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Evalen PS, Barnhardt EN, Ryu J, Stahlschmidt ZR. Toxicity of glyphosate to animals: A meta-analytical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123669. [PMID: 38460584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY)-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most commonly applied pesticide worldwide, and non-target organisms (e.g., animals) are now regularly exposed to GLY and GBHs due to the accumulation of these chemicals in many environments. Although GLY/GBH was previously considered to be non-toxic, growing evidence indicates that GLY/GBH negatively affects some animal taxa. However, there has been no systematic analysis quantifying its toxicity to animals. Therefore, we used a meta-analytical approach to determine whether there is a demonstrable effect of GLY/GBH toxicity across animals. We further addressed whether the effects of GLY/GBH vary due to (1) taxon (invertebrate vs. vertebrate), (2) habitat (aquatic vs. terrestrial), (3) type of biological response (behavior vs. physiology vs. survival), and (4) dosage or concentration of GLY/GBH. Using this approach, we also determined whether adjuvants (e.g., surfactants) in commercial formulations of GBHs increased toxicity for animals relative to exposure to GLY alone. We analyzed 1282 observations from 121 articles. We conclude that GLY is generally sub-lethally toxic for animals, particularly for animals in aquatic or marine habitats, and that toxicity did not exhibit dose-dependency. Yet, our analyses detected evidence for widespread publication bias so we encourage continued experimental investigations to better understand factors influencing GLY/GBH toxicity to animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Evalen
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - J Ryu
- University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
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2
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López-Valcárcel ME, Del Arco A, Parra G. Zooplankton vulnerability to glyphosate exacerbated by global change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169806. [PMID: 38181966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities generate a severe footprint at a global scale. Intensive agriculture is a global change driver that affects aquatic systems due to the discharge of pollutants. This situation can be modified or aggravated by other aspects, such as the disturbance history and other global change factors. Following our study line, it is necessary to evaluate how the disturbance history combined with temperature changes can affect the functioning of aquatic systems. The objectives of this study were divided into two phases. The objectives of phase 1 were to induce vulnerability in Daphnia magna populations through a disturbance history based on sublethal glyphosate concentration exposure under different temperature conditions (20 °C and 25 °C). In phase 2, vulnerability was assessed through the exposure to subsequent stressors (starvation, increased salinity and paracetamol) combined with changes in temperature. During the glyphosate exposure period in phase 1, differences were observed in the D. magna populations with respect to temperature, with lower abundance at 25 °C than at 20 °C. However, no differences were observed in abundance regarding glyphosate treatment. The results obtained in phase 2 with the new stressors combined with temperature changes in both directions, revealed stronger effects in vulnerable populations than in control populations. In addition, the temperature changes modulated the effects in the starvation and increased salinity tests. Agrochemical sublethal concentrations induce vulnerability in D. magna populations and inflicted temperature changes can act as a modulating factor for this vulnerability, showing the complexity in assessing the responses under the multiple scenarios associated with global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia López-Valcárcel
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Ana Del Arco
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Mainaustraße 252, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Gema Parra
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus de Las Lagunillas S/n, E-23071 Jaén, Spain.
