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Wu H, Xu Q, Yin K, Liu Z, Xie T, Wang L, Li Y, Zhang M, Lv X, Li W, Fan S. Bioimaging and detecting endogenous and exogenous cyanide in foods, living cells and mice based on a turn-on mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 301:122957. [PMID: 37295383 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe, with advanced features including "turn-on" fluorescence response, high sensitivity, good compatibility, and mitochondria-targeting function, has been synthesized based on structural design for detecting and visualizing cyanide in foods and biological systems. An electron-donating triphenylamine group (TPA) was employed as the fluorescent and an electron-accepting 4-methyl-N-methyl-pyridinium iodide (Py) moiety was used as a mitochondria-targeted localization unit, which formed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) system. The "turn-on" fluorescence response of the probe (TPA-BTD-Py, TBP) toward cyanide is attributed two reasons, one is the insertion of an electron-deficient benzothiadiazole (BTD) group into the conjugated system between TPA and Py, and the other is the inhibition of ICT induced by the nucleophilic addition of CN-. Two active sites for reacting with CN- were involved in TBP molecule and high response sensitivity were observed in tetrahydrofuran solvent containing 3 % H2O. The response time could be reduced to 150 s, the linear range was 0.25-50 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.046 μM for CN- analysis. The TBP probe was successfully applied to the detection of cyanide in food samples prepared in aqueous solution, including the sprouting potato, bitter almond, cassava, and apple seeds. Furthermore, TBP exhibited low cytotoxicity, clear mitochondria-localizing capability in HeLa cells and excellent fluorescence imaging of exogenous and endogenous CN- in living PC12 cells. Moreover, exogenous CN- with intraperitoneal injection in nude mice could be well monitored visually by the "turn-on" fluorescence. Therefore, the strategy based on structural design provided good prospects for optimizing fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Qinqin Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Kun Yin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Zhaoqiang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Tian Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Lv
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China
| | - Wenyong Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China.
| | - Suhua Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Hormone and Reproduction, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Degradation and Monitoring of Pollution of the Environment, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, PR China.
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2
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AIEE active fluorophores for the sensitive detection of iron ions: An advanced approach towards optical and theoretical investigation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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3
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Assiri MA, Junaid HM, Waseem MT, Hamad A, Shah SH, Iqbal J, Rauf W, Shahzad SA. AIEE active sensors for fluorescence enhancement based detection of Ni2+ in living cells: Mechanofluorochromic and photochromic properties with reversible sensing of acid and base. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Mechanochromic and AIE active fluorescent probes for solution and vapor phase detection of picric acid: Application of logic gate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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5
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Gilani AG, Haghighat AG. A comparative photophysical study of molecular associative of structurally similar phenothiazine dyes in aqueous solutions of caffeine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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6
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Pashameah RA, Alshareef M, Alharbi A, Alsoliemy A, Abumelha HM, Saad FA, El-Metwaly NM. Synthesis of (Tricyanofuran-3-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl thiazole-containing chromophore, study of its photophysical properties, solvatochromism and TD-DFT computations. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1751-1759. [PMID: 35906732 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The chromophore 2-2-(3-cyano-5,5-dimethyl-4-((2-(thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)methyl)-furan-2(5H)-ylidene)malononitrile (TzHTCF) was prepared by diazo-coupling of diazotized 2-aminothiazole with 3-cyano-2-(dicyanomethylene)-4,5,5-trimethylfuran (TCF). The TzHTCF absorption solvatochromism, in different polarity solvents, offered ΔEmax = +4.74 where the positive sign implied red shift occurrence and the TzHTCF lowest excited state was more polar than its ground one. While, the TzHTCF fluorescence spectrum afforded λem , in 416-670 nm range, and was more dependent on the solvent polarity than the absorption λmax , despite both exhibited red shift by 24 and 254 nm, respectively. To discover the Stokes' shift ( ∆ ν ¯ ) behaviour of TzHTCF derivative, Lippert-Mataga and linear solvation-energy relationship (LSER) formulations have been utilized where the LSER displayed better results than the Lippert-Mataga (R2 = 0. 9931). Furthermore, the LSER showed that the absorption and fluorescence solvatochromic behaviours were dependent on the solvent's hydrogen-bond donor (α) and acceptor (β), along with the solvent's polarizability (π*). Moreover, DFT calculations showed that TzHTCF has a planar configuration and its simulated absorption and emission spectra in DMSO revealed that λmax was primarily originated from HOMO→LUMO and HOMO-1→LUMO transitions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Pashameah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubark Alshareef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amerah Alsoliemy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana M Abumelha
- Department of Chemistry ,College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz A Saad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Egypt
