the mechanism of component formula has always been an insurmountable challenge. Nowadays, the application of network pharmacology and artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of TCM provides new ideas for the study of new targets and mechanisms of TCM, which promotes the modernization of TCM. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to further explore the anti-lung cancer mechanism of OCF by using an integrated strategy of network pharmacology and AI technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatic analysis was used to analyze the expression levels, prognosis and survival of DTL and PDCD4 in cancer patients. The binding strength of OCF and DTL was simulated by molecular docking, and the affinity between them was detected by Bio-layer interferometry. Network pharmacology was used to predict the active components, potential targets and pathways of OCF. The association between key targets and their corresponding components and DTL was analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). MTT assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing assay and transwell assay were used to verify the inhibitory effects of OCF on lung cancer cells in vitro. qRT-PCR and Western blot assay were used to detect the effects of OCF on mRNA and protein expression of DTL, PDCD4 and key genes in MAPK/JNK pathways. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed that DTL was significantly up-regulated in lung cancer, which was associated with high malignancy rate, high metastasis rate and poor prognosis of primary tumor. PDCD4 was down-regulated in lung cancer, and associated with high metastasis rate and poor prognosis. The good affinity between OCF and DTL was predicted and verified by molecular docking and Bio-layer interferometry. Based on the network pharmacological databases, 40 active components and 220 corresponding targets of OCF were screened out. KEGG analysis showed that OCF component targets were mainly enriched in MAPK signaling pathway. IPA results showed the interrelationship between DTL, PDCD4, MAPK pathway genes and their corresponding OCF components. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated anti-lung cancer activity of OCF, as validated, via impairing cell viability and cell proliferation, as well as inhibiting migration and invasion abilities in lung cancer cells. qRT-PCR showed that OCF down-regulated the mRNA expression of DTL, MAP4K1, JNK, c-Jun and c-Myc, and up-regulated the mRNA expression of PDCD4 and P53 genes in A549 lung cancer cells. Western blot suggested that OCF suppressed the protein level of DTL and blocked the ubiquitination of PDCD4 in A549 lung cancer cells, and down-regulated the protein levels of MAP4K1, p-JNK and p-c-Jun while up-regulated the proteins expression level of P53. CONCLUSIONS OCF might elicit an anti-lung cancer effect by blocking DTL-mediated PDCD4 ubiquitination and suppression of the MAPK/JNK pathway. Meanwhile, our work revealed that network pharmacology and AI technology strategy are cogent means of studying the active components and mechanism of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fan
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qinwei Lu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guiyang Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linxin Teng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Bi
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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27
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Nejabati HR, Roshangar L. Kaempferol as a potential neuroprotector in Alzheimer's disease. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14375. [PMID: 35929364 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, is largely associated with cognitive disability, amnesia, and abnormal behavior, which accounts for about two third of people with dementia worldwide. A growing body of research demonstrates that AD is connected to several factors, such as aberrant accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ), increase in the hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inordinate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite remarkable efforts to realize the etiology and pathophysiology of AD, until now, scientists have not developed and introduced medications that can permanently cease the progression of AD. Thus, nowadays, research on the role of natural products in the treatment and prevention of AD has attracted great attention. Kaempferol (KMP), one of the prominent members of flavonols, exerts its ameliorative actions via attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, reducing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, and regulating the cholinergic system. Therefore, in this review article, we outlined the possible effects of KMP in the prevention and treatment of AD. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Kaempferol (KMP) exerts its ameliorative actions against AD via attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, reducing Aβ-induced neurotoxicity, and regulating the cholinergic system. The beneficial effects of KMP were addressed in both in vitro and in vivo studies; however, conducting further research can warrant its long-term effects as a safe agent. Therefore, after confirming its favorable functions in the prevention and treatment of AD, it could be used as a safe and effective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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28
