1
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Liu M, Ma Y, Zhang S, Chen M, Wu L. Regulating Interfacial Microenvironment in Aqueous Electrolyte via a N 2 Filtering Membrane for Efficient Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2309200. [PMID: 38733091 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia (NH3) in aqueous electrolyte has long been suffered from poor nitrogen (N2) supply owing to its low solubility and sluggish diffusion kinetics. Therefore, creating a N2 rich microenvironment around catalyst surface may potentially improve the efficiency of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Herein, a delicately designed N2 filtering membrane consisted of polydimethylsiloxane is covered on catalyst surface via superspreading. Because this membrane let the dissolved N2 molecules be accessible to the catalyst but block excess water, the designed N2 rich microenvironment over catalyst leads to an optimized Faradaic efficiency of 39.4% and an NH3 yield rate of 109.2 µg h-1 mg-1, which is superior to those of the most report metal-based catalysts for electrochemical NRR. This study offers alternative strategy for enhancing NRR performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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2
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Li S, Zhou Y, Fu X, Pedersen JB, Saccoccio M, Andersen SZ, Enemark-Rasmussen K, Kempen PJ, Damsgaard CD, Xu A, Sažinas R, Mygind JBV, Deissler NH, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Nørskov JK, Chorkendorff I. Long-term continuous ammonia electrosynthesis. Nature 2024; 629:92-97. [PMID: 38503346 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia is crucial as a fertilizer and in the chemical industry and is considered to be a carbon-free fuel1. Ammonia electrosynthesis from nitrogen under ambient conditions offers an attractive alternative to the Haber-Bosch process2,3, and lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction represents a promising approach to continuous-flow ammonia electrosynthesis, coupling nitrogen reduction with hydrogen oxidation4. However, tetrahydrofuran, which is commonly used as a solvent, impedes long-term ammonia production owing to polymerization and volatility problems. Here we show that a chain-ether-based electrolyte enables long-term continuous ammonia synthesis. We find that a chain-ether-based solvent exhibits non-polymerization properties and a high boiling point (162 °C) and forms a compact solid-electrolyte interphase layer on the gas diffusion electrode, facilitating ammonia release in the gas phase and ensuring electrolyte stability. We demonstrate 300 h of continuous operation in a flow electrolyser with a 25 cm2 electrode at 1 bar pressure and room temperature, and achieve a current-to-ammonia efficiency of 64 ± 1% with a gas-phase ammonia content of approximately 98%. Our results highlight the crucial role of the solvent in long-term continuous ammonia synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Z Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Paul J Kempen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aoni Xu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rokas Sažinas
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Niklas H Deissler
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Fernández C, Chapman O, Brown MA, Alvarez-Pugliese CE, Hatzell MC. Achieving Decentralized, Electrified, and Decarbonized Ammonia Production. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:6964-6977. [PMID: 38602491 PMCID: PMC11044596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The rapid reduction in the cost of renewable energy has motivated the transition from carbon-intensive chemical manufacturing to renewable, electrified, and decarbonized technologies. Although electrified chemical manufacturing technologies differ greatly, the feasibility of each electrified approach is largely related to the energy efficiency and capital cost of the system. Here, we examine the feasibility of ammonia production systems driven by wind and photovoltaic energy. We identify the optimal regions where wind and photovoltaic electricity production may be able to meet the local demand for ammonia-based fertilizers and set technology targets for electrified ammonia production. To compete with the methane-fed Haber-Bosch process, electrified ammonia production must reach energy efficiencies of above 20% for high natural gas prices and 70% for low natural gas prices. To account for growing concerns regarding access to water, geospatial optimization considers water stress caused by new ammonia facilities, and recommendations ensure that the identified regions do not experience an increase in water stress. Reducing water stress by 99% increases costs by only 1.4%. Furthermore, a movement toward a more decentralized ammonia supply chain driven by wind and photovoltaic electricity can reduce the transportation distance for ammonia by up to 76% while increasing production costs by 18%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos
A. Fernández
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Oliver Chapman
- School
of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Marilyn A. Brown
- School
of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | | | - Marta C. Hatzell
- George
W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
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4
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Kani NC, Goyal I, Gauthier JA, Shields W, Shields M, Singh MR. Pathway toward Scalable Energy-Efficient Li-Mediated Ammonia Synthesis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16203-16212. [PMID: 38506506 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-mediated ammonia synthesis (LiMAS) is an emerging electrochemical method for NH3 production, featuring a meticulous three-step process involving Li+ electrodeposition, Li nitridation, and Li3N protolysis. The essence lies in the electrodeposition of Li+, a critical phase demanding current oscillations to fortify the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) and ensure voltage stability. This distinctive operational cadence orchestrates Li nitridation and Li3N protolysis, profoundly influencing the NH3 selectivity. Increasing N2 pressure enhances the NH3 faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 20 bar, beyond which proton availability controls selectivity between Li nitridation and Li3N protolysis. The proton donor, typically alcohols, is a key factor, with 1-butanol observed to yield the highest NH3 FE. Counterion in the Li salt is also observed to be significant, with larger anions (e.g., exemplified by BF4-) improving SEI stability, directly impacting LiMAS efficacy. Notably, we report a peak NH3 FE of ∼70% and an NH3 current density of ∼-100 mA/cm2 via a delicate balance of process conditions, encompassing N2 pressure, proton donor, Li salt, and their respective concentrations. In contrast to the recent literature, we find that the theoretical maximum energy efficiency of LiMAS hinges significantly on the proton source, with LiMAS utilizing H2O calculated to have a maximum achievable energy efficiency of 27.8%. Despite inherent challenges, a technoeconomic analysis suggests high-pressure LiMAS to be more feasible than both ambient LiMAS and a modified green Haber-Bosch process. Our analysis finds that, at a 100 mA/cm2 NH3 current density and a 6 V cell voltage, LiMAS delivers green NH3 at an all-inclusive cost of $456 per ton, significantly lower than conventional cost barriers. Our economic analysis underscores high-pressure LiMAS as a potentially transformative technology that may revolutionize large-scale NH3 production, paving the way for a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishithan C Kani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ishita Goyal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Joseph A Gauthier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Windom Shields
