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Su H, Yan Q, Du W, Hu E, Yang Z, Zhang W, Li Y, Tang T, Zhao S, Wang Y. Calycosin ameliorates osteoarthritis by regulating the imbalance between chondrocyte synthesis and catabolism. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:48. [PMID: 38254101 PMCID: PMC10804771 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a severe chronic inflammatory disease. As the main active component of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, a classic traditional ethnic herb, calycosin exhibits anti-inflammatory action and its mechanism of exact targets for OA have yet to be determined. In this study, we established an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) mouse model. Mice were randomized to sham, OA, and calycosin groups. Cartilage synthesis markers type II collagen (Col-2) and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9 (Sox-9) increased significantly after calycosin gavage. While cartilage matrix degradation index cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphor-epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression were decreased. With the help of network pharmacology and molecular docking, these results were confirmed in chondrocyte ADTC5 cells. Our results indicated that the calycosin treatment significantly improved cartilage damage, this was probably attributed to reversing the imbalance between chondrocyte synthesis and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Su
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Qiuju Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - En Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shushan Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, P.R. China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, P.R. China.
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Wang P, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Cao H, Kong L, Ma W, Ren W. A review of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of the Astragalus memeranaceus. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242318. [PMID: 37680711 PMCID: PMC10482111 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragali Radix (Huangqi) is mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, South America, and Africa and rarely in North America and Oceania. It has long been used as an ethnomedicine in the Russian Federation, Mongolia, Korea, Kazakhstan, and China. It was first recorded in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing and includes the effects of reinforcing healthy qi, dispelling pathogenic factors, promoting diuresis, reducing swelling, activating blood circulation, and dredging collaterals. This review systematically summarizes the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of Astragalus to explore the potential of Huangqi and expand its applications. Data were obtained from databases such as PubMed, CNKI, Wan Fang Data, Baidu Scholar, and Google Scholar. The collected material also includes classic works of Chinese herbal medicine, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Chinese Medicine Dictionary, and PhD and Master's theses. The pharmacological effects of the isoflavone fraction in Huangqi have been studied extensively; The pharmacological effects of Huangqi isoflavone are mainly reflected in its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-diabetic properties and its ability to treat several related diseases. Additionally, the medicinal uses, chemical composition, pharmacological activity, toxicology, and quality control of Huangqi require further elucidation. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of Astragalus to assist future innovative research and to identify and develop new drugs involving Huangqi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Weichao Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Szabo K, Ranga F, Elemer S, Varvara RA, Diaconeasa Z, Dulf FV, Vodnar DC. Evaluation of the Astragalus exscapus L. subsp. transsilvanicus Roots' Chemical Profile, Phenolic Composition and Biological Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315161. [PMID: 36499484 PMCID: PMC9739471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel and natural molecules for pharmaceutical applications are a contemporary preoccupation in science which prompts research in underexplored environments. Astragalus exscapus ssp. transsilvanicus (Schur) Nyár. (ASTRA) is a plant species endemic to Transylvania, having a very similar root system with that of A. membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, known for its health promoting properties. The present study endeavored to perform basic characterization of the ASTRA roots by proximate analysis, to investigate the fatty acid profile of the lipids extracted from the ASTRA roots, to examine the phenolic composition of the root extracts by liquid chromatography, and to evaluate the biological activities through determination of the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic capacities of the extracts. The primary compounds found in the ASTRA roots were carbohydrates and lipids, and the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed linoleic acid as preponderant compound with 31.10%, followed by palmitic, oleic and α-linolenic acids with 17.30%, 15.61% and 14.21%, respectively. The methanol extract of the ASTRA roots presented highest phenolic content, Astragaloside IV being the predominant compound with 425.32 ± 0.06 µg/g DW. The antimicrobial assay showed remarkable antimicrobial potential of the extract at a concentration of 0.356 and 0.703 mg ASTRA root powder (DW)/mL, highlighting its efficacy to inhibit S. aureus and S. epidermidis bacterial strains. Furthermore, the cell proliferation assessment showed the noteworthy proficiency of the treatment in inhibiting the proliferation of B16F10 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Szabo
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Technological Transfer Center COMPAC, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Floricuta Ranga
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simon Elemer
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rodica Anita Varvara
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zorita Diaconeasa
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Francisc Vasile Dulf
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Environmental and Plant Protection, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Manastur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Tian J, Zhou D, Xiang L, Xie B, Wang B, Li Y, Liu X. Calycosin represses AIM2 inflammasome-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis to attenuate monosodium urate-induced gouty arthritis through NF-κB and p62-Keap1 pathways. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1654-1672. [PMID: 36069386 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gouty arthritis is an inflammatory disease induced by monosodium urate (MSU), and is closely related to the activation of inflammasomes. Calycosin plays an anti-inflammatory role in arthritis. This study explored the mechanism of Calycosin in MSU-induced gouty arthritis. MSU-induced gouty arthritis mouse models with or without treatment of Calycosin were established, and physiological and pathological indicators were determined. Similarly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 macrophages were used in vitro. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was tested. The degree of centrifugal infiltration was detected by immunofluorescence. ELISA and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were conducted to determine the levels of inflammatory factors. