Utilization of light energy in phototrophic Gemmatimonadetes

Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria in the Marine Environments Revealed by Raman/Fluorescence-Guided Single-Cell Sorting and Targeted Metagenomics

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB) contribute profoundly to the global carbon cycle. However, most AAPB in marine environments are uncultured and at low abundance, hampering the recognition of their functions and molecular mechanisms. In this study, we developed a new culture-independent method to identify and sort AAPB using single-cell Raman/fluorescence spectroscopy. Characteristic Raman and fluorescent bands specific to bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) in AAPB were determined by comparing multiple known AAPB with non-AAPB isolates. Using these spectroscopic biomarkers, AAPB in coastal seawater, pelagic seawater, and hydrothermal sediment samples were screened, sorted, and sequenced. 16S rRNA gene analysis and functional gene annotations of sorted cells revealed novel AAPB members and functional genes, including one species belonging to the genus Sphingomonas, two genera affiliated to classes Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, and function genes bchCDIX, pucC2, and pufL related to Bchl a biosynthesis and photosynthetic reaction center assembly. Metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of sorted cells from pelagic seawater and deep-sea hydrothermal sediment belonged to Erythrobacter sanguineus that was considered as an AAPB and genus Sphingomonas, respectively. Moreover, multiple photosynthesis-related genes were annotated in both MAGs, and comparative genomic analysis revealed several exclusive genes involved in amino acid and inorganic ion metabolism and transport. This study employed a new single-cell spectroscopy method to detect AAPB, not only broadening the taxonomic and genetic contents of AAPB in marine environments but also revealing their genetic mechanisms at the single-genomic level.

A photoheterotrophic bacterium from Iceland has adapted its photosynthetic machinery to the long days of polar summer

During their long evolution, anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria have inhabited a wide variety of natural habitats and developed specific strategies to cope with the challenges of any particular environment. Expression, assembly, and safe operation of the photosynthetic apparatus must be regulated to prevent reactive oxygen species generation under illumination in the presence of oxygen. Here, we report on the photoheterotrophic Sediminicoccus sp. strain KRV36, which was isolated from a cold stream in north-western Iceland, 30 km south of the Arctic Circle. In contrast to most aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, which stop pigment synthesis when illuminated, strain KRV36 maintained its bacteriochlorophyll synthesis even under continuous light. Its cells also contained between 100 and 180 chromatophores, each accommodating photosynthetic complexes that exhibit an unusually large carotenoid absorption spectrum. The expression of photosynthesis genes in dark-adapted cells was transiently downregulated in the first 2 hours exposed to light but recovered to the initial level within 24 hours. An excess of membrane-bound carotenoids as well as high, constitutive expression of oxidative stress response genes provided the required potential for scavenging reactive oxygen species, safeguarding bacteriochlorophyll synthesis and photosystem assembly. The unique cellular architecture and an unusual gene expression pattern represent a specific adaptation that allows the maintenance of anoxygenic phototrophy under arctic conditions characterized by long summer days with relatively low irradiance.IMPORTANCEThe photoheterotrophic bacterium Sediminicoccus sp. KRV36 was isolated from a cold stream in Iceland. It expresses its photosynthesis genes, synthesizes bacteriochlorophyll, and assembles functional photosynthetic complexes under continuous light in the presence of oxygen. Unraveling the molecular basis of this ability, which is exceptional among aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic species, will help to understand the evolution of bacterial photosynthesis in response to changing environmental conditions. It might also open new possibilities for genetic engineering of biotechnologically relevant phototrophs, with the aim of increasing photosynthetic activity and their tolerance to reactive oxygen species.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions Decrease Significantly under Stronger Light Irradiance in Riverine Water Columns with Suspended Particles

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from riverine water columns with suspended particles are important for the global N2O budget. Although sunlight is known to influence the activity of nitrogen-cycling microorganisms, its specific influence on N2O emissions in river systems remains unknown. This study analyzed the influences of light irradiance on N2O emissions in simulated oxic water columns with 15N-labeling and biological molecular techniques. Our results showed that N2O emissions were inhibited by light in the ammonium system (only 15NH4+ was added) and significantly decreased with increasing light irradiance in the nitrate system (only 15NO3- was added), despite contrasting variations in N2 emissions between these two systems. Lower N2O emission rates in the nitrate system under higher light conditions resulted from higher promotion levels of N2O reduction than N2O production. Increased N2O reduction was correlated to higher organic carbon bioavailability caused by photodegradation and greater potential for complete denitrification. Lower N2O production and higher N2O reduction were responsible for the lower N2O emissions observed in the ammonium system under light conditions. Our findings highlight the importance of sunlight in regulating N2O dynamics in riverine water columns, which should be considered in developing large-scale models for N2O processing and emissions in rivers.