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3
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Tóth G, Háhn J, Szabó G, Bakos K, Volner C, Liang X, Göbölös B, Bock I, Szoboszlay S, Urbányi B, Kriszt B, Kaszab E, Szabó I, Csenki Z. In vivo estrogenicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and AMPA on transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123113. [PMID: 38072021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the disrupting effects of glyphosate (GLY), aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and three glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) on vitellogenesis in a non-concentration-dependent manner are reported for the first time in 120 h of acute exposure of zebrafish at environmentally relevant concentrations. GBHs are commonly used worldwide in weed control management. Due to their extensive application, they frequently occur in aquatic ecosystems and may affect various organisms. The active substance GLY and its major by-product, AMPA, are the most thoroughly studied chemicals; however, the adverse effects of the complex formulas of GBHs with diverse and unknown content of co-formulants are still not sufficiently researched. This study focused on the embryotoxicity, sublethal malformations, and estrogenic potency of GLY, AMPA, and four commonly used GBHs on zebrafish embryos using a wild type and an estrogen-sensitive, transgenic zebrafish line (Tg(vtg1:mCherry)). After 120 h of exposition, AMPA did not cause acute toxicity, while the LC50 of GLY was 160 mg/L. The GBHs were more toxic with LC50 values ranging from 31 to 111 GLY active equivalent (a.e.) mg/L. Exposure to 0.35-2.8 mg/L GBHs led to sublethal abnormalities: typical symptoms were structural deformation of the lower jaw and anomalies in the olfactory region. Deformity rates were 10-30% in the treated groups. In vivo, fluorescently expressed vtg1 mCherry protein in embryonic liver was detected by a non-invasive microscopic method indicating estrogenic action through vitellogenin production by GLY, AMPA, and GBHs. To confirm the in vivo findings, RT-qPCR method was performed to determine the levels of the estrogenicity-related vtg1 mRNA. After 120 h of exposure to GLY, AMPA, and three GBHs at a concentration of 0.35 mg/L, the expression of vtg1 gene was significantly up-regulated. Our results highlight the risk that short-term GLY and GBH exposure can cause developmental malformations and disrupt the hormonal balance in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergő Tóth
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Judit Háhn
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Gyula Szabó
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Katalin Bakos
- Premonstratensian St. Norbert High School, Takács Menyhért út 2, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Cintia Volner
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Göbölös
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Illés Bock
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Edit Kaszab
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - István Szabó
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Csenki
- Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, H-2100, Gödöllő, Hungary.
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4
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Moller SR, Wallace AF, Zahir R, Quadery A, Jaisi DP. Effect of temperature on the degradation of glyphosate by Mn-oxide: Products and pathways of degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132467. [PMID: 37716266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide in the United States. In the environment, glyphosate residues can either degrade into more toxic and persistent byproducts such as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) or environmentally benign species such as sarcosine or glycine. In this research, the birnessite-catalyzed degradation of glyphosate was studied under environmentally relevant temperatures (10-40 °C) using high-performance liquid chromatography, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and theoretical calculations. Our results show a temperature-dependent degradation pathway preference for AMPA and glycine production. The AMPA and glycine pathways are competitive at short reaction times, but the glycine pathway became increasingly preferred as reaction time and temperature increased. The measured free energy barriers are comparable for both the glycine and AMPA pathways (93.5 kJ mol-1 for glycine and 97.1 kJ mol-1 for AMPA); however, the entropic energy penalty for the AMPA pathway is significantly greater than the glycine pathway (-TΔS‡ = 26.2 and 42.8 kJ mol-1 for glycine and AMPA, respectively). These findings provide possible routes for biasing glyphosate degradation towards safer products, thus to decrease the overall environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer R Moller
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Adam F Wallace
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Rumana Zahir
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Abrar Quadery
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Deb P Jaisi
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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5