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were utilized to detect the content of caspase-1. Protein expressions of NF-κB-, p62-Keap1 pathway-, and pyroptosis-related factors were examined by western blot. In MSU-induced mouse models, calycosin increased mechanical hyperalgesia but decreased the swelling index of the mouse knee joint in a time-dependent manner. MSU treatment increased inflammatory cells and LysM-eGFP+ neutrophils recruitment in vivo, and promoted the LDH content in vitro, and meanwhile, calycosin reversed the aforementioned effects of MSU. In addition, calycosin repressed the release of inflammatory factors, promoted p62 level and diminished the levels of AIM2, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β, Keap1, Cleaved GSDMD, and Cleaved caspase-1 and phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα in MSU-induced mouse or cell models. Furthermore, AIM2 silencing also inhibited MSU-induced inflammation and pyroptosis. Collectively, calycosin may inhibit AIM2 inflammasomes-mediated inflammation and pyroptosis through NF-κB and p62-Keap1 pathways, ultimately playing a protective role in gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dapeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Liangbi Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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Li M, Han B, Zhao H, Xu C, Xu D, Sieniawska E, Lin X, Kai G. Biological active ingredients of Astragali Radix and its mechanisms in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153918. [PMID: 35104756 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rising age of the global population, the incidence rate of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs) is increasing, which causes serious public health burden. The efforts for new therapeutic approaches are still being sought since the treatment effects of existing therapies are not quite satisfactory. Chinese traditional medicine proved to be very efficient in the treatment of CCVDs. Well described and established in Chinese medicine, Astragali Radix, has been commonly administered in the prophylaxis and cure of CCVDs for thousands of years. PURPOSE This review summarized the action mode and mechanisms of Astragali Radix phytochemicals on CCVDs, hoping to provide valuable information for the future application, development and improvement of Astragali Radix as well as CCVDs treatment. METHODS A plenty of literature on biological active ingredients of Astragali Radix used for CCVDs treatment were retrieved from online electronic PubMed and Web of Science databases. RESULTS This review highlighted the effects of five main active components in Astragali Radix including astragaloside Ⅳ, cycloastragenol, astragalus polysaccharide, calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, and calycosin on CCVDs. The mechanisms mainly involved anti-oxidative damage, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic through signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt, Nrf2/HO-1, and TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In addition, the majority active constituents in AR have no obvious toxic side effects. CONCLUSION The main active components of Astragali Radix, especially AS-IV, have been extensively summarized. It has been proved that Astragali Radix has obvious therapeutic effects on various CCVDs, including myocardial and cerebral ischemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, chronic heart failure. CAG possesses anti-ischemia activity without toxicity, indicating a worthy of further development. However, high-quality clinical and pharmacokinetic studies are required to validate the current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Bing Han
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Chongyi Xu
- Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 317500, China
| | - Daokun Xu
- Wenling Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 317500, China
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Xianming Lin
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory for Core Technology of TCM Quality Improvement and Transformation, The Third Affiliated Hospital, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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Li G, Rao H, Xu W. Puerarin plays a protective role in chondrocytes by activating Beclin1-dependent autophagy. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:621-625. [PMID: 33624774 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin can protect chondrocytes, whereby ameliorating osteoarthritis. Puerarin also promotes autophagy. Autophagy maintains chondrocyte homeostasis. The role of autophagy in puerarin-protected chondrocytes is unknown. Puerarin promoted chondrocyte autophagy. Puerarin-protected chondrocytes were reversed by autophagy inhibitors and Beclin1 inhibitor. 3-MA or Beclin1 inhibitor in vivo reversed puerarin-ameliorated cartilage damage of osteoarthritis mice. Thus, puerarin can protect chondrocytes through Beclin1-dependent autophagy activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guishuang Li
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongming Rao
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Liu LJ, Li HF, Xu F, Wang HY, Zhang YF, Liu GX, Shang MY, Wang X, Cai SQ. Exploring the In Vivo Existence Forms (23 Original Constituents and 147 Metabolites) of Astragali Radix Total Flavonoids and Their Distributions in Rats Using HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MS n. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235560. [PMID: 33256251 PMCID: PMC7729672 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali Radix total flavonoids (ARTF) is one of the main bioactive components of Astragali Radix (AR), and has many pharmacological effects. However, its metabolism and effective forms remains unclear. The HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn technique was used to screen and tentatively identify the in vivo original constituents and metabolites of ARTF and to clarify their distribution in rats after oral administration. In addition, modern chromatographic methods were used to isolate the main metabolites from rat urine and NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate their structures. As a result, 170 compounds (23 original constituents and 147 metabolites) were tentatively identified as forms existing in vivo, 13 of which have the same pharmacological effect with ARTF. Among 170 compounds, three were newly detected original constituents in vivo and 89 were new metabolites of ARTF, from which 12 metabolites were regarded as new compounds. Nineteen original constituents and 65 metabolites were detected in 10 organs. Four metabolites were isolated and identified from rat urine, including a new compound (calycoisn-3'-O-glucuronide methyl ester), a firstly-isolated metabolite (astraisoflavan-7-O-glucoside-2'-O-glucuronide), and two known metabolites (daidzein-7-O-sulfate and calycosin-3'-O-glucuronide). The original constituents and metabolites existing in vivo may be material basis for ARTF efficacy, and these findings are helpful for further clarifying the effective forms of ARTF.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Astragalus propinquus
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Drug Monitoring
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacokinetics
- Flavonoids/administration & dosage
- Flavonoids/chemistry
- Flavonoids/pharmacokinetics
- Metabolome
- Metabolomics/methods
- Molecular Structure
- Rats
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Xu
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (S.-Q.C.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2534 (F.X.); +86-10-8280-1693 (S.-Q.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shao-Qing Cai
- Correspondence: (F.X.); (S.-Q.C.); Tel.: +86-10-8280-2534 (F.X.); +86-10-8280-1693 (S.-Q.C.)