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Tan W, Qi L, Hu X, Tan Z. Research progress in traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921794. [PMID: 36506569 PMCID: PMC9729772 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the world's leading cause of dementia and has become a huge economic burden on nations and families. However, the exact etiology of AD is still unknown, and there are no efficient medicines or methods to prevent the deterioration of cognition. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has made important contributions in the battle against AD based on the characteristics of multiple targets of TCM. This study reviewed the treatment strategies and new discoveries of traditional Chinese medicine in current research, which may be beneficial to new drug researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Tan
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingjun Qi
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenghuai Tan
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Zhenghuai Tan,
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29
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Shi Z, Chen H, Zhou X, Yang W, Lin Y. Pharmacological effects of natural medicine ginsenosides against Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:952332. [PMID: 36467099 PMCID: PMC9708891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.952332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the most important pharmacological active ingredient of ginseng, with multiple biological therapeutic targets, mild action and no side effects. It is having shown beneficial effects in vitro and in vivo models of AD. In this review, we analyze large literature, summarize the inhibition of ginsenosides fibrous extracellular deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of possible mechanisms, and explain the effects of ginsenosides on AD neuroprotection from the aspects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis, prove the potential of ginsenosides as a new class of drugs for the treatment of AD. In addition, according to the current clinical application status of natural drugs, this paper analysis the delivery route and delivery mode of ginsenosides from the perspective of pharmacokinetics, providing a deeper insight into the clinical application of ginsenosides in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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Zhu Y, Wang Z, Yu S, Zhao C, Xu B, Liu R, Xu L, Guo Y. Neuroprotective Effect of Ginseng Fibrous Root Enzymatic Hydrolysate against Oxidative Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227824. [PMID: 36431931 PMCID: PMC9697448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the potential causes of nervous system disease. Ginseng extract possesses excellent antioxidant activity; however, little research on the function of the ginseng fibrous root. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ginseng fibrous root to alleviate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against oxidative stress. Ginseng fibrous root enzymatic hydrolysate (GFREH) was first prepared by digesting ginseng fibrous roots with alkaline protease. In vitro, the GFREH showed antioxidant activities in free radical scavenging mechanisms. With a cellular model of AD, GFREH inhibited the increase in Ca2+ levels and intracellular ROS content, maintained the balance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and relieved L-glutamic acid-induced neurotoxicity. In vivo, GFREH improved the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) under oxidative stress, upregulated SOD-3 expression, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Therefore, our findings provide evidence for the alleviation effect of GFREH against oxidative stress in neuroprotection, which may accelerate the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs and treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuxuan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of VIP Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (Y.G.)
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Panossian A, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. Network Pharmacology of Ginseng (Part III): Antitumor Potential of a Fixed Combination of Red Ginseng and Red Sage as Determined by Transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111345. [PMID: 36355517 PMCID: PMC9696821 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to assess the effect of a fixed combination of Red Ginseng and Red Sage (RG–RS) on the gene expression of neuronal cells to evaluate the potential impacts on cellular functions and predict its relevance in the treatment of stress and aging-related diseases and disorders. Methods: Gene expression profiling was conducted by transcriptome-wide mRNA microarray analyses of murine HT22 hippocampal cell culture after treatment with RG–RS preparation. Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was performed with datasets of significantly upregulated or downregulated genes and the expected effects on the physiological and cellular function and the diseases were identified. Results: RG–RS deregulates 1028 genes associated with cancer and 139 with metastasis, suggesting a predicted decrease in tumorigenesis, the proliferation of tumor cells, tumor growth, metastasis, and an increase in apoptosis and autophagy by their effects on the various signaling and metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of Warburg’s aerobic glycolysis, estrogen-mediated S-phase entry signaling, osteoarthritis signaling, and the super-pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis. Conclusion: The results of this study provide evidence of the potential efficacy of the fixed combination of Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) and Red Sage/Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) in cancer. Further clinical and experimental studies are required to assess the efficacy and safety of RG–RS in preventing the progression of cancer, osteoarthritis, and other aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Panossian
- EuroPharma USA Inc., Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
- Phytomed AB, 58344 Vastervick, Sweden
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
| | - Sara Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (T.E.)
