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Engler-Chiurazzi E. B cells and the stressed brain: emerging evidence of neuroimmune interactions in the context of psychosocial stress and major depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1360242. [PMID: 38650657 PMCID: PMC11033448 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1360242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system has emerged as a key regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in health and in disease. Importantly, improved understanding of immune contributions to mood disorders has provided novel opportunities for the treatment of debilitating stress-related mental health conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Yet, the impact to, and involvement of, B lymphocytes in the response to stress is not well-understood, leaving a fundamental gap in our knowledge underlying the immune theory of depression. Several emerging clinical and preclinical findings highlight pronounced consequences for B cells in stress and MDD and may indicate key roles for B cells in modulating mood. This review will describe the clinical and foundational observations implicating B cell-psychological stress interactions, discuss potential mechanisms by which B cells may impact brain function in the context of stress and mood disorders, describe research tools that support the investigation of their neurobiological impacts, and highlight remaining research questions. The goal here is for this discussion to illuminate both the scope and limitations of our current understanding regarding the role of B cells, stress, mood, and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Lim GN, Regan SL, Ross AE. Subsecond spontaneous catecholamine release in mesenteric lymph node ex vivo. J Neurochem 2020; 155:417-429. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary N. Lim
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Samantha L. Regan
- Department of Pediatrics University of CincinnatiCollege of Medicine and Division of NeurologyCincinnati Children’s Research Foundation Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Ashley E. Ross
- Department of Chemistry University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
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Du X, Yin M, Yuan L, Zhang G, Fan Y, Li Z, Yuan N, Lv X, Zhao X, Zou S, Deng W, Kosten TR, Zhang XY. Reduction of depression-like behavior in rat model induced by ShRNA targeting norepinephrine transporter in locus coeruleus. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:130. [PMID: 32366842 PMCID: PMC7198598 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression may be associated with reduced monoamine neurotransmission, particularly serotonin and norepinephrine (NE). Reuptake of NE by the norepinephrine transporter (NET) is the primary mechanism by which many of the antidepressants are high-affinity substrates for NET. This study aimed to examine the effect of lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting NET in locus coeruleus (LC) on depression-like behaviors of rats. We randomly assigned 60 male Wistar rats to 6 experimental groups: (1) Control group: without chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and without NET-shRNA treatment; (2) shRNA group: without CUMS + NET-shRNA; (3) CUMS group: 3-week CUMS without NET-shRNA; (4) CUMS + nonsense shRNA group; (5) CUMS + amygdala (Amy)-shRNA group; (6) CUMS+ locus coeruleus (LC)-shRNA group. First, recombinant lentiviral vector expressing shRNA (ShRNA-629, ShRNA-330, ShRNA-1222, ShRNA-1146 or ShRNA- negative control) against NET were produced, and their efficiency in knocking down of NET in PC12 cells were assessed by Q-PCR and western blot analysis. Second, shRNA was injected into the rat LC bilaterally to investigate whether it could prevent the depressive-like behavior induced by 3-week CUMS. Third, we tested the depressive-like behavior of the rats in the forced swimming test, the open field test, the sucrose preference test, as well as the body weight gain at the end of the seventh week. Finally, the protein expressions of NET was measured by western blot and the NE levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Q-PCR and western blot showed that the ShRNA-1146 had the best interference efficiency targeting on NET in PC12 cells (p < 0.01). Compared to the depression model group, the immobility time in the forced swimming test was significantly reduced (p < 0.01), but the sucrose preference and the total scores in the open field test were significantly increased (all p < 0.01) in the group treated with shRNA in LC. Furthermore, compared with the depression model group, NET levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.01), but NE levels were significantly increased in the group treated with shRNA in LC (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that Lentivirus-mediated shRNA targeting NET in LC downregulated NET both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in a significant decrease in depressive-like behavior of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Du
- Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ming Yin
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lian Yuan
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangya Zhang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Fan
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Nian Yuan
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Lv
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueli Zhao
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Siyun Zou
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Deng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Thomas R. Kosten