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7
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Abumelha HM, Bayazeed A, Alaysuy O, Alsoliemy A, Alharbi A, Habeebullah TM, El-Metwaly NM. Synthesis, photophysical properties and DFT studies of 2-(3-cyano-4-((2-(4,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl)hydrazono)methyl)-5,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-ylidene)malononitrile dye. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Yu Y, Lan W, Wang X, Gao M, Yang R, Wang D, Sun S, Wu Y, Ma Y, Siraj I, Liu L, Wang DZ, Zhao J, Cai X, Tan H, Liang Z. Photophysical Properties of Naphthalene-oxacalix[ m]arene and Recognition of Fullerene C 60. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:15411-15422. [PMID: 35571818 PMCID: PMC9096940 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three different pore sizes of oxacalix[m]arene[n]pyrimidines modified with a naphthalene substituent were synthesized and characterized by HRMS, 1H NMR, and single-crystal analysis (8OA and 8OA-N). Steady-state spectroscopy indicates these naphthalene-oxacalix[m]arenes exhibit good fluorescence properties, which isattributed to the locally excited (LE) state emission, and electrochemical results show that the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process occurs from the naphthalene substituent to the linked pyrimidine. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra, singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ4OA-N = 45.1%, ΦΔ6OA-N = 56.6%, and ΦΔ8OA-N = 65.7%) and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the torsion angle between the donor (naphthalene) and the acceptor (pyrimidine) promotes intersystem crossing (ISC), and the lifetime of the triplet state reaches ca. 8 ms. Interestingly, all three host molecules (4OA-N, 6OA-N, and 8OA-N) showed a high affinity for fullerene C60, and significant binding constants in the range of 4.10-6.68 × 104 M-1 were obtained by fluorescence titration; in contrast, previous reports indicated that the similar oxacalix[m]arene[n]pyrimidine scaffold could not efficiently complex with C60. In the frontier molecular orbital theory calculations of the supramolecular system of 4OA-N@C 60 , the HOMO is distributed on 4OA-N and the LUMO is localized on fullerene. The calculation results further demonstrated that there are strong interactions between the host and the fullerene guest, which is consistent with the result of the experiments. The characteristic photophysical properties of these novel naphthyl-decorated oxacalix[m]arene[n]pyrimidines broaden their application field, and the stable host-guest system with fullerene can be applied to supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Dou Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Shijun Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Islam Siraj
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Lang Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Duo-zhi Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-Based Energy
Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang
University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830017, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian , Liaoning 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cai
- Department
of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Pneumology
Department, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China
| | - Zhenjiang Liang
- Pneumology
Department, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518026, China
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9
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Tigoianu R, Airinei A, Georgescu E, Nicolescu A, Georgescu F, Isac DL, Deleanu C, Oancea F. Synthesis and Solvent Dependent Fluorescence of Some Piperidine-Substituted Naphthalimide Derivatives and Consequences for Water Sensing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052760. [PMID: 35269899 PMCID: PMC8911315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel fluorescent strigolactone derivatives that contain the piperidine-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide ring system connected through an ether link to a bioactive 3-methyl-furan-2-one unit were synthesized and their spectroscopic properties investigated. The solvatochromic behavior of these piperidine-naphthalimides was monitored in solvents of different polarity using the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra. These compounds exhibited a strong positive solvatochromism taking into account the change of solvent polarity, and the response mechanism was analyzed by fluorescence lifetime measurements. According to Catalan and [f(n), f(ε), β, α] solvent scales, the dipolarity and polarizability are relevant to describe the solute-solvent interactions. The emission chemosensing activity was discussed in order to determine the water content in organic environments. The emission intensity of these compounds decreased rapidly in dioxane, increasing water level up to 10%. Measuring of quantum yield indicated that the highest values of quantum efficiency were obtained in nonpolar solvents, while in polar solvents these derivatives revealed the lowest quantum yield. The fluorescence decay can be described by a monoexponential model for low water levels, and for higher water contents a biexponential model was valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Tigoianu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.T.); (D.L.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Anton Airinei
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.T.); (D.L.I.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Emilian Georgescu
- C. D. Nenitescu Centre of Organic Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Center, Chimcomplex S.A., St. Uzinei 1, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Alina Nicolescu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.T.); (D.L.I.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | | | - Dragos Lucian Isac
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.T.); (D.L.I.); (C.D.)
| | - Calin Deleanu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (R.T.); (D.L.I.); (C.D.)