- General Ammonia Company LLC, 3155 Lakeshore Avenue, Maple Plain, Minnesota 55359, United States
| | - Mitchell Shields
- General Ammonia Company LLC, 3155 Lakeshore Avenue, Maple Plain, Minnesota 55359, United States
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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5
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Long X, Huang F, Yao Z, Li P, Zhong T, Zhao H, Tian S, Shu D, He C. Advancements in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction: A Comprehensive Review of Single-Atom Catalysts for Sustainable Ammonia Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400551. [PMID: 38516940 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction technology seamlessly aligns with the principles of environmentally friendly chemical production. In this paper, a comprehensive review of recent advancements in electrocatalytic NH3 synthesis utilizing single-atom catalysts (SACs) is offered. Into the research and applications of three categories of SACs: noble metals (Ru, Au, Rh, Ag), transition metals (Fe, Mo, Cr, Co, Sn, Y, Nb), and nonmetallic catalysts (B) in the context of electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis is delved. In-depth insights into the material preparation methods, single-atom coordination patterns, and the characteristics of the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) are provided. The systematic comparison of the nitrogen reduction capabilities of various SAC types offers a comprehensive research framework for their integration into electrocatalytic NRR. Additionally, the challenges, potential solutions, and future prospects of incorporating SACs into electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction endeavors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Long
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fan Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhangnan Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Tao Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huinan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuanghong Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dong Shu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chun He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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6
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Holoviak S, Dabo I, Sinnott S. Simulation of Electrochemical Oxidation in Aqueous Environments under Applied Voltage Using Classical Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2236-2244. [PMID: 38452255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of metal electrodes under an applied voltage in an explicit water environment were performed and compared to predictions from both other calculations and simulations and experimental measurements and observations. MD simulations using the third-generation charge-optimized many body (COMB3) potentials and the electrode COMB (eCOMB) approach allow for the simulation of an externally applied voltage by modifying the equations of motion during the charge equilibration step (QEq) of the MD simulation. Unlike previous work, which prevented charge transfer between the water and metal electrodes, this work coupled the water and metal together through the QEq, which leads to an accumulation of a negative charge on the water and a positive charge on the metal before any voltage is applied. The extent of this charge accumulation is characterized, and strategies to mitigate it are explored. Root mean square deviation plots of the metal surfaces are created for each simulation to compare the extent of oxidation and dissolution. Good agreement is found between the oxidation behavior of the simulated metal surfaces and the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Holoviak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ismaila Dabo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Susan Sinnott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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7
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Fu X, Xu A, Pedersen JB, Li S, Sažinas R, Zhou Y, Andersen SZ, Saccoccio M, Deissler NH, Mygind JBV, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Nørskov JK, Chorkendorff I. Phenol as proton shuttle and buffer for lithium-mediated ammonia electrosynthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2417. [PMID: 38499554 PMCID: PMC10948763 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a crucial component in the production of fertilizers and various nitrogen-based compounds. Now, the lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR) has emerged as a promising approach for ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions. The proton shuttle plays a critical role in the proton transfer process during Li-NRR. However, the structure-activity relationship and design principles for effective proton shuttles have not yet been established in practical Li-NRR systems. Here, we propose a general procedure for verifying a true proton shuttle and established design principles for effective proton shuttles. We systematically evaluate several classes of proton shuttles in a continuous-flow reactor with hydrogen oxidation at the anode. Among the tested proton shuttles, phenol exhibits the highest Faradaic efficiency of 72 ± 3% towards ammonia, surpassing that of ethanol, which has been commonly used so far. Experimental investigations including operando isotope-labelled mass spectrometry proved the proton-shuttling capability of phenol. Further mass transport modeling sheds light on the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aoni Xu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rokas Sažinas
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Z Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niklas H Deissler
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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8
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Ren Y, Li S, Yu C, Zheng Y, Wang C, Qian B, Wang L, Fang W, Sun Y, Qiu J. NH 3 Electrosynthesis from N 2 Molecules: Progresses, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6409-6421. [PMID: 38412558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Green ammonia (NH3), made by using renewable electricity to split nearly limitless nitrogen (N2) molecules, is a vital platform molecule and an ideal fuel to drive the sustainable development of human society without carbon dioxide emission. The NH3 electrosynthesis field currently faces the dilemma of low yield rate and efficiency; however, decoupling the overlapping issues of this area and providing guidelines for its development directions are not trivial because it involves complex reaction process and multidisciplinary entries (for example, electrochemistry, catalysis, interfaces, processes, etc.). In this Perspective, we introduce a classification scheme for NH3 electrosynthesis based on the reaction process, namely, direct (N2 reduction reaction) and indirect electrosynthesis (Li-mediated/plasma-enabled NH3 electrosynthesis). This categorization allows us to finely decouple the complicated reaction pathways and identify the specific rate-determining steps/bottleneck issues for each synthesis approach such as N2 activation, H2 evolution side reaction, solid-electrolyte interphase engineering, plasma