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Erba F, Mei G, Minicozzi V, Sabatucci A, Di Venere A, Maccarrone M. Conformational Dynamics of Lipoxygenases and Their Interaction with Biological Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2241. [PMID: 38396917 PMCID: PMC10889196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a family of enzymes that includes different fatty acid oxygenases with a common tridimensional structure. The main functions of LOXs are the production of signaling compounds and the structural modifications of biological membranes. These features of LOXs, their widespread presence in all living organisms, and their involvement in human diseases have attracted the attention of the scientific community over the last decades, leading to several studies mainly focused on understanding their catalytic mechanism and designing effective inhibitors. The aim of this review is to discuss the state-of-the-art of a different, much less explored aspect of LOXs, that is, their interaction with lipid bilayers. To this end, the general architecture of six relevant LOXs (namely human 5-, 12-, and 15-LOX, rabbit 12/15-LOX, coral 8-LOX, and soybean 15-LOX), with different specificity towards the fatty acid substrates, is analyzed through the available crystallographic models. Then, their putative interface with a model membrane is examined in the frame of the conformational flexibility of LOXs, that is due to their peculiar tertiary structure. Finally, the possible future developments that emerge from the available data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Erba
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giampiero Mei
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Velia Minicozzi
- Department of Physics and INFN, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annalaura Sabatucci
- Department of Biosciences and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Almerinda Di Venere
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, 00143 Rome, Italy
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2
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Oliw EH. Thirty years with three-dimensional structures of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 752:109874. [PMID: 38145834 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray crystal structures of soybean lipoxygenase (LOX) and rabbit 15-LOX were reported in the 1990s. Subsequent 3D structures demonstrated a conserved U-like shape of the substrate cavities as reviewed here. The 8-LOX:arachidonic acid (AA) complex showed AA bound to the substrate cavity carboxylate-out with C10 at 3.4 Å from the iron metal center. A recent cryo-electron microscopy (EM) analysis of the 12-LOX:AA complex illustrated AA in the same position as in the 8-LOX:AA complex. The 15- and 12-LOX complexes with isoenzyme-specific inhibitors/substrate mimics confirmed the U-fold. 5-LOX oxidizes AA to leukotriene A4, the first step in biosynthesis of mediators of asthma. The X-ray structure showed that the entrance to the substrate cavity was closed to AA by Phe and Tyr residues of a partly unfolded α2-helix. Recent X-ray analysis revealed that soaking with inhibitors shifted the short α2-helix to a long and continuous, which opened the substrate cavity. The α2-helix also adopted two conformations in 15-LOX. 12-LOX dimers consisted of one closed and one open subunit with an elongated α2-helix. 13C-ENDOR-MD computations of the 9-MnLOX:linoleate complex showed carboxylate-out position with C11 placed 3.4 ± 0.1 Å from the catalytic water. 3D structures have provided a solid ground for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Di Cera E. Pass the 12-LOX! Blood 2023; 142:1180-1181. [PMID: 37796520 PMCID: PMC10579041 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023021939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
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4
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Mobbs JI, Black KA, Tran M, Burger WAC, Venugopal H, Holman TR, Holinstat M, Thal DM, Glukhova A. Cryo-EM structures of human arachidonate 12S-lipoxygenase bound to endogenous and exogenous inhibitors. Blood 2023; 142:1233-1242. [PMID: 37506345 PMCID: PMC10579047 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2023020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) is a key enzyme involved in platelet activation, and the regulation of its activity has been targeted for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Despite the clinical importance of 12-LOX, the exact mechanisms by which it affects platelet activation are not fully understood, and the lack of structural information has limited drug discovery efforts. In this study, we used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to determine high-resolution structures (1.7-2.8 Å) of human 12-LOX. Our results showed that 12-LOX can exist in multiple oligomeric states, from monomer to hexamer, which may affect its catalytic activity and membrane association. We also identified different conformations within the 12-LOX dimer, which likely represent different time points in its catalytic cycle. Furthermore, we identified small molecules bound to 12-LOX. The active site of the 12-LOX tetramer was occupied by an endogenous 12-LOX inhibitor, a long-chain acyl coenzyme A. In addition, we found that the 12-LOX hexamer can simultaneously bind to arachidonic acid and ML355, a selective 12-LOX inhibitor that has passed a phase 1 clinical trial for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and received a fast-track designation by the Food and Drug Administration. Overall, our findings provide novel insights into the assembly of 12-LOX oligomers, their catalytic mechanism, and small molecule binding, paving the way for further drug development targeting the 12-LOX enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse I. Mobbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina A. Black
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Wessel A. C. Burger
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Theodore R. Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - David M. Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alisa Glukhova
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Structural Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Harwood JL. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Conversion to Lipid Mediators, Roles in Inflammatory Diseases and Dietary Sources. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108838. [PMID: 37240183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of the diet of mammals. Their role was first established when the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid were discovered nearly a century ago. However, most of the biochemical and physiological actions of PUFAs rely on their conversion to 20C or 22C acids and subsequent metabolism to lipid mediators. As a generalisation, lipid mediators formed from n-6 PUFAs are pro-inflammatory while those from n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory or neutral. Apart from the actions of the classic eicosanoids or docosanoids, many newly discovered compounds are described as Specialised Pro-resolving Mediators (SPMs) which have been proposed to have a role in resolving inflammatory conditions such as infections and preventing them from becoming chronic. In addition, a large group of molecules, termed isoprostanes, can be generated by free radical reactions and these too have powerful properties towards inflammation. The ultimate source of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are photosynthetic organisms which contain Δ-12 and Δ-15 desaturases, which are almost exclusively absent from animals. Moreover, the EFAs consumed from plant food are in competition with each other for conversion to lipid mediators. Thus, the relative amounts of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in the diet are important. Furthermore, the conversion of the EFAs to 20C and 22C PUFAs in mammals is rather poor. Thus, there has been much interest recently in the use of algae, many of which make substantial quantities of long-chain PUFAs or in manipulating oil crops to make such acids. This is especially important because fish oils, which are their main source in human diets, are becoming limited. In this review, the metabolic conversion of PUFAs into different lipid mediators is described. Then, the biological roles and molecular mechanisms of such mediators in inflammatory diseases are outlined. Finally, natural sources of PUFAs (including 20 or 22 carbon compounds) are detailed, as well as recent efforts to increase their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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6
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Canyelles-Niño M, González-Lafont À, Lluch JM. Hydroperoxidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid by Human ALOX12 and pigALOX15-mini-LOX. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076064. [PMID: 37047037 PMCID: PMC10094721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lipoxygenase 12 (hALOX12) catalyzes the conversion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into mainly 14S-hydroperoxy-4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (14S-H(p)DHA). This hydroperoxidation reaction is followed by an epoxidation and hydrolysis process that finally leads to maresin 1 (MaR1), a potent bioactive specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) in chronic inflammation resolution. By combining docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations, we have computed the potential energy profile of DHA hydroperoxidation in the active site of hALOX12. Our results describe the structural evolution of the molecular system at each step of this catalytic reaction pathway. Noteworthy, the required stereospecificity of the reaction leading to MaR1 is explained by the configurations adopted by DHA bound to hALOX12, along with the stereochemistry of the pentadienyl radical formed after the first step of the mechanism. In pig lipoxygenase 15 (pigALOX15-mini-LOX), our calculations suggest that 14S-H(p)DHA can be formed, but with a stereochemistry that is inadequate for MaR1 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Canyelles-Niño
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Arquebio SL, Carrer de Álava 51, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels González-Lafont
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Lluch
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Wu H, Richards MP, Undeland I. Lipid oxidation and antioxidant delivery systems in muscle food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1275-1299. [PMID: 35080797 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation accelerates quality deterioration in muscle-based foods (fish, red meat, and poultry), resulting in off-odors/flavors, color problems, texture defects, and safety concerns. Adding antioxidants is one approach to control lipid oxidation, and several delivery strategies have been applied, such as supplementing antioxidants to the feed, direct mixing into minces, or, for whole muscle pieces; spraying, glazing, and injection. However, some issues linked to these technologies hinder their wide utilization, such as low effectiveness, noncompatibility with clean label, and off-flavor. These shortcomings have promoted the development of new antioxidant delivery technologies. In this review, the main focus is on the principles, characteristics, and implementation of five novel antioxidant delivery methods in different types of muscle food products. Their advantages and drawbacks are also summarized, plus comments about future trends in this area. Among novel routes to deliver antioxidants to muscle foods are, for whole tissues, recyclable dipping solutions; for minces, encapsulation; and, for both minces and whole tissues, cross-processing with nonmuscle antioxidant-containing raw materials as well as applications of edible films/coatings and active packaging. Advantages of these technologies comprise, for example, low price, the possibility to control the antioxidant release rate, overcoming strong aromas from natural antioxidants, and allowing antioxidant-containing raw materials from the food industry to be valorized, providing an opportunity for more circular food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhou Wu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark P Richards
