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Bouly L, Fenet H, Carayon JL, Gomez E, Géret F, Courant F. Metabolism of the aquatic pollutant diclofenac in the Lymnaea stagnalis freshwater gastropod. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85081-85094. [PMID: 35790636 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of organic contaminants in Lymnaea stagnalis freshwater gastropod remains unknown. Yet, pharmaceuticals-like the NSAID diclofenac-are continuously released in the aquatic environment, thereby representing a risk to aquatic organisms. In addition, lower invertebrates may be affected by this pollution since they are likely to bioaccumulate contaminants. The metabolism of pharmaceuticals in L. stagnalis requires further investigation to understand their detoxification mechanisms and characterized the risk posed by contaminant exposure in this species. In this study, a non-targeted strategy using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to highlight metabolites formed in L. stagnalis freshwater snails exposed to 300 µg/L diclofenac for 3 and 7 days. Nineteen metabolites were revealed by this approach, 12 of which were observed for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to diclofenac. Phase I metabolism involved hydroxylation, with detection of 3'-, 4'-, and 5-hydroxydiclofenac and three dihydroxylated metabolites, as well as cyclization, oxidative decarboxylation, and dehydrogenation, while phase II metabolism consisted of glucose and sulfate conjugation. Among these reactions, the two main DCF detoxification pathways detected in L. stagnalis were hydroxylation (phase I) and glucosidation (phase II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bouly
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Carayon
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Géret
- Biochimie Et Toxicologie Des Substances Bioactives, EA 7417, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France.
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2
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Recent Advances of Emerging Organic Pollutants Degradation in Environment by Non-Thermal Plasma Technology: A Review. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs), including endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), constitute a problem in the environmental field as they are difficult to completely degrade by conventional treatment methods. Non-thermal plasma technology is a novel advanced oxidation process, which combines the effects of free radical oxidation, ozone oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, shockwave, etc. This paper summarized and discussed the research progress of non-thermal plasma remediation of EOPs-contaminated water and soil. In addition, the reactive species in the process of non-thermal plasma degradation of EOPs were summarized, and the degradation pathways and degradation mechanisms of EOPs were evaluated of selected EOPs for different study cases. At the same time, the effect of non-thermal plasma in synergy with other techniques on the degradation of EOPs in the environment was evaluated. Finally, the bottleneck problems of non-thermal plasma technology are summarized, and some suggestions for the future development of non-thermal plasma technology in the environmental remediation were presented. This review contributes to our better understanding of non-thermal plasma technology for remediation of EOPs-contaminated water and soil, hoping to provide reference for relevant practitioners.
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Pinu FR, Goldansaz SA, Jaine J. Translational Metabolomics: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. Metabolites 2019; 9:E108. [PMID: 31174372 PMCID: PMC6631405 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is one of the latest omics technologies that has been applied successfully in many areas of life sciences. Despite being relatively new, a plethora of publications over the years have exploited the opportunities provided through this data and question driven approach. Most importantly, metabolomics studies have produced great breakthroughs in biomarker discovery, identification of novel metabolites and more detailed characterisation of biological pathways in many organisms. However, translation of the research outcomes into clinical tests and user-friendly interfaces has been hindered due to many factors, some of which have been outlined hereafter. This position paper is the summary of discussion on translational metabolomics undertaken during a peer session of the Australian and New Zealand Metabolomics Conference (ANZMET 2018) held in Auckland, New Zealand. Here, we discuss some of the key areas in translational metabolomics including existing challenges and suggested solutions, as well as how to expand the clinical and industrial application of metabolomics. In addition, we share our perspective on how full translational capability of metabolomics research can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana R Pinu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Seyed Ali Goldansaz
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Jacob Jaine
- Analytica Laboratories Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
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Bao S, Nie X, Ou R, Wang C, Ku P, Li K. Effects of diclofenac on the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 188:43-53. [PMID: 28456064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is one of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recently, this drug has been universally detected in aquatic environment. However, its potential adverse effects and oxidative stress toxic mechanisms on fish remain unclear. In the present study, we first cloned the crucial partial sequences of some key oxidative stress related genes, which include NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H: quinoneoxidoreductase (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), alpha-glutathione S-transferase (GSTA), and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) in mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). We also deduced amino acids of Nrf2 and then constructed the phylogenetic trees of Nrf2, NQO1 and GCLC, respectively. Results showed that a high identity percentage was founded between G. affinis and other bony fish species, such as Xiphophorus maculates and Poecilia reticulate. The transcriptional expression of these genes and partly related enzymes activities were then investigated under the included environmental relevant concentration DCF exposure (0μmolL-1, 1.572×10-3μmolL-1, 1.572×10-2μmolL-1, 0.1572μmolL-1 and 1.572μmolL-1) for 24h and 168h. The expression of Nrf2 was inhibited at 24h but induced at 168h, exhibiting a significant time and/or dose-effect relationship under DCF exposure. Similar observation was found in its downstream target genes. However, Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes activities displayed differently under the same concentration of DCF exposure for the same time. Under DCF exposure for 168h, the genes exhibited dramatic induction trend, but there were no significant changes in enzyme activities and MDA content. Overall, mRNA responses were more sensitive than enzyme changes in mosquito fish under DCF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Bao