- C. D. Nenitescu Centre of Organic Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Splaiul Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florin Oancea
- National Research and Development Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry—ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei 202B, 060023 Bucharest, Romania;
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Chernick ET, Abdollahi MF, Tabasi ZA, Junge MJ, Zhao Y. Study of a carbazole–bromobenzothiadiazole derived fluorescent molecular rotor: crystal structure, redox activity, and solvatofluorochromic effects. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A carbazole–benzothiadiazole based molecular rotor was systematically examined by experimental and modelling studies. The results disclosed interesting amphoteric redox activity and TICT emission that is sensitive to solvent polarity and viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T. Chernick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Maryam F. Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, 1 6C1, Canada
| | - Zahra A. Tabasi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, 1 6C1, Canada
| | - Marc J. Junge
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, 1 6C1, Canada
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11
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Bawazeer TM, Althagafi I, Morad M, Munshi AM, Bayazeed AA, Alharbi A, El-Metwaly N. Luminescence feature of new 3,6-di(thiazolidin-5-one-2-yl)-carbazole derivative: synthesis, photophysical properties, density functional theory studies, and crystal shape effect. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 36:904-913. [PMID: 33440064 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new carbazole chromophore conjugated with substituted thiazolidine-4-one (CzPT) was synthesized by applying the Knoevenagel reaction between 3,6-diformyl-N-hexylcarbazole and ethyl 2-aceto-2-(5-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)acetate. The chemical structure of the new derivative (CzPT) was elucidated by spectral studies. The CzPT absorption spectra in different solvents exhibited a red shift for λmax by increasing solvent polarity. Bands at 430-474 nm appeared and were attributed to intramolecular charge transfer with high π-π* characteristics. CzPT fluorescence spectra exhibited a red shift after increasing the solvent polarity. To understand the Stokes' shift ( ∆ ν ¯ ) behaviour of the CzPT derivative referring to the polarity of solvents, Lippert-Mataga and linear solvation-energy relationship (LSER) models were employed in which the LSER exhibited respectable results compared with Lippert-Mataga (r2 = 0.9707). Moreover, time-dependent density functional theory absorption spectra in hexane and dimethylformamide showed that λmax had a major contribution in the highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital transition in both solvents. In addition, the reduced uniformity of crystal features may lead to dislocation or anomalous arrangement of crystals with irregular spacing, which automatically enhances the optical properties of such crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani M Bawazeer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ismail Althagafi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moataz Morad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa M Munshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar A Bayazeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nashwa El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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12
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Bora HJ, Barman P, Bordoloi S, Gogoi G, Gogoi B, Sen Sarma N, Kalita A. Realization of multi-configurable logic gate behaviour on fluorescence switching signalling of naphthalene diimide congeners. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35274-35279. [PMID: 35493194 PMCID: PMC9043018 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06728a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic entities like suitably functionalized naphthalene diimide (NDI) exhibited logical behaviours in response to various external stimuli and can be used to develop digital logic operations. The present findings include utilization of two congeners of NDI i.e., N1 and N2 for the successive turning ON/OFF of fluorescence with inclusion of acid and base. The recognition of the switching phenomenon of the probes N1 and N2 are applied to construct fundamental digital logic gates such as NOT, YES, IMPLICATION, INHIBIT, etc. The inputs to each of the logic gates are defined by the presence or absence of acid and base. Accordingly, the outputs generated from the gates are in the form of fluorescence ON or OFF status denoted by “1” and “0” respectively. Likewise, we have adopted Boolean algebra and its associated De-Morgan's theorem to build the combined logic gates such as XOR and XNOR gates. The proposed logic gates are validated by the optical behaviour of the congeners N1 and N2 in response to acid as well as base and the experimental results are confirmed by the theoretical predictions. The proposed work can have potential applications in next-generation logic based analytical applications. The implementation of functional congeners of naphthalene diimide experiencing fluorescence ON/OFF switching signalling in response to external stimuli, is suitably realized to construct multi-configurable molecular logic gates.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridoy Jyoti Bora
- Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal Barman
- Department of Electronics and Communication Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Sushanta Bordoloi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Mizoram, Aizawl-796012, India
| | - Gautomi Gogoi
- Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| | - Bedanta Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Neelotpal Sen Sarma
- Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
| | - Anamika Kalita
- Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-781035, Assam, India
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13