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ingrid Undeland
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering-Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Roberts DE, Benton AM, Fabian-Bayola C, Spuches AM, Offenbacher AR. Thermodynamic and biophysical study of fatty acid effector binding to soybean lipoxygenase: implications for allostery driven by helix α2 dynamics. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:350-359. [PMID: 34997975 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous comparative kinetic isotope effects have inferred an allosteric site for fatty acids and their derivatives that modulates substrate selectivity in 15-lipoxygenases. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange also previously revealed regionally defined enhanced protein flexibility, centred at helix α2 - a gate to the substrate entrance. Direct evidence for allosteric binding and a complete understanding of its mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we examine the binding thermodynamics of the fatty acid mimic, oleyl sulfate (OS), with the monomeric model plant 15-LOX, soybean lipoxygenase (SLO), using isothermal titration calorimetry. Dynamic light scattering and differential scanning calorimetry rule out OS-induced oligomerization or structural changes. These data provide evidence that the fatty acid allosteric regulation of SLO is controlled by the dynamics of helix α2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy M Benton
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - Anne M Spuches
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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9
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Mutations in LOXHD1 gene can cause auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. OTOLARYNGOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2021; 21. [PMID: 35875410 PMCID: PMC9307087 DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2021.100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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10
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Yu S, Chen WX, Zhang YF, Chen C, Ni Y, Duan B, Wang H, Xu ZM. Recessive LOXHD1 variants cause a prelingual down-sloping hearing loss: genotype-phenotype correlation and three additional children with novel variants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 145:110715. [PMID: 33892339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in LOXHD1 have been identified as the cause of DFNB77 (deafness, autosomal recessive 77). It is a new progressive, severe-to-profound, and late-onset nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSHL), and is highly heterogeneous genetically and phenotypically. This study aimed to provide an additional three cases of DFNB77. METHODS We presented three unrelated children diagnosed with prelingual mild-to-severe NSHL, and their audiograms showed mild hearing loss at 250 Hz before downsloping to a moderate-to-severe degree. Trio whole-exome sequencing (WES) was conducted to identify the pathogenic variants. Additionally, we reviewed the literature to further analyze the relationships between the genotype and audiology phenotype of LOXHD1. RESULTS Six novel possible pathogenic LOXHD1 variants were identified, including three missense, one nonsense, and two splicing variants. The literature review showed that 68.5% of patients with DFNB77 onset before five years old; Most variants (62%) were associated with a down-sloping audiogram of mild-to-moderate hearing loss at low frequencies (200Hz, 500Hz), particularly variants in the protein domain of PLAT 9. We found that compared with homozygous LOXHD1 variants, individuals with heterozygous compound variants had a significantly milder phenotype, especially individuals carrying one missense and one splicing or bi-allelic missense variants (P < 0.05). Audiometric analysis at different ages showed that the hearing loss degree was aggravated at all frequencies by increasing age. CONCLUSIONS We report three children with prelingual NSHL carrying six novel LOXHD1 variants. Furthermore, our work indicates that DFNB77 may be milder than previously reported and recommends considering the genotype combination and mutation location of LOXHD1 and race-specificity in DFNB77 molecular diagnoses and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Xia Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Duan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng-Min Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Tsai WC, Aleem AM, Whittington C, Cortopassi WA, Kalyanaraman C, Baroz A, Iavarone AT, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jacobson MP, Offenbacher AR, Holman T. Mutagenesis, Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange, and Molecular Docking Investigations Establish the Dimeric Interface of Human Platelet-Type 12-Lipoxygenase. Biochemistry 2021; 60:802-812. [PMID: 33635645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown that human platelet 12S-lipoxygenase (h12-LOX) exists as a dimer; however, the specific structure is unknown. In this study, we create a model of the dimer through a combination of computational methods, experimental mutagenesis, and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) investigations. Initially, Leu183 and Leu187 were replaced by negatively charged glutamate residues and neighboring aromatic residues were replaced with alanine residues (F174A/W176A/L183E/L187E/Y191A). This quintuple mutant disrupted both the hydrophobic and π-π interactions, generating an h12-LOX monomer. To refine the determinants for dimer formation further, the L183E/L187E mutant was generated and the equilibrium shifted mostly toward the monomer. We then submitted the predicted monomeric structure to protein-protein docking to create a model of the dimeric complex. A total of nine of the top 10 most energetically favorable docking conformations predict a TOP-to-TOP dimeric arrangement of h12-LOX, with the α-helices containing a Leu-rich region (L172, L183, L187, and L194), corroborating our experimental results showing the importance of these hydrophobic interactions for dimerization. This model was supported by HDX investigations that demonstrated the stabilization of four, non-overlapping peptides within helix α2 of the TOP subdomain for wt-h12-LOX, consistent with the dimer interface. Most importantly, our data reveal that the dimer and monomer of h12-LOX have distinct biochemical properties, suggesting that the structural changes due to dimerization have allosteric effects on active site catalysis and inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chen Tsai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Ansari Mukhtar Aleem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Chris Whittington
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Wilian A Cortopassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Angel Baroz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Anthony T Iavarone
- QB3/Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ewa Skrzypczak-Jankun
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo, Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam R Offenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Theodore Holman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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12
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Mitsui T, Makino S, Tamiya G, Sato H, Kawakami Y, Takahashi Y, Meguro T, Izumino H, Sudo Y, Norota I, Ishii K, Hayasaka K. ALOX12 mutation in a family with dominantly inherited bleeding diathesis. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:753-759. [PMID: 33564083 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-00887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The arachidonic acid (AA) cascade plays a significant role in platelet aggregation. AA released from membrane phospholipids is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway to thromboxane A2 (TXA2) or by 12S-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE). In contrast to a well-known role of the COX pathway in platelet aggregation, the role of ALOX12 is not well understood. Platelets of ALOX12-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity for ADP-induced aggregation. However, recent evidence strongly suggests a significant role of ALOX12 in platelet aggregation and calcium signaling. 12-HPETE potentiates thrombin- and thromboxane-induced platelet aggregation, and calcium signaling. Inhibition experiments of ALOX12 demonstrated decreased platelet aggregation and calcium signaling in stimulated platelets. We studied a family with a dominantly inherited bleeding diathesis using next-generation sequencing analysis. Platelet aggregation studies revealed that the proband's platelets had defective aggregation responses to ADP, TXA2 mimetic U46619, collagen, and AA, normal affinity of TXA2 receptor for U46619, and normal induction of GTPase activity upon stimulation with U46619. However, the production of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) was only increased up to 30% of the control upon U46619 stimulation, suggesting a defect in phospholipase C-β2 (PLCB2) activation downstream from TXA2 receptors. Affected family members had no mutation of PLCB2, but had a heterozygous c.1946A > G (p.Tyr649Cys) mutation of ALOX12. ALOX12 activity in platelets from the affected members was decreased to 25-35% of the control. Our data strongly suggested that a heterozygous c.1946A > G ALOX12 mutation was a disease-causing mutation; however, further experiments are required to confirm the pathogenesis of ALOX12 mutation in platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Mitsui
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Makino
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Tamiya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,Statistical Genetics Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakami
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takahashi
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Meguro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Izumino
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sudo
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ikuo Norota
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Hayasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan. .,Department of Pediatrics, Miyukikai Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Miyuki, Kaminoyama, Japan.