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Meng L, Bai X, Zheng Y, Chen D, Zheng Y. Altered expression of norepinephrine transporter participate in hypertension and depression through regulated TNF-α and IL-6. Clin Exp Hypertens 2019; 42:181-189. [PMID: 30957546 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2019.1601205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim: We explored the role of histone modification in the association of depression-hypertension by comparing norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene levels in different depression-hypertensive patients. Then, we analyzed the expression of NET correlation with inflammatory cytokines to provide a new direction for detecting the association mechanism between depression and hypertension.Methods: NE expression levels in serum of diverse groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then histone acetyltransferase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC), H3K27ac, NET, TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by western blot in nine female subjects in different depression and hypertension groups, and Chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction (Chip-PCR) were used to confirm the degree of acetylation affecting on the transcription level of NET gene. Meanwhile, correlation between NET with TNF/IL-6 was analyzed by SPSS19.0 software program. Finally, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and western blot were used to detect TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels after NET overexpression or interference treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and Neuro-2a cells.Results: The expression of HAT and H3K27ac had lower levels in D-H and nonD-H group than nonD-nonH group. The results showed that higher acetylation could promote expression of NET genes. Meanwhile, the expression of NET had a significant negative correlation with IL-6 (R = -0.933, p < 0.01) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (R = -0.817, p < 0.01) in subjects. In addition, the results confirmed that TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA and protein partial expressions could be inhibited by NET in both HUVECs and Neuronal cells (p < 0.01).Conclusion: In conclusion, differential expression of NET gene might function as an important factor in interaction between depression and hypertension by partially targeting TNF-α and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Meng
- Department of Cadre Ward, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Bai
- Department of Cadre Ward, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Cadre Ward, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China
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Meng L, Chen D, Pei F, Hui R, Zheng Y, Chen J. DNA methylation in the norepinephrine transporter gene promoter region is not associated with depression and hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:539-545. [PMID: 28737436 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1288737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to detect the role of DNA methylation in norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene promoter region on the association between depression and hypertension. METHODS A total of 162 subjects were categorized into four groups based on depression scores and blood pressure. DNA was extracted from peripheral white blood cells and methylation levels of nine CpG sites in NET gene promoter region were investigated by pyrosequencing. RESULTS For each CpG site and the average value of nine CpG sites, there were no significant differences in DNA methylation of the NET gene promoter between healthy controls and patients with depression or hypertension. And there were no significant differences among groups after adjusting for age and body mass index. However, DNA methylation levels of the CpG sites adjacent to transcription start site tended to be low. In addition, CpG1.2-CpG5.2 were highly correlated with CpG4 as the first principle component, while CpG2 and the part of CpG1 and 3 were the second principle components. The total participants were clustered into three subgroups by hierarchical cluster analysis of methylated levels. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that DNA methylation levels of nine CpG sites in NET gene promoter region are not associated with depression and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Meng
- a Department of General Internal Medicine , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin Province , P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- b Department of Cardiology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin Province , P. R. China
| | - Fei Pei
- b Department of Cardiology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin Province , P. R. China
| | - Rutai Hui
- c Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- b Department of Cardiology , The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin Province , P. R. China
| | - Jingzhou Chen
- c Sino-German Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, FuWai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing P. R. China
