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Anoy MMI, Kim WJ, Gelston S, Fleming D, Patel R, Beyenal H. Evaluation of treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms with intermittent electrochemically generated H 2O 2 or HOCl. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024:e0172223. [PMID: 38771032 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic wound infections can be difficult to treat and may lead to impaired healing and worsened patient outcomes. Novel treatment strategies are needed. This study evaluated the effects of intermittently produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), generated via an electrochemical bandage (e-bandage), against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in an agar membrane biofilm model. By changing the working electrode potential, the e-bandage generated either HOCl (1.5 VAg/AgCl) or H2O2 (-0.6 VAg/AgCl). The degree of biocidal activity of intermittent treatment with HOCl and H2O2 correlated with HOCl treatment time; HOCl treatment durations of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 hours (with the rest of the 6-hour total treatment time devoted to H2O2 generation) resulted in mean biofilm reductions of 1.36 ± 0.2, 2.22 ± 0.16, 3.46 ± 0.38, 4.63 ± 0.74, and 7.66 ± 0.5 log CFU/cm2, respectively, vs. non-polarized controls, respectively. However, application of H2O2 immediately after HOCl treatment was detrimental to biofilm removal. For example, 3 hours HOCl treatment followed by 3 hours H2O2 resulted in a 1.90 ± 0.84 log CFU/cm2 lower mean biofilm reduction than 3 hours HOCl treatment followed by 3 hours non-polarization. HOCl generated over 3 hours exhibited biocidal activity for at least 7.5 hours after e-bandage operation ceased; 3 hours of HOCl generation followed by 7.5 hours of non-polarization resulted in a biofilm cell reduction of 7.92 ± 0.12 log CFU/cm2 vs. non-polarized controls. Finally, intermittent treatment with HOCl (i.e., interspersed with periods of e-bandage non-polarization) for various intervals showed similar effects (approximately 6 log CFU/cm2 reduction vs. non-polarized control) to continuous treatment with HOCl for 3 hours, followed by 3 hours of non-polarization. These findings suggest that timing and sequencing of HOCl and H2O2 treatments are crucial for maximizing biofilm control when using an e-bandage strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monzurul Islam Anoy
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Won-Jun Kim
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Suzanne Gelston
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Derek Fleming
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Islam Anoy MM, Kim WJ, Gelston S, Fleming D, Patel R, Beyenal H. Evaluation of Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms with Intermittent Electrochemically-Generated H 2O 2 or HOCl. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.22.586337. [PMID: 38586004 PMCID: PMC10996509 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.22.586337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Chronic wound infections can be difficult to treat and may lead to impaired healing and worsened patient outcomes. Novel treatment strategies are needed. This study evaluated effects of intermittently produced H2O2 and HOCl, generated via an electrochemical bandage (e-bandage), against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in an agar membrane biofilm model. By changing the working electrode potential, the e-bandage generated either HOCl (1.5 VAg/AgCl) or H2O2 (-0.6 VAg/AgCl). The degree of biocidal activity of intermittent treatment with HOCl and H2O2 correlated with HOCl treatment time; HOCl treatment durations of 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 hours (with the rest of the 6 hour total treatment time devoted to H2O2 generation) resulted in mean biofilm reductions of 1.36±0.2, 2.22±0.16, 3.46±0.38, 4.63±0.74 and 7.66±0.5 log CFU/cm2, respectively vs. non-polarized controls, respectively. However, application of H2O2 immediately after HOCl treatment was detrimental to biofilm removal. For example, 3-hours HOCl treatment followed by 3-hours H2O2 resulted in a 1.90±0.84 log CFU/cm2 lower mean biofilm reduction than 3-hours HOCl treatment followed by 3-hours non-polarization. HOCl generated over 3-hours exhibited biocidal activity for at least 7.5-hours after e-bandage operation ceased; 3-hours of HOCl generation followed by 7.5-hours of non-polarization resulted in a biofilm cell reduction of 7.92±0.12 log CFU/cm2 vs. non polarized controls. Finally, intermittent treatment with HOCl (i.e., interspersed with periods of e-bandage non-polarization) for various intervals showed similar effects (approximately 6 log CFU/cm2 reduction vs. non-polarized control) to continuous treatment with HOCl for 3-hours, followed by 3-hours of non-polarization. These findings suggest that timing and sequencing of HOCl and H2O2 treatments are crucial for maximizing biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Monzurul Islam Anoy
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Won-Jun Kim
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Suzanne Gelston
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Derek Fleming
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Robin Patel
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Cao Y, Li J, Wang Z, Guan C, Jiang J. The synergistic effect of oxidant-peroxide coupling systems for water and wastewater treatments. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120992. [PMID: 38096724 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