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13
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Hajeyah AA, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y, Finch AJ, O’Donnell VB. The Biosynthesis of Enzymatically Oxidized Lipids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591819. [PMID: 33329396 PMCID: PMC7711093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.591819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatically oxidized lipids are a specific group of biomolecules that function as key signaling mediators and hormones, regulating various cellular and physiological processes from metabolism and cell death to inflammation and the immune response. They are broadly categorized as either polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) containing (free acid oxygenated PUFA "oxylipins", endocannabinoids, oxidized phospholipids) or cholesterol derivatives (oxysterols, steroid hormones, and bile acids). Their biosynthesis is accomplished by families of enzymes that include lipoxygenases (LOX), cyclooxygenases (COX), cytochrome P450s (CYP), and aldo-keto reductases (AKR). In contrast, non-enzymatically oxidized lipids are produced by uncontrolled oxidation and are broadly considered to be harmful. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemistry and enzymology of LOXs, COXs, CYPs, and AKRs in humans. Next, we present biosynthetic pathways for oxylipins, oxidized phospholipids, oxysterols, bile acids and steroid hormones. Last, we address gaps in knowledge and suggest directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Hajeyah
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ali A. Hajeyah,
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie B. O’Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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14
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Stolterfoht H, Rinnofner C, Winkler M, Pichler H. Recombinant Lipoxygenases and Hydroperoxide Lyases for the Synthesis of Green Leaf Volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13367-13392. [PMID: 31591878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) are mainly C6- and in rare cases also C9-aldehydes, -alcohols, and -esters, which are released by plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses. These compounds are named for their characteristic smell reminiscent of freshly mowed grass. This review focuses on GLVs and the two major pathway enzymes responsible for their formation: lipoxygenases (LOXs) and fatty acid hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs). LOXs catalyze the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and α-linolenic acids. Hydroperoxy fatty acids are further converted by HPLs into aldehydes and oxo-acids. In many industrial applications, plant extracts have been used as LOX and HPL sources. However, these processes are limited by low enzyme concentration, stability, and specificity. Alternatively, recombinant enzymes can be used as biocatalysts for GLV synthesis. The increasing number of well-characterized enzymes efficiently expressed by microbial hosts will foster the development of innovative biocatalytic processes for GLV production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Stolterfoht
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Claudia Rinnofner
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- bisy e.U. , Wetzawinkel 20 , 8200 Hofstaetten , Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Pichler
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology , TU Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz , Petersgasse 14 , 8010 Graz , Austria
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15
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Zhang C, Hao S, Liu Y, Zhou B, Liu F, Zheng L, Ma P, Liu Q, Lin X, Yan Y, Zhang Q. A novel LOXHD1 variant in a Chinese couple with hearing loss. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:6082-6090. [PMID: 31709873 PMCID: PMC7045666 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519884197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To perform molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling in a young Chinese
couple with congenital hearing loss. Methods Variant screening analysis was performed by PCR and direct Sanger sequencing
or targeted next-generation sequencing of all known hearing loss genes.
Novel variants were evaluated by PolyPhen2 and PROVEAN software tools to
evaluate possible effects on protein function. Results We identified causative variants in the young couple: c.235delC
(rs80338943)/c.299-300delAT (rs111033204) compound heterozygous variants of
GJB2 in the husband and c.1828G>A (p.Glu610Lys,
rs535637788)/c.2825-2827delAGA compound heterozygous variants of
LOXHD1 in the wife. The LOXHD1
c.1828G>A variant has only previously been reported in a Mexican-American
individual in the 1000 Genomes Project database. Using PolyPhen2 and
PROVEAN, we speculated that the LOXHD1 variant c.1828G>A
is potentially pathogenic. Conclusion We carried out molecular diagnosis in a young couple with congenital hearing
loss, and identified different disease-causing genes in the two individuals.
The LOXHD1 variant c.1828G>A present in the wife had not
previously been reported in individuals with congenital hearing loss. We
determined this to be a potential pathogenic variant, and a novel variant
associated with hearing loss in a Chinese individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shengju Hao
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bingbo Zhou
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Panpan Ma
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yousheng Yan
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention and Control, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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16
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Gly188Arg substitution eliminates substrate inhibition in arachidonate 11R-lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:81-85. [PMID: 31477267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that catalyze the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxyl derivates. These products are precursors for different lipid mediators which are associated with pathogenesis of various diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis and cancer. Several LOXs suffer from substrate inhibition, a potential regulatory mechanism, yet it is unclear what is the cause of this phenomenon. One such enzyme is the coral 11R-LOX which displays a significant decrease in turnover rate at arachidonic acid concentrations above 30 μM. In this report, site-directed mutagenesis and inhibition assays were employed to shed light on the mechanism of substrate inhibition in 11R-LOX. We found that introduction of a positive charge to the active site entrance with Gly188Arg substitution completely eliminates the slow-down at higher substrate concentrations. Inhibition of 11R-LOX by its catalysis product, 11(R)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, suggests an uncompetitive mechanism. We reason that substrate inhibition in 11R-LOX is due to additional fatty acid binding by the enzyme:substrate complex at an allosteric site situated in the very vicinity of the active site entrance.
