1
|
Lima JZ, Ogura AP, Espíndola ELG, Ferreira da Silva E, Rodrigues VGS. Post-sorption of Cd, Pb, and Zn onto peat, compost, and biochar: Short-term effects of ecotoxicity and bioaccessibility. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141521. [PMID: 38395370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Contamination by potentially toxic metals and metalloids (PTMs) has become a significant health and environmental issue worldwide. Sorption has emerged as one of the most prominent strategies for remediating both soil and water contamination. New sorbents are being developed to provide economically viable and environmentally sound alternatives, in alignment with the principles of the Sustainable Development Goals. This research aimed to assess the potential effects on human health and environmental toxicity following the sorption of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) using peat, compost, and biochar as sorbents. The peat was collected in Brazil, a country with a tropical climate, while the compost and biochar were produced from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). In terms of bioaccessibility, the results showed the following order: compost < biochar < peat for Pb, and compost < peat < biochar for Cd and Zn. There was a significant growth inhibition for Eruca sativa and Zea mays exposed to increasing concentrations of PTMs treated with peat and compost. The presence of contaminants played a decisive role on immobilization of neonates of Ceriodaphnia silvestrii after treatments with compost and, especially, peat. However, the biochar addition rate caused a significant influence on the outcomes of ecotoxicity across all tested species. Although the samples treated with biochar exhibited lower residual concentrations of PTMs than those treated with compost and peat, the inherent toxicity of biochar might be attributed to the material itself. The exposure to residual PTM concentrations post-desorption caused ecotoxic effects on tested species, emphasizing the need to assess PTM desorption potential. Peat, compost, and biochar are promising alternatives for the sorption of PTMs, but the addition rates must be properly adjusted to avoid the occurrence of undesirable ecotoxicological effects. This research offers valuable insights for sustainable environmental management and protection by thoroughly investigating the impacts of different sorbents and contaminants on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Zanin Lima
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil; GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus of Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/LPB/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/LPB/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ferreira da Silva
- GeoBioTec, Department of Geoscience, University of Aveiro, Campus of Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veloso Goulart B, De Caroli Vizioli B, Junio da Silva Pinto T, Silberschmidt Freitas J, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFDP, Pretti Ogura A, Henry TB, Gaeta Espindola EL, Montagner CC. Fate and toxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil in mesocosm systems. Chemosphere 2024; 346:140569. [PMID: 37918533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
2,4-D and fipronil are among Brazil's most used pesticides. The presence of these substances in surface waters is a concern for the aquatic ecosystem health. Thus, understanding the behavior of these substances under environmentally relevant conditions is essential for an effective risk assessment. This study aimed to determine the degradation profiles of 2,4-D and fipronil after controlled application in aquatic mesocosm systems under influencing factors such as environmental aspects and vinasse application, evaluate pesticide dissipation at the water-sediment interface, and perform an environmental risk assessment in water and sediment compartments. Mesocosm systems were divided into six different treatments, namely: control (C), vinasse application (V), 2,4-D application (D), fipronil application (F), mixture of 2,4-D and fipronil application (M), and mixture of 2,4-D and fipronil with vinasse application (MV). Pesticide application was performed according to typical Brazilian sugarcane management procedures, and the experimental systems were monitored for 150 days. Pesticide dissipation kinetics was modeled using first-order reaction models. The estimated half-life times of 2,4-D were 18.2 days for individual application, 50.2 days for combined application, and 9.6 days for combined application with vinasse. For fipronil, the respective half-life times were 11.7, 13.8, and 24.5 days. The dynamics of pesticides in surface waters resulted in the deposition of these compounds in the sediment. Also, fipronil transformation products fipronil-sulfide and fipronil-sulfone were quantified in water 21 days after pesticide application. Finally, performed risk assessments showed significant potential risk to environmental health, with RQ values for 2,4-D up to 1359 in freshwater and 98 in sediment, and RQ values for fipronil up to 22,078 in freshwater and 2582 in sediment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Beatriz De Caroli Vizioli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Theodore Burdick Henry