process, etc. We then present a detailed overview of the latest progresses on solving these core issues in terms of the whole electrochemical system covering the electrocatalysts, electrodes, electrolytes, electrolyzers, etc. Finally, we discuss the research focuses and the promising strategies for the development of NH3 electrosynthesis in the future with a multiscale perspective of atomistic mechanisms, nanoscale electrocatalysts, microscale electrodes/interfaces, and macroscale electrolyzers/processes. It is expected that this Perspective will provide the readers with an in-depth understanding of the bottleneck issues and insightful guidance on designing the efficient NH3 electrosynthesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yihan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bingzhi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Linshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenhui Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Institute of Clean Energy Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials of Liaoning Province, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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9
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Li L, Wan C, Wang S, Li X, Sun Y, Xie Y. Tandem Dual-Site PbCu Electrocatalyst for High-Rate and Selective Glycine Synthesis at Industrial Current Densities. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2392-2399. [PMID: 38334492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c05064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Direct electrosynthesis of high-value amino acids from carbon and nitrogen monomers remains a challenge. Here, we design a tandem dual-site PbCu electrocatalyst for efficient amino acid electrosynthesis. Using oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and hydroxylamine (NH2OH) as the raw reactants, for the first time, we have realized the flow-electrosynthesis of glycine at the industrial current density of 200 mA cm-2 with Faradaic efficiency over 78%. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy characterizations reveal a favorable tandem pathway on the dual-site catalyst. Specifically, the Pb site drives the highly selective electroreduction of H2C2O4 to form glyoxylic acid, and the Cu site accelerates the fast hydrogenation of oxime to form a glycine product. A glycine electrosynthesis (GES)-formaldehyde electrooxidation (FOR) assembly is further established, which synthesizes more valuable chemicals (HCOOH, H2) while minimizing energy consumption. Altogether, we introduce a new strategy to enable the one-step electrosynthesis of high-value amino acid from widely accessible monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chaofan Wan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Yongfu Sun
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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10
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Li Y, Wang Z, Ji H, Wang M, Qian T, Yan C, Lu J. Extending Ring-Chain Coupling Empirical Law to Lithium-Mediated Electrochemical Ammonia Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311413. [PMID: 38009687 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
With its efficient nitrogen fixation kinetics, electrochemical lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (LMNRR) holds promise for replacing Haber-Bosch process and realizing sustainable and green ammonia production. However, the general interface problem in lithium electrochemistry seriously impedes the further enhancement of LMNRR performance. Inspired by the development history of lithium battery electrolytes, here, we extend the ring-chain solvents coupling law to LMNRR system to rationally optimize the interface during the reaction process, achieving nearly a two-fold Faradaic efficiency up to 54.78±1.60 %. Systematic theoretical simulations and experimental analysis jointly decipher that the anion-rich Li+ solvation structure derived from ring tetrahydrofuran coupling with chain ether successfully suppresses the excessive passivation of electrolyte decomposition at the reaction interface, thus promoting the mass transfer of active species and enhancing the nitrogen fixation kinetics. This work offers a progressive insight into the electrolyte design of LMNRR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhenkang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Ji
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Mengfan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Tao Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Yan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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11
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Yusov MA, Manthiram K. Beyond lithium for sustainable ammonia synthesis. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:31-32. [PMID: 38110514 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Yusov
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Karthish Manthiram
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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12
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Fu X, Niemann VA, Zhou Y, Li S, Zhang K, Pedersen JB, Saccoccio M, Andersen SZ, Enemark-Rasmussen K, Benedek P, Xu A, Deissler NH, Mygind JBV, Nielander AC, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Nørskov JK, Jaramillo TF, Chorkendorff I. Calcium-mediated nitrogen reduction for electrochemical ammonia synthesis. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:101-107. [PMID: 37884670 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a key commodity chemical for the agricultural, textile and pharmaceutical industries, but its production via the Haber-Bosch process is carbon-intensive and centralized. Alternatively, an electrochemical method could enable decentralized, ambient NH3 production that can be paired with renewable energy. The first verified electrochemical method for NH3 synthesis was a process mediated by lithium (Li) in organic electrolytes. So far, however, elements other than Li remain unexplored in this process for potential benefits in efficiency, reaction rates, device design, abundance and stability. In our demonstration of a Li-free system, we found that calcium can mediate the reduction of nitrogen for NH3 synthesis. We verified the calcium-mediated process using a rigorous protocol and achieved an NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 40 ± 2% using calcium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)borate (Ca[B(hfip)4]2) as the electrolyte. Our results offer the possibility of using abundant materials for the electrochemical production of NH3, a critical chemical precursor and promising energy vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Valerie A Niemann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Z Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Benedek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Aoni Xu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niklas H Deissler
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Adam C Nielander