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Al-Zahrani FAM. Synthesis, modelling, and solvatochromic properties of a phenothiazine derivative. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:738-747. [PMID: 31970874 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new A-π-D-π-A phenothiazine derivative, 2,2'-((10-octyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-diyl)bis (ethene-2,1-diyl))bis(1-ethyl-3,3-dimethyl-3H-indol-1-ium)iodide (PTZ-BEI) was prepared and fully characterized using infra-red (IR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13 C NMR, ultraviolet-visible light and mass spectra. Electronic spectra of PTZ-BEI solutions in solvents with different polarities displayed absorption bands (λmax ) related to intramolecular charge transfer. In addition, the emission spectra of PTZ-BEI solutions were strongly solvent dependent for both wavelength and intensity. Stokes' shift ( Δ ν ¯ ) increased with increasing solvent polarity up to 4105 cm-1 in the most polar solvent, dimethylformamide. The linear solvation-energy relationship was utilized to investigate solvent dependency of the Stokes' shifts. Relative quantum yield (φ) of PTZ-BEI was calculated. Finally, density functional theory was employed at the B3LYP level for geometrical optimization and simulation of electron spectra for the PTZ derivative in gaseous and solvated states to explore the solvent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah A M Al-Zahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Al-Zahrani FAM, Alzahrani KA, El-Shishtawy RM, Abu Mellah K, Al-Soliemy AM, Asiri AM. Synthesis, photophysical properties, and density functional theory studies of phenothiazine festooned vinylcyclohexenyl-malononitrile. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:998-1009. [PMID: 32196947 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel phenothiazine derivative conjugated with vinylcyclohexenyl-malononitrile (PTZ-CDN) was synthesized through the Knoevenagel reaction of 10-octyl-10H-phenothiazine-3,7-dicarbaldehyde with 2-(3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-ylidene)-malononitrile and fully characterized. The UV-vis absorption spectra of PTZ-CDN in different solvents showed a λmax band at 497-531 nm with a high molar extinction coefficient attributed to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) with the characteristics of a π-π* transition. Increasing the solvent polarity resulted in a bathochromic shift of λmax . The PTZ-CDN fluorescence emission spectra were more sensitive to increasing the solvent polarity than the absorption spectra; they displayed a blue shift of λem by 85 nm. To understand the behaviour of the PTZ-CDN derivative, Stokes' shift ( Δ ν ¯ ) with respect to the solvent polarity, Lippert-Mataga and linear solvation-energy relationship (LSER) models were applied in which the LSER showed better regression than the Lippert-Mataga plots (r2 = 0.9627). Finally, the TD-density functional theory (DFT) electronic transition spectra in dioxane and dimethyl formamide (DMF) were calculated. The DFT data showed that λmax resulted from the support of the highest occupied molecular orbital to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital transition with 74% and 99% in dioxane and DMF, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah A M Al-Zahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ahmed Alzahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khloud Abu Mellah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amerah M Al-Soliemy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Zhao Y, Chen K, Yildiz EA, Li S, Hou Y, Zhang X, Wang Z, Zhao J, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG, Wu H. Efficient Intersystem Crossing in the Tröger's Base Derived From 4‐Amino‐1,8‐naphthalimide and Application as a Potent Photodynamic Therapy Reagent. Chemistry 2020; 26:3591-3599. [PMID: 31916322 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Elif Akhuseyin Yildiz
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Shujing Li
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering PhysicsFaculty of EngineeringAnkara University 06100 Beşevler, Ankara Turkey
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Bioengineering &Key Laboratory of, Protein Modification and DiseaseDalian University of Technology Liaoning Province 116024 Dalian P. R. China
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16
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Vetrova EV, Makarova NI, Omelichkin NI, Minyaeva LG, Chernyavina VV, Borisenko RN, Metelitsa AV. Insights into the solvents effect on spectral and photophysical properties of novel fluorescent heteroaromatic bis-peri-fused azoxonium cations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Su Y, Li K, Yu X. Theoretical Studies on the Fluorescence Enhancement of Benzaldehydes by Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:884-890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Su
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Keyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xueke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Electron, and Ion Beams, Dalian University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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18
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Li M, Fan J, Li H, Du J, Long S, Peng X. A ratiometric fluorescence probe for lysosomal polarity. Biomaterials 2018; 164:98-105. [PMID: 29500991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal polarity affects the interaction activities between enzymes and substrates at the cellular level. Abnormal lysosomal polarity closely linked with disorders and diseases is worthy of attention. The first fluorescence probe, which can image polarity ratiometrically and detect lysosomal polarity quantitatively, is reported herein. The probe termed NOH can emit dual-peaks both in solvents (λem = 474, 552 nm) and in micro-environment. NOH exhibits the Boltzmann function response of the fluorescence intensity ratio to the polarity in a wide range and localizes at lysosomes specifically (Rr = 0.97). In the method of ratiometric fluorescence imaging with NOH, the variation of lysosomal polarity (Δf) can be directly discerned by the color changes. In virtue of ratiometric fluorescence imaging and the Boltzmann function relationship between the fluorescence intensity ratio and the polarity, lysosomal polarity in MCF-7 cells was calculated to be 0.224 and the polarity in the condition of lysosomal storage disorders (or cell death) could also be obtained. This probe will be a promising tool for studying lysosome-related physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Haidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Saran Long
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Rd., Hi-tech Zone, Dalian 116024, PR China.