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Wu X, Li X, Wang W, Shan Y, Wang C, Zhu M, La Q, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Nan P, Li X. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics study of traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao reveals global metabolic profile and novel phytochemical ingredients. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:697. [PMID: 33208098 PMCID: PMC7677826 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao is one of the most common herbs widely used in South and East Asia, to enhance people's health and reinforce vital energy. Despite its prevalence, however, the knowledge about phytochemical compositions and metabolite biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao is very limited. RESULTS An integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis using state-of-the-art UPLC-Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and advanced bioinformatics pipeline were conducted to study global metabolic profiles and phytochemical ingredients/biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. A total of 5435 metabolites were detected, from which 2190 were annotated, representing an order of magnitude increase over previously known. Metabolic profiling of Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao tissues found contents and synthetic enzymes for phytochemicals were significantly higher in leaf and stem in general, whereas the contents of the main bioactive ingredients were significantly enriched in root, underlying the value of root in herbal remedies. Using integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics data, we illustrated the complete pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis, in which some were first reported in the herb. More importantly, we discovered novel flavonoid derivatives using informatics method for neutral loss scan, in addition to inferring their likely synthesis pathways in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. CONCLUSIONS The current study represents the most comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis on traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. We demonstrated our integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach offers great potentials in discovering novel metabolite structure and associated synthesis pathways. This study provides novel insights into the phytochemical ingredients, metabolite biosynthesis, and complex metabolic network in herbs, highlighting the rich natural resource and nutritional value of traditional herbal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuetong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yuanhong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cuiting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Mulan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Qiong La
- Research Institute of Biodiversity & Geobiology, Department of Life Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China 850000, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Research Institute of Biodiversity & Geobiology, Department of Life Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China 850000, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peng Nan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Protective Effect of a Mixture of Astragalus membranaceus and Lithospermum erythrorhizon Extract against Hepatic Steatosis in High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8370698. [PMID: 32256659 PMCID: PMC7106914 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8370698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential synergistic and protective effects of ALM16, a mixture of Astragalus membranaceus (AM) and Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) extract in a ratio of 7 : 3, against hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into eight groups and orally administered daily for 6 weeks with a normal diet (ND) or high fat diet alone (HFD), HFD with AM (HFD + 100 mg/kg AM extract), HFD with LE (HFD + 100 mg/kg LE extract), HFD with ALM16 (HFD + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg ALM16), or HFD with MT (HFD + 100 mg/kg Milk thistle extract) as a positive control. ALM16 significantly decreased the body and liver weight, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), and serum glucose levels, compared to the HFD group. Moreover, ALM16 significantly ameliorated the HFD-induced increased hepatic injury markers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-1. Furthermore, as compared to the mice fed HFD alone, ALM16 increased the levels of phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), thereby upregulating the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT)-1 and downregulating the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and fatty acid synthase (FAS). These results demonstrated that ALM16 markedly inhibited HFD-induced hepatic steatosis in NAFLD mice by modulating AMPK and ACC signaling pathways, and may be more effective than the single extracts of AM or LE.
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Mei X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Wang S, Dong F, Wang Z, Qiao Y, Zhang J. The chemical transformations for Radix Astragali via different alkaline wash conditions by quantitative and qualitative analyses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113164. [PMID: 32199325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Radix Astragali is a famous Chinese traditional and folk medicine with a wide range of medicinal values in clinic. In this study, an analytical efficient strategy based on UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS/MS was established to explore and reveal the chemical transformations for Radix Astragali under different alkaline wash conditions for analytical sample preparation. Firstly, a rapid and sensitive UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS method for the quantification of 14 main constituents in Radix Astragali has been developed and validated. Secondly, according to the standard substance comparison, accurate mass measurements, mass fragmentation behaviors and related literatures, a total of 102 components have been screened and identified using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap method. Among them, 47 compounds are saponins, and the other 55 are flavonoids. Consequently, there were two chemical transformations including hydrolysis and degradation observed when Radix Astragali was treated with alkali. Besides, hydrolysis of glycosides and acetyl played a considerably important role in the process of sample preparation. It has been proved that 10 % ammonia could relatively guarantee the high content of astragaloside IV and avoid the over-degradation of most chemical ingredients in Radix Astragali. In conclusion, this work would provide a scientific and practical method for quality control of Radix Astragali as well as its compound preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Mei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zihan Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Fan Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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Cycloastragenol as an Exogenous Enhancer of Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. A Morphological Study. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020347. [PMID: 32028592 PMCID: PMC7072395 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering represent a promising approach for cartilage regeneration. However, they present limits in terms of mechanical properties and premature de-differentiation of engineered cartilage. Cycloastragenol (CAG), a triterpenoid saponin compound and a hydrolysis product of the main ingredient in Astragalus membranaceous, has been explored for cartilage regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate CAG’s ability to promote cell proliferation, maintain cells in their stable active phenotype, and support the production of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM) in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) in up to 28 days of three-dimensional (3D) chondrogenic culture. The hAMSC pellets were cultured in chondrogenic medium (CM) and in CM supplemented with CAG (CAG–CM) for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. At each time-point, the pellets were harvested for histological (hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)), histochemical (Alcian-Blue) and immunohistochemical analysis (Type I, II, and X collagen, aggrecan, SOX9, lubricin). After excluding CAG’s cytotoxicity (MTT Assay), improved cell condensation, higher glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) content, and increased cell proliferation have been detected in CAG–CM pellets until 28 days of culture. Overall, CAG improved the chondrogenic differentiation of hAMSCs, maintaining stable the active chondrocyte phenotype in up to 28 days of 3D in vitro chondrogenic culture. It is proposed that CAG might have a beneficial impact on cartilage regeneration approaches.
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Choi DJ, Choi SI, Choi BR, Lee YS, Lee DY, Kim GS. Cartilage protective and anti-analgesic effects of ALM16 on monosodium iodoacetate induced osteoarthritis in rats. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:325. [PMID: 31752825 PMCID: PMC6873692 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2746-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related joint disease with characteristics that involve the progressive degradation of articular cartilage and resulting chronic pain. Previously, we reported that Astragalus membranaceus and Lithospermum erythrorhizon showed significant anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis activities. The objective of this study was to examine the protective effects of ALM16, a new herbal mixture (7:3) of ethanol extracts of A. membranaceus and L. erythrorhizon, against OA in in vitro and in vivo models. Methods The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, −3 and − 13 and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in interleukin (IL)-1β or ALM16 treated SW1353 cells were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent and quantitative kit, respectively. In vivo, the anti-analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ALM16 were assessed via the acetic acid-induced writhing response and in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in ICR mice, respectively. In addition, the chondroprotective effects of ALM16 were analyzed using a single-intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) in the right knee joint of Wister/ST rat. All samples were orally administered daily for 2 weeks starting 1 week after the MIA injection. The paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in MIA-injected rats was measured by the von Frey test using the up-down method. Histopathological changes of the cartilage in OA rats were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results ALM16 remarkably reduced the GAG degradation and MMP levels in IL-1β treated SW1353 cells. ALM16 markedly decreased the thickness of the paw edema and writhing response in a dose-dependent manner in mice. In the MIA-induced OA rat model, ALM16 significantly reduced the PWT compared to the control group. In particular, from histological observations, ALM16 showed clear improvement of OA lesions, such as the loss of necrotic chondrocytes and cartilage erosion of more than 200 mg/kg b.w., comparable to or better than a positive drug control (JOINS™, 200 mg/kg) in the cartilage of MIA-OA rats. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ALM16 has a strong chondroprotective effect against the OA model in vitro and in vivo, likely attributed to its anti-inflammatory activity and inhibition of MMP production.
