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Moon AM, Swier RM, Lane LM, Barritt AS, Sanoff HK, Olshan AF, Wheeler SB, Ioannou GN, Kim NJ, Hagan S, Vutien P, Benefield T, Henderson LM. Statewide Survey of Primary Care and Subspecialty Providers on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk-Stratification and Surveillance Practices. Dig Dis Sci 2024:10.1007/s10620-024-08442-5. [PMID: 38652392 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in patients with cirrhosis is associated with improved survival. Provision of HCC surveillance is low in the US, particularly in primary care settings. AIMS To evaluate current hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCC surveillance practices and physician attitudes regarding HCC risk-stratification among primary care and subspecialty providers. METHODS Using the Tailored Design Method, we delivered a 34-item online survey to 7654 North Carolina-licensed internal/family medicine or gastroenterology/hepatology physicians and advanced practice providers in 2022. We included the domains of HCV treatment, cirrhosis diagnosis, HCC surveillance practices, barriers to surveillance, and interest in risk-stratification tools. We performed descriptive analyses to summarize responses. Tabulations were weighted based on sampling weights accounting for non-response and inter-specialty comparisons were made using chi-squared or t test statistics. RESULTS After exclusions, 266 responses were included in the final sample (response rate 3.8%). Most respondents (78%) diagnosed cirrhosis using imaging and a minority used non-invasive tests that were blood-based (~ 15%) or transient elastography (31%). Compared to primary care providers, subspecialists were more likely to perform HCC surveillance every 6-months (vs annual) (98% vs 35%, p < 0.0001). Most respondents (80%) believed there were strong data to support HCC surveillance, but primary care providers did not know which liver disease patients needed surveillance. Most providers (> 70%) expressed interest in potential solutions to improve HCC risk-stratification. CONCLUSIONS In this statewide survey, there were great knowledge gaps in HCC surveillance among PCPs and most respondents expressed interest in strategies to increase appropriate HCC surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Moon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Liver Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 8009 Burnett Womack Bldg, CB#7584, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7584, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Rachel M Swier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lindsay M Lane
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Sidney Barritt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Liver Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, 8009 Burnett Womack Bldg, CB#7584, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7584, USA
| | - Hanna K Sanoff
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew F Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie B Wheeler
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole J Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott Hagan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, USA
| | - Philip Vutien
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thad Benefield
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Louise M Henderson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Hao X, Fan R, Zeng HM, Hou JL. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Scores from Modeling to Real Clinical Practice in Areas Highly Endemic for Hepatitis B Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:1508-1519. [PMID: 38161501 PMCID: PMC10752803 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers and represents a global health challenge. Liver cancer ranks third in cancer-related mortality with 830,000 deaths and sixth in incidence with 906,000 new cases annually worldwide. HCC most commonly occurs in patients with underlying liver disease, especially chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in highly endemic areas. Predicting HCC risk based on scoring models for patients with chronic liver disease is a simple, effective strategy for identifying and stratifying patients to improve the early diagnosis rate and prognosis of HCC. We examined 23 HCC risk scores published worldwide in CHB patients with (n=10) or without (n=13) antiviral treatment. We also described the characteristics of the risk score's predictive performance and application status. In the future, higher predictive accuracy could be achieved by combining novel technologies and machine learning algorithms to develop and update HCC risk score models and integrated early warning and diagnosis systems for HCC in hospitals and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Liver Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Liver Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zeng