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Mangold-Döring A, Baas J, van den Brink PJ, Focks A, van Nes EH. Toxicokinetic-Toxicodynamic Model to Assess Thermal Stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21029-21037. [PMID: 38062939 PMCID: PMC10734255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is a crucial environmental factor affecting the distribution and performance of ectothermic organisms. This study introduces a new temperature damage model to interpret their thermal stress. Inspired by the ecotoxicological damage model in the General Unified Threshold model for Survival (GUTS) framework, the temperature damage model assumes that damage depends on the balance between temperature-dependent accumulation and constant repair. Mortality due to temperature stress is driven by the damage level exceeding a threshold. Model calibration showed a good agreement with the measured survival of Gammarus pulex exposed to different constant temperatures. Further, model simulations, including constant temperatures, daily temperature fluctuations, and heatwaves, demonstrated the model's ability to predict temperature effects for various environmental scenarios. With this, the present study contributes to the mechanistic understanding of temperature as a single stressor while facilitating the incorporation of temperature as an additional stressor alongside chemicals in mechanistic multistressor effect models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mangold-Döring
- Department
of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Baas
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J. van den Brink
- Department
of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Focks
- System
Science Group/Institute of Mathematics, Osnabrück University, Barbarastrasse 12, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Egbert H. van Nes
- Department
of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Yu S, Nie Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Liu R, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zhu W, Zheng M, Diao J. Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) challenged thermoregulation in lizards (Eremias argus), compensatory warming could mitigate this effect. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165287. [PMID: 37419359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution and global warming are two major threats to reptiles, and these two factors can interact with each other. Glyphosate have attracted worldwide attention due to their ubiquitous occurrence, yet their impact on reptiles remains unknown. We designed a crossover experiment with different external GBH exposures (control/GBH) x different environmental temperatures (current climate treatment/warmer climate treatment) over 60 days to simulate environmental exposure in the Mongolian Racerunner lizard (Eremias argus). Preferred body temperature and active body temperature data were collected to calculate the accuracy of thermoregulation, while liver detoxification metabolic enzymes, oxidative stress system function, and the non-targeted metabolome of the brain tissue were assessed. Warmer-treated lizards adjusted their physiological levels and behavioral strategies in response to increased ambient temperatures and maintained body temperature homeostasis at moderate thermal perturbations. GBH-treated lizards suffered from oxidative damage to the brain tissue and abnormal histidine metabolism, thus their thermoregulatory accuracy reduced. Interestingly, at elevated ambient temperatures, GBH treatment did not affect on their thermoregulatory, possibly through several temperature-dependent detoxification mechanisms. Importantly, this data suggested that the subtle toxicological effects of GBH may threaten increasingly thermoregulation behavior of E. argus with species-wide repercussions, as climate change and exposure time extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (ICAMA), Beijing 100125, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China.
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7
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Wang Z, Nie Y, Yu S, Chen L, Zhang L, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Consolidation of temperature-dependent toxicity and thermoregulatory behavior into risk assessments of insecticides under thermal scenarios: A prospective study on Eremias argus. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107742. [PMID: 36669286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the temperature-dependent chemical toxicity of three insecticides and the resulting thermoregulatory (TR) behavior of the lizard Eremias argus have been consolidated into the current risk assessment framework. According to acute dermal toxicity assays, an increase of ambient temperature from 15 °C to 35 °C decreased the acute dermal toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin (BC) but increased the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF). The toxicity of avermectin (AVM) did not show significant temperature-dependent responses. Based on thermal preference trials, lizards changed their body temperature via TR behavior to adaptively reduce toxicity under sub-lethal doses, which can be understood as a "self-rescue" behavior attenuating lethal effects. However, the risk quotient indicated that the effectiveness of this "self-rescue" behavior is limited. Metabolomics analysis showed that six different metabolites (i.e., creatine, glutamate, succinate, N-acetylaspartate, acetylcholine, and lactate) contributed to TR behavior changes. Biochemical assays and insecticide residue results demonstrated that the temperature-dependent toxicity of BC, CPF, and AVM affected lizards in the three aspects of biotransformation, oxidative stress, and neurometabolic interference. This work clarifies the ecotoxicological impacts of representative insecticides on reptiles from toxicological understanding to risk relevance. This knowledge may improve ecological predictions of agrochemical applications in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Chen
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Luyao Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, China.