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Ginsenoside and Its Therapeutic Potential for Cognitive Impairment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091310. [PMID: 36139149 PMCID: PMC9496100 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the major clinical features of many neurodegenerative diseases. It can be aging-related or even appear in non-central nerve system (CNS) diseases. CI has a wide spectrum that ranges from the cognitive complaint with normal screening tests to mild CI and, at its end, dementia. Ginsenosides, agents extracted from a key Chinese herbal medicine (ginseng), show great promise as a new therapeutic option for treating CI. This review covered both clinical trials and preclinical studies to summarize the possible mechanisms of how ginsenosides affect CI in different diseases. It shows that ginsenosides can modulate signaling pathways associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. The involved signaling pathways mainly include the PI3K/Akt, CREB/BDNF, Keap1/Nrf2 signaling, and NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathways. We hope to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of CI for related diseases by ginsenosides.
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Hussien M, Yousef MI. Impact of ginseng on neurotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62042-62054. [PMID: 34591247 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, many researches have shown the potential protective effects of ginseng for preventing and treating neurological damage and their related diseases. Neuronal disturbance is one of the most common serious effects of cisplatin chemotherapy that triggers memory impairment and cognitive disability. Based on the hypothesis that mechanistic pathways of ginseng against the neurological and biochemical disturbance remain unclear, therefore, this study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ginseng extract against neurological and behavior abnormality induced by cisplatin in male rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as a control, group 2 was orally administrated with ginseng (100 mg/kg BW) daily for 90 days, group 3 was injected intraperitoneally with cisplatin (4 mg/kg BW) once a week for 90 days, and group 4 received ginseng and cisplatin. Cisplatin induced a learning and memory dysfunction in the Morris water maze task and locomotor disability in the rotarod test. In addition, cisplatin disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant systems, neuroinflammatory molecules (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β), neurotransmitters, and apoptotic (caspase-3, P53, and Bax) and dementia markers (amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β 42). Co-treatment with ginseng extracts successfully ameliorated the cognitive behaviors and intramuscular strength and presented a good protective agent against neurological damage. Histopathological and histochemical studies proved the neuroprotective effect of ginseng. Our data showed that ginseng capable to counteract the memory dysfunction is induced by cisplatin via reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation restoring the neurological efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hussien
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Smouha, Sidi Gaber, P.O. Box 37, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mokhtar Ibrahim Yousef
- Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, 163 Horreya Avenue, Chatby 21526, P.O. Box 832, Alexandria, Egypt
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Fu YY, Cen JK, Song HL, Song SY, Zhang ZJ, Lu HJ. Ginsenoside Rh2 Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain by inhibition of the miRNA21-TLR8-MAPK axis. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221126078. [PMID: 36039405 PMCID: PMC9478689 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rh2 is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides in Panax
ginseng. Although Rh2 is known to enhance immune cells activity for
treatment of cancer, its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects have yet
to be determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rh2 on spared
nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain and elucidated the potential
mechanisms. We found that various doses of Rh2 intrathecal injection
dose-dependently attenuated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal
hyperalgesia. Rh2 also inhibited microglia and astrocyte activation in the
spinal cord of a murine SNI model. Rh2 treatment inhibited SNI-induced increase
of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin
(IL)-1 and IL-6. Expression of miRNA-21, an endogenous ligand of Toll like
receptor (TLR)8 was also decreased. Rh2 treatment blocked the mitogen-activated
protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway by inhibiting of phosphorylated
extracellular signal-regulated kinase expression. Finally, intrathecal injection
of TLR8 agonist VTX-2337 reversed the analgesic effect of Rh2. These results
indicated that Rh2 relieved SNI-induced neuropathic pain via inhibiting the
miRNA-21-TLR8-MAPK signaling pathway, thus providing a potential application of
Rh2 in pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Fu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Ke Cen
