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Huang ST, Huang YC, Kuo E, Yang YM, Hsiao FY. Impacts of Catch-Up Immunization program with the 13-Valent pneumococcal Conjugate vaccine in Taiwan: Focus on age-stratified differences and high-risk population (2001-2015). Vaccine 2022; 40:6225-6234. [PMID: 36127209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taiwan commenced a national catch-up immunization program with a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2013 for children aged 2-5 years old and in 2014 for children aged 1-5 years old. However, real-world nationwide evidence of both the direct protection and indirect protection of all-cause pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia has been scarce, especially among high-risk populations, defined as patients with chronic diseases or immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of the national PCV13 catch-up program on all-cause pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia among overall and high-risk populations using interrupted time series analysis. METHODS Using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from January 2001 to December 2015, we assessed the impact of this catch-up program by interrupted time-series analyses age-stratified (0-1, 2-4, 5-9, 10-17, 18-34, 35-49, 50-64, 65 + years old) incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia (100,000 person-quarter) among the overall and high-risk populations. RESULTS The impact of this program was most profound on the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia in children aged 2-4 years old (level change -10.56 per 100,000 person-quarters, p = 0.04; trend change -2.93, p less than 0.01). Indirect protection among unvaccinated children (0-1 years old: trend change -1.19, p = 0.01; 5-9 years old: trend change -1.04, p = 0.03; 10-17 years old: level change -1.42 per 100,000 person-quarters, p = 0.03) was also found. The incidence of all-cause pneumonia also decreased in children aged 2-4 (level change -234.91 per 100,000 person-quarter, p = 0.058) and 5-9 years old (level change -173.96 per 100,000 person-quarter, p = 0.0424). However, we did not find a significant impact among most high-risk populations. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the introduction of this catch-up program with PCV13 was associated with significant declines in the incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia and all-cause pneumonia in vaccinated children, and indirect protection from the program was also found in unvaccinated children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Tsung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Edward Kuo
- Pfizer Biopharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Taiwan
| | - Ya-Min Yang
- Pfizer Biopharmaceuticals Group, Pfizer Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yuan Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chiu SS, Cowling BJ, Peiris JSM, Chan ELY, Wong WHS, Lee KP. Effects of Nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 Interventions on Pediatric Hospitalizations for Other Respiratory Virus Infections, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:62-68. [PMID: 34932446 PMCID: PMC8714236 DOI: 10.3201/eid2801.211099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for coronavirus disease on pediatric hospitalizations for infection with respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, we analyzed hospital data for 2017-2021. Compared with 2017-2019, age-specific hospitalization rates associated with respiratory viruses greatly decreased in 2020, when NPIs were in place. Also when NPIs were in place, rates of hospitalization decreased among children of all ages for infection with influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus/enterovirus. Regression models adjusted for age and seasonality indicated that hospitalization rates for acute febrile illness/respiratory symptoms of any cause were reduced by 76% and by 85%-99% for hospitalization for infection with these viruses. NPIs in Hong Kong were clearly associated with reduced pediatric hospitalizations for respiratory viruses; implementing NPIs and reopening schools were associated with only a small increase in hospitalizations for rhinovirus/enterovirus infections.
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Chiu SS, Cowling BJ, Peiris JM, Chan EL, Wong WH, Lee KP. Effects of Nonpharmaceutical COVID-19 Interventions on Pediatric Hospitalizations for Other Respiratory Virus Infections, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.3201/eid1801.211099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Population-based estimates of the burden of pneumonia hospitalizations in Hong Kong, 2011-2015. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:553-561. [PMID: 30684165 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-03459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Up-to-date data on the burden of disease are important to identify patients with unmet needs and to optimize healthcare resources. We aimed to characterize the burden of pneumonia hospitalizations in Hong Kong and inform targeted healthcare policies for pneumonia control in the era of global aging. This was a population-based study using a territory-wide administrative electronic health record system that covers all public hospitals of Hong Kong. Patients admitted to public hospitals, from 2011 to 2015, with a diagnosis of pneumonia at discharge were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification Codes (480-486 and 487.0). Incidence, inpatient case-fatality, all-cause fatality, 28-day readmission, hospital length of stay, and healthcare costs were assessed for seven age strata. We identified 323,992 patients (median age 80 years, 44.4% female) with hospitalized pneumonia (organism unspecified 84.2%; bacterial pneumonia 12.3%; viral pneumonia 2.5%; others 1.0%). Annual incidence was 955.1 per 100,000 population, with a 10.6% decrease from 2011 to 2015. Case-fatality, all-cause fatality, and 28-days readmission risks were 13.8, 21.6, and 19.5%, respectively. The average hospital length of stay was 14.1 days with corresponding direct costs of $9348 USD per episode in the monetary value of 2015. Individuals aged ≥ 65 years accounted for over 75% of pneumonia-related hospitalizations, 90% of deaths, and the majority of healthcare costs. Hospitalized pneumonia represents a considerable health and economic burden in Hong Kong, especially in older adults. The study provides a population-level baseline estimate for further cost-effective evaluation of targeted strategies for pneumonia control.