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Lin Hou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Liver Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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He H, Wu Y, Jia Z, Xu H, Pan Y, Cao D, Zhang Y, Tao X, Zhao T, Lv H, Yi J, Wang Y, Gao Y, Kou C, Niu J, Jiang J. Risk-stratified approach by aMAP score for community population infected with hepatitis B and C to guide subsequent liver cancer screening practice: A cohort study with 10-year follow-up. J Viral Hepat 2023; 30:859-869. [PMID: 37723945 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the age-Male-ALBI-Platelet (aMAP) score is applicable in community settings and how to maximise its role in risk stratification. A total of thousand five hundred and three participants had an aMAP score calculated at baseline and were followed up for about 10 years to obtain information on liver cancer incidence and death. After assessing the ability of aMAP to predict liver cancer incidence and death in terms of differentiation and calibration, the optimal risk stratification threshold of the aMAP score was explored, based on absolute and relative risks. The aMAP score achieved higher area under curves (AUCs) (almost all above 0.8) within 10 years and exhibited a better calibration within 5 years. Regarding absolute risk, the risk of incidence of and death from liver cancer showed a rapid increase after an aMAP score of 55. The cumulative incidence (5-year: 8.3% vs. 1.3% and 10-year: 20.9% vs. 3.6%) and mortality (5-year: 6.7% vs. 1.1% and 10-year: 17.5% vs. 3.1%) of liver cancer in individuals with an aMAP score of ≥55 were significantly higher than in those with a score of <55 (Grey's test p < .001). In terms of relative risk, the risk of death from liver cancer surpassed that from other causes after an aMAP score of ≥55 [HR = 1.38(1.02-1.87)]. Notably, the two types of death risk had opposite trends between the subpopulation with an aMAP score of ≥55 and < 55. To conclude, this study showed the value of the aMAP score in community settings and recommends using 55 as a new risk stratification threshold to guide subsequent liver cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqin Xu
- Department of Hepatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuchen Pan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yangyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuerong Tao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianye Zhao
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haiyong Lv
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Yi
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhang Gao
- Department of Hepatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changgui Kou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Center of Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ohama H, Hiraoka A, Tada F, Kato K, Fukunishi Y, Yanagihara E, Kato M, Saneto H, Izumoto H, Ueki H, Yoshino T, Kitahata S, Kawamura T, Kuroda T, Suga Y, Miyata H, Hirooka M, Abe M, Matsuura B, Ninomiya T, Hiasa Y. Usefulness of aMAP Risk Score for Predicting Recurrence after Curative Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma within Milan Criteria. Oncology 2023; 101:575-583. [PMID: 37459848 PMCID: PMC10614485 DOI: 10.1159/000530987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aMAP score is a prediction model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in chronic hepatitis patients. This study was conducted to elucidate the utility of this model for predicting initial recurrence of HCC in patients within the Milan criteria after undergoing curative treatment. METHODS Patients with naïve HCC within the Milan criteria (n = 1,020) and treated from January 2000 to August 2022 were enrolled. The cohort was divided into two groups according to the aMAP score (high ≥60, low <60) and then compared for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Comparisons between the high and low groups showed that etiology (HBV:HCV:HBV+HCV:NBNC = 41:79:2:37 vs. 65:589:11:196, p < 0.001), AST (36 vs. 46 IU/L, p < 0.001), and multiple HCC occurrence (15% vs. 22%, p = 0.026) were significantly different. Additionally, median RFS (59.8 vs. 30.9 months; p < 0.001) and median OS (154.1 vs. 83.4 months, p < 0.01) were greater in the low group. As for patients with HCC due to chronic viral hepatitis, there was a significant difference in median RFS between the groups (59.8 vs. 30.6 months, p < 0.001), especially for HCV-positive patients (53.1 vs. 27.2 months, p = 0.002). In patients with HCC due to a nonviral cause, the difference in median RFS between the low (70.9 months) and high (32.0 months) groups was not significant. DISCUSSION Findings of this retrospective study indicate a significant association of elevated aMAP with worse RFS in patients with HCC caused by chronic viral hepatitis, especially those with HCV. The aMAP score is considered useful to predict not only HCC-carcinogenesis risk but also risk of recurrence following curative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Ohama
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hiraoka
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Fujimasa Tada
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kanako Kato
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fukunishi
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Emi Yanagihara
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Saneto
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Izumoto
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hidetaro Ueki
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Takeaki Yoshino
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shogo Kitahata
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kawamura
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Taira Kuroda
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Suga
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Miyata
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Masashi Hirooka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Masanori Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Bunzo Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ninomiya