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19
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Zhang T, Zhu J, Zhai Y, Wang H, Bai X, Dong B, Wang H, Song H. A novel mechanism for red emission carbon dots: hydrogen bond dominated molecular states emission. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13042-13051. [PMID: 28836649 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03570e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as novel fluorescent probes due to their remarkable optical properties; however, red emission is still rare, has a relatively low efficiency, and its mechanism remains ambiguous. Herein, relatively efficient red-emission CDs based on p-phenylenediamine were prepared through various solvothermal means, where the highest quantum yield approached 41.1% in n-amyl alcohol, which was the most efficient quantum yield reported to date. Various structural characterizations were performed and confirmed that the red emission originated from the molecular states consisting of a nitrogen-containing organic fluorophore. The CDs were dispersed in different organic solvents and showed tunable emission, evolving from green to orange-red in aprotic solvents and a red emission in protic solvents. Further solvent correlation studies indicated that the hydrogen bond effect between the CDs and solvents was the main mechanism leading to the spectral shift. Accordingly, solid-state luminescent CDs-polymers were fabricated, which also demonstrated continuously tunable emission properties. This work opens a new window for recognizing the generation of tunable and red-emission CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China.
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20
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Yu C, Miao W, Wang J, Hao E, Jiao L. PyrrolylBODIPYs: Syntheses, Properties, and Application as Environment-Sensitive Fluorescence Probes. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3551-3561. [PMID: 31457674 PMCID: PMC6641347 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Four pyrrole B-ring-functionalized pyrrolylBODIPYs and their B-ring unsubstituted analogues were synthesized from easily accessible starting 5-halo-2-formylpyrroles and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution mass spectrometry, X-ray analysis, and optical/electronic properties. In great contrast to the substitution(s) at the other two pyrrolic units, electron-donating substituent(s) at pyrrole B-ring bring significant blue shift of the absorption and emission bands. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations indicate that this blue shift may be attributed to the increased highest occupied molecular orbital and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and the overall increase in the energy band gaps. These pyrrolylBODIPYs generally show intense absorption (centered at 570-624 nm) and fluorescence emission (582-654 nm) in nonpolar solvents. A gradual decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed for these dyes with the increase in solvent dipolar moment, which combines with the red to far-red absorption/emission, rendering these pyrrolylBODIPYs potential applications as environment-sensitive fluorescence probes as demonstrated in this work for bovine serum albumin.
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21
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Benzocoumarin-Styryl Hybrids: Aggregation and Viscosity Induced Emission Enhancement. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:1747-1758. [PMID: 28500536 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two benzo[h]chromen-3-yl)ethylidene) malononitrile styryl hybrid dyes are synthesized and characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. One is based on nitrogen donor and other on oxygen (3b and 3b respectively). Dyes are low emissive in the solution but dramatically showed increase in emission intensity in aggregates form in the THF (tetrahydrofuran) /water system. Dyes are also sensitive to viscosity and showed increased emission intensity in the DCM:PEG 400 system and DMF:PEG 400 system respectively. Dyes 3a and 3b showed higher viscosity sensitivity constant (0.67 and 0.39 respectively) in DMF:PEG 400 system compared to DCM:PEG 400 (0.47 and 0.21 respectively) system which is contrary to the traditional concept of FMRs. Results shows that lowering of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) and increase in intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in the excited state could be the reason for such behavior in the aggregate and highly viscous state. This study may provide the new insights into the field of AIEE and FMR research of such hybrid molecules.