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Thomas F Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Cai X, Li X, You J, Yang F, Shadike Z, Qin S, Luo L, Guo Y, Yan X, Shen S, Wei G, Xu ZJ, Zhang J. Lithium-Mediated Ammonia Electrosynthesis with Ether-Based Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25716-25725. [PMID: 37966315 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is of great importance in fertilizer production and chemical synthesis. It can also potentially serve as a carbon-free energy carrier for a future hydrogen economy. Motivated by a worldwide effort to lower carbon emissions, ammonia synthesis by lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction (LiNR) has been considered as a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. A significant performance improvement in LiNR has been achieved in recent years by exploration of favorable lithium salt and proton donor for the electrolyte recipe, but the solvent study is still in its infancy. In this work, a systematic investigation on ether-based solvents toward LiNR is conducted. The assessments of solvent candidates are built on their conductivity, parasitic reactions, product distribution, and faradaic efficiency. Notably, dimethoxyethane gives the lowest potential loss among the investigated systems, while tetrahydrofuran achieves an outstanding faradaic efficiency of 58.5 ± 6.1% at an ambient pressure. We found that solvent molecules impact the above characteristics by dictating the solvation configurations of conductive ions and inducing the formation of solid electrolyte interphase with different compositions. This study highlights the importance of solvents in the LiNR process and advances the electrolyte optimization for better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Cai
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xingdian Li
- Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiabin You
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zulipiya Shadike
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song Qin
- Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liuxuan Luo
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yangge Guo
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaohui Yan
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuiyun Shen
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Power & Machinery Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanghua Wei
- Paris Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhichuan J Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Power & Machinery Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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14
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Bjarke Valbaek Mygind J, Pedersen JB, Li K, Deissler NH, Saccoccio M, Fu X, Li S, Sažinas R, Andersen SZ, Enemark-Rasmussen K, Vesborg PCK, Doganli-Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I. Is Ethanol Essential for the Lithium-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Reaction? CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202301011. [PMID: 37681646 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction (Li-NRR) is a promising method for decentralized ammonia synthesis using renewable energy. An organic electrolyte is utilized to combat the competing hydrogen evolution reaction, and lithium is plated to activate the inert N2 molecule. Ethanol is commonly used as a proton shuttle to provide hydrogen to the activated nitrogen. In this study, we investigate the role of ethanol as a proton shuttle in an electrolyte containing tetrahydrofuran and 0.2 M lithium perchlorate. Particularly designed electrochemical experiments show that ethanol is necessary for a good solid-electrolyte interphase but not for the synthesis of ammonia. In addition, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) demonstrates that the SEI formation at the onset of lithium plating is of specific importance. Chemical batch synthesis of ammonia combined with real-time mass spectrometry confirms that protons can be shuttled from the anode to the cathode by other species even without ethanol. Moreover, it raises questions regarding the electrochemical nature of Li-NRR. Finally, we discuss electrolyte stability and electrochemical electrode potentials, highlighting the role of ethanol on electrolyte degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niklas H Deissler
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rokas Sažinas
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Z Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Tort R, Bagger A, Westhead O, Kondo Y, Khobnya A, Winiwarter A, Davies BJV, Walsh A, Katayama Y, Yamada Y, Ryan MP, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL. Searching for the Rules of Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14513-14522. [PMID: 38026818 PMCID: PMC10660346 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Li-mediated ammonia synthesis is, thus far, the only electrochemical method for heterogeneous decentralized ammonia production. The unique selectivity of the solid electrode provides an alternative to one of the largest heterogeneous thermal catalytic processes. However, it is burdened with intrinsic energy losses, operating at a Li plating potential. In this work, we survey the periodic table to understand the fundamental features that make Li stand out. Through density functional theory calculations and experimentation on chemistries analogous to lithium (e.g., Na, Mg, Ca), we find that lithium is unique in several ways. It combines a stable nitride that readily decomposes to ammonia with an ideal solid electrolyte interphase, balancing reagents at the reactive interface. We propose descriptors based on simulated formation and binding energies of key intermediates and further on hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB principle) to generalize such features. The survey will help the community toward electrochemical systems beyond Li for nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Artem Khobnya
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Anna Winiwarter
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yu Katayama
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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16
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Thapa L, Retna Raj C. Nitrogen Electrocatalysis: Electrolyte Engineering Strategies to Boost Faradaic Efficiency. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300465. [PMID: 37401159 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical activation of dinitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure for the synthesis of ammonia has drawn increasing attention. The faradaic efficiency (FE) as well as ammonia yield in the electrochemical synthesis is far from reaching the requirement of industrial-scale production. In aqueous electrolytes, the competing electron-consuming hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and poor solubility of nitrogen are the two major bottlenecks. As the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen involves proton-coupled electron transfer reaction, rationally engineered electrolytes are required to boost FE and ammonia yield. In this Review, we comprehensively summarize various electrolyte engineering strategies to boost the FE in aqueous and non-aqueous medium and suggest possible approaches to further improve the performance. In aqueous medium, the performance can be improved by altering the electrolyte pH, transport velocity of protons, and water activity. Other strategies involve the use of hybrid and water-in-salt electrolytes, ionic liquids, and non-aqueous electrolytes. Existing aqueous electrolytes are not ideal for industrial-scale production. Suppression of HER and enhanced nitrogen solubility have been observed with hybrid and non-aqueous electrolytes. The engineered electrolytes are very promising though the electrochemical activation has several challenges. The outcome of lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction with engineered non-aqueous electrolyte is highly encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loknath Thapa