- Gastroenterology Center, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hiasa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Japan
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Lee YT, Fujiwara N, Yang JD, Hoshida Y. Risk stratification and early detection biomarkers for precision HCC screening. Hepatology 2023; 78:319-362. [PMID: 36082510 PMCID: PMC9995677 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality remains high primarily due to late diagnosis as a consequence of failed early detection. Professional societies recommend semi-annual HCC screening in at-risk patients with chronic liver disease to increase the likelihood of curative treatment receipt and improve survival. However, recent dynamic shift of HCC etiologies from viral to metabolic liver diseases has significantly increased the potential target population for the screening, whereas annual incidence rate has become substantially lower. Thus, with the contemporary HCC etiologies, the traditional screening approach might not be practical and cost-effective. HCC screening consists of (i) definition of rational at-risk population, and subsequent (ii) repeated application of early detection tests to the population at regular intervals. The suboptimal performance of the currently available HCC screening tests highlights an urgent need for new modalities and strategies to improve early HCC detection. In this review, we overview recent developments of clinical, molecular, and imaging-based tools to address the current challenge, and discuss conceptual framework and approaches of their clinical translation and implementation. These encouraging progresses are expected to transform the current "one-size-fits-all" HCC screening into individualized precision approaches to early HCC detection and ultimately improve the poor HCC prognosis in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Te Lee
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Naoto Fujiwara
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Liver Tumor Translational Research Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Hamill V, Gelson W, MacDonald D, Richardson P, Ryder SD, Aldersley M, McPherson S, Verma S, Sharma R, Hutchinson S, Benselin J, Barnes E, Guha IN, Irving WL, Innes H. Delivery of biannual ultrasound surveillance for individuals with cirrhosis and cured hepatitis C in the UK. Liver Int 2023; 43:917-927. [PMID: 36708150 PMCID: PMC10946603 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show the uptake of biannual ultrasound (US) surveillance in patients with cirrhosis is suboptimal. Here, our goal was to understand in broader terms how surveillance is being delivered to cirrhosis patients with cured hepatitis C in the UK. METHODS Hepatitis C cirrhosis patients achieving a sustained viral response (SVR) to antiviral therapies were identified from the national Hepatitis-C-Research-UK resource. Data on (i) liver/abdominal US examinations, (ii) HCC diagnoses, and (iii) HCC curative treatment were obtained through record-linkage to national health registries. The rate of US uptake was calculated by dividing the number of US episodes by follow-up time. RESULTS A total of 1908 cirrhosis patients from 31 liver centres were followed for 3.8 (IQR: 3.4-4.9) years. Overall, 10 396 liver/abdominal USs were identified. The proportion with biannual US was 19% in the first 3 years after SVR and 9% for all follow-up years. Higher uptake of biannual US was associated with attending a liver transplant centre; older age and cirrhosis decompensation. Funnel plot analysis indicated significant inter-centre variability in biannual US uptake, with 6/29 centres outside control limits. Incident HCC occurred in 133 patients, of which 49/133 (37%) were treated with curative intent. The number of US episodes in the two years prior to HCC diagnosis was significantly associated with higher odds of curative-intent treatment (aOR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.12-2,09; p = .007). CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel data on the cascade of care for HCC in the UK. Our findings suggest biannual US is poorly targeted, inefficient and is not being delivered equitably to all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hamill
- School of Health and Life SciencesGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgowUK
- Public Health ScotlandGlasgowUK
| | - Will Gelson
- Cambridge Liver UnitCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Douglas MacDonald
- Gastroenteology and HepatologyRoyal Free London NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Paul Richardson
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS TrustLiverpoolUK
| | - Stephen D. Ryder
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamUK
| | | | | | - Sumita Verma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBrighton and Sussex Medical SchoolBrightonUK
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital Sussex NHS Foundation TrustBrightonUK
| | | | - Sharon Hutchinson
- School of Health and Life SciencesGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgowUK
- Public Health ScotlandGlasgowUK
| | - Jennifer Benselin
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamUK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and the Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Indra Neil Guha
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamUK
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - William L. Irving
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research CentreNottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of NottinghamUK
| | - Hamish Innes