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22
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Zhu H, Fan J, Mu H, Zhu T, Zhang Z, Du J, Peng X. d-PET-controlled "off-on" Polarity-sensitive Probes for Reporting Local Hydrophilicity within Lysosomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35627. [PMID: 27767190 PMCID: PMC5073283 DOI: 10.1038/srep35627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes are powerful chemical tools for studying biomolecular structures and activities both in vitro and in vivo. However, the lack of "off-on" polarity-sensing probes has limited the accurate monitoring of biological processes that involve an increase in local hydrophilicity. Here, we design and synthesize a series of "off-on" polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes BP series consisting of the difluoroboron dippyomethene (BODIPY) fluorophore connected to a quaternary ammonium moiety via different carbon linkers. All these probes showed low fluorescence quantum yields in nonpolar solution but became highly fluorescent in polar media. BP-2, which contains a two-carbon linker and a trimethyl quaternary ammonium, displayed a fluorescence intensity and quantum yield that were both linearly correlated with solvent polarity. In addition, BP-2 exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for polarity over other environmental factors and a variety of biologically relevant species. BP-2 can be synthesized readily via an unusual Mannich reaction followed by methylation. Using electrochemistry combined with theoretical calculations, we demonstrated that the "off-on" sensing behavior of BP-2 is primarily due to the polarity-dependent donor-excited photoinduced electron transfer (d-PET) effect. Live-cell imaging established that BP-2 enables the detection of local hydrophilicity within lysosomes under conditions of lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huiying Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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23
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Feng X, Seto N, Wang CZ, Matsumoto T, Tanaka J, Wei XF, Elsegood MRJ, Horsburgh L, Redshaw C, Yamato T. Extended π-Conjugated Pyrene Derivatives: Structural, Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Feng
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Saga University; Honjo-machi 1 Saga 840-8502 Japan
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering; Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication; 1 Xinghua Avenue (Band Two), Daxing Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Nobuyuki Seto
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Saga University; Honjo-machi 1 Saga 840-8502 Japan
| | - Chuan-Zeng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Saga University; Honjo-machi 1 Saga 840-8502 Japan
| | - Taisuke Matsumoto
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering; Kyushu University; 6-1, Kasugakoen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Engineering; Kyushu University; 6-1, Kasugakoen Kasuga 816-8580 Japan
| | - Xian-Fu Wei
- School of Printing and Packaging Engineering; Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication; 1 Xinghua Avenue (Band Two), Daxing Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | | | - Lynne Horsburgh
- Chemistry Department; Loughborough University; Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hull; Cottingham Road, Hull Yorkshire HU6 7RX UK
| | - Takehiko Yamato
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Saga University; Honjo-machi 1 Saga 840-8502 Japan
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24
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Joshi R, Meitei OR, Kumar H, Jadhao M, Ghosh SK. Design, Synthesis, and Proticity Inclined Conformational Modulation in a Highly Fluorescent Bichromophoric Naphthalimide Derivative: Hint Directed from RICT Perspective. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1000-11. [PMID: 26816264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study embodies design, in silico DNA interaction, synthesis of benzothiazole containing naphthalimide derivative, 2-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-1H-benzo[de] isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione (CBIQD) along with its systematic photophysics, solvatochromic behavior, and solvation dynamics using an experimental and theoretical spectroscopic approach. Steady-state dual emission and biexponential fluorescence decay reveals the formation of two different excited species. Ground- and excited-state optimized geometry and the potential-energy curve obtained from DFT and TD-DFT calculation ascertained the existence of nonplanar and planar conformation. When the solvent polarity is changed from nonpolar to protic polar, the feebly emissive emission band highly intensifies probably due to the reversal of n, π*-π, π* emissive state along with consequent modulation of their energy gap that is induced by H-bonding. Excluding nonpolar solvents, in all other solvents, the Stokes shift correlates linearly with orientation polarizability, whereas in water, the story remains intriguing. With photoexcitation, intermolecular H-bonding stimulates the pyramidalization tendency of imide "N" with subsequent conformational change of GS nonplanar geometry to a coplanar one through acceptor rehybridization generating a rehybridized intramolecular charge transfer (RICT) state that caused a dramatic fluorescence upsurge. This allosteric modulation is promoted by excited-state H-bonding dynamics especially in strong H-bond donor water. A close interplay between preferential solvation and the proximity effect is evident in the emission behavior in a benzene (Bn)-ethanol (EtOH) binary mixture. Molecular docking analysis delineates considerable noncovalent sandwiched π-π stacking interactions of CBIQD with the pyrimidine rings as well as with imidazole rings of dG 6 and dG 2 base pairs of B-DNA double helix, which probably suffices the design strategy adopted. Overall, a strategic design to synthesize a highly fluorescent and potential bioactive agent is executed to revolutionize the fluorophore field due its enormous progressive importance in biochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Oinam Romesh Meitei
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Himank Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Manojkumar Jadhao
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology , Nagpur, Maharashtra 440010, India
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25