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao-Lin Song
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Song
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School
of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Zhi-jun Zhang, Department of Human Anatomy,
School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
| | - Huan-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
- Huan-Jun Lu, Institute of Pain Medicine and
Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu 226019, China,
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35
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Anti-Alzheimer's disease potential of traditional chinese medicinal herbs as inhibitors of BACE1 and AChE enzymes. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113576. [PMID: 36007279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that often occurs in the elderly population. At present, most drugs for AD on the market are single-target drugs, which have achieved certain success in the treatment of AD. However, the efficacy and safety of single-target drugs have not achieved the expected results because AD is a multifactorial disease. Multi-targeted drugs act on multiple factors of the disease network to improve efficacy and reduce adverse reactions. Therefore, the search for effective dual-target or even multi-target drugs has become a new research trend. Many of results found that the dual-target inhibitors of the beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) found from traditional Chinese medicine have a good inhibitory effect on AD with fewer side effects. This article reviews sixty-six compounds extracted from Chinese medicinal herbs, which have inhibitory activity on BACE1 and AChE. This provides a theoretical basis for the further development of these compounds as dual-target inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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36
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Fatima U, Roy S, Ahmad S, Ali S, Elkady WM, Khan I, Alsaffar RM, Adnan M, Islam A, Hassan MI. Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation. Front Nutr 2022; 9:972379. [PMID: 36061899 PMCID: PMC9436272 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.972379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, alone or in combination with other herbs, as a memory and learning enhancer, sedative, and anti-epileptic. This review aimed to highlight the health benefits of B. monnieri extracts (BME), focusing on anti-cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. We examined the clinical studies on phytochemistry and pharmacological application of BME. We further highlighted the mechanism of action of these extracts in varying types of cancer and their therapeutic implications. In addition, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism in therapeutic interventions, toxicities, safety concerns and synergistic potential in cognition and neuroprotection. Overall, this review provides deeper insights into the therapeutic implications of Brahmi as a lead formulation for treating neurological disorders and exerting cognitive-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonam Roy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sabeeha Ali
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Wafaa M. Elkady
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ilyas Khan
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rana M. Alsaffar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adnan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Hassan NA, Alshamari AK, Hassan AA, Elharrif MG, Alhajri AM, Sattam M, Khattab RR. Advances on Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease: From Medicinal Plant to Nanotechnology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154839. [PMID: 35956796 PMCID: PMC9369981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It is characterized by gradual mental failure, abnormal cognitive functioning, personality changes, diminished verbal fluency, and speech impairment. It is caused by neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal area of the brain. The number of individuals with AD is growing at a quick rate. The pathology behind AD is the progress of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, accumulation of amyloid plaque, loss of cholinergic neurons, and decrease in choline acetyltransferase. Unfortunately, AD cannot be cured, but its progression can be delayed. Various FDA-approved inhibitors of cholinesterase enzyme such as rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil, and NDMA receptor inhibitors (memantine), are available to manage the symptoms of AD. An exhaustive literature survey was carried out using SciFinder’s reports from Alzheimer’s Association, PubMed, and Clinical Trials.org. The literature was explored thoroughly to obtain information on the various available strategies to prevent AD. In the context of the present scenario, several strategies are being tried including the clinical trials for the treatment of AD. We have discussed pathophysiology, various targets, FDA-approved drugs, and various drugs in clinical trials against AD. The goal of this study is to shed light on current developments and treatment options, utilizing phytopharmaceuticals, nanomedicines, nutraceuticals, and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (M.S.)