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiangping Nie
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ruikang Ou
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peijia Ku
- Department of Ecology/Hydrobiology Research Institute, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Kaibing Li
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
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Bonnefille B, Arpin-Pont L, Gomez E, Fenet H, Courant F. Metabolic profiling identification of metabolites formed in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 583:257-268. [PMID: 28108094 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing concern on the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, few studies have been conducted on their metabolism in marine organisms. In this study, a non-targeted strategy based on the generation of chemical profiles generated by liquid chromatography combined with high resolution mass spectrometry was used to highlight metabolite production by the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) after diclofenac exposure. This method allowed revealing the production of 13 metabolites in mussel tissues. Three of them were phase I metabolites, including 4'-hydroxy-diclofenac and 5-hydroxy-diclofenac. The remaining 10 were phase II metabolites, including sulfate and amino acids conjugates. Among all of the metabolites highlighted, 5 were reported for the first time in an aquatic organism exposed to diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénilde Bonnefille
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lauren Arpin-Pont
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- UMR 5569 Hydrosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Hashim N, Thakur S, Patang M, Crapulli F, Ray AK. Solar degradation of diclofenac using Eosin-Y-activated TiO 2: cost estimation, process optimization and parameter interaction study. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:933-944. [PMID: 27470696 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1214625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF), a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is a commonly detected substance that readily accumulates in tissues of aquatic fish and poses a threat to wildlife and freshwater quality. Advanced Oxidation Processes have been employed as an alternative due to the inadequacy of conventional treatment methods of trace contaminants. This study utilized an innovative method of solar-activation of TiO2 using Eosin-Y dye for the degradation of DCF. Furthermore, the study incorporated a central composite design (CCD) to optimize the dye concentration and estimated the cost for the present process. Optimized parameters for light intensity (750 mW/cm2), Eosin-Y dye concentration (2 mg/L), TiO2 loading (37.5 mg/cm2) and DCF concentration (25 mg/L) were determined through a CCD. The optimized parameters convey a DCF degradation rate of 40% and 49% for 2 ppm (low range) and 4 ppm (high range) dye concentrations, respectively, for a 5-minute reaction time. Cost estimation for the materials used was for the current process was also performed. It was determined that the additional cost of using 4 ppm instead of 2 ppm to achieve only 10% more DCF degradation is not warranted and would require additional treatment to remove subsequently formed halogenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Hashim
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Canada
| | - Shaila Thakur
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Canada
| | - Mouska Patang
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Canada
| | - Ferdinando Crapulli
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Canada
| | - Ajay K Ray
- a Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Western Ontario , London , Canada
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7
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Lonappan L, Brar SK, Das RK, Verma M, Surampalli RY. Diclofenac and its transformation products: Environmental occurrence and toxicity - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:127-138. [PMID: 27649472 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DCF) is a prevalent anti-inflammatory drug used throughout the world. Intensive researches carried out in the past few decades have confirmed the global ubiquity of DCF in various environmental compartments. Its frequent occurrence in freshwater environments and its potential toxicity towards several organisms such as fish and mussels makes DCF an emerging environmental contaminant. At typical detected environmental concentrations, the drug does not exhibit toxic effects towards living organisms, albeit chronic exposure may lead to severe effects. For DCF, about 30-70% removal has been obtained through the conventional treatment system in wastewater treatment plant being the major primary sink. Thus, the untreated DCF will pass to surface water. DCF can interact with other inorganic contaminants in the environment particularly in wastewater treatment plant, such as metals, organic contaminants and even with DCF metabolites. This process may lead to the creation of another possible emerging contaminant. In the present context, environmental fate of DCF in different compartments such as soil and water has been addressed with an overview of current treatment methods. In addition, the toxicity concerns regarding DCF in aquatic as well as terrestrial environment along with an introduction to the metabolites of DCF through consumption as well as abiotic degradation routes are also discussed. Further studies are required to better assess the fate and toxicological effects of DCF and its metabolites and must consider the possible interaction of DCF with other contaminants to develop an effective treatment method for DCF and its traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linson Lonappan