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Zhang CH, Yang X, Wei JR, Chen NMH, Xu JP, Bi YQ, Yang M, Gong X, Li ZY, Ren K, Han QH, Zhang L, Li X, Ji MY, Wang CC, Li MH. Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Applications of Radix Astragali. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 27:229-240. [PMID: 31502185 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-019-3032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Radix Astragali (RA), a traditional Chinese medicine from the dried root of Astragalus species, is widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world. The major bioactive constituents of RA are triterpene glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, and these compounds mostly exert pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular, immune, respiratory, and hepatic systems. This review summarizes the recent studies on RA and provides a comprehensive summary regarding the status of resources, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical application, and patent release of RA. We hope this review can provide a guidance for further development of therapeutic agents from RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Jing-Ran Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Na-Mu-Han Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Bi
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Zi-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Qi-Heng Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Ming-Yue Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Cong-Cong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 014040, China.
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, 010020, China.
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Guo Z, Lou Y, Kong M, Luo Q, Liu Z, Wu J. A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics on Astragali Radix: Implications for Astragali Radix as a Personalized Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1463. [PMID: 30909474 PMCID: PMC6470777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragali radix (AR) is one of the most widely used traditional Chinese herbal medicines. Modern pharmacological studies and clinical practices indicate that AR possesses various biological functions, including potent immunomodulation, antioxidant, anti-inflammation and antitumor activities. To date, more than 200 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from AR. Among them, isoflavonoids, saponins and polysaccharides are the three main types of beneficial compounds responsible for its pharmacological activities and therapeutic efficacy. After ingestion of AR, the metabolism and biotransformation of the bioactive compounds were extensive in vivo. The isoflavonoids and saponins and their metabolites are the major type of constituents absorbed in plasma. The bioavailability barrier (BB), which is mainly composed of efflux transporters and conjugating enzymes, is expected to have a significant impact on the bioavailability of AR. This review summarizes studies on the phytochemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics on AR. Additionally, the use of AR as a personalized medicine based on the BB is also discussed, which may provide beneficial information to achieve a better and more accurate therapeutic response of AR in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Guo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Yanmei Lou
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Muyan Kong
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Qing Luo
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR) 999078, China.
| | - Jinjun Wu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Nguyen LTH, Nguyen UT, Kim YH, Shin HM, Yang IJ. Astragali Radix and its compound formononetin ameliorate diesel particulate matter-induced skin barrier disruption by regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:132-141. [PMID: 30243826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Astragali Radix (AR), the root of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, is widely applied in traditional medicine to promote skin health and tissue regeneration. AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the effects of AR and its active compound, formononetin (FMT), on skin barrier defects in keratinocytes exposed to diesel particulate matter (PM). MATERIALS AND METHODS HaCaT cells and three-dimensional (3D) human skin reconstructed model were pre-treated with AR (50, 100 μg/ml) and FMT (30, 50 μM), then treated with PM (200 μg/ml). RESULTS AR and FMT significantly enhanced the expression of Keratin (KRT) 16 in PM stimulated HaCaT cells. PM increased p53 and Bax expression as well as the subsequent cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP in HaCaT cells, while this was inhibited by AR and FMT treatment. In vitro studies using the PM stimulated 3D human skin reconstructed model revealed that AR and FMT increased the expression of KRT 16 and KRT 17. Histological examination of the 3D human skin reconstructed model showed that AR and FMT up-regulated the expression of Ki67, but down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase 3. Both AR and FMT significantly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK, but not JNK and p38 MAPK in PM stimulated HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AR and FMT act as anti-pollution agents and alleviate PM induced skin barrier defects through regulation of apoptosis and proliferation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly Thi Huong Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Uy Thai Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoun-Hee Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering Research, Medical School, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Mook Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Hong GU, Lee JY, Kang H, Kim TY, Park JY, Hong EY, Shin YH, Jung SH, Chang HB, Kim YH, Kwon YI, Ro JY. Inhibition of Osteoarthritis-Related Molecules by Isomucronulatol 7- O-β-d-glucoside and Ecliptasaponin A in IL-1β-Stimulated Chondrosarcoma Cell Model. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112807. [PMID: 30380653 PMCID: PMC6278319 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the common form of arthritis and is characterized by disability and cartilage degradation. Although natural product extracts have been reported to have anti-osteoarthritic effects, the potential bioactivity of Ryupunghwan (RPH), a traditional Korean medicinal botanical formula that contains Astragalus membranaceus, Turnera diffusa, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica gigas, Eclipta prostrata, Eucommia ulmoides, and Ilex paraguariensis, is not known well. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of single compounds isolated from RPH on the OA-related molecules were investigated using IL-1β-stimulated chondrosarcoma SW1353 (SW1353) cell model. Two bioactive compounds, isomucronulatol 7-O-β-d-glucoside (IMG) and ecliptasaponin A (ES) were isolated and purified from RPH using column chromatography, and then the structures were analyzed using ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrum. The expression or amount of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1β or p65 was determined by RT-PCR, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RPH pretreatment reduced the expression and amounts of MMP13, and the expression of collagen II, COX1/2, TNF-α, IL-1β or p65, which were increased in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 cells. IMG reduced the expression of all OA-related molecules, but the observed inhibitory effect was less than that of RPH extract. The other single compound ES showed the reduced expression of all OA-related molecules, and the effect was stronger than that in IMG (approximately 100 fold). Combination pretreatment of both single components remarkably reduced the expression of MMP13, compared to each single component. These synergic effects may provide potential molecular modes of action for the anti-osteoarthritic effects of RPH observed in clinical and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwan Ui Hong
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
| | - Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Hanna Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Tae Yang Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jae Yeo Park
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Hong
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
| | - Youn Ho Shin
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
| | - Sung Hoon Jung
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
| | - Hung-Bae Chang
- Department of Bio Quality Control, Korea Bio Polytechnic, Chungnam 32943, Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Choongnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Young-In Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Jai Youl Ro
- Life & Science Research Center, Hyunsung Vital Co. Ltd., Seoul 07255, Korea.