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Case AJ, Roessner CT, Tian J, Zimmerman MC. Mitochondrial Superoxide Signaling Contributes to Norepinephrine-Mediated T-Lymphocyte Cytokine Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164609. [PMID: 27727316 PMCID: PMC5058488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) produces multifaceted regulatory patterns in T-lymphocytes. Recently, we have shown that NE utilizes redox signaling as evidenced by increased superoxide (O2●-) causally linked to the observed changes in these cells; however, the source of this reactive oxygen species (ROS) remains elusive. Herein, we hypothesized that the source of increased O2●- in NE-stimulated T-lymphocytes is due to disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics. To address this hypothesis, we utilized purified mouse splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes stimulated with NE and assessed O2●- levels, mitochondrial metabolism, cellular proliferation, and cytokine profiles. We demonstrate that the increase in O2●- levels in response to NE is time-dependent and occurs at later points of T-lymphocyte activation. Moreover, the source of O2●- was indeed the mitochondria as evidenced by enhanced MitoSOX Red oxidation as well as abrogation of this signal by the addition of the mitochondrial-targeted O2●--scavenging antioxidant MitoTempol. NE-stimulated T-lymphocytes also demonstrated decreased mitochondrial respiratory capacity, which suggests disruption of mitochondrial metabolism and the potential source of increased mitochondrial O2●-. The effects of NE in regards to redox signaling appear to be adrenergic receptor-dependent as specific receptor antagonists could reverse the increase in O2●-; however, differential receptors regulating these processes were observed in CD4+ versus CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Finally, mitochondrial O2●- was shown to be mechanistic to the NE-mediated T-lymphocyte phenotype as supplementation of MitoTempol could reverse specific changes in cytokine expression observed with NE treatment. Overall, these studies indicate that mitochondrial metabolism and O2●--mediated redox signaling play a regulatory role in the T-lymphocyte response to NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Case
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Colton T. Roessner
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jun Tian
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Zimmerman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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Bayles R, Baker EK, Jowett JBM, Barton D, Esler M, El-Osta A, Lambert G. Methylation of the SLC6a2 gene promoter in major depression and panic disorder. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83223. [PMID: 24312678 PMCID: PMC3847099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced function of the noradrenaline transporter (NET) has been demonstrated in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and panic disorder. Attempts to explain NET dysfunction in MDD and panic disorder by genetic variation in the NET gene SLC6a2 have been inconclusive. Transcriptional silencing of the SLC6a2 gene may be an alternative mechanism which can lead to NET dysfunction independent of DNA sequence. The objective of this study was to characterise the DNA methylation state of the SLC6a2 gene promoter in patients with MDD and panic disorder. SLC6a2 promoter methylation was also analysed before and after antidepressant treatment. This study was performed with DNA from blood, using bisulphite sequencing and EpiTYPER methylation analyses. Patients with MDD or panic disorder were not found to differ significantly from healthy controls in the pattern of methylation of the SLC6a2 gene promotor. While significant correlations between methylation levels at some CpG sites and physiological measures were identified, overall the variation in DNA methylation between patients was small, and the significance of this variation remains equivocal. No significant changes in SLC6a2 promoter methylation were observed in response to antidepressant treatment. Further in-depth analysis of alternative mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the SLC6a2 gene in human health and disease would be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Bayles
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - David Barton
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Murray Esler
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gavin Lambert
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Bredholt T, Ersvær E, Erikstein BS, Sulen A, Reikvam H, Aarstad HJ, Johannessen AC, Vintermyr OK, Bruserud Ø, Gjertsen BT. Distinct single cell signal transduction signatures in leukocyte subsets stimulated with khat extract, amphetamine-like cathinone, cathine or norephedrine. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:35. [PMID: 23845085 PMCID: PMC3733921 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives are suggested to induce an immunosuppressive effect. However, knowledge of how amphetamines modulate intracellular signaling pathways in cells of the immune system is limited. We have studied phosphorylation of signal transduction proteins (Akt, CREB, ERK1/2, NF-κB, c-Cbl, STAT1/3/5/6) and stress sensors (p38 MAPK, p53) in human leukocyte subsets following in vitro treatment with the natural amphetamine cathinone, the cathinone derivatives cathine and norephedrine, in comparison with a defined extract of the psychostimulating herb khat (Catha edulis Forsk.). Intracellular protein modifications in single cells were studied using immunostaining and flow cytometry, cell viability was determined by Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide staining, and T-lymphocyte proliferation was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Results Cathinone, cathine and norephedrine generally reduced post-translational modifications of intracellular signal transducers in T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and monocytes, most prominently affecting c-Cbl (pTyr700), ERK1/2 (p-Thr202/p-Tyr204), p38 MAPK (p-Thr180/p-Tyr182) and p53 (both total p53 protein and p-Ser15). In contrast, the botanical khat-extract induced protein phosphorylation of STAT1 (p-Tyr701), STAT6 (p-Tyr641), c-Cbl (pTyr700), ERK1/2 (p-Thr202/p-Tyr204), NF-κB (p-Ser529), Akt (p-Ser473), p38 MAPK (p-Thr180/p-Tyr182), p53 (Ser15) as well as total p53 protein. Cathinone, cathine and norephedrine resulted in unique signaling profiles, with B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells more responsive compared to T-lymphocytes and monocytes. Treatment with norephedrine resulted in significantly increased T-lymphocyte proliferation, whereas khat-extract reduced proliferation and induced cell death. Conclusions Single-cell signal transduction analyses of leukocytes distinctively discriminated between stimulation with cathinone and the structurally similar derivatives cathine and norephedrine. Cathinone, cathine and norephedrine reduced phosphorylation of c-Cbl, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and p53(Ser15), and norephedrine induced T-lymphocyte proliferation. Khat-extract induced protein phosphorylation of signal transducers, p38 MAPK and p53, followed by reduced cell proliferation and cell death. This study suggests that protein modification-specific single-cell analysis of immune cells could unravel pharmacologic effects of amphetamines and amphetamine-like agents, and further could represent a valuable tool in elucidation of mechanism(s) of action of complex botanical extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Bredholt
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Beikmann BS, Tomlinson ID, Rosenthal SJ, Andrews AM. Serotonin uptake is largely mediated by platelets versus lymphocytes in peripheral blood cells. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:161-70. [PMID: 23336055 DOI: 10.1021/cn300146w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT), a primary target for many antidepressants, is expressed in the brain and also in peripheral blood cells. Although platelet SERT function is well accepted, lymphocyte SERT function has not been definitively characterized. Due to their small size, platelets often are found in peripheral blood mononuclear cell preparations aimed at isolating lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. The presence of different cells makes it difficult to assign SERT expression and function to specific cell types. Here, we use flow cytometry and IDT307, a monoamine transporter substrate that fluoresces after uptake into cells, to investigate SERT function in lymphocyte and platelet populations independently, as well as simultaneously without prior isolation. We find that murine lymphocytes exhibit temperature-dependent IDT307 transport but uptake is independent of SERT. Lack of measurable SERT function in lymphocytes was corroborated by chronoamperometry using serotonin as a substrate. When we examined rhesus and human mixed blood cell populations, we found that platelets, and not lymphocytes, were primary contributors to SERT function. Overall, these findings indicate that lymphocyte SERT function is minimal. Moreover, flow cytometry, in conjunction with the fluorescent transporter substrate IDT307, can be widely applied to investigate SERT in platelets from populations of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan S. Beikmann
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | | | - Anne Milasincic Andrews
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Sogawa C, Mitsuhata C, Kumagai-Morioka K, Sogawa N, Ohyama K, Morita K, Kozai K, Dohi T, Kitayama S. Expression and function of variants of human catecholamine transporters lacking the fifth transmembrane region encoded by exon 6. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11945. [PMID: 20700532 PMCID: PMC2916826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transporters for dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET) are members of the Na+- and Cl−-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6. There is a line of evidence that alternative splicing results in several isoforms of neurotransmitter transporters including NET. However, its relevance to the physiology and pathology of the neurotransmitter reuptake system has not been fully elucidated. Methodology/Principal Findings We found novel isoforms of human DAT and NET produced by alternative splicing in human blood cells (DAT) and placenta (NET), both of which lacked the region encoded by exon 6. RT-PCR analyses showed a difference in expression between the full length (FL) and truncated isoforms in the brain and peripheral tissues, suggesting tissue-specific alternative splicing. Heterologous expression of the FL but not truncated isoforms of DAT and NET in COS-7 cells revealed transport activity. However, immunocytochemistry with confocal microscopy and a cell surface biotinylation assay demonstrated that the truncated as well as FL isoform was expressed at least in part in the plasma membrane at the cell surface, although the truncated DAT was distributed to the cell surface slower than FL DAT. A specific antibody to the C-terminus of DAT labeled the variant but not FL DAT, when cells were not treated with Triton for permeabilization, suggesting the C-terminus of the variant to be located extracellulary. Co-expression of the FL isoform with the truncated isoform in COS-7 cells resulted in a reduced uptake of substrates, indicating a dominant negative effect of the variant. Furthermore, an immunoprecipitation assay revealed physical interaction between the FL and truncated isoforms. Conclusions/Significance The unique expression and function and the proposed membrane topology of the variants suggest the importance of isoforms of catecholamine transporters in monoaminergic signaling in the brain and peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chieko Mitsuhata