- Synthetic Unit, Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
- Correspondence: or
| | - Asma K. Alshamari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Ha’il University, Ha’il 81451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Allam A. Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43221, Egypt;
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed G. Elharrif
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah M. Alhajri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Mohammed Sattam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Reham R. Khattab
- Synthetic Unit, Department of Photochemistry, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
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Wang Y, Zhang JJ, Hou JG, Li X, Liu W, Zhang JT, Zheng SW, Su FY, Li W. Protective Effect of Ginsenosides from Stems and Leaves of Panax ginseng against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Damage via Multiple Molecular Mechanisms. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1113-1131. [PMID: 35475974 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although growing evidence has shown that ginsenosides from stems and leaves of Panax ginseng (GSLS) exercise a protective impact on the central nervous system, in the model of memory damage induced by scopolamine, it is still rarely reported. Thus, the mechanism of action needs to be further explored. This study was to investigate the effect of GSLS on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory damage and the underlying mechanism. Male ICR mice were treated with SCOP (3 mg/kg) for 7 days, with or without GSLS (75 and 150 mg/kg) treatment for 14 days. After GSLS treatment, the memory damage induced by SCOP was significantly ameliorated as shown by the improvement of cholinergic function (AChE and ChAT), brain tissue hippocampus morphology (H&E staining), and oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, and NO). Meanwhile, immunohistochemical assay suggested that GSLS increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Tyrosine Kinase receptor B (TrkB). Further mechanism research indicated that GSLS inhibited the Tau hyperphosphorylation and cell apoptosis by regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway and inhibited neuroinflammation by regulating the NF-κB pathway, thereby exerting a cognitive impairment improvement effect. This work suggested that GSLS could protect against SCOP-induced memory defects possibly through inhibiting oxidative stress, inhibiting neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Gang Hou
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Tian Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Si-Wen Zheng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Yan Su
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
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Phung HM, Jang D, Trinh TA, Lee D, Nguyen QN, Kim CE, Kang KS. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides by Panax ginseng: A novel approach for obesity treatment. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:609-619. [PMID: 35818423 PMCID: PMC9270656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.
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40
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Lee J, Kwon S, Jin C, Cho SY, Park SU, Jung WS, Moon SK, Park JM, Ko CN, Cho KH. Traditional East Asian Herbal Medicine Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:174. [PMID: 35215287 PMCID: PMC8874541 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a leading progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and its treatment is a challenging clinical problem. This review was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of herbal medicine for AD treatment. The PubMed, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CNKI, OASIS, KTKP, and CiNii databases were searched until June 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on herbal medicine for AD, and a meta-analysis of 57 RCTs was conducted. For cognitive function, herbal medicine significantly improved the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and AD Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) scores compared with conventional medicine. The MMSE scores showed no significant difference between the groups treated with herbal medicine and donepezil; however, herbal medicine significantly lowered the ADAS-cog score. Acori Graminei Rhizoma-containing and Cnidii Rhizoma-containing herbal medicine significantly improved the MMSE and ADAS-cog scores compared with conventional medicine. Ginseng Radix-containing herbal medicine showed a positive, but not statistically significant, tendency toward improving the MMSE score compared with conventional medicine. Herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE, ADAS-cog, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores compared with conventional medicine, and herbal medicine with donepezil also significantly improved these scores compared with donepezil. Acori Graminei Rhizoma or Cnidii Rhizoma-containing herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE and ADAS-cog scores compared with conventional medicine. Ginseng Radix-containing herbal medicine + conventional medicine significantly improved the MMSE score, but not the ADAS-cog score, compared with conventional medicine. For behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, the Neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI) score was not significantly different between herbal and conventional medicines. Herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly improved the NPI and Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale scores compared with conventional medicine. The NPI score showed no significant difference between the groups treated with herbal medicine and placebo. Furthermore, herbal medicine with conventional medicine significantly lowered plasma amyloid beta levels compared with conventional medicine alone. Herbal medicine, whether used alone or as an adjuvant, may have beneficial effects on AD treatment. However, owing to the methodological limitations and high heterogeneity of the included studies, concrete conclusions cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiEun Lee
- Department of Korean Medicine Cardiology and Neurology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Seungwon Kwon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Chul Jin
- Department of Korean Medicine Cardiology and Neurology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (J.L.); (C.J.)
| | - Seung-Yeon Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Seong-Uk Park
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Woo-Sang Jung
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Sang-Kwan Moon
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Jung-Mi Park
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Chang-Nam Ko
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
| | - Ki-Ho Cho
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (S.-U.P.); (W.-S.J.); (S.-K.M.); (J.-M.P.); (C.-N.K.); (K.-H.C.)