- Department of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 03063, Korea.
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Liu Y, Liu J, Wang Y, Abozeid A, Tian DM, Zhang XN, Tang ZH. The Different Resistance of Two Astragalus Plants to UV-B Stress is Tightly Associated with the Organ-specific Isoflavone Metabolism. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 94:115-125. [PMID: 28881500 DOI: 10.1111/php.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the changes in isoflavone levels and the expression of genes involved in their biosynthesis were studied in two Astragalus by UPLC-MS and real-time PCR after 10 days of UV-B treatment (λmax = 313 nm, 804 J m-2 ). Isoflavones were significantly induced by UV-B irradiation. The influence might be activated by the regulation of these target genes. Our results indicate that (1) the resistance of Astragalus membranaceus might not be as good as Astragalus mongholicus in the enhanced UV-B radiation environment; (2) the enhanced accumulation of calycosin and calycosin-7-glucoside with UV-B treatment in roots of A. mongholicus might be derived from formononetin which is synthesized in the leaves; (3) the glycosylation process could be stimulated and activated by the enhanced UV-B radiation in both A. mongholicus and A. membranaceus. In other words, glycosylation of isoflavones might play a crucial role for two Astragalus plants in response to UV-B stress. Overall, this study offered a feasible elicitation strategy to understand the accumulation pattern of isoflavone in A. mongholicus and A. membranaceus, and also provided a reference for the changes in isoflavone levels of Astragalus in UV-B enhanced environment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ann Abozeid
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom, Egypt
| | - Dong-Mei Tian
- Heilongjiang Province Institute for Food and Drug Control, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Institute for Food and Drug Control, Harbin, China
| | - Zhong-Hua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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18
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Kong X, Wang F, Niu Y, Wu X, Pan Y. A comparative study on the effect of promoting the osteogenic function of osteoblasts using isoflavones from Radix Astragalus. Phytother Res 2017; 32:115-124. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Kong
- Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710064 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710064 P. R. China
| | - Yinbo Niu
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Xianglong Wu
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Northwestern Polytechnical University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 P. R. China
| | - Yalei Pan
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization; Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine; Xianyang Shaanxi 712083 P. R. China
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19
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Maresca M, Micheli L, Cinci L, Bilia AR, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Pain relieving and protective effects of Astragalus hydroalcoholic extract in rat arthritis models. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1858-1870. [PMID: 28960309 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The evaluation of the pharmacological profile of the dried 50% hydroalcoholic extract (50%HA) of Astragali radix in two different animal models of articular damage resembling osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS Sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was intra-articular injected (day 0) in the rat tibiotarsal joint to induce damages mimicking osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Pain measurements (responses to non-noxious and noxious stimuli, spontaneous pain, articular pain) were assessed on days 7 and 14. On day 14, the tibiotarsal joints were explanted in order to measure the diameter and to assess histological evaluations. Furthermore, the plasmatic concentrations of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were measured. KEY FINDINGS A single administration of 50%HA (300 mg/kg per os) significantly reduced both MIA-induced pain and CFA-induced pain (78% and 96% pain relief, respectively). The repeated administration prevented the development of hypersensitivity on day 14. The haematoxylin/eosin staining revealed that 50% HA attenuated joint alterations in MIA-injected rats, and furthermore, the joint inflammatory infiltrate was reduced in both models (by about 50%). In CFA-treated rats, 50%HA lowered the plasmatic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α as well as the joint diameter. CONCLUSIONS The 50% hydroalcoholic extract of Astragali radix is a valuable candidate for the adjuvant treatment of articular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Maresca
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Neurofarba - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section,, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Neurofarba - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section,, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cinci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Neurofarba - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section,, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bilia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Neurofarba - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section,, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Neurofarba - Pharmacology and Toxicology Section,, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Luo H, Yao L, Zhang Y, Li R. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics analysis reveals chondroprotective effects of astragaloside IV in interleukin-1β-induced SW1353 chondrocyte-like cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:796-802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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21
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Bratkov VM, Shkondrov AM, Zdraveva PK, Krasteva IN. Flavonoids from the Genus Astragalus: Phytochemistry and Biological Activity. Pharmacogn Rev 2016; 10:11-32. [PMID: 27041870 PMCID: PMC4791984 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.176550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids, the most common plant polyphenols are widely distributed in every species and possess a broad range of pharmacological activities. The genus Astragalus is the largest in the Fabaceae family with more than 2,500 species spread. They are known to contain different metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides. Plants from the genus have been used in the traditional medicine of many countries for centuries. This paper is focused on the large group of flavonoid compounds. Details on structure as well as information about the pharmacological properties of flavonoids, isolated from Astragalus species have been discussed. This review is based on publications until the first half of 2014 and includes also the results from our phytochemical investigations of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor M. Bratkov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Ilina N. Krasteva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Shi J, Zheng H, Yu J, Zhu L, Yan T, Wu P, Lu L, Wang Y, Hu M, Liu Z. SGLT-1 Transport and Deglycosylation inside Intestinal Cells Are Key Steps in the Absorption and Disposition of Calycosin-7-O- -D-Glucoside in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:283-96. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Ruan JQ, Li S, Li YP, Wu WJ, Lee SMY, Yan R. The Presystemic Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Orally Administered Calycosin-7-O-β-d-Glucoside. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1601-11. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Chen J, Wu XT, Xu YQ, Zhong Y, Li YX, Chen JK, Li X, Nan P. Global transcriptome analysis profiles metabolic pathways in traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. BMC Genomics 2015; 16 Suppl 7:S15. [PMID: 26099797 PMCID: PMC4474414 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-16-s7-s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao (A. mongolicus, family Leguminosae) is one of the most important traditional Chinese herbs. Among many secondary metabolites it produces, the effective bioactive constituents include isoflavonoids and triterpene saponins. The genomic resources regarding the biosynthesis of these metabolites in A. mongolicus are limited. Although roots are the primary material harvested for medical use, the biosynthesis of the bioactive compounds and its regulation in A. mongolicus are not well understood. Therefore, a global transcriptome analysis on A. mongolicus tissues was performed to identify the genes essential for the metabolism and to profile their expression patterns in greater details. RESULTS RNA-sequencing was performed for three different A. mongolicus tissues: leaf, stem, and root, using the Illumina Hiseq2000 platform. A total of 159.5 million raw sequence reads were generated, and assembled into 186,324 unigenes with an N50 of 1,524bp. Among them, 129,966 unigenes (~69.7%) were annotated using four public databases (Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL, CDD, Pfam), and 90,202, 63,946, and 78,326 unigenes were found to express in leaves, roots, and stems, respectively. A total of 8,025 transcription factors (TFs) were identified, in which the four largest families, bHLH, MYB, C3H, and WRKY, were implicated in regulation of tissue development, metabolisms, stress response, etc. Unigenes associated with secondary metabolism, especially those with isolavonoids and triterpene saponins biosynthesis were characterized and profiled. Most genes involved in the isoflavonoids biosynthesis had the lowest expression in the leaves, and the highest in the stems. For triterpene saponin biosynthesis, we found the genes in MVA and non-MVA pathways were differentially expressed among three examined tissues, indicating the parallel but compartmentally separated biosynthesis pathways of IPP and DMAPP in A. mongolicus. The first committed enzyme in triterpene saponin biosynthesis from A. mongolicus, cycloartenol synthase (AmCAS), which belongs to the oxidosqualene cyclase family, was cloned by us to study the astragalosides biosynthesis. Further co-expression analysis indicated the candidate CYP450s and glycosyltransferases (GTs) in the cascade of triterpene saponins biosynthesis. The presence of the large CYP450 families in A. mongolicus was further compared with those from Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana, and the diversity and phylegenetic relationships of the CYP450 families were established. CONCLUSION A transcriptome study was performed for A. mongolicus tissues to construct and profile their metabolic pathways, especially for the important bioactive molecules. The results revealed a comprehensive profile for metabolic activities among tissues, pointing to the equal importance of leaf, stem, and root in A. mongolicus for the production of bioactive compounds. This work provides valuable resources for bioengineering and in vitro synthesis of the natural compounds for medical research and for potential drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xue-Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi-Qin Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Zhong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Biodiversity Science and Geobiology, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China
| | - Yi-Xue Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia-Kuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Nan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Luczkiewicz P, Kokotkiewicz A, Dampc A, Luczkiewicz M. Mangiferin: A promising therapeutic agent for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:570-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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WANG XIAOHONG, HUANG WEIMIN. Astragalus polysaccharides exert protective effects in newborn rats with bronchopulmonary dysplasia by upregulating the expression of EGFL7 in lung tissue. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1529-36. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kokotkiewicz A, Luczkiewicz M, Pawlowska J, Luczkiewicz P, Sowinski P, Witkowski J, Bryl E, Bucinski A. Isolation of xanthone and benzophenone derivatives from Cyclopia genistoides (L.) Vent. (honeybush) and their pro-apoptotic activity on synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fitoterapia 2013; 90:199-208. [PMID: 23916580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A fast and efficient method for the isolation of the C-glucosidated xanthones mangiferin and isomangiferin from the South-African plant Cyclopia genistoides was developed for the first time. The procedure involved extraction, liquid-liquid partitioning with ethyl acetate and subsequent precipitation of mangiferin and isomangiferin from methanol and acetonitrile-water fractions, respectively. Additionally, two benzophenone derivatives: 3-C-β-glucosides of maclurin and iriflophenone, were isolated from C. genistoides extracts using semi-preparative HPLC. Apart from the above, the isolation procedure also yielded hesperidin and small amounts of luteolin. The structures of the compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments and/or LC-DAD-ESI-MS. The selected Cyclopia constituents were screened for pro-apoptotic activity on TNF-α-stimulated synovial cells isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients. The strongest effect, measured as percent of apoptotic cells, was recorded for isomangiferin (75%), followed by iriflophenone 3-C-β-glucoside (71%), hesperidin (67%) and mangiferin (65%). The results are encouraging for further studies on the use of the above compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kokotkiewicz
- The Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
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Kokotkiewicz A, Luczkiewicz M, Kowalski W, Badura A, Piekus N, Bucinski A. Isoflavone production in Cyclopia subternata Vogel (honeybush) suspension cultures grown in shake flasks and stirred-tank bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8467-77. [PMID: 23872960 PMCID: PMC3776277 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Suspension cultures of the endemic South-African plant Cyclopia subternata were established for the first time and evaluated for the presence of isoflavones. The influence of light, as well as medium supplementation strategies with phenylalanine, casein hydrolysate and coconut water on biomass growth and isoflavone production were examined. The highest levels of 7-O-β-glucosides of calycosin, pseudobaptigenin and formononetin (275.57, 125.37 and 147.28 mg/100 g DW, respectively) were recorded for cultures grown in the absence of light, whereas coconut water substantially promoted biomass growth. Cell suspensions were subsequently grown in the 2-l stirred-tank bioreactor. Maximum productivity of 7-O-β-glucosides of calycosin, pseudobaptigenin and formononetin (0.96, 0.44 and 0.22 mg l−1 day−1, respectively) in bioreactor-cultivated cells was obtained for biomass grown in the dark and supplemented with coconut water. The results indicate that C. subternata suspension cultures can be utilised for the production of the specified isoflavone derivatives absent in the intact plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kokotkiewicz
- The Chair and Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, al. gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
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Yang LP, Shen JG, Xu WC, Li J, Jiang JQ. Secondary Metabolites of the GenusAstragalus:Structure and Biological-Activity Update. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1004-54. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Flavonoids from Astragalus membranaceus and their inhibitory effects on LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:186-92. [PMID: 23771500 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Radix Astragali (Astragalus membranaceus) is an important traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used as a tonic to enhance the body's natural defense mechanisms. In this phytochemical study, 12 flavonoids, isoliquiritigenin (1), liquiritigenin (2), calycosin (3), calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), formononetin (5), formononetin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (6), daidzein (7), daidzein 7-O-β-D-glucoside (8), methylnissolin (9), methylnissolin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (10), isomucronulatol (11), and isomucronulatol 7-O-β-D-glucoside (12), were isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus. Their structures were elucidated by comparing spectroscopic data with reported values. The effects of the isolated compounds on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells were investigated. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant inhibitory effects on LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-12 p40 production, with IC50 values ranging from 2.7 to 6.1 μM. Compound 1 also showed a moderate inhibitory effect on LPS-stimulated production of TNF-α with an IC50 value of 20.1 μM. Further studies of the potential anti-inflammatory effects and benefits of flavonoids from A. membranaceus are warranted.