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17
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Jahagirdar S, Suarez-Diez M, Saccenti E. Simulation and Reconstruction of Metabolite-Metabolite Association Networks Using a Metabolic Dynamic Model and Correlation Based Algorithms. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1099-1113. [PMID: 30663881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological networks play a paramount role in our understanding of complex biological phenomena, and metabolite-metabolite association networks are now commonly used in metabolomics applications. In this study we evaluate the performance of several network inference algorithms (PCLRC, MRNET, GENIE3, TIGRESS, and modifications of the MRNET algorithm, together with standard Pearson's and Spearman's correlation) using as a test case data generated using a dynamic metabolic model describing the metabolism of arachidonic acid (consisting of 83 metabolites and 131 reactions) and simulation individual metabolic profiles of 550 subjects. The quality of the reconstructed metabolite-metabolite association networks was assessed against the original metabolic network taking into account different degrees of association among the metabolites and different sample sizes and noise levels. We found that inference algorithms based on resampling and bootstrapping perform better when correlations are used as indexes to measure the strength of metabolite-metabolite associations. We also advocate for the use of data generated using dynamic models to test the performance of algorithms for network inference since they produce correlation patterns that are more similar to those observed in real metabolomics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevan Jahagirdar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology , Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4 , 6708WE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology , Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4 , 6708WE Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology , Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4 , 6708WE Wageningen , The Netherlands
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18
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Simard-Bisson C, Parent LA, Moulin VJ, Fruteau de Laclos B. Characterization of Epidermal Lipoxygenase Expression in Normal Human Skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 66:813-824. [PMID: 29985723 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are enzymes likely to be involved in corneocyte lipid envelope formation and skin barrier function. In humans, mutations in epidermis-type lipoxygenase 3 ( eLOX-3) and 12R-lipoxygenase ( 12R-LOX) genes are associated with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI), whereas deletion of these genes in mice causes epidermal defects. LOXs also represent a matter of interest in psoriasis as well as in cancer research. However, their expression as well as the exact role of these enzymes in normal human skin have not been fully described. Our goal was to characterize the expression of epidermal LOXs in both normal human skin and Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitutes (TESS) and to consider TESS as a potential model for LOX functional studies. Staining for epidermal differentiation markers and LOXs was performed, in parallel, on normal human skin and TESS. Our results showed similar expression profiles in TESS when compared with native skin for e-LOX3, 12R-LOX, 12S-lipoxygenase (12S-LOX), and 15-lipoxygenase 2 (15-LOX-2) but not for 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-LOX-1). Because of their appropriate epidermal differentiation and LOX expression, TESS represent an alternative model for future studies on LOX function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Simard-Bisson
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lorraine Andrée Parent
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique J Moulin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Bernard Fruteau de Laclos
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval and Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Québec, Canada
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19
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Wesdorp M, Schreur V, Beynon AJ, Oostrik J, van de Kamp JM, Elting MW, van den Boogaard MJH, Feenstra I, Admiraal RJC, Kunst HPM, Hoyng CB, Kremer H, Yntema HG, Pennings RJE, Schraders M. Further audiovestibular characterization of DFNB77, caused by deleterious variants in LOXHD1, and investigation into the involvement of Fuchs corneal dystrophy. Clin Genet 2018; 94:221-231. [PMID: 29676012 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on further characterization of the audiovestibular phenotype and on genotype-phenotype correlations of DFNB77, an autosomal recessive type of hearing impairment (HI). DFNB77 is associated with disease-causing variants in LOXHD1, and is genetically and phenotypically highly heterogeneous. Heterozygous deleterious missense variants in LOXHD1 have been associated with late-onset Fuchs corneal dystrophy (FCD). However, up to now screening for FCD of heterozygous carriers in DFNB77 families has not been reported. This study describes the genotype and audiovestibular phenotype of 9 families with DFNB77. In addition, carriers within the families were screened for FCD. Fifteen pathogenic missense and truncating variants were identified, of which 12 were novel. The hearing phenotype showed high inter- and intrafamilial variation in severity and progression. There was no evidence for involvement of the vestibular system. None of the carriers showed (pre-clinical) symptoms of FCD. Our findings expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of DFNB77, but a clear correlation between the type or location of the variant and the severity or progression of HI could not be established. We hypothesize that environmental factors or genetic modifiers are responsible for phenotypic differences. No association was found between heterozygous LOXHD1 variants and the occurrence of FCD in carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wesdorp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,The Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - V Schreur
- Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A J Beynon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Oostrik
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J M van de Kamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M W Elting
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - I Feenstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R J C Admiraal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H P M Kunst
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - C B Hoyng
- Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H G Yntema
- Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R J E Pennings
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Schraders
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing & Genes, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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20
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Eek P, Põldemaa K, Kasvandik S, Järving I, Samel N. A PDZ-like domain mediates the dimerization of 11 R -lipoxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1121-1128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Kumar RB, Zhu L, Idborg H, Rådmark O, Jakobsson PJ, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Hebert H, Jegerschöld C. Structural and Functional Analysis of Calcium Ion Mediated Binding of 5-Lipoxygenase to Nanodiscs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152116. [PMID: 27010627 PMCID: PMC4806843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An important step in the production of inflammatory mediators of the leukotriene family is the Ca2+ mediated recruitment of 5 Lipoxygenase (5LO) to nuclear membranes. To study this reaction in vitro, the natural membrane mimicking environment of nanodiscs was used. Nanodiscs with 10.5 nm inner diameter were made with the lipid POPC and membrane scaffolding protein MSP1E3D1. Monomeric and dimeric 5LO were investigated. Monomeric 5LO mixed with Ca2+ and nanodiscs are shown to form stable complexes that 1) produce the expected leukotriene products from arachidonic acid and 2) can be, for the first time, visualised by native gel electrophoresis and negative stain transmission electron microscopy and 3) show a highest ratio of two 5LO per nanodisc. We interpret this as one 5LO on each side of the disc. The dimer of 5LO is visualised by negative stain transmission electron microscopy and is shown to not bind to nanodiscs. This study shows the advantages of nanodiscs to obtain basic structural information as well as functional information of a complex between a monotopic membrane protein and the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishnan B. Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rinaldo-Matthis
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Hebert
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Caroline Jegerschöld
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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22
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Koeduka T, Ishizaki K, Mwenda CM, Hori K, Sasaki-Sekimoto Y, Ohta H, Kohchi T, Matsui K. Biochemical characterization of allene oxide synthases from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and green microalgae Klebsormidium flaccidum provides insight into the evolutionary divergence of the plant CYP74 family. PLANTA 2015; 242:1175-86. [PMID: 26105654 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Allene oxide synthases (AOSs) were isolated from liverworts and charophytes. These AOSs exhibited enzymatic properties similar to those of angiosperms but formed a distinct phylogenetic clade. Allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) mediate the formation of precursors of jasmonates and carbon-six volatiles, respectively. AOS and HPL utilize fatty acid hydroperoxides and belong to the plant cytochrome P450 74 (CYP74) family that mediates plant defense against herbivores, pathogens, or abiotic stresses. Although members of the CYP74 family have been reported in mosses and other species, the evolution and function of multiple CYP74 genes in plants remain elusive. Here, we show that the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha belongs to a basal group in the evolution of land plants; has two closely related proteins (59% identity), MpAOS1 and MpAOS2, that are similar to moss PpAOS1 (49 and 47% identity, respectively); and exhibits AOS activity but not HPL activity. We also found that the green microalgae Klebsormidium flaccidum, consist of multicellular and non-branching filaments, contains an enzyme, KfAOS, that is similar to PpAOS1 (37% identity), and converts 13-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in a coupled reaction with allene oxide cyclase. Phylogenetic analysis showed two evolutionarily distinct clusters. One cluster comprised AOS and HPL from charophytic algae, liverworts, and mosses, including MpAOSs and KfAOS. The other cluster was formed by angiosperm CYP74. Our results suggest that plant CYP74 enzymes with AOS, HPL, and divinyl ether synthase activities have arisen multiple times and in the two different clades, which occurred prior to the divergence of the flowering plant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Koeduka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