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - C Retna Raj
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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17
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Lin Z, Han C, O'Connell GEP, Lu X. Recent Progress on Electrode Design for Efficient Electrochemical Valorisation of CO 2 , O 2 , and N 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202301435. [PMID: 37246161 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202301435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CO2 reduction, two-electron O2 reduction, and N2 reduction are sustainable technologies to valorise common molecules. Their further development requires working electrode design to promote the multistep electrochemical processes from gas reactants to value-added products at the device level. This review proposes critical features of a desirable electrode based on the fundamental electrochemical processes and the development of scalable devices. A detailed discussion is made to approach such a desirable electrode, addressing the recent progress on critical electrode components, assembly strategies, and reaction interface engineering. Further, we highlight the electrode design tailored to reaction properties (e.g., its thermodynamics and kinetics) for performance optimisation. Finally, the opportunities and remaining challenges are presented, providing a framework for rational electrode design to push these gas reduction reactions towards an improved technology readiness level (TRL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Lin
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Han
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - George E P O'Connell
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Xunyu Lu
- Particles and Catalysis Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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18
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Han B, Liu J, Lee C, Lv C, Yan Q. Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300277. [PMID: 37203249 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The production of ammonia under moderate conditions is of environmental and sustainable importance. The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (E-NRR) method has been intensively investigated in the recent decades. Nowadays, the further development of E-NRR is largely hindered by the lack of competent electrocatalysts. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as the next-generation catalysts for E-NRR, featuring their tailorable structures, abundant active sites and favorable porosity. To present a comprehensive review on both the fundamental and advanced development in MOFs catalyst-based E-NRR field, this paper first introduces the basic principles of E-NRR, including the reaction mechanism, major apparatus components, performance criteria, and ammonia detection protocols. Next, the synthesis and characterization methods for MOFs and their derivatives are discussed. In addition, a reaction mechanism study via density functional theory calculations is also presented. After that, the recent advancement of MOF-based catalysts in the E-NRR field as well as the modification approaches on MOFs for E-NRR optimization is elaborated. Finally, the current challenges and outlook of MOF catalyst-based E-NRR field are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jiawei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Carmen Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chade Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu Yan
- SCARCE Laboratory, Energy Research Institute @ NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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19
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Izelaar B, Ripepi D, van Noordenne DD, Jungbacker P, Kortlever R, Mulder FM. Identification, Quantification, and Elimination of NO x and NH 3 Impurities for Aqueous and Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction Experiments. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:3614-3620. [PMID: 37588017 PMCID: PMC10425974 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Izelaar
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Davide Ripepi
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Dylan D. van Noordenne
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Peter Jungbacker
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large
Scale Energy Storage, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical,
Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Fokko M. Mulder
- Materials
for Energy Conversion and Storage, Chemical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University
of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
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20
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Jin H, Kim SS, Venkateshalu S, Lee J, Lee K, Jin K. Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation for Green Ammonia: Recent Progress and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300951. [PMID: 37289104 PMCID: PMC10427382 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia, a key feedstock used in various industries, has been considered a sustainable fuel and energy storage option. However, NH3 production via the conventional Haber-Bosch process is costly, energy-intensive, and significantly contributing to a massive carbon footprint. An electrochemical synthetic pathway for nitrogen fixation has recently gained considerable attention as NH3 can be produced through a green process without generating harmful pollutants. This review discusses the recent progress and challenges associated with the two relevant electrochemical pathways: direct and indirect nitrogen reduction reactions. The detailed mechanisms of these reactions and highlight the recent efforts to improve the catalytic performances are discussed. Finally, various promising research strategies and remaining tasks are presented to highlight future opportunities in the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneul Jin
- Department of Energy and Materials EngineeringDongguk University‐SeoulSeoul04620Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Sandhya Venkateshalu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Jeseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungsuk Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Natural ScienceKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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21
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Westhead O, Spry M, Bagger A, Shen Z, Yadegari H, Favero S, Tort R, Titirici M, Ryan MP, Jervis R, Katayama Y, Aguadero A, Regoutz A, Grimaud A, Stephens IEL. The role of ion solvation in lithium mediated nitrogen reduction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:12746-12758. [PMID: 37346742 PMCID: PMC10281334 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Since its verification in 2019, there have been numerous high-profile papers reporting improved efficiency of lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction to make ammonia. However, the literature lacks any coherent investigation systematically linking bulk electrolyte properties to electrochemical performance and Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) properties. In this study, we discover that the salt concentration has a remarkable effect on electrolyte stability: at concentrations of 0.6 M LiClO4 and above the electrode potential is stable for at least 12 hours at an applied current density of -2 mA cm-2 at ambient temperature and pressure. Conversely, at the lower concentrations explored in prior studies, the potential required to maintain a given N2 reduction current increased by 8 V within a period of 1 hour under the same conditions. The behaviour is linked more coordination of the salt anion and cation with increasing salt concentration in the electrolyte observed via Raman spectroscopy. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a more inorganic, and therefore more stable, SEI layer is formed with increasing salt concentration. A drop in faradaic efficiency for nitrogen reduction is seen at concentrations higher than 0.6 M LiClO4, which is attributed to a combination of a decrease in nitrogen solubility and diffusivity as well as increased SEI conductivity as measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Westhead