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Fu J, Huang L, Zhang H, Yang S, Chen S. Structural features of a polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:687-692. [PMID: 23659640 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.778832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A polysaccharide Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) was obtained from the boiling water extract of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. The results of gas chromatography (GC) indicated that APS consisted of l-rhamnose (l-Rha), d-xylose (d-Xyl), d-glucose (d-Glc), and d-galactose (d-Gal) in the molar ratio of 1:4:5:1.5. Its molecular weight was determined to be 3.01 × 10(5) by high-performance gel filtration chromatography. The results of (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectral analysis indicated that APS had a linear backbone mainly consisting of 1,3-linked β-d-Gal residues with insertion of β-Glc, 1,6-linked α-Gal, 1,5-linked β-Xyl, 1,4-linked β-Gal, β-d-Gal, 1,2-linked α-Rha, 1,2,4-linked α-Rha residues. HSQC spectrum indicated that C-2 and C-6 may link with H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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32
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Xu Y, Feng L, Wang S, Zhu Q, Lin J, Lou C, Xiang P, He B, Zheng Z, Tang D, Zuo G. Phytoestrogen calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ameliorates advanced glycation end products-induced HUVEC damage. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2953-65. [PMID: 21647942 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vasculopathy including endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and inflammation contributes to the high incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (CG), a phytoestrogen, on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced HUVEC damage. We observed that CG can significantly ameliorate AGEs-induced HUVEC oxidative stress and apoptosis. The ratio of SOD/MDA was significantly increased to the normal level by CG pretreatment. CG preincubation dramatically increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 while decreased pro-apoptotic Bax and Bad expressions as detected by immunocytochemistry. Moreover, CG ameliorated macrophage migration and adhesion to HUVEC; the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-6 levels in the culture supernatant were dramatically reduced by CG as determined by ELISA; the expressions of inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1, TGF-β1, and RAGE in both protein and mRNA levels were significantly reduced to the normal level by CG pretreatment as determined by immunocytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The intracellular investigation suggests that CG can reverse AGEs-activated ERK1/2 and NF-κB phosphorylation, in which estrogen receptors were involved in. Our results strongly indicate that CG can modulate EC dysfunction by ameliorating AGEs-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau
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Separation, structure characterization, conformation and immunomodulating effect of a hyperbranched heteroglycan from Radix Astragali. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:667-675. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McCarty WJ, Masuda K, Sah RL. Fluid movement and joint capsule strains due to flexion in rabbit knees. J Biomech 2011; 44:2761-7. [PMID: 21945567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diarthrodial joints are freely moveable joints containing synovial fluid (SF) within a connective tissue joint capsule that allows for low-friction and low-wear articulation of the cartilaginous ends of long bones. Biomechanical cues from joint articulation regulate synoviocyte and cartilage biology via joint capsule strain, in turn altering the composition of SF. Joint flexion is clinically associated with pain in knees with arthritis and effusion, with the nociception possibly originating from joint capsule strain. The hypothesis of this study was that knee fluid volume distribution and joint capsule strain are altered with passive flexion in the rabbit model. The aims were to (a) determine the volume distribution of fluid in the joint at different total volumes and with flexion of rabbit knees ex vivo, (b) correlate the volume distribution for the ex vivo model to in vivo data, and (c) determine the strains at different locations in the joint capsule with flexion. During knee flexion, ∼20% of anteriorly located joint fluid moved posteriorly, correlating well with the fluid motion observed in in vivo joints. Planar joint capsule principal strains were ∼100% (tension) in the proximal-distal direction and ∼-40% (shortening) in the circumferential direction, relative to the femur axis and 30° strain state. The joint capsule strains with flexion are consistent with the mechanics of the tendons and ligaments from which the capsule tissue is derived. The movement and mixing of SF volume with flexion determine the mechanical and biological fluid environment within the knee joint. Joint fluid movement and capsular strains affect synovial cell biology and likely modulate trans-synovial transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J McCarty
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Xu RY, Nan P, Yang Y, Pan H, Zhou T, Chen J. Ultraviolet irradiation induces accumulation of isoflavonoids and transcription of genes of enzymes involved in the calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside pathway in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:265-273. [PMID: 21438882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary metabolites found almost exclusively in leguminous plants. Formononetin, calycosin and calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CG) are isoflavonoid products in the CG pathway. Accumulation of the three isoflavonoids plus daidzein and expression of six genes of enzymes involved in the CG pathway were studied in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Our results showed that (1) main isoflavonoids in roots, stems and leaves were CG, daidzein and calycosin, respectively; they accumulated significantly under the induction of UV irradiation during 8 days but their content declined later; (2) expression of six genes of enzymes involved in the CG pathway was inhibited slightly at early stage but the expression was increased greatly afterward; (3) chalcone synthase, chalcone reductase and chalcone isomerase were expressed to their individual maximum level within shorter hours than were cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, isoflavone synthase (IFS) and isoflavone 3'-hydroxylase and (4) more calycosin but less daidzein accumulated in leaves. IFS was highly expressed in leaves, which might lead to high accumulation of the common precursor of daidzein and 2,7-dihydroxy-4'-O-methoxy-isoflavanone, the latter of which would be converted to formononetin, calycosin and CG via a series of reactions. Little daidzein accumulated in leaves, which suggested that rather than be converted to daidzein, the 2,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavanone was probably more easily caught by 2-hydroxyisoflavanone 4'-O-methyltransferase and hence provided more precursors for formononetin. The findings were discussed in terms of the influence of UV irradiation in the accumulation of isoflavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yan Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of a chalcone reductase gene from Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2275-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jia G, Takayama Y, Flanigan DC, Kaeding CC, Zhou J, Chaudhari A, Clark D, Sammet S, Liang J, Choi S, Knopp MV. Quantitative assessment of mobile protein levels in human knee synovial fluid: feasibility of chemical exchange saturation transfer (proteinCEST) MRI of osteoarthritis. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:335-41. [PMID: 21292419 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the feasibility of chemical exchange saturation transfer (proteinCEST) MRI in the differentiation of osteoarthritis (OA) knee joints from non-OA joints by detecting mobile protein and peptide levels in synovial fluid by determining their relative distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25 knees in 11 men and 12 women with knee injuries were imaged using whole knee joint proteinCEST MRI sequence at 3 T. The joint synovial fluid was segmented and the asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio at 3.5 ppm MTR(asym) (3.5 ppm) was calculated to assess protein content in the synovial fluid. The 85th percentile of synovial fluid MTR(asym) (3.5 ppm) distribution profile was compared using the independent Student's t test. The diagnostic performance of the 85th percentile of synovial fluid MTR(asym) (3.5 ppm) in differentiating OA and non-OA knee joints was evaluated. RESULTS The 85th percentile of synovial fluid MTR(asym) (3.5 ppm) in knee joints with OA was 8.6%±3.4% and significantly higher than that in the knee joints without OA (6.3%±1.4%, P<.05). A knee joint with an 85th percentile of synovial fluid MTR(asym) (3.5 ppm) greater than 7.7% was considered to be an OA knee joint. With the threshold, the sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy for differentiating knee joints with OA from the joints without OA were 54% (7/13), 92% (11/12) and 72% (18/25), respectively. CONCLUSION proteinCEST MRI appears feasible as a quantitative methodology to determine mobile protein levels in synovial fluid and identify patterns characteristic for OA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Jia
- Department of Radiology and Wright Center of Innovation in Biomedical Imaging, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Huh JE, Seo DM, Baek YH, Choi DY, Park DS, Lee JD. Biphasic positive effect of formononetin on metabolic activity of human normal and osteoarthritic subchondral osteoblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:500-7. [PMID: 20138155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and subchondral plate thickening. Therefore, biochemical analysis of the underlying bone tissue has provided important information for treatment of osteoarthritis. In this study, we determined the potential role of formononetin, a phytoestrogen isolated from Astragalus membranaceus to alter the expression of metabolic markers and cytokine production of human normal osteoblasts (Obs) and osteoarthritis subchondral osteoblasts (OA Obs). Human OA Obs and normal Obs were cultured for 3days, 7days or 14days in the present medium only or were treated with various doses of formononetin. Cells were analyzed for viability by WST-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteogenic markers (osteocalcin (OCN) and type I collagen (Col I)) and cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)). The level of IL-6, VEGF, BMP-2, OCN and Col I was increased in OA Obs compared with normal Obs. Formononetin dose-dependently decreased ALP, IL-6, VEGF, BMP-2, OCN and Col I in OA Obs, while markedly increased ALP, VEGF, BMP-2, OCN and Col I in normal Obs. Interestingly, formononetin markedly increased the expression of VEGF and BMP-2 for 3days of culture and significantly increased OCN and Col I at 14days in human normal Obs. The remodeling effect of formononetin on osteogenic markers and cytokines of inflammatory mediators was more striking in OA Obs as well. Taken together, these results could suggest that formononetin has biphasic positive effects on normal Obs and OA Obs by modifying their biological synthetic capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Eun Huh
- Oriental Medicine Research Center for Bone & Joint Disease, KyungHee University, 149, Sangil-dong, Kangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-727, Republic of Korea
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Ma CH, Wang RR, Tian RR, Ye G, Fan MS, Zheng YT, Huang CG. Calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, an anti-HIV agent from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus. Chem Nat Compd 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-009-9305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiao WH, Han LJ, Shi B. High-Purity Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside Recovered from Radix Astragaliby Extraction, Fractionation and Recrystallization. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390902728785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Jeong JS, Lee JH, Lee SH, Kang SS, Jeong CS. Suppressive Actions of Astragali Radix (AR) Ethanol Extract and Isolated Astragaloside I on HCl/ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2009. [DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2009.17.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Song JZ, Yiu HH, Qiao CF, Han QB, Xu HX. Chemical comparison and classification of Radix Astragali by determination of isoflavonoids and astragalosides. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wen XD, Qi LW, Li P, Bao KD, Yan XW, Yi L, Li CY. Simultaneous determination of calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, ononin, astragaloside IV, astragaloside I and ferulic acid in rat plasma after oral administration of Danggui Buxue Tang extract for their pharmacokinetic studies by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 865:99-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xiao W, Han L, Shi B. Optimization of Microwave‐Assisted Extraction of Flavonoid fromRadix Astragaliusing Response Surface Methodology. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01496390701812509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kim JS, Yean MH, Lee EJ, Jung HS, Lee JY, Kim YJ, Kang SS. Two new cycloartane saponins from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2008; 56:105-8. [PMID: 18175987 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.56.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new cycloartane-type triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus (FISCH.) BGE. (Leguminosae) cultivated in Kangwon province, Korea. These saponins were named astramembranosides A and B and were established to be cycloastragenol 6,25-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (astramembranoside A) and cyclocanthogenin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside (astramembranoside B) on the basis of chemical and spectral evidence. In addition, 12 known saponins were also isolated from the same materials. Although cycloastragenol 3-O-xyloside and agroastragalosides I and II have already been isolated from A. membranaceus adventitious roots, these three saponins together with brachyoside B and azukisaponin V methyl ester were isolated for the first time from this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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