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure, and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ogura AP, Lima JZ, Silva LCMD, Dias MA, Rodrigues VGS, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. Phytotoxicity of 2,4-D and fipronil mixtures to three green manure species. J Environ Sci Health B 2023; 58:262-272. [PMID: 36799483 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2178789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane expansion has been associated with soil contamination by agrochemicals. Pesticides can affect plant growth, and their mixture might have potentiated effects on exposed species. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of fipronil on the phytotoxicity of 2,4-D on three green manure plant species: Canavalia ensiformis, Dolichos lablab, and Lupinus albus. Plants were exposed (for 21 days, at 25 °C) to a control soil and five concentrations of each pesticide and their combinations (36 treatments, considering a full-factorial approach). Effect concentrations of 50% growth inhibition (EC50) were estimated. No phytotoxicity effects were identified when plants were exposed to different fipronil concentrations (up to 0.12 mg kg-1). All species exposed to 2,4-D showed a decrease in shoot and root length and fresh/dry biomass. L. albus and D. lablab roots showed the highest sensitivity when exposed to 2,4-D among the endpoints (EC50 = 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg-1, respectively), while C. ensiformis roots were the most tolerant (EC50 = 0.98 mg kg-1). However, the interference of fipronil on the toxicity of 2,4-D was not detected in different mixture proportions, indicating no interaction between pesticides. Residues of 2,4-D might also impair other crops' growth, compromise productivity, and limit phytotechnologies for soil recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Zanin Lima
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pinto TJDS, Moreira RA, Freitas JSS, da Silva LCM, Yoshii MPC, de Palma Lopes LF, Ogura AP, de Mello Gabriel GV, Rosa LMT, Schiesari L, do Carmo JB, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Responses of Chironomus sancticaroli to the simulation of environmental contamination by sugarcane management practices: Water and sediment toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159643. [PMID: 36306835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane management practices include the application of pesticides, including the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecticide fipronil. In addition, a by-product from the ethanol industry, called vinasse, is commonly applied to fertilize sugarcane areas. The potential risks of these practices to the edge-of-field aquatic ecosystems were assessed in the present study. This was done by contaminating mesocosms with (single and mixtures of) both pesticides and vinasse and evaluating the effects on the midge Chironomus sancticaroli through in-situ and laboratory bioassays. To this end, outdoor mesocosms were treated with fipronil (F), 2,4-D (D), and vinasse (V) alone and with the mixture of fipronil and 2,4-D (M), as well as with both pesticides and vinasse (MV). C. sancticaroli was deployed in mesocosms before contamination in cages, which were taken out 4- and 8-days-post-contamination. Water and sediment samples were also taken for laboratory bioassays on the first day of contamination, as well as 7-, 14-, 21-, 30-, 45-, and 75-days post-contamination. The responses assessed in subchronic assays (8-day) were survival, growth, head capsule width, development, and mentum deformities. Low survival occurred in the in-situ experiments of all treatments due to the low oxygen levels. In the laboratory tests, effects on survival occurred for F, V, and M over time after exposure to both water and sediment. All organisms died post-exposure to water samples from the MV treatment, even 75-days-post-contamination. Impairments in body length and head capsule width occurred for F, V, and M for water and F, V, M, and MV for sediment samples over time. All treatments increased mentum deformities in exposed larvae for any of the sampling periods. The negative effects observed were more significant in the mixture mesocosms (M and MV), thus indicating increased risks from management practices applying these compounds together or with a short time interval in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silber Schmidt Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192 Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Verônica de Mello Gabriel
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luana Maria Tavares Rosa
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Janaina Braga do Carmo
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos, SP-264, km 110, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos 13560-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ogura AP, Pinto TJDS, da Silva LCM, Sella CF, Ferreira FBDC, de Carvalho PS, de Menezes-Oliveira VB, Montagner CC, Osório ADL, Espíndola ELG. Environmental analysis of the eutrophication and spread of aquatic macrophytes in a tropical reservoir: a case study in Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:89426-89437. [PMID: 35852750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Land use changes threaten the maintenance of water quality and challenge the management of tropical reservoirs. In particular, eutrophication alters several ecosystem functions and services, compromising multiple uses of water. For example, in the Lajeado Reservoir (Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil), aquatic macrophytes rapidly spread and occupied more than 90% of the system's surface