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Zhu Y, Xiao L, Zhao M, Zhou J, Zhang Q, Wang H, Li S, Zhou H, Wu J, Tian Y. A Series of Imidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Two-Photon Absorption, and Application for Bioimaging. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:965386. [PMID: 26579544 PMCID: PMC4633690 DOI: 10.1155/2015/965386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new series of D-π-A type imidazole derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. Two corresponding imidazolium salts (iodine and hexafluorophosphate) were prepared from the imidazole compound. Their electron-withdrawing ability can be largely tunable by salt formation reaction or ion exchange. UV-vis absorption and single-photon fluorescence spectra have been systematically investigated in different solvents. The two-photon cross sections (δ 2PA) of the imidazole derivatives are measured by two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) method. Compared with those of T-1 (107 GM) and T-3 (96 GM), T-2 (imidazolium iodine salt) has a large two-photon absorption (2PA) cross section value of 276 GM. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity and applications in bioimaging for the imidazole derivatives were carried out. The results showed that T-1 can be used as a lysosomal tracker with high stability and water solubility within pHs of 4-6, while T-2 and T-3 can be used as probes for cell cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lufei Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Department of Food and Environmental Engineering, Chuzhou Vocational and Technical College, Chuzhou 239000, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jiazheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shengli Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hongping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jieying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yupeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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26
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Yang Z, Cao J, He Y, Yang JH, Kim T, Peng X, Kim JS. Macro-/micro-environment-sensitive chemosensing and biological imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4563-601. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have summarized the research progress on fluorescent sensors responsive to environmental factors, including local viscosity, polarity, temperature, hypoxia and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jianfang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanxia He
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jung Ho Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
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27
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Zhao J, Wu W, Sun J, Guo S. Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5323-51. [PMID: 23450221 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triplet photosensitizers (PSs) are compounds that can be efficiently excited to the triplet excited state which subsequently act as catalysts in photochemical reactions. The name is originally derived from compounds that were used to transfer the triplet energy to other compounds that have only a small intrinsic triplet state yield. Triplet PSs are not only used for triplet energy transfer, but also for photocatalytic organic reactions, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoinduced hydrogen production from water and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion. A good PS should exhibit strong absorption of the excitation light, a high yield of intersystem crossing (ISC) for efficient production of the triplet state, and a long triplet lifetime to allow for the reaction with a reactant molecule. Most transition metal complexes show efficient ISC, but small molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and short-lived triplet excited states, which make them unsuitable as triplet PSs. One obstacle to the development of new triplet PSs is the difficulty in predicting the ISC of chromophores, especially of organic compounds without any heavy atoms. This review article summarizes some molecular design rationales for triplet PSs, based on the molecular structural factors that facilitate ISC. The design of transition metal complexes with large molar absorption coefficients in the visible spectral region and long-lived triplet excited states is presented. A new method of using a spin converter to construct heavy atom-free organic triplet PSs is discussed, with which ISC becomes predictable, C60 being an example. To enhance the performance of triplet PSs, energy funneling based triplet PSs are proposed, which show broadband absorption in the visible region. Applications of triplet PSs in photocatalytic organic reactions, hydrogen production, triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion and luminescent oxygen sensing are briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E 208 Western Compus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116012, P.R. China.
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Ray D, Dalapati S, Guchhait N. Spectral properties of a simple azine Schiff base and its sensing ability towards protic environment through hydrogen bonding interaction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:219-226. [PMID: 23835054 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A simple azine linkage containing Schiff base p-N,N-diethylaminobenzaldazine (PDEAB) has been synthesized and its spectroscopic properties have been investigated using steady state absorption and fluorescence measurement. Both the absorption and emission studies indicate that the compound PDEAB forms intermolecular hydrogen bond with protic solvents. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bond between PDEAB and protic solvents is further verified by Quantum chemical calculation using Density Functional Theory (DFT) (B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. The non-fluorescent nature (fluorescence off) of PDEAB in aprotic environment can be switched over to a fluorescent system (fluorescence on) in presence of protic solvents and hence this molecule can be used as highly sensitive fluorosensor for protic solvent in aprotic medium like ACN or DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarati Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 APC Road, Calcutta 700 009, India