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
| | - M Spry
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - A Bagger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - Z Shen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - H Yadegari
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
| | - S Favero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - R Tort
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
| | - M Titirici
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
| | - R Jervis
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Eletrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London UK
| | | | - A Aguadero
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid ICMM-CSIC Spain
| | - A Regoutz
- Department of Chemistry, University College London UK
| | - A Grimaud
- Solid-State Chemistry and Energy Laboratory, UMR8260, CNRS, Collège de France France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459 80039 Amiens Cedex 1 France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College Chestnut Hill MA USA
| | - I E L Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot OX11 0RA UK
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22
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Wang S, Qian C, Zhou S. Theory-Guided Construction of the Unsaturated V-N 2 Site with Carbon Defects for Highly Selective Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37290063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Renewable energy-driven, electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising strategy for ammonia synthesis. However, improving catalyst activity and selectivity under ambient conditions has long been challenging. In this work, we obtained the potential active V-N center through theoretical prediction and successfully constructed the associated V-N2/N3 structure on N-doped carbon materials. Surprisingly, such a catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic NRR performance. The V-N2 catalyst affords a remarkably high faradaic efficiency of 76.53% and an NH3 yield rate of 31.41 μgNH3 h-1 mgCat.-1 at -0.3 V vs RHE. The structural characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations verified that the high performance of the catalyst originates from the tuned d-band upon coordination with nitrogen, in line with the original design intention as derived theoretically. Indeed, the V-N2 center with carbon defects enhances dinitrogen adsorption and charge transfer, thereby lowering the energy barriers to form the *NNH intermediates. Such a strategy as a rational design─controllable synthesis─theoretical verification may prove effective as well for other chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University Quzhou, Zheda Road #99, 324000 Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chao Qian
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University Quzhou, Zheda Road #99, 324000 Quzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University Quzhou, Zheda Road #99, 324000 Quzhou, P. R. China
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23
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Zhang X, Lyu Y, Zhou H, Zheng J, Huang A, Ding J, Xie C, De Marco R, Tsud N, Kalinovych V, Jiang SP, Dai L, Wang S. Photoelectrochemical N 2 -to-NH 3 Fixation with High Efficiency and Rates via Optimized Si-Based System at Positive Potential versus Li 0/. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211894. [PMID: 36905214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As a widely used commodity chemical, ammonia is critical for producing nitrogen-containing fertilizers and serving as the promising zero-carbon energy carrier. Photoelectrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (PEC NRR) can provide a solar-powered green and sustainable route for synthesis of ammonia (NH3 ). Herein, an optimum PEC system is reported with an Si-based hierarchically-structured PdCu/TiO2 /Si photocathode and well-thought-out trifluoroethanol as the proton source for lithium-mediated PEC NRR, achieving a record high NH3 yield of 43.09 µg cm-2 h-1 and an excellent faradaic efficiency of 46.15% under 0.12 MPa O2 and 3.88 MPa N2 at 0.07 V versus lithium(0/+) redox couple (vs Li0/+ ). PEC measurements coupled with operando characterization reveal that the PdCu/TiO2 /Si photocathode under N2 pressures facilitate the reduction of N2 to form lithium nitride (Li3 N), which reacts with active protons to produce NH3 while releasing the Li+ to reinitiate the cycle of the PEC NRR. The Li-mediated PEC NRR process is further enhanced by introducing small amount of O2 or CO2 under pressure by accelerating the decomposition of Li3 N. For the first time, this work provides mechanistic understanding of the lithium-mediated PEC NRR process and opens new avenues for efficient solar-powered green conversion of N2 -to-NH3 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan, 528216, China
| | - Yanhong Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Huaijuan Zhou
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Aibin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Roland De Marco
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure Science, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, Fiji National University, Samabula, P.O. Box 3722, Suva, Fiji
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Holešovičkách 2, Prague, 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Viacheslav Kalinovych
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Holešovičkách 2, Prague, 18000, Czech Republic
| | - San Ping Jiang
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan, 528216, China
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Liming Dai
- Australian Carbon Materials Centre (A-CMC), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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24