area (from 2016 to 2019). In such a scenario, this research aimed to evaluate the eutrophication causes and impacts to provide technical and scientific support to public agencies and propose remediation alternatives. First, a diagnosis of the study area was performed, using available data on land use, water quality, and climate (between 2010 and 2018). Second, water and sediment samples were collected for physical, chemical, and ecotoxicological analyses. The Ecological Risk Assessment consisted of a triad of Lines of Evidence, including physical-chemical, chemical, and ecotoxicological results. The expansion of agricultural activities (e.g., sugarcane cultivation) and diffuse pollution were highlighted among possible causes, and water quality was affected by increases in the concentration of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus), metals (e.g., iron), and emerging contaminants (e.g., pesticides and caffeine). As a result, the Lajeado Reservoir presented a high ecological risk, and alternatives for macrophyte removal are needed. This research involved several stakeholders (i.e., community, government agencies, and universities) who participated more effectively in environmental monitoring and recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Caroline Fernanda Sella
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Scherma de Carvalho
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bezerra de Menezes-Oliveira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of Tocantins, Coordination of Environmental Engineering, Palmas, TO, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leite LDS, Ogura AP, Dos Santos DV, Espíndola ELG, Daniel LA. Acute toxicity of disinfection by-products from chlorination of algal organic matter to the cladocerans Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis: influence of bromide and quenching agent. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:35800-35810. [PMID: 35061173 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) in water reservoirs is a worldwide concern for drinking water treatment; once it is one of the main precursors for disinfection by-products formation (DBPs). In this context, this study investigated the ecotoxicity of DBPs from chlorination of AOM to Ceriodaphnia silvestrii and Daphnia similis (Crustacea, Cladocera). The bioassays evaluated three scenarios, including the AOM extracted from Chlorella sorokiniana, the quenching condition used in the tests, and the DBPs formed after the chlorination of the two test waters with AOM (with and without bromide presence). The results showed that AOM has no toxic effects for the tested species under typical environmental concentration (5 mg∙L-1). However, since AOM is a potential precursor of DBPs, the toxicity of two test waters (TW-1 and TW-2) after the chlorination process (25 mg Cl2·L-1, for 7 days, at 20 °C) was tested. The sample with higher toxicity to the tested species was TW-1, in which chloroform and chloral hydrate were quantified (615 and 267 µg∙L-1, respectively). However, TW-2 showed lower concentration of chloroform and chloral hydrate (260 and 157 µg∙L-1, respectively), although bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform were also detected (464, 366, and 141 µg∙L-1, respectively). Although free chlorine is highly toxic to the tested species, the quenching conditions also affected the organisms' survival due to the use of ascorbic acid and the presence of reaction intermediates. Nonetheless, both species were more affected by TW-1 and TW-2 than the quenching condition. These results endorse the importance of removing the AOM before the disinfection process to avoid the formation of DBPs. In addition, ecotoxicological analyses could provide a more comprehensive assessment of water quality, especially considering the challenges of quantifying DBPs and other emerging contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan de Souza Leite
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, , São Paulo, 13566-59, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Daniel
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, São Carlos, , São Paulo, 13566-59, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bernegossi AC, Freitas BLS, Castro GB, Marques JP, Trindade LF, de Lima E Silva MR, Felipe MC, Ogura AP. A systematic review of the water treatment sludge toxicity to terrestrial and aquatic biota: state of the art and management challenges. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2022; 57:282-297. [PMID: 35452358 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2060021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Safe drinking water' supply is an essential service and depends directly on the water treatment that produces water treatment sludge (WTS) as a product, whose final destination varies and remains a challenge. The ecotoxicity assessment of the WTS address the ecological implications of the WTS disposal but these information is still scarce in the literature. In this sense, we did a systematic review of the ecotoxicological studies on WTS using databases from six platforms. From the 785 papers recovered; 16 studies were eligible and showed the ecotoxicity assays' applicability to evaluate the WTS. We discussed WTS ecotoxicity considering sample characterization; terrestrial and aquatic toxicity assays; and WTS challenges. WTS proved to be a highly heterogeneous matrix composed mainly of coagulant precipitates, including Al and Fe. Studies lack consensus concerning the most representative/sensitive species for evaluating WTS' toxicity. Crustaceans were the most studied aquatic group, although algae species were more sensitive. Besides, soil ecotoxicity assessed only plant growth, and a single study used the earthworm. Even papers used bioassays to indicate the recycling WTS' feasibility, there is a lack of specific legislation regarding the WTS reuse. Furthermore, are necessary a regulation for WTS management that involves an ecological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Christine Bernegossi