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Ratul Kumar Das
- INRS-ETE, Université du Québec, 490, Rue de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Mausam Verma
- CO(2) Solutions Inc., 2300, Rue Jean-Perrin, Québec, Québec, G2C 1T9, Canada
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, N104 SEC, PO Box 886105, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA
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8
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Cece-Esencan EN, Fontaine F, Plasencia G, Teppner M, Brink A, Pähler A, Zamora I. Software-aided cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping and kinetic analysis in early drug discovery. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:301-310. [PMID: 26689160 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) reaction phenotyping (CRP) and kinetic studies are essential in early drug discovery to determine which metabolic enzymes react with new drug entities. A new semi-automated computer-assisted workflow for CRP is introduced in this work. This workflow provides not only information regarding parent disappearance, but also metabolite identification and relative metabolite formation rates for kinetic analysis. METHODS Time-course experiments based on incubating six probe substrates (dextromethorphan, imipramine, buspirone, midazolam, ethoxyresorufin and diclofenac) with recombinant human enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) and human liver microsomes (HLM) were performed. Liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS) analysis was conducted with an internal standard to obtain high-resolution full-scan and MS/MS data. Data were analyzed using Mass-MetaSite software. A server application (WebMetabase) was used for data visualization and review. RESULTS CRP experiments were performed, and the data were analyzed using a software-aided approach. This automated-evaluation approach led to (1) the detection of the CYP450 enzymes responsible for both substrate depletion and metabolite formation, (2) the identification of specific biotransformations, (3) the elucidation of metabolite structures based on MS/MS fragment analysis, and (4) the determination of the initial relative formation rates of major metabolites by CYP450 enzymes. CONCLUSIONS This largely automated workflow enabled the efficient analysis of HRMS data, allowing rapid evaluation of the involvement of the main CYP450 enzymes in the metabolism of new molecules during drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillem Plasencia
- Molecular Discovery, London, UK
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | - Marieke Teppner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Brink
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Axel Pähler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ismael Zamora
- Lead Molecular Design, S.L. San Cugat del Valles, Spain
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Bouju H, Nastold P, Beck B, Hollender J, Corvini PFX, Wintgens T. Elucidation of biotransformation of diclofenac and 4'hydroxydiclofenac during biological wastewater treatment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:443-452. [PMID: 26410273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at gaining knowledge on the degradation pathway during biological treatment of wastewater of diclofenac and 4'-hydroxydiclofenac, its main human metabolite. For that purpose, an aerobic MBR was acclimatised to diclofenac, and the MBR biomass subsequently incubated with (14)C-diclofenac or (14)C-4'hydroxydiclofenac over 25 days. It was demonstrated that diclofenac degradation was much slower and limited than that of 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. Indeed, after 18 days of batch incubation, diclofenac was removed up to 40%, this rate remained stable till the end of the experiment, while 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was completely degraded within nine days. The analyses of supernatant samples have shown that diclofenac degradation led to four transformation products, more polar than the parent compound, one of them being 4'-hydroxydiclofenac. The degradation of 4'-hydroxydiclofenac led to the formation of the same metabolites than those detected during diclofenac degradation. With these results, the hydroxylation of diclofenac to 4'-hydroxydiclofenac was identified as one major bottleneck in diclofenac degradation during biological treatment of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bouju
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Peter Nastold
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Beck
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Philippe F-X Corvini
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland; School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Thomas Wintgens
- Institute for Ecopreneurship, School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, CH 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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Ge L, Tan GYA, Wang L, Chen CL, Li L, Tan SN, Wang JY. Determination of monomeric composition in polyhydroxyalkanoates by liquid chromatography coupled with on-line mass spectrometry and off-line nuclear magnetic resonance. Talanta 2015; 146:107-13. [PMID: 26695241 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are commercially-valuable biocompatible and biodegradable polymers with many potential medical, pharmaceutical and other industrial applications. The analysis of PHA monomeric composition is especially challenging due to the broad chemical diversity of PHA monomers and lack of analytical standards to represent the chemically-diverse PHA monomer constituents. In this study, a novel strategy based on on-line liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and off-line liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) was established to quantify seven PHA monomers with available standards and used to elucidate the structures of unknown PHA monomers. The strategy was successfully applied for the determination of monomeric composition in bacterial PHAs isolated from Pseudomonads cultivated on different carbon sources after hydrolysis. The results of this work demonstrated that the newly-developed strategy was efficient, repeatable, and could have good potential to be employed for detailed analysis of PHA monomeric composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