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Ma X, Li J, Zhou H, Zhao J, Sun H. Li-N 2 Battery for Ammonia Synthesis and Computational Insight. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:19032-19042. [PMID: 37026992 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is deemed as an alternative to the fossil-fuel-driven Haber-Bosch (HB) process, in which Li-mediated nitrogen reduction (LiNR) is the most promising scheme. Continuous lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction for ammonia synthesis (C-LiNR) has recently been reported in high-level journals with many foggy internal reactions. Synthesizing ammonia in a separate way may be profitable for understanding the mechanism of LiNR. Herein, an intermittent lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction for ammonia synthesis (I-LiNR) was proposed, three steps required for I-LiNR were achieved in the cathode chamber of a Li-N2 battery. Discharge, stand, and charge in the Li-N2 battery correspond to N2 lithification, protonation, and lithium regeneration, respectively. It can also realize the quasi-continuous process with practical significance because it could be carried out through identical batteries. Products such as Li3N, LiOH, and NH3 are detected experimentally, which demonstrate a definite reaction pathway. The mechanism of the Li-N2 battery, the Li-mediated synthesis of ammonia, and LiOH decomposition are explored through density functional theory calculations. The role of Li in dinitrogen activation is highlighted. It expands the range of LiOH-based Li-air batteries and may guide the study from Li-air to Li-N2; attention has been given to the reaction mechanism of Li-mediated nitrogen reduction. The challenges and opportunities of the procedure are discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road No. 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road No. 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road No. 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Shenzhen HUASUAN Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading Utilization, College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Fuxue Road No. 18, Changping, Beijing 102249, P. R. China
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25
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Ma J, Zhang Y, Wang B, Jiang Z, Zhang Q, Zhuo S. Interfacial Engineering of Bimetallic Ni/Co-MOFs with H-Substituted Graphdiyne for Ammonia Electrosynthesis from Nitrate. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6687-6697. [PMID: 36930780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is highly dependent on the coupling reaction between nitrate and water, for which an electrocatalyst with a multifunctional interface is anticipated to promote the deoxygenation and hydrogenation of nitrate with water. Herein, by engineering the surface of bimetallic Ni/Co-MOFs (NiCoBDC) with hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY), a hybrid nanoarray of NiCoBDC@HsGDY with a multifunctional interface has been achieved toward scale-up of the nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. On the one hand, a partial electron transfers from Ni2+ to the coordinatively unsaturated Co2+ on the surface of NiCoBDC, which not only promotes the deoxygenation of *NO3 on Co2+ but also activates the water-dissociation to *H on Ni2+. On the other hand, the conformal coated HsGDY facilitates both electrons and NO3- ions gathering on the interface between NiCoBDC and HsGDY, which moves forward the rate-determining step from the deoxygenation of *NO3 to the hydrogenation of *N with both *H on Ni2+ and *H2O on Co2+. As a result, such a NiCoBDC@HsGDY nanoarray delivers high NH3 yield rates with Faradaic efficiency above 90% over both wide potential and pH windows. When assembled into a galvanic Zn-NO3- battery, a power density of 3.66 mW cm-2 is achieved, suggesting its potential in the area of aqueous Zn-based batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen City, 518063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Biwen Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixin Jiang
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifei Zhuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Organic Porous Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen City, 518063, People's Republic of China
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26
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Sun Y, Yu Y, Xu W, Wu D, Wei Y, Lai J, Wang L. ·H effectively enhance electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:619-625. [PMID: 36889059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, most reported ammonia (NH3) yields and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of electrocatalysts are very low in the field of electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reactions (NRR). Here, we are reported ·H for the first time in the field of electrocatalytic NRR, which are generated by sulfite (SO32-) and H2O in electrolyte solutions upon exposure to UV light. The high NH3 yields can achieve 100.7 μg h-1 mgcat-1, while stability can achieve 64 h and the FE can achieve 27.1% at -0.3 V (vs. RHE) with UV irradiation. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron spin resonance (ESR), density functional theory (DFT) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests showed that the ∙H effectively lowered the reaction energy barrier at each step of the NRR process and inhibits the occurrence of competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This explores the path and provides ideas for the field of electrocatalysis involving water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yaodong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Jianping Lai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection, College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
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27
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Yang X, Mukherjee S, O'Carroll T, Hou Y, Singh MR, Gauthier JA, Wu G. Achievements, Challenges, and Perspectives on Nitrogen Electrochemistry for Carbon-Neutral Energy Technologies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215938. [PMID: 36507657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unrestrained anthropogenic activities have severely disrupted the global natural nitrogen cycle, causing numerous energy and environmental issues. Electrocatalytic nitrogen transformation is a feasible and promising strategy for achieving a sustainable nitrogen economy. Synergistically combining multiple nitrogen reactions can realize efficient renewable energy storage and conversion, restore the global nitrogen balance, and remediate environmental crises. Here, we provide a unique aspect to discuss the intriguing nitrogen electrochemistry by linking three essential nitrogen-containing compounds (i.e., N2 , NH3 , and NO3 - ) and integrating four essential electrochemical reactions, i.e., the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2 RR), nitrogen oxidation reaction (N2 OR), nitrate reduction reaction (NO3 RR), and ammonia oxidation reaction (NH3 OR). This minireview also summarizes the acquired knowledge of rational catalyst design and underlying reaction mechanisms for these interlinked nitrogen reactions. We further underscore the associated clean energy technologies and a sustainable nitrogen-based economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shreya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Thomas O'Carroll
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, China.,Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, 316021, China
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA
| | - Joseph A Gauthier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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28
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Zhang L, Wang Y. Decoupled Artificial Photosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219076. [PMID: 36847210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural photosynthesis (NP) generates oxygen and carbohydrates from water and CO2 utilizing solar energy to nourish lives and balance CO2 levels. Following nature, artificial photosynthesis (AP), typically, overall water or CO2 splitting, produces fuels and chemicals from renewable energy. However, hydrogen evolution or CO2 reduction is inherently coupled with kinetically sluggish water oxidation, lowering efficiencies and raising safety concerns. Decoupled systems have thus emerged. In this review, we elaborate how decoupled artificial photosynthesis (DAP) evolves from NP and AP and unveil their distinct photoelectrochemical mechanisms in energy capture, transduction and conversion. Advances of AP and DAP are summarized in terms of photochemical (PC), photoelectrochemical (PEC), and photovoltaic-electrochemical (PV-EC) catalysis based on material and device design. The energy transduction process of DAP is emphasized. Challenges and perspectives on future researches are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaobing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, China