Diurnal cycles drive rhythmic physiology and promote survival in facultative phototrophic bacteria

Bacteria have evolved many strategies to spare energy when nutrients become scarce. One widespread such strategy is facultative phototrophy, which helps heterotrophs supplement their energy supply using light. Our knowledge of the impact that such behaviors have on bacterial fitness and physiology is, however, still limited. Here, we study how a representative of the genus Porphyrobacter, in which aerobic anoxygenic phototrophy is ancestral, responds to different light regimes under nutrient limitation. We show that bacterial survival in stationary phase relies on functional reaction centers and varies depending on the light regime. Under dark-light alternance, our bacterial model presents a diphasic life history dependent on phototrophy: during dark phases, the cells inhibit DNA replication and part of the population lyses and releases nutrients, while subsequent light phases allow for the recovery and renewed growth of the surviving cells. We correlate these cyclic variations with a pervasive pattern of rhythmic transcription which reflects global changes in diurnal metabolic activity. Finally, we demonstrate that, compared to either a phototrophy mutant or a bacteriochlorophyll a overproducer, the wild type strain is better adapted to natural environments, where regular dark-light cycles are interspersed with additional accidental dark episodes. Overall, our results highlight the importance of light-induced biological rhythms in a new model of aerobic anoxygenic phototroph representative of an ecologically important group of environmental bacteria.

Multi-environment ecogenomics analysis of the cosmopolitan phylum Gemmatimonadota

Gemmatimonadota is a diverse bacterial phylum commonly found in environments such as soils, rhizospheres, fresh waters, and sediments. So far, the phylum contains just six cultured species (five of them sequenced), which limits our understanding of their diversity and metabolism. Therefore, we analyzed over 400 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and 5 culture-derived genomes representing Gemmatimonadota from various aquatic environments, hydrothermal vents, sediments, soils, and host-associated (with marine sponges and coral) species. The principal coordinate analysis based on the presence/absence of genes in Gemmatimonadota genomes and phylogenomic analysis documented that marine and host-associated Gemmatimonadota were the most distant from freshwater and wastewater species. A smaller genome size and coding sequences (CDS) number reduction were observed in marine MAGs, pointing to an oligotrophic environmental adaptation. Several metabolic pathways are restricted to specific environments. For example, genes for anoxygenic phototrophy were found only in freshwater, wastewater, and soda lake sediment genomes. There were several genomes from soda lake sediments and wastewater containing type IC/ID ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Various genomes from wastewater harbored bacterial type II RuBisCO, whereas RuBisCO-like protein was found in genomes from fresh waters, soil, host-associated, and marine sediments. Gemmatimonadota does not contain nitrogen fixation genes; however, the nosZ gene, involved in the reduction of N2O, was present in genomes from most environments, missing only in marine water and host-associated Gemmatimonadota. The presented data suggest that Gemmatimonadota evolved as an organotrophic species relying on aerobic respiration and then remodeled its genome inventory when adapting to particular environments. IMPORTANCE Gemmatimonadota is a rarely studied bacterial phylum consisting of a handful of cultured species. Recent culture-independent studies documented that these organisms are distributed in many environments, including soil, marine, fresh, and waste waters. However, due to the lack of cultured species, information about their metabolic potential and environmental role is scarce. Therefore, we collected Gemmatimonadota metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from different habitats and performed a systematic analysis of their genomic characteristics and metabolic potential. Our results show how Gemmatimonadota have adapted their genomes to different environments.