| | - Giin-Yu Amy Tan
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Lin Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Chia-Lung Chen
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Ling Li
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Swee Ngin Tan
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Jing-Yuan Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Division of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Evgenidou EN, Konstantinou IK, Lambropoulou DA. Occurrence and removal of transformation products of PPCPs and illicit drugs in wastewaters: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:905-26. [PMID: 25461093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) along with illicit drugs (IDs) are newly recognized classes of environmental pollutants and are receiving considerable attention because of their environmental impacts: frequent occurrence, persistence and risk to aquatic life and humans. However, relatively little information is often available with regard to their possible biotic and abiotic transformation products (TPs). This lack of knowledge has resulted in a substantial amount of ongoing effort to develop methods and approaches that would assess their occurrence, degradability potential elimination mechanisms and efficiencies in sewage treatment plants as well as environmental and human health risks. In this article, an extensive literature survey was performed in order to present the current stage of knowledge and progress made in the occurrence of TPs of PPCPs and IDs in raw and treated wastewaters. Apart from the TPs resulting from structural transformations of the parent compound in the aquatic environment or in technological treatment facilities (e.g. sewage and drinking water treatment plants), free metabolites and drug conjugates formed during human metabolism have also been included in this review as they are also released into the aquatic environment through wastewaters. Their concentration levels were reported in influents and effluents of WWTPs, hospital effluents and their removals in the treatment plants were discussed. Finally, information on the toxicity of TPs has been compiled when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni N Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Ioannis K Konstantinou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras, Seferi 2, GR 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Ghatak HR. Comparative removal of commercial diclofenac sodium by electro-oxidation on platinum anode and combined electro-oxidation and electrocoagulation on stainless steel anode. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2483-2492. [PMID: 25145203 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.911357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium (DCFNa) from commercial analgesic pill was electro-oxidized on platinum and stainless steel (SS) anodes. On platinum anode, 66% degradation of the parent drug was achieved at pH 4.5 with a corresponding COD reduction of 49% for a specific charge of 4200 Coulombs/L. Degradation and COD reduction were less at higher pHs of 8.5 and 10.9. A number of intermediates were detected with some of them persisting at the end of the treatment. On SS anode, 84% drug removal and 80% COD decline were achieved for a specific charge of 4200 Coulombs/L at pH 10.9, owing to combined electro-oxidation and electrocoagulation. Contrary to platinum anode, here the drug removal and COD reduction were lesser at lower pHs of 8.5 and 4.5. Electrocoagulation was found to proceed with the organics directly forming complex with iron in the matrix of the SS anode with the iron oxidizing to Fe(III) at pH 10.9 and Fe(II) at pHs 8.5 and 4.5. Intermediates detected in residual liquid were much less in number and abundance.
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13
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Sathishkumar P, Mythili A, Hadibarata T, Jayakumar R, Kanthimathi MS, Palvannan T, Ponraj M, Salim MR, Mohd Yusoff AR. Laccase mediated diclofenac transformation and cytotoxicity assessment on mouse fibroblast 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Wilczewska K, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. LC-MS and LC-NMR as Complementary Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Dosage Formulations. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.810459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Li J, Schirra HJ, Yu Y, Colgrave ML, Stoermer MJ, Wijffels G. Identification of crotonyl glycine in urine of sheep after 48 h road transport. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:129-36. [PMID: 22591806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of metabolites are excreted in urine, and potentially can be detected in NMR spectra. Currently, NMR spectral information for about one thousand metabolites has been deposited in publicly available sources, limiting the identification of chemical compounds that are potential biomarkers for clinical and subclinical applications. This study reports the identification of crotonyl glycine, one of the key metabolites detected by ¹H NMR as excreted in the urine of sheep after 48 h road transport and during the subsequent 72 h recovery period. This metabolite was important in separating the metabolic responses as expressed in the urine from animals undergoing shorter road transport treatments. At the time of the metabonomic analysis, the NMR signals from this metabolite were designated as unassigned as no match was found in public databases or the literature. Selected sheep urine samples containing the metabolite were resolved by reversed phase HPLC reducing the sample complexity. Subsequent ¹H NMR spectra of the collected fractions revealed that the unknown metabolite was present in a single HPLC fraction. High-resolution 1D and 2D ¹H NMR spectra of this fraction followed by mass determination of the parent ion and its fragments by nanoESI-TOF-MS/MS revealed the identity of the compound as crotonyl glycine (N-but-(E)-2-enoyl glycine). The HPLC fraction was subsequently spiked with synthetic crotonyl glycine which confirmed identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd., St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia.