| | | | - Cynthia Mugo Mwenda
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Koichi Hori
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuko Sasaki-Sekimoto
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Center for Biological Resources and Informatics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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23
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Eek P, Piht MA, Rätsep M, Freiberg A, Järving I, Samel N. A conserved π–cation and an electrostatic bridge are essential for 11R-lipoxygenase catalysis and structural stability. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Xu Y, Ong ACM, Williamson MP, Hounslow AM. Backbone assignment and secondary structure of the PLAT domain of human polycystin-1. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2015; 9:369-373. [PMID: 25943267 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-015-9612-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polycystin-1 is a large transmembrane protein mutated in the common genetic disorder autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. One of the predicted intracellular domains of polycystin-1 is PLAT (Polycystin-1, Lipoxygenase and Alpha Toxin), which consists of 116 amino acids and is anchored to the membrane by linkers at both ends. It is predicted to have a large number of hydrophobic residues on the surface. Assignment of the NMR spectrum was hampered by considerable line broadening, and hence a programme of site-directed mutagenesis and searching for suitable solution conditions was undertaken. The optimum construct required fusion of the GB1 domain at the N-terminus and a His tag at the C-terminus, and proved to have several additional amino acids at both ends beyond the canonical domain boundaries, as well as mutation of W3128 to alanine. Optimum solubility required 500 mM sodium chloride, and usable spectra could only be obtained by perdeuteration. Backbone assignment was made using standard triple resonance spectra and is 88 % complete. The chemical shifts obtained suggest that a loop consisting of residues 3223-3228 is mobile in solution, and that the protein is similar in structure to a prediction produced by Swiss-Model based on the structure of a homologous protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Unit of Nephrology, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Albert C M Ong
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Unit of Nephrology, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Mike P Williamson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Andrea M Hounslow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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25
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Xu Y, Streets AJ, Hounslow AM, Tran U, Jean-Alphonse F, Needham AJ, Vilardaga JP, Wessely O, Williamson MP, Ong ACM. The Polycystin-1, Lipoxygenase, and α-Toxin Domain Regulates Polycystin-1 Trafficking. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1159-73. [PMID: 26311459 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in polycystin-1 (PC1) give rise to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, an important and common cause of kidney failure. Despite its medical importance, the function of PC1 remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of the intracellular polycystin-1, lipoxygenase, and α-toxin (PLAT) signature domain of PC1 using nuclear magnetic resonance, biochemical, cellular, and in vivo functional approaches. We found that the PLAT domain targets PC1 to the plasma membrane in polarized epithelial cells by a mechanism involving the selective binding of the PLAT domain to phosphatidylserine and L-α-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) enriched in the plasma membrane. This process is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation of the PLAT domain, which reduces PI4P binding and recruits β-arrestins and the clathrin adaptor AP2 to trigger PC1 internalization. Our results reveal a physiological role for the PC1-PLAT domain in renal epithelial cells and suggest that phosphorylation-dependent internalization of PC1 is closely linked to its function in renal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxian Xu
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Nephrology Unit, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Streets
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Nephrology Unit, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Hounslow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Uyen Tran
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Frederic Jean-Alphonse
- Laboratory of GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Needham
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Nephrology Unit, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Vilardaga
- Laboratory of GPCR Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Oliver Wessely
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Michael P Williamson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Albert C M Ong
- Kidney Genetics Group, Academic Nephrology Unit, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom;
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26
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Mashima R, Okuyama T. The role of lipoxygenases in pathophysiology; new insights and future perspectives. Redox Biol 2015; 6:297-310. [PMID: 26298204 PMCID: PMC4556770 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are dioxygenases that catalyze the formation of corresponding hydroperoxides from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid. LOX enzymes are expressed in immune, epithelial, and tumor cells that display a variety of physiological functions, including inflammation, skin disorder, and tumorigenesis. In the humans and mice, six LOX isoforms have been known. 15-LOX, a prototypical enzyme originally found in reticulocytes shares the similarity of amino acid sequence as well as the biochemical property to plant LOX enzymes. 15-LOX-2, which is expressed in epithelial cells and leukocytes, has different substrate specificity in the humans and mice, therefore, the role of them in mammals has not been established. 12-LOX is an isoform expressed in epithelial cells and myeloid cells including platelets. Many mutations in this isoform are found in epithelial cancers, suggesting a potential link between 12-LOX and tumorigenesis. 12R-LOX can be found in the epithelial cells of the skin. Defects in this gene result in ichthyosis, a cutaneous disorder characterized by pathophysiologically dried skin due to abnormal loss of water from its epithelial cell layer. Similarly, eLOX-3, which is also expressed in the skin epithelial cells acting downstream 12R-LOX, is another causative factor for ichthyosis. 5-LOX is a distinct isoform playing an important role in asthma and inflammation. This isoform causes the constriction of bronchioles in response to cysteinyl leukotrienes such as LTC4, thus leading to asthma. It also induces neutrophilic inflammation by its recruitment in response to LTB4. Importantly, 5-LOX activity is strictly regulated by 5-LOX activating protein (FLAP) though the distribution of 5-LOX in the nucleus. Currently, pharmacological drugs targeting FLAP are actively developing. This review summarized these functions of LOX enzymes under pathophysiological conditions in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Mashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Torayuki Okuyama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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27
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Kuhn H, Banthiya S, van Leyen K. Mammalian lipoxygenases and their biological relevance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:308-30. [PMID: 25316652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) form a heterogeneous class of lipid peroxidizing enzymes, which have been implicated not only in cell proliferation and differentiation but also in the pathogenesis of various diseases with major public health relevance. As other fatty acid dioxygenases LOXs oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids to their corresponding hydroperoxy derivatives, which are further transformed to bioactive lipid mediators (eicosanoids and related substances). On the other hand, lipoxygenases are key players in the regulation of the cellular redox homeostasis, which is an important element in gene expression regulation. Although the first mammalian lipoxygenases were discovered 40 years ago and although the enzymes have been well characterized with respect to their structural and functional properties the biological roles of the different lipoxygenase isoforms are not completely understood. This review is aimed at summarizing the current knowledge on the physiological roles of different mammalian LOX-isoforms and their patho-physiological function in inflammatory, metabolic, hyperproliferative, neurodegenerative and infectious disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charite, Chariteplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Swathi Banthiya
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charite, Chariteplatz 1, CCO-Building, Virchowweg 6, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus van Leyen
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts Genrel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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28