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Kumagai-Morioka
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Sogawa
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Ohyama
- RI Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Morita
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kozai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Dohi
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeo Kitayama
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hernandez ME, Martinez-Fong D, Perez-Tapia M, Estrada-Garcia I, Estrada-Parra S, Pavón L. Evaluation of the effect of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors on lymphocyte subsets in patients with a major depressive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:88-95. [PMID: 20005081 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To date, only the effect of a short-term antidepressant treatment (<12 weeks) on neuroendocrinoimmune alterations in patients with a major depressive disorder has been evaluated. Our objective was to determine the effect of a 52-week long treatment with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors on lymphocyte subsets. The participants were thirty-one patients and twenty-two healthy volunteers. The final number of patients (10) resulted from selection and course, as detailed in the enrollment scheme. Methods used to psychiatrically analyze the participants included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Hamilton Depression Scale and Beck Depression Inventory. The peripheral lymphocyte subsets were measured in peripheral blood using flow cytometry. Before treatment, increased counts of natural killer (NK) cells in patients were statistically significant when compared with those of healthy volunteers (312+/-29 versus 158+/-30; cells/mL), but no differences in the populations of T and B cells were found. The patients showed remission of depressive episodes after 20 weeks of treatment along with an increase in NK cell and B cell populations, which remained increased until the end of the study. At the 52nd week of treatment, patients showed an increase in the counts of NK cells (396+/-101 cells/mL) and B cells (268+/-64 cells/mL) compared to healthy volunteers (NK, 159+/-30 cells/mL; B cells, 179+/-37 cells/mL). We conclude that long-term treatment with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors not only causes remission of depressive symptoms, but also affects lymphocyte subset populations. The physiopathological consequence of these changes remains to be determined.
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Xu Y, Li F, Huang X, Sun N, Zhang F, Liu P, Yang H, Luo J, Sun Y, Zhang K. The norepinephrine transporter gene modulates the relationship between urban/rural residency and major depressive disorder in a Chinese population. Psychiatry Res 2009; 168:213-7. [PMID: 19564048 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The norepinephrine transporter (NET), which is involved in the neurotransmission of norepinephrine (NE), may play an important role in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies have suggested that a gene-environment interaction may confer susceptibility to depression. The aims of this study were to test modifying effects of the NET gene on the association between residency and MDD, as well as to reveal the relationship between gender and this gene-environment interaction in MDD. This study recruited a total of 442 patients with MDD and 393 controls. Residence was defined as reported in the data of the 5th Chinese census. Logistic regression models were used to analyze gene-environment interactions. A gene-environment interaction between the G1287A polymorphism and residency was found in the female sample. In addition, and odds ratio analysis showed that only rural women carrying the G/G genotype of the G1287A polymorphism were susceptible to MDD, but others were not. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that the G1287A polymorphism modifies rural residency as a risk factor for MDD. These findings support the possibility that the NET gene is an important factor in susceptibility to MDD in a Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xu
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
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Abstract
Depression is a disorder not only in the central nervous system (CNS), but also in the systemic neuroendocrine, autonomic nervous, and immune systems. The changes in these systems have been widely studied in depression by using serum proteins because they are easily and repetitively studied before, during, and after treatment. Recently, gene expressions in the peripheral blood leukocytes have been used to assess the depressive changes in the CNS by DNA microarrays and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. These studies will give us clues to assess depression because circulating peripheral leukocytes are influenced by systems that underlie depression, and the quantification of mRNAs in them is methodologically precise and easier than that of protein. In this paper, we review the studies on the leukocyte gene expression, including our own, and discuss the limitations and strengths of the current gene expression-based molecular assessment of depression by the leukocyte mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Iga
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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