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8
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Athayde DB, Pinto TJDS, Daam MA, Guerra GDS, Duarte-Neto PJ, Espíndola ELG. Influence of temperature on the toxicity of the elutriate from a pesticide contaminated soil to two cladoceran species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 31:956-966. [PMID: 35672617 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02560-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brazil has become one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world. However, there are still few studies evaluating pesticide toxicity integrating local aquatic and terrestrial environments. In addition, there is growing concern about the influence of temperature conditions related with climate change on contaminants toxicity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the elutriate toxicity of the insecticide Kraft® 36 EC (a.i. abamectin), the fungicide Score® 250 EC (a.i. difenoconazole) and their mixture to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis, using model ecosystems (mesocosms). To this end, mesocosms were filled with natural soil and subjected to the following treatments: Control (Milli-Q water), Kraft (10.8 g abamectin ha-1), Score (20 g difenoconazole ha-1), and Kraft + Score (10.8 g abamectin ha-1 + 20 g difenoconazole ha-1). The experiment lasted 18 days, and the applications were made on days 1, 8, and 15; the occurrence of rainfall was simulated on days 1, 8, and 15 after applications and only rainfall simulation on days 4, 11, and 18. The experiment was conducted under two different temperatures: 23 °C and 33 °C. At 23 °C, single Kraft treatment and in combination with Score showed high toxicity to both cladocerans. At 33 °C, elutriate of the Kraft® and mixture treatments were highly toxic to D. similis but not to C. silvestrii. The results indicate that while Kraft had higher toxicity than Score to both cladocerans, this toxicity was counteracted at 33 °C only for the exotic species, D. similis. The results portray the complexity of pesticide toxicity when considering realistic experimental settings including different organisms and temperature treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Danillo B Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Glauce da Silva Guerra
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Duarte-Neto
- PPGBEA, Department of Statistics and Informatics, Rural Federal University of Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Brazil
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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Stahlschmidt Z, Vo C. Spatial bet hedging, thermal trade-offs and glyphosate: crickets integrate multivariate information during oviposition. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Wang Z, Liu R, Zhang L, Yu S, Nie Y, Deng Y, Liu R, Zhu W, Zhou Z, Diao J. Thermoregulation of Eremias argus alters temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin: Ecotoxicological effects considering ectotherm behavior traits. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118461. [PMID: 34748886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessments of the ecotoxicological effects insecticides impose on ectotherms have increasingly considered temperature. However, the changes toxicants induce in thermoregulatory behavioral traits may lead to a divergence of thermal selection and temperature-dependent changes of contaminant toxicity. This study demonstrated the interaction of behavioral thermoregulation and temperature-dependent toxicity of beta-cyfluthrin (BC) in the lizard Eremias argus. Based on the negative relationship between temperature and BC toxicity, seeking a warming environment was assumed to represent a self-rescue behavior (and vice versa). The results showed that BC-treated lizards (0-20 μg/g body weight (bw)) showed such self-rescue behavior, while lizards exposed to an extremely high BC dose (200 μg/g bw) sought a cooler environment. Biochemical assays showed that BC affected neurotransmitter systems, caused oxidative stress, and interfered with ion-transport in the central nervous system. Biomarkers of the cholinergic and glutamatergic system, ion-transport function, and oxidative stress were identified as potential biochemical variables related to thermoregulatory behavior. Apparently, seeking a warmer environment is a survival strategy with the aim to neutralize BC toxicity, while seeking a cooler environment aims to attenuate the harmful effects of metabolic and oxidative stress, and to decelerate internal BC diffusion. This phenomenon could be also explained by the concept of the "cooling trap", i.e., a behavior where cooler temperatures are sought. This impairs survival after exposure to BC at it has a negative temperature coefficient, derived from a dysfunction of the central nervous system regarding thermoregulation caused by the high dosage of neurotoxicant and resulting temperature maladaptation. Implications of the interaction between thermoregulatory behavior and temperature-dependent toxicity are presented, which may aid further temperature-dependent risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikang Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Beijing Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Center (Beijing Food Inspection Institute), Beijing, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Simin Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yufan Nie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yue Deng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Im H, Achar JC, Shim T, Jung J. Elevated temperature alleviates benzophenone-3 toxicity in Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 242:106047. [PMID: 34864523 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water temperature rises due to thermal discharge and global warming and the potential resulting impacts on the ecotoxicity of emerging chemicals are a growing concern. Benzophenone-3 (BP-3) is an ultraviolet filter added to personal care and plastic products, which is detected at highest concentrations during the hot summer season. This study aimed to investigate the effect of elevated temperature on acute (48 h) and chronic (21 d) BP-3 toxicity in Daphnia magna. Neonates (<24 h) acclimated at 28 °C showed much lower acute toxicity (EC50 = 3.91 and 2.69 mg L-1 at 20 and 28 °C, respectively) than those acclimated at 20 °C (EC50 = 2.96 and 2.04 mg L-1 at 20 and 28 °C, respectively). The body length, embryonic development, and the number of offspring in D. magna offspring exposed to BP-3 for 21 d were significantly decreased after exposure to 0.8 mg L-1 BP-3 at 20 °C. However, these adverse effects of BP-3 in D. magna were significantly ameliorated at 28 °C. Under these conditions, stress response genes such as Hb (hemoglobin), Hsp70 (heat shock protein), Cyp4 (cytochrome P450), and GST (glutathione-S-transferase) were significantly upregulated. These findings suggest that elevated temperature activated stress responses in D. magna, leading to enhanced protection against BP-3 toxicity. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the ecotoxicological impacts of toxic chemicals on aquatic organisms at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjoon Im
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jerry Collince Achar
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taeyong Shim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Freitas IBF, Ogura AP, Cunha DGF, Cossolin AS, Ferreira MDS, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. The Longitudinal Profile of a Stream Contaminated With 2,4-D and its Effects on Non-Target Species. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:131-141. [PMID: 34797381 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can cause harmful effects to aquatic communities, even at concentrations below the threshold limit established as guidelines for the water bodies by environmental agencies. In this research, an input of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (i.e., 2,4-D) was simulated under controlled conditions in a 500-m-long reach of a first-order tropical stream in Southeastern Brazil. Two water samplings at eight stations investigated the stream longitudinal contamination profile. The ecotoxicological effects were analyzed using Eruca sativa L. seed germination assays and the acute and chronic toxicity tests with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Physicochemical parameters of water quality were evaluated to characterize the study area and quantify 2,4-D concentrations along the stream to assess pesticide retention. The 2,4-D concentration was reduced by approximately 50% downstream in the samplings, indicating that the herbicide was retained along the stream. Moreover, C. silvestrii reproduction in long-term assays decreased approximately 50% in the stations with higher concentrations of 2,4-D than the laboratory control. After contamination, E. sativa L. showed a lower average root growth (1.0 cm), statistically different from the control (2.2 cm). On the other hand, similar growth values were obtained among the background and the most downstream stations. Our study highlighted the relevance of reviewing and updating herbicide guidelines and criteria to prevent possible ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Baima Ferreira Freitas
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Cossolin
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
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13
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Bhatt P, Joshi T, Bhatt K, Zhang W, Huang Y, Chen S. Binding interaction of glyphosate with glyphosate oxidoreductase and C-P lyase: Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124927. [PMID: 33450511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Widespread application of glyphosate poses a threat to living organisms. Microbial strains are able to degrade glyphosate via contrasting metabolic pathways with the help of enzymes. Glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) and C-P lyase are the key enzymes for the biodegradation of glyphosate and its intermediate metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in microbes. The microbial degradation of glyphosate has been reported, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, the interaction mechanism of GOX and C-P lyase with glyphosate and AMPA were investigated by using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results indicate that glyphosate contacts with the active site of GOX and C-P lyase by hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions in aqueous solution to maintain its stability. The presence of glyphosate and AMPA in the active site significantly changes the conformation of GOX and C-P lyase. The results of the MD simulations confirm that GOX and C-P lyase complexes are stable during the catalytic reaction. This study offers a molecular level of understanding of the expression and function of GOX and C-P lyase for the bioremediation of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tushar Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263136, India
| | - Kalpana Bhatt
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404, India
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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14