- School of Health and Life SciencesGlasgow Caledonian UniversityGlasgowUK
- Public Health ScotlandGlasgowUK
- Division of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Evaluation of the aMAP score for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: a realistic opportunity to risk stratify. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1263-1269. [PMID: 35798825 PMCID: PMC9519948 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aMAP score is a model that predicts risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in patients with chronic hepatitis. Its performance in a 'real world' surveillance setting has not yet been ascertained. PATIENTS AND METHODS We had access to a cohort of 3473 individuals enrolled in a rigorously implemented and prospectively accrued surveillance programme (patients undergoing regular ultrasound and biomarker examination between 1998 and 2021). During this period 445 had HCC detected. Of these, 77.8% had early stage disease (within Milan criteria), permitting potentially curative therapy to be implemented in nearly 70% of cases. We applied the recently developed aMAP score to classify patients according to their initial aMAP score in to low, medium and high-risk groups as proposed in the original publication. The performance of the aMAP score was assessed according to the concordance-index and calibration (i.e. agreement between observed and predicted risk). Allowance was made for competing causes of death. RESULTS The aMAP score achieved an overall C-index of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.79-0.82) consistent with the initial report and was unaffected by allowance for competing causes of death. Sub-group analysis showed that the results did not change significantly according to gender, or aetiology. However, aMAP discrimination was greater for younger individuals (versus older individuals), and also for individuals without cirrhosis. The HCC incidence rate was 0.98, 7.05 and 29.1 events per 1000 person-years in the low-, moderate- and high-risk aMAP groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results from this 'real-world' cohort demonstrate that risk stratification is a realistic prospect and that identification of a subgroup of chronic liver disease patients who have a very low risk of HCC is feasible.
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Comparing Predicted Probability of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Cirrhosis With the General Population: An Opportunity to Improve Risk Communication? Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:1454-1461. [PMID: 35973177 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Risk scores estimating a patient's probability of a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis are abundant but are difficult to interpret in isolation. We compared the predicted HCC probability for individuals with cirrhosis and cured hepatitis C with the general population (GP). METHODS All patients with cirrhosis achieving sustained viral response (SVR) in Scotland by April 2018 were included (N = 1,803). The predicted 3-year probability of HCC at time of SVR achievement was determined using the aMAP prognostic model. GP data on the total number of incident HCCs in Scotland, stratified by demographics, were obtained from Public Health Scotland. Predicted HCC risk of cirrhosis SVR patients was compared with GP incidence using 2 metrics: (i) incidence ratio: i.e., 3-year predicted probability for a given patient divided by the 3-year probability in GP for the equivalent demographic group and (ii) absolute risk difference: the 3-year predicted probability minus the 3-year probability in the GP. RESULTS The mean predicted 3-year HCC probability among cirrhosis SVR patients was 3.64% (range: 0.012%-36.12%). Conversely, the 3-year HCC probability in the GP was much lower, ranging from <0.0001% to 0.25% depending on demographics. The mean incidence ratio was 410, ranging from 5 to >10,000. The mean absolute risk difference was 3.61%, ranging from 0.012% to 35.9%. An online HCC-GP comparison calculator for use by patients/clinicians is available at https://thrive-svr.shinyapps.io/RShiny/ . DISCUSSION Comparing a patient's predicted HCC probability with the GP is feasible and may help clinicians communicate risk information and encourage screening uptake.
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Moving Away From a One-Size-Fits-All Approach to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:1409-1411. [PMID: 35973179 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is still one of the major risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most frequent type of primary liver cancer. Direct-acting antivirals have substantially improved the cure rate of the virus, but the risk of hepatitis C virus-related HCC remains high, mainly in patients with advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. HCC is often asymptomatic and, therefore, remains undetected until the late tumor stage, which is associated with poor survival rates. Therefore, to improve the surveillance programs following HCV eradication, there is a need to summarize predictive factors or potential biomarkers, to specifically identify patients likely to develop HCC after direct-acting antiviral treatment. This review outlines the most recent data about different predictive factors for HCC development after direct-acting antiviral treatment of hepatitis C virus-infected patients, to improve the clinical management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus.
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