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Stabilisation and characterisation of the isolated regulatory domain of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1538-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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Joshi N, Hoobler EK, Perry S, Diaz G, Fox B, Holman TR. Kinetic and structural investigations into the allosteric and pH effect on the substrate specificity of human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8026-35. [PMID: 24171444 DOI: 10.1021/bi4010649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases, important enzymes in inflammation, can regulate their substrate specificity by allosteric interactions with their own hydroperoxide products. In this work, addition of both 13-(S)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid [13-(S)-HODE] and 13-(S)-hydroperoxy-(6Z,9Z,11E)-octadecatrienoic acid to human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2 (15-LOX-2) increases the kcat/KM substrate specificity ratio of arachidonic acid (AA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) by 4-fold. 13-(S)-HODE achieves this change by activating kcat/KM(AA) but inhibiting kcat/KM(GLA), which indicates that the allosteric structural changes at the active site discriminate between the length and unsaturation differences of AA and GLA to achieve opposite kinetic effects. The substrate specificity ratio is further increased, 11-fold in total, with an increase in pH, suggesting mechanistic differences between the pH and allosteric effects. Interestingly, the loss of the PLAT domain affects substrate specificity but does not eliminate the allosteric properties of 15-LOX-2, indicating that the allosteric site is located in the catalytic domain. However, the removal of the PLAT domain does change the magnitude of the allosteric effect. These data suggest that the PLAT domain moderates the communication pathway between the allosteric and catalytic sites, thus affecting substrate specificity. These results are discussed in the context of protein dimerization and other structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netra Joshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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30
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Hoffman P, Rauová D, Bezáková L, Obložinský M, Mikuš P. HPLC method for determination of lipoxygenase positional specific products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 84:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Lu W, Zhao X, Xu Z, Dong N, Zou S, Shen X, Huang J. Development of a new colorimetric assay for lipoxygenase activity. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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32
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Brodhun F, Cristobal-Sarramian A, Zabel S, Newie J, Hamberg M, Feussner I. An iron 13S-lipoxygenase with an α-linolenic acid specific hydroperoxidase activity from Fusarium oxysporum. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64919. [PMID: 23741422 PMCID: PMC3669278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates constitute a family of lipid-derived signaling molecules that are abundant in higher plants. The biosynthetic pathway leading to plant jasmonates is initiated by 13-lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of α-linolenic acid into its 13-hydroperoxide derivative. A number of plant pathogenic fungi (e.g. Fusarium oxysporum) are also capable of producing jasmonates, however, by a yet unknown biosynthetic pathway. In a search for lipoxygenase in F. oxysporum, a reverse genetic approach was used and one of two from the genome predicted lipoxygenases (FoxLOX) was cloned. The enzyme was heterologously expressed in E. coli, purified via affinity chromatography, and its reaction mechanism characterized. FoxLOX was found to be a non-heme iron lipoxygenase, which oxidizes C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids to 13S-hydroperoxy derivatives by an antarafacial reaction mechanism where the bis-allylic hydrogen abstraction is the rate-limiting step. With α-linolenic acid as substrate FoxLOX was found to exhibit a multifunctional activity, because the hydroperoxy derivatives formed are further converted to dihydroxy-, keto-, and epoxy alcohol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brodhun
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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33
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Chaitidis P, Adel S, Anton M, Heydeck D, Kuhn H, Horn T. Lipoxygenase pathways in Homo neanderthalensis: functional comparison with Homo sapiens isoforms. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1397-409. [PMID: 23475662 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) have been implicated in biosynthesis of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and a previous report suggested compromised leukotriene signaling in H. neanderthalensis. To search for corresponding differences in leukotriene biosynthesis, we screened the Neandertal genome for LOX genes and found that, as modern humans, this archaic hominid contains six LOX genes (nALOX15, nALOX12, nALOX5, nALOX15B, nALOX12B, and nALOXE3) and one pseudogene. In the Neandertal genome, 60-75% of the amino acids of the different human LOX isoforms have been identified, and the degree of identity varies between 96 and 99%. Most functional amino acids (iron ligands, specificity determinants, calcium and ATP-binding sites, membrane-binding determinants, and phosphorylation sites) are well conserved in the Neandertal LOX isoforms, and expression of selected neandertalized human LOX mutants revealed no major functional defects. However, in nALOX12 and nALOXE3, two premature stop codons were found, leading to inactive enzyme species. These data suggest that ALOX15, ALOX5, ALOX15B, and ALOX12B should have been present as functional enzymes in H. neanderthalensis and that in contrast to lower nonhuman primates (M. mulatta) and other mammals (mice, rats), this ancient hominid expressed a 15-lipoxygenating ALOX15. Expression of ALOXE3 and ALOX12 was compromised, which might have caused problems in epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Chaitidis
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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34
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Lin KH, Kuo JR, Lu WJ, Chung CL, Chou DS, Huang SY, Lee HC, Sheu JR. Hinokitiol inhibits platelet activation ex vivo and thrombus formation in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1478-85. [PMID: 23473801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a tropolone-related bioactive compound that has been used in hair tonics, cosmetics, and food as an antimicrobial agent. Recently, hinokitiol has attracted considerable interest because of its anticancer activities. Platelet activation plays a crucial role in atherothrombotic processes. We examined the effects of hinokitiol treatment on platelet activation using human platelets. In the present study, hinokitiol (1 and 2 μM) inhibited the collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, but did not inhibit the activation of platelets by other agonists, including thrombin, arachidonic acid, and ADP. Hinokitiol inhibited the phosphorylation of phospholipase C (PLC)γ2, protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt in collagen-activated human platelets, and significantly reduced intracellular calcium mobilization and hydroxyl radical (OH·) formation. Hinokitiol also reduced the PKC activation and platelet aggregation stimulated by PDBu. In addition, hinokitiol significantly prolonged thrombogenesis in mice. Hinokitiol did not influence the binding of a fluorescent triflavin probe to the αIIbβ3 integrin on platelet membrane, and neither ODQ nor SQ22536 significantly reversed the hinokitiol-mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. In conclusion, hinokitiol may inhibit platelet activation by inhibiting the PLCγ2-PKC cascade and hydroxyl radical formation, followed by suppressing the activation of MAPKs and Akt. Our study suggests that hinokitiol may represent a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of thromboembolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan H Lin
- Central Laboratory, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Khan AR. Oligomerization of rab/effector complexes in the regulation of vesicle trafficking. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 117:579-614. [PMID: 23663983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386931-9.00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabs comprise the largest member of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases with over 60 proteins in mammals and 11 proteins in yeast. Like all small GTPases, Rabs oscillate between an inactive GDP-bound conformation and an active GTP-bound state that is tethered to lipid membranes via a C-terminal prenylation site on conserved cysteine residues. In their active state, Rabs regulate various aspects of membrane trafficking, including vesicle formation, transport, docking, and fusion. The critical element of biological activity is the recruitment of cytosolic effector proteins to specific endomembranes by active Rabs. The importance of Rabs in cellular processes is apparent from their links to genetic disorders, immunodeficiency, cancer, and pathogen invasion. During the last decade, numerous structures of complexes have shed light on the molecular basis for Rab/effector specificity and their topological organization on subcellular membranes. Here, I review the known structures of Rab/effector complexes and their modes of oligomerization. This is followed by a brief discussion on the thermodynamics of effector recruitment, which has not been documented sufficiently in previous reviews. A summary of diseases associated with Rab/effector trafficking pathways concludes this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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36