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Luíza Souza Freitas
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleyson B Castro
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Pelinsom Marques
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane Folli Trindade
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/LPB, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Mayara C Felipe
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/LPB, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silberschmidt Freitas J, da Silva Pinto TJ, Cardoso Yoshii MP, Conceição Menezes da Silva L, de Palma Lopes LF, Pretti Ogura A, Girotto L, Montagner CC, de Oliveira Gonçalves Alho L, Castelhano Gebara R, Schiesari L, Gaeta Espíndola EL. Realistic exposure to fipronil, 2,4-D, vinasse and their mixtures impair larval amphibian physiology. Environ Pollut 2022; 299:118894. [PMID: 35085654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Expansion of sugarcane crops may have contributed to the increased contamination of native habitats in Brazil. Several species of amphibians inhabit ponds formed in flooded farmlands, where pesticide concentrations are usually high. This study evaluated the ecotoxicological effects of the sugarcane pesticides fipronil and 2,4-D, as well as the fertilizer vinasse (isolated and mixed), on physiological responses of Leptodactylus fuscus and Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. In situ assays were conducted in mesocosms with concentrations based on the doses recommended by the manufacturer. Vinasse (1.3% dilution) caused 100% tadpoles' mortality immediately after its application. Fipronil and/or 2,4-D altered antioxidant and biotransformation responses, induced neurotoxicity and changed lipid contents in tadpoles. A multivariate approach indicated that the mixture of pesticides induced most of the sublethal effects in both tadpole species, in addition to the isolated fipronil in L. fuscus. Fipronil alone increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and total lipid contents, and altered some individual lipid classes (e.g., free fatty acids and acetone-mobile polar lipids) in L. fuscus. The interaction between fipronil and 2,4-D in this species were more evident for lipid contents, although enzymatic alterations in G6PDH, AChE and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were also observed. In L. catesbeianus, the mixture of pesticides reduced triglycerides and total lipids, as well as increased GST and decreased AChE activities. The detoxifying enzyme carboxylesterase was reduced by 2,4-D (alone or in mixture) in both species. Isolated pesticides also modulated specific lipid classes, suggesting their disruptive action on energy metabolism of tadpoles. Our study showed that fipronil, 2,4-D, and vinasse, individually or mixed, can be harmful to amphibians during their larval phase, causing mortality or impairing their functional responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- NEEA/UEMG, Department of Agrarian and Natural Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Laís Girotto
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luís Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ogura AP, Moreira RA, da Silva LCM, Negro GS, Freitas JS, da Silva Pinto TJ, Lopes LFDP, Yoshii MPC, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. Irrigation with Water Contaminated by Sugarcane Pesticides and Vinasse Can Inhibit Seed Germination and Crops Initial Growth. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 82:330-340. [PMID: 35138446 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops are dependent on chemicals for maintaining plantations. Therefore, environmental consequences concern adjacent areas that can be affected by contaminants in common use, including pesticides and vinasse (i.e., a by-product from the ethanol industry). This study aimed to evaluate phytotoxicity through two plant bioassays with water from mesocosms contaminated with the herbicide 2,4-D (447.0 μg L-1), the insecticide fipronil (63.5 μg L-1), and sugarcane vinasse (1.3%). First, the germination test (4 d) with Eruca sativa L. assessed water samples collected three times after the contamination (2 h, 14 d, and 30 d), considering germination, shoot, and root growth. The results from this bioassay indicated higher phytotoxicity for 2,4-D as it fully inhibited the shoot and root growth even in low concentrations (0.2 μg L-1). However, no significant effect was reported for fipronil and vinasse. Also, the 2,4-D effects drastically decreased due to an expressive concentration reduction (99.4% after 30 d in mixture with vinasse). Second, the irrigation test with Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Zea mays L. considered shoot and root growth and biomass under 21 days after plants emergence. The herbicide 2,4-D inhibited the initial growth of tested species, especially the roots (up to 45% inhibition). Furthermore, sugarcane vinasse caused harmful effects on plant growth (up to 31% inhibition). Therefore, our data showed that these contaminants could inhibit plant germination and initial growth under our tested conditions. These evaluations can endorse risk assessments and water management in sugarcane crops surrounding areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Giovana Spinelli Negro