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16
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Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Current applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1221-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Kole PL, Millership J, McElnay JC. Determination of diclofenac from paediatric urine samples by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)–HPLC–UV technique. Talanta 2011; 85:1948-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Song J, van Velde JW, Vertommen LLT, Smith DF, Heeren RMA, van den Brink OF. End-Group Analysis of Methacrylic (Co)polymers by LC-ESI-MS2. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junkan Song
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - Jan W. van Velde
- Research, Development and Innovation, AkzoNobel, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Donald F. Smith
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Pan C, Liu F, Motto M. Identification of pharmaceutical impurities in formulated dosage forms. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:1228-59. [PMID: 24081463 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structure elucidation of pharmaceutical impurities is an important part of the drug product development process. Impurities can have unwanted pharmacological or toxicological effects that seriously impact product quality and patient safety. This review focuses on current analytical strategies for chemical and structural identification of pharmaceutical impurities. Potential sources and mechanisms of impurity formation are discussed for both drug substance and drug product applications. The utility of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) for providing structure-rich information is highlighted throughout this review. Other hyphenated analytical techniques including LC/nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography/MS, and size-exclusion chromatography/chemiluminescent nitrogen detectors are also discussed, as LC/MS alone sometimes cannot reveal or confirm the final structures as required during dosage form development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkang Pan
- Pharmaceutical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936.
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20
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Petrovic M, Farré M, de Alda ML, Perez S, Postigo C, Köck M, Radjenovic J, Gros M, Barcelo D. Recent trends in the liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of organic contaminants in environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4004-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Scheurell M, Franke S, Shah RM, Hühnerfuss H. Occurrence of diclofenac and its metabolites in surface water and effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:870-876. [PMID: 19767057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac and five of its transformation products were identified in Malir River and Lyari River water as well as in effluent samples from Karachi, Pakistan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of 3'-hydroxydiclofenac and 8-chlorocarbazole-1-yl-ethanoic acid in environmental samples. Their estimated concentrations ranged between 0.08-0.3 microg L(-1) and 0.03-0.4 microg L(-1), respectively. In addition, 4'- and 5-hydroxydiclofenac as well as 1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-indole-2-one were detected in the samples at concentrations between 0.4-1.8, 0.01-0.3, and 0.02-0.2 microg L(-1), respectively. The hydroxy derivatives seem to reflect human excretions via household wastewater, while the chlorocarbazole derivative is related to abiotic photolytic transformation of diclofenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scheurell
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Stülten D, Zühlke S, Lamshöft M, Spiteller M. Occurrence of diclofenac and selected metabolites in sewage effluents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 405:310-6. [PMID: 18640705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many pharmaceuticals along with their metabolites have been detected in environmental water samples in the recent decades. The analgesic diclofenac is widely used and thus enters the aquatic environment. Already at realistic environmental concentration levels harmful effects to different organisms have been demonstrated. As this could also be expected for its metabolites, their fate was examined. Six wastewater treatment plant effluents collected throughout Germany were analyzed for the drug and two of its hydroxylated metabolites, 4'-hydroxy diclofenac (4'-OHD) and 5-hydroxy diclofenac (5-OHD), together with the lactam of 4'-OHD, 4'-hydroxy diclofenac dehydrate (4'-OHDD). A quantitative analytical method has been developed using solid-phase extraction followed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) in sewage effluent were 0.06 mug/l for diclofenac and its hydroxyl metabolites and 0.07 microg/l for 4'-OHDD. Recoveries ranged from 62 to 81%. The metabolites were detected in the samples in median concentration ranges of <LOQ to 0.71 microg/l, <LOQ to 0.45 microg/l, and <LOQ to 0.42 microg/l for 4'-OHD, 5-OHD, and 4'-OHDD, respectively, while median diclofenac concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 3.3 mug/l. The wide occurrence of its metabolites is highly relevant on account of their structural similarity and the toxicological properties of diclofenac and needs further examination of both toxicity and environmental concentrations of the metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dele Stülten
- Institute of Environmental Research (INFU), University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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23
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Pérez S, Barceló D. First Evidence for Occurrence of Hydroxylated Human Metabolites of Diclofenac and Aceclofenac in Wastewater Using QqLIT-MS and QqTOF-MS. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8135-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801167w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pérez
- IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici Jaume Casademont, Porta A, Planta 1, Despatx 13C/ Pic de Peguera, 15E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- IDAEA-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain, and Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Edifici Jaume Casademont, Porta A, Planta 1, Despatx 13C/ Pic de Peguera, 15E-17003 Girona, Spain
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