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41
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Lu Q, Li R, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Li J. Ingredients with anti-inflammatory effect from medicine food homology plants. Food Chem 2022; 368:130610. [PMID: 34419798 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs when the immune system responses to external harmful stimuli and infection. Chronic inflammation induces various diseases. A variety of foods are prescribed in the traditional medicines of many countries all over the world, which gave birth to the concept of medicine food homology. Over the past few decades, a number of secondary metabolites from medicine food homology plants have been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory effects. In the present review, the effects and mechanisms of the medicine food homology plants-derived active components on relieving inflammation and inflammation-mediated diseases were summarized and discussed. The information provided in this review is valuable to future studies on anti-inflammatory ingredients derived from medicine food homology plants as drugs or food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yixi Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yujin Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Medicine, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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Huang Y, Liu Z, Liu S, Song F, Jin Y. Studies on the mechanism of Panax Ginseng in the treatment of deficiency of vital energy dementia rats based on urine metabolomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1191:123115. [PMID: 35042148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Panax Ginseng (PG) has been used to strengthen memory and physique for thousands of years, because its main components ginsenosides (GS) and ginseng polysaccharides (GP) play a major role, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, a rat model of dementia with vital energy deficiency (DED) was established through intraperitoneal injection with D-galactose and AlCl3 and combined with exhaustive swimming. Pharmacological studies and the urine metabolomics based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) were employed for evaluation the efficacy of PG and exploring this treatment mechanism. Through urine metabolic profiling, it can be seen that DED rats after PG administration are close to normal group (NG) rats, and PG can regulate the in vivo status of DED rats which tend to NG. The results of behavioral, biochemical indicators and immunohistochemistry further verified the above results, and the mechanism of action of each component is refined. Ultimately, we believe that the mechanism of PG in the treatment of DED is that ginsenosides (GS) intervenes in phenylalanine tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism, stimulates dopamine production, inhibits Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation; and that ginseng polysaccharides (GP) provides energy to strengthen the TCA cycle and improve immune capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China; State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Shu Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yongri Jin
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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The Study of Steaming Durations and Temperatures on the Chemical Characterization, Neuroprotective, and Antioxidant Activities of Panax notoginseng. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3698518. [PMID: 35035502 PMCID: PMC8758266 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3698518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (PN) is one of the most valuable traditional Chinese medicines and has extensive pharmacological effects. Recent studies demonstrated that PN exhibited pharmacological effect related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether steaming process can boost its anti-AD activity is still unexplored. To fill this gap, effects of steaming durations and temperatures on the chemical characterization, neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of PN were systematically investigated in this study. HPLC fingerprint coupled with quantitative analysis demonstrated striking conversion of original saponins to less polar ones with the increase in the steaming time and temperature. In the viewpoint of anti-AD activity on neuroprotective and antioxidant effects, several steamed PN samples (110°C-6/8/10 h, 120°C ‐4/6 h samples) displayed a significant increase both in cell viability and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) values compared with the no steamed one (P < 0.01 or P < 0.005). Steaming temperature had the greater impact on the change of chemical composition and anti-AD activity of PN. Moreover, the spectrum-effect relationship analysis revealed that the transformed saponins were partially responsible for the increased neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of steamed PN. Therefore, steamed PN could be used as a potential crude drug for prevention and treatment of AD.