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Pinto TJDS, Freitas JS, Moreira RA, Silva LCMD, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFDP, Goulart BV, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Fraga PD, Ogura AP, Schiesari L, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Functional responses of Hyalella meinerti after exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse (individually and in mixture). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 231:105712. [PMID: 33340833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops management in Brazil includes the use of pesticides, as well as alternative organic fertilizers such as vinasse obtained from waste of the ethanol industry. In order to assess the effects of the environmental contamination generated by such sugarcane practices, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of the pesticides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and fipronil, as well as vinasse, on the survival, behavior, and reproduction of the native epibenthic macroinvertebrate Hyalella meinerti through in situ and laboratory experiments. In situ assays were conducted in mesocosms with six treatments, i.e. untreated control, 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse, the mixture of the two pesticides, and both pesticides mixed with vinasse. Survival, swimming behavior, and reproduction were evaluated over time post contamination, from 0-96 h (T1) and 7-14 days (T2) through in situ experiments and 30-44 days (T3) and 75-89 days (T4) post contamination by laboratory bioassays with mesocosm water. In the T1 period, survival of H. meinerti was registered only in controls and mesocosms treated with 2,4-D. In the T2 period, treatments containing fipronil and vinasse (isolated or in both mixture treatments) still caused 100 % of mortality. Survival was recorded only in 2,4-D and control treatments, whereas reproduction only occurred in the control. In the T3 period, no survival occurred to fipronil and both mixture treatments. Vinasse and 2,4-D decreased total reproduction in comparison to control. In the T4 period, amphipods survival was detected when exposed to fipronil and its mixture with 2,4-D. However, these same treatments decreased the amplexus rates and total reproduction, with synergism denoted for the pesticide mixture. The swimming activity of males, females, and couples was decreased in surviving organisms exposed to 2,4-D, fipronil, vinasse, and the mixture of pesticides along all experimental periods. Our study showed that the application of fipronil, 2,4-D, and vinasse isolated or mixed at realistic concentrations of actual sugarcane management practices may negatively impact functional responses of indigenous amphipods in natural aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Reghini Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo Badolato Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Priscille Dreux Fraga
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
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15
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Silva LCM, Moreira RA, Pinto TJS, Ogura AP, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFP, Montagner CC, Goulart BV, Daam MA, Espíndola ELG. Acute and chronic toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil formulations (individually and in mixture) to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1462-1475. [PMID: 32860623 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane and the world's top pesticide market. Therefore, environmental consequences are of concern. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of pesticide formulations largely used in sugarcane crops: the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) and the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil), isolated and in mixture, to the Neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Toxicity tests with the individual formulated products indicated 48h-EC50 values of 169 ± 18 mg a.i./L for 2,4-D and 3.9 ± 0.50 µg a.i./L for fipronil. In the chronic tests, the 8d-EC50 values for reproduction were 55 mg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 50/60 mg a.i./L) and 1.6 µg a.i./L (NOEC/LOEC: 0.40/0.80 µg a.i./L) for 2,4-D and fipronil, respectively. A significant decrease in reproduction of C. silvestrii in all concentrations tested of fipronil, except at the lowest, was observed. Regarding 2,4-D, the organisms had total inhibition of reproduction in the two highest concentrations. Probably your energy reallocation was focused (trade-off) only on its survival. The acute pesticide mixture toxicity (immobility) revealed a dose level dependent deviation with antagonism at low and synergism at high concentrations. For chronic mixture (reproduction) toxicity, antagonism occurred as a result of the interaction of the pesticides. Based on our results and concentrations measured in Brazilian water bodies, fipronil represents ecological risks for causing direct toxic effects on C. silvestrii. These results are worrisome given that agricultural production is likely to increase in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís C M Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel A Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy J S Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan P Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria P C Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís F P Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana C Montagner
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca V Goulart
- LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
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