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Häfner AK, Cernescu M, Hofmann B, Ermisch M, Hörnig M, Metzner J, Schneider G, Brutschy B, Steinhilber D. Dimerization of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biol Chem 2012; 392:1097-111. [PMID: 22050225 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) can form dimers as shown here via native gel electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography and LILBID (laser induced liquid bead ion desorption) mass spectrometry. After glutathionylation of 5-LO by diamide/glutathione treatment, dimeric 5-LO was no longer detectable and 5-LO almost exclusively exists in the monomeric form which showed full catalytic activity. Incubation of 5-LO with diamide alone led to a disulfide-bridged dimer and to oligomer formation which displays a strongly reduced catalytic activity. The bioinformatic analysis of the 5-LO surface for putative protein-protein interaction domains and molecular modeling of the dimer interface suggests a head to tail orientation of the dimer which also explains the localization of previously reported ATP binding sites. This interface domain was confirmed by the observation that 5-LO dimer formation and inhibition of activity by diamide was largely prevented when four cysteines (C159S, C300S, C416S, C418S) in this domain were mutated to serines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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37
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Dainese E, Sabatucci A, Angelucci CB, Barsacchi D, Chiarini M, Maccarrone M. Impact of embedded endocannabinoids and their oxygenation by lipoxygenase on membrane properties. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:386-92. [PMID: 22860207 PMCID: PMC3386857 DOI: 10.1021/cn300016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are the best characterized endocannabinoids. Their biological activity is subjected to metabolic control whereby a dynamic equilibrium among biosynthetic, catabolic, and oxidative pathways drives their intracellular concentrations. In particular, lipoxygenases can generate hydroperoxy derivatives of endocannabinoids, endowed with distinct activities within cells. The in vivo interaction between lipoxygenases and endocannabinoids is likely to occur within cell membranes; thus, we sought to ascertain whether a prototypical enzyme like soybean (Glycine max) 15-lipoxygenase-1 is able to oxygenate endocannabinoids embedded in synthetic vesicles and how these substances could affect the binding ability of the enzyme to different lipid bilayers. We show that (i) embedded endocannabinoids increase membrane fluidity; (ii) 15-lipoxygenase-1 preferentially binds to endocannabinoid-containing bilayers; and that (iii) 15-lipoxygenase-1 oxidizes embedded endocannabinoids and thus reduces fluidity and local hydration of membrane lipids. Together, the present findings reveal further complexity in the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling within the central nervous system, disclosing novel control by oxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Dainese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- European Center
for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome,
Italy
| | | | | | - Daniela Barsacchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Department of Food
Science, University of Teramo, Teramo,
Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- European Center
for Brain Research (CERC)/Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome,
Italy
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38
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Eek P, Järving R, Järving I, Gilbert NC, Newcomer ME, Samel N. Structure of a calcium-dependent 11R-lipoxygenase suggests a mechanism for Ca2+ regulation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22377-86. [PMID: 22573333 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.343285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a key part of several signaling pathways that lead to inflammation and cancer. Yet, the mechanisms of substrate binding and allosteric regulation by the various LOX isoforms remain speculative. Here we report the 2.47-Å resolution crystal structure of the arachidonate 11R-LOX from Gersemia fruticosa, which sheds new light on the mechanism of LOX catalysis. Our crystallographic and mutational studies suggest that the aliphatic tail of the fatty acid is bound in a hydrophobic pocket with two potential entrances. We speculate that LOXs share a common T-shaped substrate channel architecture that gives rise to the varying positional specificities. A general allosteric mechanism is proposed for transmitting the activity-inducing effect of calcium binding from the membrane-targeting PLAT (polycystin-1/lipoxygenase/α-toxin) domain to the active site via a conserved π-cation bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priit Eek
- Department of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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39
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Fernandes H, Franklin E, Jollivet F, Bliedtner K, Khan AR. Mapping the interactions between a RUN domain from DENND5/Rab6IP1 and sorting nexin 1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35637. [PMID: 22558185 PMCID: PMC3338420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have developed a diverse repertoire of Rab GTPases to regulate vesicle trafficking pathways. Together with their effector proteins, Rabs mediate various aspects of vesicle formation, tethering, docking and fusion, but details of the biological roles elicited by effectors are largely unknown. Human Rab6 is involved in the trafficking of vesicles at the level of Golgi via interactions with numerous effector proteins. We have previously determined the crystal structure of Rab6 in complex with DENND5, alternatively called Rab6IP1, which comprises two RUN domains (RUN1 and RUN2) separated by a PLAT domain. The structure of Rab6/RUN1-PLAT (Rab6/R1P) revealed the molecular basis for Golgi recruitment of DENND5 via the RUN1 domain, but the functional role of the RUN2 domain has not been well characterized. Here we show that a soluble DENND5 construct encompassing the RUN2 domain binds to the N-terminal region of sorting nexin 1 by surface plasmon resonance analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Franklin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florence Jollivet
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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40
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Järving R, Lõokene A, Kurg R, Siimon L, Järving I, Samel N. Activation of 11R-Lipoxygenase Is Fully Ca2+-Dependent and Controlled by the Phospholipid Composition of the Target Membrane. Biochemistry 2012; 51:3310-20. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201690z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reet Järving
- Department
of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aivar Lõokene
- Department
of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Reet Kurg
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse St 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Siimon
- Department
of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Ivar Järving
- Department
of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department
of Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15,
12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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41
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Klampfl T, Bogner E, Bednar W, Mager L, Massudom D, Kalny I, Heinzle C, Berger W, Stättner S, Karner J, Klimpfinger M, Fürstenberger G, Krieg P, Marian B. Up-regulation of 12(S)-lipoxygenase induces a migratory phenotype in colorectal cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:768-78. [PMID: 22237009 PMCID: PMC3314953 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
12(S)-Lipoxygenase (LOX) and its product 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenic (HETE) acid have been implicated in angiogenesis and tumour invasion in several tumour types while their role in colorectal cancer progression has not yet been studied. We have analysed 12(S)-LOX expression in colorectal tumours and found gene expression up-regulated in colorectal cancer specimens for which the pathology report described involvement of inflammation. Using cell line models exposed to 12(S)-HETE or over-expressing 12(S)-LOX malignant cell growth as well as tumour cell migration was found to be stimulated. Specifically, Caco2 and SW480 cells over-expressing 12(S)-LOX formed fewer colonies from sparse cultures, but migrated better in filter-migration assays. SW480 LOX cells also had higher anchorage-independent growth capacity and a higher tendency to metastasise in vivo. Knock-down or inhibition of 12(S)-LOX inhibited cell migration and anchorage-independent growth in both 12(S)-LOX transfectants and SW620 cells that express high endogenous levels of 12(S)-LOX. On the cell surface E-cadherin and integrin-β1 expression were down-regulated in a 12(S)-LOX-dependent manner disturbing cell-cell interactions. The results demonstrate that 12(S)-LOX expression in inflammatory areas of colorectal tumours has the capacity to induce an invasive phenotype in colorectal cancer cells and could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klampfl
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna Austria