Hyperarid soil microbial community response to simulated rainfall

The exceptionally long and protracted aridity in the Atacama Desert (AD), Chile, provides an extreme, terrestrial ecosystem that is ideal for studying microbial community dynamics under hyperarid conditions. Our aim was to characterize the temporal response of hyperarid soil AD microbial communities to ex situ simulated rainfall (5% g water/g dry soil for 4 weeks) without nutrient amendment. We conducted replicated microcosm experiments with surface soils from two previously well-characterized AD hyperarid locations near Yungay at 1242 and 1609 masl (YUN1242 and YUN1609) with distinct microbial community compositions and average soil relative humidity levels of 21 and 17%, respectively. The bacterial and archaeal response to soil wetting was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene qPCR, and amplicon sequencing. Initial YUN1242 bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were significantly higher than for YUN1609. Over the next 4 weeks, qPCR results showed significant increases in viable bacterial abundance, whereas archaeal abundance decreased. Both communities were dominated by 10 prokaryotic phyla (Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexota, Gemmatimonadota, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Planctomycetota, Nitrospirota, Cyanobacteriota, and Crenarchaeota) but there were significant site differences in the relative abundances of Gemmatimonadota and Chloroflexota, and specific actinobacterial orders. The response to simulated rainfall was distinct for the two communities. The actinobacterial taxa in the YUN1242 community showed rapid changes while the same taxa in the YUN1609 community remained relatively stable until day 30. Analysis of inferred function of the YUN1242 microbiome response implied an increase in the relative abundance of known spore-forming taxa with the capacity for mixotrophy at the expense of more oligotrophic taxa, whereas the YUN1609 community retained a stable profile of oligotrophic, facultative chemolithoautotrophic and mixotrophic taxa. These results indicate that bacterial communities in extreme hyperarid soils have the capacity for growth in response to simulated rainfall; however, historic variations in long-term hyperaridity exposure produce communities with distinct putative metabolic capacities.

A functional metagenomics study of soil carbon and nitrogen degradation networks and limiting factors on the Tibetan plateau

Introduction

The Three-River Source Nature Reserve is located in the core area of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with the alpine swamp, meadow and steppe as the main ecosystem types. However, the microbial communities in these alpine ecosystems, and their carbon and nitrogen degrading metabolic networks and limiting factors remain unclear.

Methods

We sequenced the diversity of bacteria and fungi in alpine swamps, meadows, steppes, and their degraded and artificially restored ecosystems and analyzed soil environmental conditions.

Results

The results indicated that moisture content had a greater influence on soil microbial community structure compared to degradation and restoration. Proteobacteria dominated in high moisture alpine swamps and alpine meadows, while Actinobacteria dominated in low moisture alpine steppes and artificial grasslands. A metabolic network analysis of carbon and nitrogen degradation and transformation using metagenomic sequencing revealed that plateau microorganisms lacked comprehensive and efficient enzyme systems to degrade organic carbon, nitrogen, and other biological macromolecules, so that the short-term degradation of alpine vegetation had no effect on the basic composition of soil microbial community. Correlation analysis found that nitrogen fixation was strong in meadows with high moisture content, and their key nitrogen-fixing enzymes were significantly related to Sphingomonas. Denitrification metabolism was enhanced in water-deficient habitats, and the key enzyme, nitrous oxide reductase, was significantly related to Phycicoccus and accelerated the loss of nitrogen. Furthermore, Bacillus contained a large number of amylases (GH13 and GH15) and proteases (S8, S11, S26, and M24) which may promote the efficient degradation of organic carbon and nitrogen in artificially restored grasslands.

Discussion

This study illustrated the irrecoverability of meadow degradation and offered fundamental information for altering microbial communities to restore alpine ecosystems.

COVID-19 face masks attracted Cellulomonas and Acinetobacter bacteria and provided breeding haven for red cotton bug (Dysdercus suturellus) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus)

This study investigated the possibility of COVID-19 medical face masks to affect bacterial and macrofaunal communities in open soil environment. An estimated 1.24 trillion of face masks have been used and discarded as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a significant part of this ending up in the soil environment, where they degrade gradually over time. Because bacteria and macrofauna are sensitive indicators of changes in soil ecosystem, we investigated possible impacts of face masks on population, distribution, and diversity of these soil species. Effect on soil bacterial community was studied by both culture-based and advanced molecular (metagenomics) approach, while impact on macrofauna was investigated by examining monoliths around heap of masks for soil insects. In both cases, control soil experiments without face masks were also set up and monitored over a period of 48 weeks. The study found that the presence of face masks led to a more diverse bacterial community, although no influence on overall bacterial population was evidenced. More importantly, bacteria belonging to the genera Cellulomonas and Acinetobacter were found prominently around face masks and are believed to be involved in biodegradation of the masks. The bacterial community around the masks was dominated by Proteobacteria (29.7-38.7%), but the diversity of species increased gradually with time. Tiny black ants (Monomorium invidium) were attracted to the face masks to take advantage of water retained by the masks during the period of little rainfall. The heaps of face masks also provided shelter and breeding "haven" for soil insects, notably the red cotton bug (Dysdercus suturellus) and house cricket (Acheta domesticus), thereby impacting positively on the population of insect species in the environment. This study provides insights into the actual impacts of face masks on soil organisms under normal outdoor environmental conditions.