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Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting Akt/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway by ginsenosides in neurodegenerative diseases: A mechanistic approach. Pharmacol Res 2022; 177:106099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hou X, Liu L, Wei L, Feng D, Lv M, Wang X, Yu X, Lu Z, Hou Z. A Novel Analysis Method for Simultaneous Determination of 31 Pesticides by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Ginseng. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:4208243. [PMID: 35223127 PMCID: PMC8866027 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4208243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is a perennial herb with a long growth cycle and is known to easily accumulate pesticides during its growth process, seriously threatening people's health. Therefore, to ensure safe consumption, it is necessary to detect and monitor pesticide residues in ginseng. In this study, a novel analysis method was established for simultaneous determination of 31 pesticides in ginseng by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ginseng samples were extracted using acetonitrile, cleaned up by primary secondary amine (PSA) solid-phase extraction column eluted with acetonitrile-toluene, and then detected in multiple reaction mode (MRM). The calibration curves of target compounds were linear in the range of 0.005-1.0 mg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9921. The limits of detection of all the pesticides in ginseng were between 4.4×10-5 and 1.6 × 10-2 mg/kg. For fresh ginseng, the average recoveries ranged from 72.1 to 111.6%, and the relative standard deviations were 1.3-12.2%. For dry ginseng, the average recoveries were 74.3-108.3%, and the relative standard deviations were 0.9-14.9%. The residual concentrations of some pesticides in real samples were greater than the maximum residue limit (MRL) for European Union (EU). The method established here is rapid and simple with high sensitivity and good reproducibility, which is sensitive in the residue analysis of many pesticides in ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Liangyue Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Liping Wei
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Da Feng
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
- Safety Evaluation Center, Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Meng Lv
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Xiaolong Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Zhongbin Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Zhiguang Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin 130118, China
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Lee R, Lee BH, Choi SH, Cho YJ, Cho HS, Kim HC, Rhim H, Cho IH, Rhee MH, Nah SY. Effects of Gintonin-enriched fraction on the gene expression of six lysophosphatidic receptor subtypes. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:583-590. [PMID: 34803428 PMCID: PMC8587509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gintonin, isolated from ginseng, acts as a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand and elicits the [Ca2+]i transient through six LPA receptor subtypes (LPARSs). However, the long-term effects of gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on the gene expression of six LPARSs remain unknown. We examined changes in the gene expression of six LPA receptors in the mouse whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, small intestine, colon, and testis after long-term oral GEF administration. Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: control vehicle and GEF (100 mg/kg, p.o.). After 21-day saline or GEF treatment, total RNA was extracted from nine mouse organs. Quantitative-real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot were performed to quantify changes in the gene and protein expression of the six LPARSs, respectively. Results qRT-PCR analysis before GEF treatment revealed that the LPA6 RS was predominant in all organs except the small intestine. The LPA2 RS was most abundant in the small intestine. Long-term GEF administration differentially regulated the six LPARSs. Upon GEF treatment, the LPA6 RS significantly increased in the liver, small intestine, colon, and testis but decreased in the whole brain, heart, lungs, and kidneys. Western blot analysis of the LPA6 RS confirmed the differential effects of GEF on LPA6 receptor protein levels in the whole brain, liver, small intestine, and testis. Conclusion The LPA6 receptor was predominantly expressed in all nine organs examined; long-term oral GEF administration differentially regulated LPA3, LPA4, and LPA6 receptors in the whole brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, small intestine, and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hwan Lee
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jin Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Cho