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The N-terminal β-barrel domain of mammalian lipoxygenases including mouse 5-lipoxygenase is not essential for catalytic activity and membrane binding but exhibits regulatory functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Häfner AK, Cernescu M, Hofmann B, Ermisch M, Hörnig M, Metzner J, Schneider G, Brutschy B, Steinhilber D. Dimerization of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biol Chem 2011. [PMID: 22050225 DOI: 10.1515/bc-2011-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) can form dimers as shown here via native gel electrophoresis, gel filtration chromatography and LILBID (laser induced liquid bead ion desorption) mass spectrometry. After glutathionylation of 5-LO by diamide/glutathione treatment, dimeric 5-LO was no longer detectable and 5-LO almost exclusively exists in the monomeric form which showed full catalytic activity. Incubation of 5-LO with diamide alone led to a disulfide-bridged dimer and to oligomer formation which displays a strongly reduced catalytic activity. The bioinformatic analysis of the 5-LO surface for putative protein-protein interaction domains and molecular modeling of the dimer interface suggests a head to tail orientation of the dimer which also explains the localization of previously reported ATP binding sites. This interface domain was confirmed by the observation that 5-LO dimer formation and inhibition of activity by diamide was largely prevented when four cysteines (C159S, C300S, C416S, C418S) in this domain were mutated to serines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Harsløf T, Husted LB, Nyegaard M, Carstens M, Stenkjær L, Brixen K, Eiken P, Jensen JEB, Børglum AD, Mosekilde L, Rejnmark L, Langdahl BL. Polymorphisms in the ALOX12 gene and osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2011; 22:2249-59. [PMID: 21104233 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-010-1472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ALOX12 produces ligands for PPARγ thereby turning mesenchymal stem cells into adipocytes instead of osteoblasts. We investigated the effect of polymorphisms in the ALOX12 gene on BMD and fracture risk in two Danish cohorts and found four polymorphisms and a haplotype thereof to be associated with BMD and fracture risk. INTRODUCTION Stimulation of the PPARγ with ligands produced by the ALOX enzymes drives mesenchymal stem cells in an adipocyte direction at the expense of osteoblasts leading to decreased osteoblast number and BMD. Previously, polymorphisms in the ALOX12 gene have been associated with osteoporosis. METHODS We examined the effect of ALOX12 polymorphisms on BMD and the risk of fractures in two Danish cohorts: AROS, a case-control population comprising 809 individuals and DOPS, a population comprising 1,716 perimenopausal women allocated to hormone therapy or not at baseline and followed for up to 10 years. On the basis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs throughout the gene and previous genetic association studies we chose ten polymorphisms for investigation. Genotyping was carried out using the Sequenom MassARRAY genotyping system and TaqMan assays. RESULTS In AROS, individuals heterozygous for the polymorphisms rs3840880, rs9897850, rs2292350 and rs1126667 had a 3.0-4.7% decreased lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.02-0.06) and an increased risk of vertebral fractures (p < 0.05) compared with individuals homozygous for either allele. In DOPS, none of the individual SNPs were associated with BMD or incident fractures. In both cohorts, the above-mentioned SNPs comprised an LD-block (pairwise D´ = 1.0, r (2) = 0.45-0.97). A haplotype comprising all the common alleles (frequency 9%) was associated with decreased bone loss at the hip (p < 0.05) and decreased incidence of osteoporotic fractures (p < 0.05) in DOPS and increased femoral neck BMD in AROS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that genetic variants in ALOX12 may influence BMD and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harsløf
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, THG, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Fernandes H, Franklin E, Khan AR. Crystallization of an engineered RUN domain of Rab6-interacting protein 1/DENND5. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:556-60. [PMID: 21543860 PMCID: PMC3087639 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911100724x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Effectors of the Rab small GTPases are large multi-domain proteins which have proved difficult to express in soluble form in Escherichia coli. Generally, effectors are recruited to a distinct subcellular compartment by active (GTP-bound) Rabs, which are linked to membranes by one or two prenylated Cys residues at their C-termini. Following recruitment via their Rab-binding domain (RBD), effectors carry out various aspects of vesicle formation, transport, tethering and fusion through their other domains. Previously, successful purification of the RUN-PLAT tandem domains (residues 683-1061) of the 1263-residue Rab6-interacting protein 1 (R6IP1) required co-expression with Rab6, as attempts to solubly express the effector alone were unsuccessful. R6IP1 is also known as DENN domain-containing protein 5 (DENND5) and is expressed as two isoforms, R6IP1A/B (DENND5A/B), which differ by 24 amino acids at the N-terminus. Here, a deletion in R6IP1 was engineered to enable soluble expression and to improve the quality of the crystals grown in complex with Rab6. A large 23-residue loop linking two α-helices in the RUN1 domain was removed and replaced with a short linker. This loop resides on the opposite face to the Rab6-binding site and is not conserved in the RUN-domain family. In contrast to wild-type R6IP1-Rab6 crystals, which took several weeks to grow to full size, the engineered R6IP1 (RPdel)-Rab6 crystals could be grown in a matter of days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Fernandes
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Edward Franklin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Shang W, Ivanov I, Svergun DI, Borbulevych OY, Aleem AM, Stehling S, Jankun J, Kühn H, Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Probing dimerization and structural flexibility of mammalian lipoxygenases by small-angle X-ray scattering. J Mol Biol 2011; 409:654-68. [PMID: 21530540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human lipoxygenases (LOXs) and their metabolites have a great impact on human homeostasis and are of interest for targeted drug design. This goal requires detailed knowledge of their structures and an understanding of structure-function relationship. At the moment, there are two complete crystal structures for mammalian LOX [rabbit 12/15LOX (r-12/15LOX) and human 5LOX (h-5LOX)] and a fragment of human 12LOX. The low-resolution structures in solution for various LOX isoforms have brought about controversial results. Here we explored the behavior of r-12/15LOX in aqueous solution under different conditions (salt and pH) by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and compared it with human platelet-type 12S-LOX (hp-12LOX) and h-5LOX. Thermodynamic calculations concerning the stability of molecular assemblies, thermal motion analysis [TLSMD (translation, libration, and screw rotation motion detection based on crystallographic temperature factor B(j))], and results of SAXS analyses brought about the following conclusions: (i) in contrast to its crystal structure, r-12/15LOX functions as a monomer that dominates in solution; (ii) it dimerizes at higher protein concentrations in the presence of salt and with increasing degree of motional freedom of the N-terminal PLAT domain, as suggested by the Y98,614→R double mutant; (iii) in aqueous solutions, hp-12LOX is stable as a dimer, in contrast to h-5LOX and r-12/15LOX, which are monomeric; and (iv) all three mammalian isozymes show a high level of flexibility not only for the PLAT domain but also for other subdomains of the catalytic part in TLS (translation, libration, and screw rotation) analysis and hp-12LOX in SAXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Shang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
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Rödl CB, Tanrikulu Y, Wisniewska JM, Proschak E, Schneider G, Steinhilber D, Hofmann B. Potent Inhibitors of 5-Lipoxygenase Identified using Pseudoreceptors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1001-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Association of a functional polymorphism (Gln261Arg) in 12-lipoxygenase with breast cancer. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:317-323. [PMID: 22977504 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of arachidonyl lipoxygenase-12 (ALOX12) in breast cancer has been reported. Hence, we examined whether a non-synonymous polymorphism of ALOX12 (mRNA, A835G; Gln261Arg) is associated with breast cancer in females. The polymorphism was detected in genomic DNA by PCR-RFLP. The association between the A835G polymorphism and breast cancer risk was measured by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Fisher's exact test, and differences were considered significant at p<0.05. The frequencies of AA (wild-type), GG (homozygous variant) and AG (heterozygous variant) were 59.5, 0.9 and 39.6% in the controls, and 39.3, 2.5 and 58.2% in the breast cancer cases, respectively. The frequency of the AG genotype was higher in the patients compared to the controls (p<0.0014). The frequency of the GG variant was 2.5 and 0.9% in the cancer subjects and controls, respectively. The relative risk of breast cancer was 2 times greater (OR=2.227) at 95% CI when compared to the relative risk of the heterozygous variant. For the GG genotype, the risk was 4 times greater (OR=4.125) at 95% CI than that of the controls, suggesting a positive association of the AG genotype with the occurrence of breast cancer. The frequencies of the polymorphism were different in different populations. The Arg/Gln and Arg/Arg variants were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, and the frequencies of the variants differed considerably among various populations. The identification of a gene with links to breast cancer may impact screening, diagnosis and drug development.
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Ivanov I, Heydeck D, Hofheinz K, Roffeis J, O'Donnell VB, Kuhn H, Walther M. Molecular enzymology of lipoxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:161-74. [PMID: 20801095 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are lipid peroxidizing enzymes, implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and hyperproliferative diseases, which represent potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Although soybean LOX1 was discovered more than 60years ago, the structural biology of these enzymes was not studied until the mid 1990s. In 1993 the first crystal structure for a plant LOX was solved and following this protein biochemistry and molecular enzymology became major fields in LOX research. This review focuses on recent developments in molecular enzymology of LOXs and summarizes our current understanding of the structural basis of LOX catalysis. Various hypotheses explaining the reaction specificity of different isoforms are critically reviewed and their pros and cons briefly discussed. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge of LOX evolution by profiling the existence of LOX-related genomic sequences in the three kingdoms of life. Such sequences are found in eukaryotes and bacteria but not in archaea. Although the biological role of LOXs in lower organisms is far from clear, sequence data suggests that this enzyme family might have evolved shortly after the appearance of atmospheric oxygen on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Germany
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