Dephenolization pyrolysis fluid improved physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of saline-alkali soils

Saline-sodic soil is widely distributed around the world and has induced severe impacts on ecosystems and agriculture. Biomass pyrolysis fluid (BPF), as a substance rich in organic acids, has been proposed as a saline-alkali soil conditioner. One of the main problems with BPF applications is the potential contamination of the phenolic substances it contains. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reduce the phenolic substances in BFP and study the improvement effect of BFP on saline-alkali soil. Firstly, we explored the physicochemical properties of BPF prepared at different temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C). Then BPF was separated into upper phases (UP) and lower phases (LP) by a simple one-step salting-out extraction method. We found that phenolic substances were mainly concentrated in the UP (average content was 193.27 mg/g), and the content of phenolic substances in the LP was effectively reduced (average content was 64.52 mg/g). Next, we added the LP diluted at different times (0, 50, 100, 200, 400) into saline-alkali soil for improvement experiments. The experimental results show that the lower phase diluted 400 times at the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃ was added into saline-alkali soil, which greatly increased the content of soil available nutrients. Under the action of organic acids, soil pH (the average was 7.43) and total salt content could be reduced effectively, and soil enzyme activities can be increased. Microbial community analysis showed that the addition of LP could increase the proportion of Actinomycetes, which played a beneficial role in improving soil fertility and then improved the growth of Chinese cabbage.

Structure and Function Analysis of Cultivated Meconopsis integrifolia Soil Microbial Community Based on High-Throughput Sequencing and Culturability

(1) Background: The structure, function, and community interactions of soil microbial communities of cultivated Meconopsis integrifolia were characterized by studying this alpine flower and traditional endangered Tibetan medicine. (2) Methods: Soil bacteria and fungi were studied based on high-throughput sequencing technology. Bacteria were isolated using culturomics and functionally identified as IAA-producing, organic phosphorus-dissolving, inorganic phosphorus-dissolving, and iron-producing carriers. (3) Results: The dominant bacterial phyla were found to be Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, and unclassified_Rhizobiales was the most abundant genus. Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota were the dominant fungal phyla. The bacteria were mainly carbon and nitrogen metabolizers, and the fungi were predominantly Saprotroph-Symbiotroph. The identified network was completely dominated by positive correlations, but the fungi were more complex than the bacteria, and the bacterial keystones were unclassified_Caulobacteraceae and Pedobacter. Most of the keystones of fungi belonged to the phyla Ascomycetes and Basidiomycota. The highest number of different species of culturable bacteria belonged to the genus Streptomyces, with three strains producing IAA, 12 strains solubilizing organic phosphorus, one strain solubilizing inorganic phosphorus, and nine strains producing iron carriers. (4) Conclusions: At the cost of reduced ecological stability, microbial communities increase cooperation toward promoting overall metabolic efficiency and enabling their survival in the extreme environment of the Tibetan Plateau. These pioneering results have value for the protection of endangered Meconopsis integrifolia under global warming and the sustainable utilization of its medicinal value.

The Influence of Calcium on the Growth, Morphology and Gene Regulation in Gemmatimonas phototrophica

The bacterium Gemmatimonas phototrophica AP64 isolated from a freshwater lake in the western Gobi Desert represents the first phototrophic member of the bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadota. This strain was originally cultured on agar plates because it did not grow in liquid medium. In contrast, the closely related species G. groenlandica TET16 grows both on solid and in liquid media. Here, we show that the growth of G. phototrophica in liquid medium can be induced by supplementing the medium with 20 mg CaCl₂ L^-1. When grown at a lower concentration of calcium (2 mg CaCl₂ L^-1) in the liquid medium, the growth was significantly delayed, cells were elongated and lacked flagella. The elevated requirement for calcium is relatively specific as it can be partially substituted by strontium, but not by magnesium. The transcriptome analysis documented that several groups of genes involved in flagella biosynthesis and transport of transition metals were co-activated after amendment of 20 mg CaCl₂ L^-1 to the medium. The presented results document that G. phototrophica requires a higher concentration of calcium for its metabolism and growth compared to other Gemmatimonas species.