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Feng X, Hu JY, Tomiyasu H, Seto N, Redshaw C, Elsegood MRJ, Yamato T. Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel butterfly-shaped blue emitters based on pyrene. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8366-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41350k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abe Y, Karasawa S, Koga N. Crystal Structures and Emitting Properties of Trifluoromethylaminoquinoline Derivatives: Thermal Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformation of Polymorphic Crystals That Emit Different Colors. Chemistry 2012; 18:15038-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Yang SQ, He GZ. Hydrogen Bonding Effects on the Photophysical Properties of 2,3-dihydro-3-keto-1H-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazine. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/03/254-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Pan YZ, Wang YG, Liu JH, Sun LC. 2-(5-Bromo-thio-phen-2-yl)-5-[5-(10-ethyl-phenothia-zin-3-yl)thio-phen-2-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o1383-4. [PMID: 22590274 PMCID: PMC3344512 DOI: 10.1107/s160053681201361x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C(24)H(16)BrN(3)OS(3), contains three approximately planar fragments, viz. an oxadiazole ring plus two adjacent thio-phene groups, and two phenothia-zine benzene rings, with largest deviations from the least-squares planes of 0.051 (3), 0.019 (4) and 0.014 (3) Å, respectively. The phenothia-zine unit adopts a butterfly conformation, with a dihedral angle of 38.06 (15)° between the terminal benzene rings. The dihedral angle between the 2,5-bis-(thio-phen-2-yl)oxadiazole unit and the attached benzene ring is 15.35 (11)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules form stacks along the b-axis direction; neighboring mol-ecules within the stack are related by inversion centers, with shortest inter-centroid separations of 3.741 (2) and 3.767 (2) Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhen Pan
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Gui Wang
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - Li-Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China,Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 10044, Sweden,Correspondence e-mail: ,
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Shao J, Ji S, Li X, Zhao J, Zhou F, Guo H. Thiophene-Inserted Aryl-Dicyanovinyl Compounds: The Second Generation of Fluorescent Molecular Rotors with Significantly Redshifted Emission and Large Stokes Shift. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yang S, Liu J, Zhou P, He G. Solvent Effects on 3-Keto-1H-pyrido[3,2,1-kl]phenothiazine Fluorescence in Polar and Protic Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:10692-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2044288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Guozhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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Miao C, Shi Y. Reconsideration on hydrogen bond strengthening or cleavage of photoexcited coumarin 102 in aqueous solvent: A DFT/TDDFT study. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:3058-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee HS, Kim HJ, Kang JG. Luminescence properties of 4-hydroxy-5-phenylpyrido[3,2,1-jk]carbazol-6-one: solvatochromism and sensitivity to amine solution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1338-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1pp05045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Ethynylated Triphenylamine Monoboronic acid Chemosensors: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. J Fluoresc 2010; 20:1255-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-010-0677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ooyama Y, Ito G, Kushimoto K, Komaguchi K, Imae I, Harima Y. Synthesis and fluorescence and electrochemical properties of D–π-A structural isomers of benzofuro[2,3-c]oxazolo[4,5-a]carbazole-type and benzofuro[2,3-c]oxazolo[5,4-a]carbazole-type fluorescent dyes. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2756-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c003526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ji S, Yang J, Yang Q, Liu S, Chen M, Zhao J. Tuning the intramolecular charge transfer of alkynylpyrenes: effect on photophysical properties and its application in design of OFF-ON fluorescent thiol probes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4855-65. [PMID: 19459695 DOI: 10.1021/jo900588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Green and yellow-emitting 1,6- and 1,8-bis(phenylethynyl) pyrenes (dyes 7, 8, 9, and 10) with different intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) feature were synthesized and the effect of ICT on the photophysical properties of these derivatives were studied by UV-vis absorption spectra, fluorescence emission spectra, and DFT/TDDFT calculations. For the dyes with electron-pushing group (e.g., -dimethylamino, dye 8 and dye 10), structureless and solvent polarity-sensitive fluorescence emission spectra were observed. Conversely, dye with electron-withdrawing group (e.g., -CN, dye 7) shows structured and solvent polarity-independent emission spectra. OFF-ON fluorescent thiol probes 11 and 12 with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl protected ethynylpyrene fluorophore were designed based on DFT/TDDFT calculations, which predicts dark state (S(1)) for these thiol probes (e.g., oscillator strength f = 0.0086 for S(1)<--S(0) transition of the probe 11). This dark state is induced by the ICT effect with ethynylated pyrene fluorophore as electron donor and 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit as electron acceptor. Cleavage of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit by thiol releases the free fluorophore, for which the lowest-lying excited state S(1) is no longer a dark state, but an emissive state (f = 0.9776 for S(1)<--S(0) transition). These theoretical predictions on the photophysical properties of the molecular probes were fully proved by experimental results. Our results demonstrated that the fluorescence OFF-ON switching of this kind of thiol probe is due to the termination of the ICT effect (which quenches the emission, by a dark S(1) state) by cleavage of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl unit (as acceptor of ICT effect) with thiols, not the re-establishment of the D-pi-A feature of the fluorophore. These investigation on the pyrene derived green-emitting fluorophores and the DFT/TDDFT calculation aided probe design suggest that future application of these results may prove useful toward the rational design of fluorophores or fluorescent probes with predetermined photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116012, P.R. China
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