With the growing complexity and severity of water pollution, it has become increasingly challenging to effectively remove contaminants or inactivate microorganisms just by traditional chemical oxidants such as O3, chlorine, Fe(VI) and Mn(VII). Up till now, numerous studies have indicated that these oxidants in combination with peroxides (i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peracetic acid (PAA) and periodate (PI)) exhibited excellent synergistic oxidation. This paper provided a comprehensive review on the combination of aforementioned oxidant-peroxide applied in water and wastewater treatments. From one aspect, the paper thoroughly elucidated the synergy mechanism of each oxidant-peroxide combination in turn. Among these combinations, H2O2 or PMS generally performed as the activator of four traditional oxidants above to accelerate reactive species generation and therein various reaction mechanisms, including electron transfer, O atom abstraction and oxo ligand substitution, were involved. In addition, although neither PAA nor PI was able to directly activate Fe(VI) and Mn(VII), they could act as the stabilizer of intermediate reactive iron/manganese species to improve the latter utilization efficiency. From another aspect, this paper summarized the influence of water quality parameters, such as pH, inorganic ions and natural organic matter (NOM), on the oxidation performance of most combined systems. Finally, this paper highlighted knowledge gaps and identified areas that require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai, 519087, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Chaoting Guan
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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Luo Z, Zhou W, Jiang Y, Minakata D, Spinney R, Dionysiou DD, Liu J, Xiao R. Bimolecular versus Trimolecular Reaction Pathways for H 2O 2 with Hypochlorous Species and Implications for Wastewater Reclamation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:847-858. [PMID: 38153291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The benchmark advanced oxidation technology (AOT) that uses UV/H2O2 integrated with hypochlorous species exhibits great potential in removing micropollutants and enhancing wastewater treatability for reclamation purposes. Although efforts have been made to study the reactions of H2O2 with hypochlorous species, there exist great discrepancies in the order of reaction kinetics, the rate constants, and the molecule-level mechanisms. This results in an excessive use of hypochlorous reagents and system underperformance during treatment processes. Herein, the titled reaction was investigated systematically through complementary experimental and theoretical approaches. Stopped-flow spectroscopic measurements revealed a combination of bi- and trimolecular reaction kinetics. The bimolecular pathway dominates at low H2O2 concentrations, while the trimolecular pathway dominates at high H2O2 concentrations. Both reactions were simulated using direct dynamics trajectories, and the pathways identified in the trajectories were further validated by high-level quantum chemistry calculations. The theoretical results not only supported the spectroscopic data but also elucidated the molecule-level mechanisms and helped to address the origin of the discrepancies. In addition, the impact of the environmental matrix was evaluated by using two waters with discrete characteristics, namely municipal wastewater and ammonium-rich wastewater. Municipal wastewater had a negligible matrix effect on the reaction kinetics of H2O2 and the hypochlorous species, making it a highly suitable candidate for this integration technique. The obtained in-depth reaction mechanistic insights will enable the development of a viable and economical technology for safe water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghao Luo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Ying Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Daisuke Minakata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Richard Spinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
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Chen Z, Xia P, Wang D, Niu X, Ao L, He Q, Wang S, Ye Z, Sirés I. New insights into the mechanism of Fered-Fenton treatment of industrial wastewater with high chloride content: Role of multiple reactive species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163596. [PMID: 37084916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (OH) is considered the dominant reactive species in the electro-Fenton (EF) and Fered-Fenton (EF-Fere) processes for wastewater treatment. However, in chloride-rich media, this is arguable due to the obscure mechanisms for the oxidant speciation and pollutant degradation. Herein, the role of active chlorine and Fe(IV)-oxo species (FeIVO2+) as primary oxidizing agents in HClO-mediated Fered-Fenton (EF-Fere-HClO) process is discussed, along with the dependence of their contribution on the pollutant structure. HClO generated from anodic oxidation of Cl- can be consumed by added H2O2 to form singlet oxygen (1O2), which is detrimental because this species is quickly deactivated by water. The reaction between HClO and Fe2+ was proved to generate FeIVO2+, rather than OH or Cl suggested in the literature. The yield of FeIVO2+ species was proportional to the Cl- concentration and barely affected by solution pH. The long-lived HClO and FeIVO2+ can selectively react with electron-rich compounds, which occurs simultaneously to the non-selective attack of OH formed from Fenton's reaction. The FeIVO2+ and OH concentration profiles were successfully modelled. Although the accumulation of toxic chlorinated by-products from HClO-mediated oxidation might cause new environmental concerns, the toxicity of pesticide wastewater with 508 mM Cl- was halved upon EF-Fere-HClO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Pan Xia
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Dazhi Wang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Xiaodong Niu
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Lixin Ao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Environmental Protection Research Institute, Southwest Ordnance Industry, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zhihong Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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