Soil microbial diversity and functional capacity associated with the production of edible mushroom Stropharia rugosoannulata in croplands

In recent years, a rare edible mushroom Stropharia rugosoannulata has become popular. S. rugosoannulata has the characteristics of easy cultivation, low cost, high output value, and low labor requirement, making its economic benefits significantly superior to those of other planting industries. Accumulating research demonstrates that cultivating edible fungus is advantageous for farming soil. The present experiment used idle croplands in winter for S. rugosoannulata cultivation. We explored the effects of S. rugosoannulata cultivation on soil properties and soil microbial community structure in paddy and dry fields, respectively. We cultivated S. rugosoannulata in the fields after planting chili and rice, respectively. The results showed that Chili-S. rugosoannulata and Rice-S. rugosoannulata planting patterns increased the yield, quality and amino acid content of S. rugosoannulata. By analyzing the soil properties, we found that the Chili-S. rugosoannulata and Rice-S. rugosoannulata cropping patterns increased the total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, and available potassium content of the soil. We used 16s amplicons for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi to analyze the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils. Notably, S. rugosoannulata cultivation significantly increased the abundance of beneficial microorganisms such as Chloroflexi, Cladosporium and Mortierella and reduce the abundance of Botryotrichumin and Archaeorhizomyces. We consider S. rugosoannulata cultivation in cropland can improve soil properties, regulate the community structure of soil microorganisms, increase the expression abundance of beneficial organisms and ultimately improve the S. rugosoannulata yield and lay a good foundation for a new round of crops after this edible mushroom cultivation.

The inhibitory effects of sunlight on nitrogen removal in riverine overlying water with suspended particles

Overlying water with suspended particles is a hot spot for nitrogen removal in river systems. Although light exposure affects nitrogen transformations and nitrogen removal in some environments, such effects have rarely been explored and quantified in riverine overlying water. Herein, we examined the difference between dark and light conditions in the community composition and abundance of nitrogen transformation microbes in simulated overlying water by high-throughput sequencing and qPCR. Moreover, ¹⁵N-labeling techniques were used to investigate variation in nitrogen removal rates (N₂ and N₂O) as well as nitrification rates between dark and light conditions. We found apparent differences in the bacterial community between light and dark microcosms. The abundance of Cyanobacteria was greatly elevated in light microcosms, with the diazotroph nifH gene abundance being 7.4-fold higher in the light microcosm (P < 0.01). However, due to the vulnerability of some specifies to UV damage, the diazotroph species richness was reduced. The abundances of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal amoA, ammonia-oxidizing bacterial amoA, and denitrifying nirS genes were 80.1%, 46.3%, and 50.7% lower in the light microcosm, respectively, owing to the differential inhibition of sunlight exposure on these microbes. Both ¹⁵N-N₂ and ¹⁵N-N₂O were significantly produced regardless of conditions with or without light. Due to the combined effects of reduced nitrification and denitrification, as well as potentially enhanced nitrogen fixation, the accumulated amounts of ¹⁵N-N₂ and ¹⁵N-N₂O were 6.2% and 44.8% lower, respectively, in the light microcosm. This study quantifies the inhibitory effect of sunlight exposure on nitrogen removal in riverine overlying water and reveals the underlying mechanisms, providing insights into our understanding of nitrogen transformations in river systems.

Photoheterotrophy by aerobic anoxygenic bacteria modulates carbon fluxes in a freshwater lake

Lakes are a significant component of the global carbon cycle. Respiration exceeds net primary production in most freshwater lakes, making them a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. Driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, respiration is assumed to be unaffected by light, thus it is measured in the dark. However, photoheterotrophs, such as aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic (AAP) bacteria that produce ATP via photochemical reactions, substantially reduce respiration in the light. They are an abundant and active component of bacterioplankton, but their photoheterotrophic contribution to microbial community metabolism remains unquantified. We showed that the community respiration rate in a freshwater lake was reduced by 15.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6-23.8%) in infrared light that is usable by AAP bacteria but not by primary producers. Moreover, significantly higher assimilation rates of glucose (18.1%; 7.8-28.4%), pyruvate (9.5%; 4.2-14.8%), and leucine (5.9%; 0.1-11.6%) were measured in infrared light. At the ecosystem scale, the amount of CO₂ from respiration unbalanced by net primary production was by 3.69 × 10⁹ g CO₂ lower over these two sampling seasons when measured in the infrared light. Our results demonstrate that dark measurements of microbial activity significantly bias the carbon fluxes, providing a new paradigm for their quantification in aquatic environments.