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Hospitalization Rate and Population-based Incidence of Hospitalization for Community-acquired Pneumonia Among Children in Suzhou, China. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2018; 37:1242-1247. [PMID: 29570586 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on hospitalization burden of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children are very limited in China. This study aimed to estimate the hospitalization rate (HR) and population-based incidence of hospitalization of CAP for children <15 years of age in Suzhou, China. METHODS This was a retrospective study of children hospitalized in Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital from January 2010 to December 2014. Children who were residents of downtown Suzhou, 29 days to <15 years of age, with discharge diagnosis codes (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) including J09-J18 and J20-J22 were included. All-cause clinical community-acquired pneumonia (CCAP) and radiographically confirmed pneumonia (RCAP) were identified based on individual medical chart review. The HR and population-based cumulative incidence of hospitalization (HI) were calculated. RESULTS Among 184,734 children <15 years of age admitted to Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital during the study period, 31,302 children were identified as having CCAP and 24,218 (77.4%) children confirmed as having RCAP. CCAP hospitalization occurred year round and peaked during winter and early spring. The overall HRs for CCAP and RCAP were 189.0 [95% confidence interval (CI): 187.1-190.9] and 146.2 (95% CI: 144-148) per 1000 hospitalizations, respectively, and the HIs per 100,000 children annually were CCAP, 3235.8 (95% CI: 3207.3-3264.2) and RCAP, 2503.5 (95% CI: 2478.3-2528.6). For children <5 years of age, the HR for CCAP was 248.4 (95% CI: 245.9-250.9) and RCAP was 194.0 (95% CI: 191.4-196.3) per 1000 hospitalizations; the HI for CCAP was 6956.2 (95% CI: 6892.8-7019.6) and 5431.9 (95% CI: 5375.4-5488.4) per 100,000 children for RCAP. The highest HR and HI were observed in children 29 days to <6 months of age: HR for CCAP was 407.4 (95% CI: 400.9-413.9) per 1000 hospitalizations and HI for CCAP was 11,203.7 (95% CI: 11,026.8-11,380.6) per 100,000 children annually. CONCLUSIONS There is a considerable burden of CAP among children <15 years of age in Suzhou, particularly among children 29 days to <6 months of age and during winter and early spring. These data provide valuable information to monitor CAP trends over time in children of Suzhou, China.
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Li Y, An Z, Yin D, Liu Y, Huang Z, Ma Y, Li H, Li Q, Wang H. Disease burden of community acquired pneumonia among children under 5 y old in China: A population based survey. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1681-1687. [PMID: 28414567 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1304335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To obtain the baseline data on the incidence and cost of community acquired pneumonia among under-5 children for future studies, and provide evidence for shaping China's strategies regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). METHODS Three townships from Heilongjiang, Hebei and Gansu Province and one community in Shanghai were selected as study areas. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data on incidence and cost of pneumonia among children under 5 y old in 2012. RESULTS The overall incidence of clinically diagnosed pneumonia in children under 5 y old was 2.55%. The incidence in urban area was 7.97%, higher than that in rural areas (1.68%). However, no difference was found in the incidences of chest X-ray confirmed pneumonia between urban and rural areas (1.67% vs 1.23%). X-ray confirmed cases in rural and urban areas respectively accounted for 73.45% and 20.93% of all clinically diagnosed pneumonia. The hospitalization rate of all cases was 1.40%. Incidence and hospitalization rate of pneumonia decreased with age, with the highest rates found among children younger than one year and the lowest among children aged 4 (incidence: 4.25% vs 0.83%; hospitalization: 2.75% vs 0.36%). The incidence was slightly higher among boys (2.92% vs 2.08%). The total cost due to pneumonia for the participants was 1138 733 CNY. The average cost and median cost was 5722 CNY and 3540 CNY separately. Multivariate analysis showed that the only factor related to higher cost was hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS The disease burden was high for children under 5 y old, especially the infant. PCV has not been widely used among children, and thus further health economics evaluation on introducing PCV into National Immunization Program should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- a National Immunization Program , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Zhijie An
- a National Immunization Program , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Dapeng Yin
- a National Immunization Program , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Yanmin Liu
- a National Immunization Program , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Zhuoying Huang