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29
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Fu X, Pedersen JB, Zhou Y, Saccoccio M, Li S, Sažinas R, Li K, Andersen SZ, Xu A, Deissler NH, Mygind JBV, Wei C, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Nørskov JK, Chorkendorff I. Continuous-flow electrosynthesis of ammonia by nitrogen reduction and hydrogen oxidation. Science 2023; 379:707-712. [PMID: 36795804 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is a critical component in fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals and is an ideal, carbon-free fuel. Recently, lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction has proven to be a promising route for electrochemical ammonia synthesis at ambient conditions. In this work, we report a continuous-flow electrolyzer equipped with 25-square centimeter-effective area gas diffusion electrodes wherein nitrogen reduction is coupled with hydrogen oxidation. We show that the classical catalyst platinum is not stable for hydrogen oxidation in the organic electrolyte, but a platinum-gold alloy lowers the anode potential and avoids the decremental decomposition of the organic electrolyte. At optimal operating conditions, we achieve, at 1 bar, a faradaic efficiency for ammonia production of up to 61 ± 1% and an energy efficiency of 13 ± 1% at a current density of -6 milliamperes per square centimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Shaofeng Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rokas Sažinas
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katja Li
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Z Andersen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aoni Xu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niklas H Deissler
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Chao Wei
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Spry M, Westhead O, Tort R, Moss B, Katayama Y, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL, Bagger A. Water Increases the Faradaic Selectivity of Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:1230-1235. [PMID: 36816776 PMCID: PMC9926485 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-mediated system catalyzes nitrogen to ammonia under ambient conditions. Herein we discover that trace amount of water as an electrolyte additive-in contrast to prior reports from the literature-can effect a dramatic improvement in the Faradaic selectivity of N2 reduction to NH3. We report that an optimal water concentration of 35.9 mM and LiClO4 salt concentration of 0.8 M allows a Faradaic efficiency up to 27.9 ± 2.5% at ambient pressure. We attribute the increase in Faradaic efficiency to the incorporation of Li2O in the solid electrolyte interphase, as suggested by our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. Our results highlight the extreme sensitivity of lithium-mediated N2 reduction to small changes in the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Spry
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Benjamin Moss
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yu Katayama
- SANKEN
(Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Imperial College Rd, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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31
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Tort R, Westhead O, Spry M, Davies BJV, Ryan MP, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL. Nonaqueous Li-Mediated Nitrogen Reduction: Taking Control of Potentials. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:1003-1009. [PMID: 36816775 PMCID: PMC9926486 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the Li-mediated ammonia synthesis has progressed dramatically since its recent reintroduction. However, fundamental understanding of this reaction is slower paced, due to the many uncontrolled variables influencing it. To address this, we developed a true nonaqueous LiFePO4 reference electrode, providing both a redox anchor from which to measure potentials against and estimates of sources of energy efficiency loss. We demonstrate its stable electrochemical potential in operation using different N2- and H2-saturated electrolytes. Using this reference, we uncover the relation between partial current density and potentials. While the counter electrode potential increases linearly with current, the working electrode remains stable at lithium plating, suggesting it to be the only electrochemical step involved in this process. We also use the LiFePO4/Li+ equilibrium as a tool to probe Li-ion activity changes in situ. We hope to drive the field toward more defined systems to allow a holistic understanding of this reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, SW7 2AZLondon, U.K.
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZLondon, U.K.
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZLondon, U.K.
| | - Matthew Spry
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZLondon, U.K.
| | | | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZLondon, U.K.
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32
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Near ambient N2 fixation on solid electrodes versus enzymes and homogeneous catalysts. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:184-201. [PMID: 37117902 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Mo/Fe nitrogenase enzyme is unique in its ability to efficiently reduce dinitrogen to ammonia at atmospheric pressures and room temperature. Should an artificial electrolytic device achieve the same feat, it would revolutionize fertilizer production and even provide an energy-dense, truly carbon-free fuel. This Review provides a coherent comparison of recent progress made in dinitrogen fixation on solid electrodes, homogeneous catalysts and nitrogenases. Specific emphasis is placed on systems for which there is unequivocal evidence that dinitrogen reduction has taken place. By establishing the cross-cutting themes and synergies between these systems, we identify viable avenues for future research.
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33
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Recent Advances in Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction to Ammonia from the Catalyst to the System. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As energy-related issues increase significantly, interest in ammonia (NH3) and its potential as a new eco-friendly fuel is increasing substantially. Accordingly, many studies have been conducted on electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR), which can produce ammonia in an environmentally friendly manner using nitrogen molecule (N2) and water (H2O) in mild conditions. However, research is still at a standstill, showing low performances in faradaic efficiency (FE) and NH3 production rate due to the competitive reaction and insufficient three-phase boundary (TPB) of N2(g)-catalyst(s)-H2O(l). Therefore, this review comprehensively describes the main challenges related to the ENRR and examines the strategies of catalyst design and TPB engineering that affect performances. Finally, a direction to further develop ENRR through perspective is provided.
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