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Freitas IBF, Ogura AP, Cunha DGF, Cossolin AS, Ferreira MDS, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espíndola ELG. The Longitudinal Profile of a Stream Contaminated With 2,4-D and its Effects on Non-Target Species. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2022; 82:131-141. [PMID: 34797381 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides can cause harmful effects to aquatic communities, even at concentrations below the threshold limit established as guidelines for the water bodies by environmental agencies. In this research, an input of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (i.e., 2,4-D) was simulated under controlled conditions in a 500-m-long reach of a first-order tropical stream in Southeastern Brazil. Two water samplings at eight stations investigated the stream longitudinal contamination profile. The ecotoxicological effects were analyzed using Eruca sativa L. seed germination assays and the acute and chronic toxicity tests with the neotropical cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Physicochemical parameters of water quality were evaluated to characterize the study area and quantify 2,4-D concentrations along the stream to assess pesticide retention. The 2,4-D concentration was reduced by approximately 50% downstream in the samplings, indicating that the herbicide was retained along the stream. Moreover, C. silvestrii reproduction in long-term assays decreased approximately 50% in the stations with higher concentrations of 2,4-D than the laboratory control. After contamination, E. sativa L. showed a lower average root growth (1.0 cm), statistically different from the control (2.2 cm). On the other hand, similar growth values were obtained among the background and the most downstream stations. Our study highlighted the relevance of reviewing and updating herbicide guidelines and criteria to prevent possible ecological risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Baima Ferreira Freitas
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Cossolin
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Souza Ferreira
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, BIOTACE/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, LQA, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- Nucleus of Ecotoxicology and Applied Ecology, Department of Hydraulic and Sanitation, NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador Sancarlense Avenue, 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13560-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ogura AP, Lima JZ, Marques JP, Massaro Sousa L, Rodrigues VGS, Espíndola ELG. A review of pesticides sorption in biochar from maize, rice, and wheat residues: Current status and challenges for soil application. J Environ Manage 2021; 300:113753. [PMID: 34537561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of pesticides has been increasing in recent years for maintaining traditional agricultural practices. However, these chemicals are associated with several environmental impacts, demanding urgent remediation techniques. Biochar is a carbonaceous material produced by pyrolysis that has the potential for pesticide sorption and remediation. In this context, this interdisciplinary review systematically assessed the state of the knowledge of crop residues to produce biochar for pesticide sorption. We focused on maize, rice, and wheat residues since these are the three most-produced grains worldwide. Besides, we evaluated different biochar handling, storage, and soil dispersion techniques to ease its implementation in agriculture. In general, pyrolysis temperature influences biochar characteristics and its potential for pesticide sorption. Furthermore, biochar amended soils had greater pesticide sorption capacity, limiting potential leaching and runoff. Most studies showed that the feedstock and specific surface area influence the biochar sorption properties, among other factors. Also, biochar reduces pesticides' bioavailability, decreasing their toxicity to soil organisms and improving soil fertility and crop yields. Nonetheless, the retrieved papers assessed only 21 pesticides, mainly consisting of lab-scale batch experiments. Therefore, there is still a gap in studies evaluating biochar aging, its potential desorption, pesticide co-contaminations, the associated microbiological processes, and field applications. Determining flow properties for biochars of different sizes and pellets is vital for reliable handling equipment design, and performing techno-economic assessment under different farm contexts is encouraged. Ultimately, coupling biochar production with residue management could address this challenge on sustainable agricultural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Zanin Lima
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Pelinsom Marques
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Lucas Massaro Sousa
- Process Design and Modeling Division, IFP Energies Nouvelles, Rond-Point Échangeur de Solaize, 69360, Solaize, France
| | | | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espíndola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pinto TJDS, Freitas JS, Moreira RA, Silva LCMD, Yoshii MPC, Lopes LFDP, Goulart BV, Vanderlei MR, Athayde DB, Fraga PD, Ogura AP, Schiesari L, Montagner CC, Daam MA, Espindola ELG. Functional responses of Hyalella meinerti after exposure to environmentally realistic concentrations of 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse (individually and in mixture). Aquat Toxicol 2021; 231:105712. [PMID: 33340833 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane crops management in Brazil includes the use of pesticides, as well as alternative organic fertilizers such as vinasse obtained from waste of the ethanol industry. In order to assess the effects of the environmental contamination generated by such sugarcane practices, this study was aimed to investigate the effects of the pesticides 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and fipronil, as well as vinasse, on the survival, behavior, and reproduction of the native epibenthic macroinvertebrate Hyalella meinerti through in situ and laboratory experiments. In situ assays were conducted in mesocosms with six treatments, i.e. untreated control, 2,4-D, fipronil, and vinasse, the mixture of the two pesticides, and both pesticides mixed with vinasse. Survival, swimming behavior, and reproduction were evaluated over time post contamination, from 0-96 h (T1) and 7-14 days (T2) through in situ experiments and 30-44 days (T3) and 75-89 days (T4) post contamination by laboratory bioassays with mesocosm water. In the T1 period, survival of H. meinerti was registered only in controls and mesocosms treated with 2,4-D. In the T2 period, treatments containing fipronil and vinasse (isolated or in both mixture treatments) still caused 100 % of mortality. Survival was recorded only in 2,4-D and control treatments, whereas reproduction only occurred in the control. In the T3 period, no survival occurred to fipronil and both mixture treatments. Vinasse and 2,4-D decreased total reproduction in comparison to control. In the T4 period, amphipods survival was detected when exposed to fipronil and its mixture with 2,4-D. However, these same treatments decreased the amplexus rates and total reproduction, with synergism denoted for the pesticide mixture. The swimming activity of males, females, and couples was decreased in surviving organisms exposed to 2,4-D, fipronil, vinasse, and the mixture of pesticides along all experimental periods. Our study showed that the application of fipronil, 2,4-D, and vinasse isolated or mixed at realistic concentrations of actual sugarcane management practices may negatively impact functional responses of indigenous amphipods in natural aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Juliane Silberschmidt Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Minas Gerais State University (UEMG), R. Ver. Geraldo Moisés da Silva, s/n - Universitário, 38302-192, Ituiutaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Cardoso Yoshii
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Fernanda de Palma Lopes
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Reghini Vanderlei
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Danillo Badolato Athayde
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Priscille Dreux Fraga
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Allan Pretti Ogura
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Luis Schiesari
- EACH, USP - School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, Av. Arlindo Bétio 1000, São Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michiel Adriaan Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- PPG-SEA and NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cunha DGF, Ogura AP, Calijuri MDC. Nutrient reference concentrations and trophic state boundaries in subtropical reservoirs. Water Sci Technol 2012; 65:1461-1467. [PMID: 22466594 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient criteria as reference concentrations and trophic state boundaries are necessary for water management worldwide because anthropogenic eutrophication is a threat to the water uses. We compiled data on total phosphorus (TP), nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) from 17 subtropical reservoirs monitored from 2005-2009 in the São Paulo State (Brazil) to calculate reference concentrations through the trisection method (United States Environmental Protection Agency). By dividing our dataset into thirds we presented trophic state boundaries and frequency curves for the nutrient levels in water bodies with different enrichment conditions. TP and TN baseline concentrations (0.010 mg/L and 0.350 mg/L, respectively) were bracketed by ranges for temperate reservoirs available in the literature. We propose trophic state boundaries (upper limits for the oligotrophic category: 0.010 mg TP/L, 0.460 mg TN/L and 1.7 μg Chl a/L; for the mesotrophic: 0.030 mg TP/L, 0.820 mg TN/L and 9.0 μg Chl a/L). Through an example with a different dataset (from the Itupararanga Reservoir, Brazil), we encouraged the use of frequency curves to compare data from individual monitoring efforts with the expected concentrations in oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic regional systems. Such analysis might help designing recovery programs to reach targeted concentrations and mitigate the undesirable eutrophication symptoms in subtropical freshwaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G F Cunha
- Department of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|