- b Immunization Program Department , Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shanghai , China
| | - Yujie Ma
- c Immunization Program Department , Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Haerbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Hui Li
- d Immunization Program Department , Gansu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Lanzhou , Gansu , China
| | - Qi Li
- e Immunization Program Department , Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shijiazhuang , Hebei , China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- a National Immunization Program , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
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Qu F, Weschler LB, Sun Y, Sundell J. High pneumonia lifetime-ever incidence in Beijing children compared with locations in other countries, and implications for national PCV and Hib vaccination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171438. [PMID: 28166256 PMCID: PMC5293229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the proportion of Beijing children who have ever had pneumonia (%Pneumonia) to those in other locations, and to estimate by how much national vaccine coverage with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) could reduce Beijing %Pneumonia. METHODS %Pneumonia was obtained for each age group from 1 to 8 years inclusive from 5,876 responses to a cross-sectional questionnaire. Literature searches were conducted for world-wide reports of %Pneumonia. Previous vaccine trials conducted worldwide were used to estimate the pneumococcal (S. pneumoniae) and Hib (H. influenzae) burdens and %Pneumonia as well as the potential for PCV and Hib vaccines to reduce Beijing children's %Pneumonia. FINDINGS The majority of pneumonia cases occurred by the age of three. The cumulative %Pneumonia for 3-8 year-old Beijing children, 26.9%, was only slightly higher than the 25.4% for the discrete 3 year-old age group, similar to trends for Tianjin (China) and Texas (USA). Beijing's %Pneumonia is disproportionally high relative to its Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, and markedly higher than %Pneumonia in the US and other high GNI per capita countries. Chinese diagnostic guidelines recommend chest X-ray confirmation while most other countries discourage it in favor of clinical diagnosis. Literature review shows that chest X-ray confirmation returns far fewer pneumonia diagnoses than clinical diagnosis. Accordingly, Beijing's %Pneumonia is likely higher than indicated by raw numbers. Vaccine trials suggest that national PCV and Hib vaccination could reduce Beijing's %Pneumonia from 26.9% to 19.7% and 24.9% respectively. CONCLUSION National PCV and Hib vaccination programs would substantially reduce Beijing children's pneumonia incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qu
- China Meteorological Administration Training Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Louise B. Weschler
- Independent Researcher, Colts Neck, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jan Sundell
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Ho YC, Lee PL, Wang YC, Chen SC, Chen KT. The economic burden of childhood invasive pneumococcal diseases and pneumonia in Taiwan: Implications for a pneumococcal vaccination program. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1081-7. [PMID: 25874476 PMCID: PMC4514427 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1023969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia are the major causes of morbidity and deaths in children in the world. The management of IPD and pneumonia is an important economic burden on healthcare systems and families. The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of IPD and pneumonia among younger children in Taiwan. We used a cost-illness approach to identify the cost categories for analysis in this study according to various perspectives. We obtained data of admission, outpatient, and emergency department visit data from the National Health Insurance Research (NHIR) database for children <5 y of age between January 2008 and December 2008. A prospective survey was administered to the families of patients to obtain detailed personal costs. All costs are presented in US dollars and were estimated by extrapolating 2008 cost data to 2013 price levels. We estimated the number of pneumococcal disease cases that were averted if the PCV-13 vaccine had been available in 2008. The total annual social and hospital costs for IPD were US $4.3 million and US $926,000, respectively. The total annual social and hospital costs for pneumonia were US $150 million and US $17 million, respectively. On average, families spent US $653 or US $218 when their child was diagnosed with IPD or pneumonia, respectively. This cost is approximately 27%–81% of the monthly salary of an unskilled worker. In conclusion, a safe and effective pediatric pneumococcal vaccine is needed to reduce the economic burden caused by pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chien Ho
- a Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management/Holistic Education Center; Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management ; Taipei , Taiwan
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