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee M, Lee SH, Kim MS, Ahn KS, Kim M. Effect of Lactobacillus dominance modified by Korean Red Ginseng on the improvement of Alzheimer's disease in mice. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:464-472. [PMID: 35600775 PMCID: PMC9120797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota influence the central nervous system through gut-brain-axis. They also affect the neurological disorders. Gut microbiota differs in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), as a potential factor that leads to progression of AD. Oral intake of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) improves the cognitive functions. Therefore, it can be proposed that KRG affect the microbiota on the gut-brain-axis to the brain. Methods Tg2576 were used for the experimental model of AD. They were divided into four groups: wild type (n = 6), AD mice (n = 6), AD mice with 30 mg/kg/day (n = 6) or 100 mg/kg/day (n = 6) of KRG. Following two weeks, changes in gut microbiota were analyzed by Illumina HiSeq4000 platform 16S gene sequencing. Microglial activation were evaluated by quantitative Western blot analyses of Iba-1 protein. Claudin-5, occludin, laminin and CD13 assay were conducted for Blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation demonstrated through Aβ 42/40 ratio was accessed by ELISA, and cognition were monitored by Novel object location test. Results KRG improved the cognitive behavior of mice (30 mg/kg/day p < 0.05; 100 mg/kg/day p < 0.01), and decreased Aβ 42/40 ratio (p < 0.01) indicating reduced Aβ accumulation. Increased Iba-1 (p < 0.001) for reduced microglial activation, and upregulation of Claudin-5 (p < 0.05) for decreased BBB permeability were shown. In particular, diversity of gut microbiota was altered (30 mg/kg/day q-value<0.05), showing increased population of Lactobacillus species. (30 mg/kg/day 411%; 100 mg/kg/day 1040%). Conclusions KRG administration showed the Lactobacillus dominance in the gut microbiota. Improvement of AD pathology by KRG can be medicated through gut-brain axis in mice model of AD.
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Effect of the Gintonin-Enriched Fraction on Glucagon-Like-Protein-1 Release. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206298. [PMID: 34684879 PMCID: PMC8539011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng-derived gintonin reportedly contains functional lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) as LPA receptor ligands. The effect of the gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF) on in vitro and in vivo glucagon-like protein-1 (GLP-1) secretion, which is known to stimulate insulin secretion, via LPA receptor(s) remains unclear. Accordingly, we examined the effects of GEF on GLP-1 secretion using human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. The expression of several of LPA receptor subtypes in NCI-H716 cells using qPCR and Western blotting was examined. LPA receptor subtype expression was in the following order: LPA6 > LPA2 > LPA4 > LPA5 > LPA1 (qPCR), and LPA6 > LPA4 > LPA2 > LPA1 > LPA3 > LPA5 (Western blotting). GEF-stimulated GLP-1 secretion occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was suppressed by cAMP-Rp, a cAMP antagonist, but not by U73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor. Furthermore, silencing the human LPA6 receptor attenuated GEF-mediated GLP-1 secretion. In mice, low-dose GEF (50 mg/kg, peroral) increased serum GLP-1 levels; this effect was not blocked by Ki16425 co-treatment. Our findings indicate that GEF-induced GLP-1 secretion could be achieved via LPA6 receptor activation through the cAMP pathway. Hence, GEF-induced GLP secretion via LPA6 receptor regulation might be responsible for its beneficial effects on human endocrine physiology.
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Yang Z, Zhou DD, Huang SY, Fang AP, Li HB, Zhu HL. Effects and mechanisms of natural products on Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34613845 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1985428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in elderly people with a high incidence rate and complicated pathogenesis, and causes progressive cognitive deficit and memory impairment. Some natural products and bioactive compounds from natural sources show great potential in the prevention and treatment of AD, such as apple, blueberries, grapes, chili pepper, Monsonia angustifolia, cruciferous vegetables, Herba epimedii, Angelica tenuissima, Embelia ribes, sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, green tea, Puer tea, Amanita caesarea and Inonotus obliquus, via reducing amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, decreasing Tau hyperphosphorylation, regulating cholinergic system, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis and ameliorating inflammation. This review mainly summarizes the effects of some natural products and their bioactive compounds on AD with the potential molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Effects of Panax ginseng on hyperglycemia, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:188-205. [PMID: 35509826 PMCID: PMC9058846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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