Phylum Gemmatimonadota and Its Role in the Environment

Bacteria are an important part of every ecosystem that they inhabit on Earth. Environmental microbiologists usually focus on a few dominant bacterial groups, neglecting less abundant ones, which collectively make up most of the microbial diversity. One of such less-studied phyla is Gemmatimonadota. Currently, the phylum contains only six cultured species. However, data from culture-independent studies indicate that members of Gemmatimonadota are common in diverse habitats. They are abundant in soils, where they seem to be frequently associated with plants and the rhizosphere. Moreover, Gemmatimonadota were found in aquatic environments, such as freshwaters, wastewater treatment plants, biofilms, and sediments. An important discovery was the identification of purple bacterial reaction centers and anoxygenic photosynthesis in this phylum, genes for which were likely acquired via horizontal gene transfer. So far, the capacity for anoxygenic photosynthesis has been described for two cultured species: Gemmatimonas phototrophica and Gemmatimonas groenlandica. Moreover, analyses of metagenome-assembled genomes indicate that it is also common in uncultured lineages of Gemmatimonadota. This review summarizes the current knowledge about this understudied bacterial phylum with an emphasis on its environmental distribution.

Structure elucidation of the novel carotenoid gemmatoxanthin from the photosynthetic complex of Gemmatimonas phototrophica AP64

Gemmatimonas phototrophica AP64 is the first phototrophic representative of the bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes. The cells contain photosynthetic complexes with bacteriochlorophyll a as the main light-harvesting pigment and an unknown carotenoid with a single broad absorption band at 490 nm in methanol. The carotenoid was extracted from isolated photosynthetic complexes, and purified by liquid chromatography. A combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, COSY, 1H-13C HSQC, 1H-13C HMBC, J-resolved, and ROESY), high-resolution mass spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed infra-red, and Raman spectroscopy was used to determine its chemical structure. The novel linear carotenoid, that we have named gemmatoxanthin, contains 11 conjugated double bonds and is further substituted by methoxy, carboxyl and aldehyde groups. Its IUPAC-IUBMB semi-systematic name is 1'-Methoxy-19'-oxo-3',4'-didehydro-7,8,1',2'-tetrahydro- Ψ, Ψ carotene-16-oic acid. To our best knowledge, the presence of the carboxyl, methoxy and aldehyde groups on a linear C40 carotenoid backbone is reported here for the first time.

Gemmatimonas groenlandica sp. nov. Is an Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototroph in the Phylum Gemmatimonadetes

The bacterial phylum Gemmatimonadetes contains members capable of performing bacteriochlorophyll-based phototrophy (chlorophototrophy). However, only one strain of chlorophototrophic Gemmatimonadetes bacteria (CGB) has been isolated to date, hampering our further understanding of their photoheterotrophic lifestyle and the evolution of phototrophy in CGB. By combining a culturomics strategy with a rapid screening technique for chlorophototrophs, we report the isolation of a new member of CGB, Gemmatimonas (G.) groenlandica sp. nov., from the surface water of a stream in the Zackenberg Valley in High Arctic Greenland. Distinct from the microaerophilic G. phototrophica strain AP64^T, G. groenlandica strain TET16^T is a strictly aerobic anoxygenic phototroph, lacking many oxygen-independent enzymes while possessing an expanded arsenal for coping with oxidative stresses. Its pigment composition and infra-red absorption properties are also different from G. phototrophica, indicating that it possesses a different photosystem apparatus. The complete genome sequence of G. groenlandica reveals unique and conserved features in the photosynthesis gene clusters of CGB. We further analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes of CGB obtained from soil and glacier metagenomes from Northeast Greenland, revealing a wide distribution pattern of CGB beyond the stream water investigated.