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Gahlot DK, Taheri N, MacIntyre S. Diversity in Genetic Regulation of Bacterial Fimbriae Assembled by the Chaperone Usher Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010161. [PMID: 36613605 PMCID: PMC9820224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria express different types of hair-like proteinaceous appendages on their cell surface known as pili or fimbriae. These filamentous structures are primarily involved in the adherence of bacteria to both abiotic and biotic surfaces for biofilm formation and/or virulence of non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria. In pathogenic bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria, fimbriae play a key role in bacteria-host interactions which are critical for bacterial invasion and infection. Fimbriae assembled by the Chaperone Usher pathway (CUP) are widespread within the Enterobacteriaceae, and their expression is tightly regulated by specific environmental stimuli. Genes essential for expression of CUP fimbriae are organised in small blocks/clusters, which are often located in proximity to other virulence genes on a pathogenicity island. Since these surface appendages play a crucial role in bacterial virulence, they have potential to be harnessed in vaccine development. This review covers the regulation of expression of CUP-assembled fimbriae in Gram-negative bacteria and uses selected examples to demonstrate both dedicated and global regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmender K. Gahlot
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (D.K.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Nayyer Taheri
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - Sheila MacIntyre
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EX, UK
- Correspondence: (D.K.G.); (S.M.)
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2
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Sokurenko EV, Tchesnokova V, Interlandi G, Klevit R, Thomas WE. Neutralizing antibodies against allosteric proteins: insights from a bacterial adhesin. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Chatterjee S, Basak AJ, Nair AV, Duraivelan K, Samanta D. Immunoglobulin-fold containing bacterial adhesins: molecular and structural perspectives in host tissue colonization and infection. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6045506. [PMID: 33355339 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) domains are one of the most widespread protein domains encoded by the human genome and are present in a large array of proteins with diverse biological functions. These Ig domains possess a central structure, the immunoglobulin-fold, which is a sandwich of two β sheets, each made up of anti-parallel β strands, surrounding a central hydrophobic core. Apart from humans, proteins containing Ig-like domains are also distributed in a vast selection of organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, viruses and bacteria where they execute a wide array of discrete cellular functions. In this review, we have described the key structural deviations of bacterial Ig-folds when compared to the classical eukaryotic Ig-fold. Further, we have comprehensively grouped all the Ig-domain containing adhesins present in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, we describe the role of these particular adhesins in host tissue attachment, colonization and subsequent infection by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli as well as other bacterial species. The structural properties of these Ig-domain containing adhesins, along with their interactions with specific Ig-like and non Ig-like binding partners present on the host cell surface have been discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chatterjee
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Aditya J Basak
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Asha V Nair
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Kheerthana Duraivelan
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Samanta
- School of Bioscience, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
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4
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Hatton NE, Baumann CG, Fascione MA. Developments in Mannose-Based Treatments for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli-Induced Urinary Tract Infections. Chembiochem 2021; 22:613-629. [PMID: 32876368 PMCID: PMC7894189 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During their lifetime almost half of women will experience a symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) with a further half experiencing a relapse within six months. Currently UTIs are treated with antibiotics, but increasing antibiotic resistance rates highlight the need for new treatments. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is responsible for the majority of symptomatic UTI cases and thus has become a key pathological target. Adhesion of type one pilus subunit FimH at the surface of UPEC strains to mannose-saturated oligosaccharides located on the urothelium is critical to pathogenesis. Since the identification of FimH as a therapeutic target in the late 1980s, a substantial body of research has been generated focusing on the development of FimH-targeting mannose-based anti-adhesion therapies. In this review we will discuss the design of different classes of these mannose-based compounds and their utility and potential as UPEC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Hatton
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington RoadYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Martin A. Fascione
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslington RoadYorkYO10 5DDUK
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5
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Mechanical architecture and folding of E. coli type 1 pilus domains. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2758. [PMID: 30013059 PMCID: PMC6048123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli attach to tissues using pili type 1. Each pilus is composed by thousands of coiled FimA domains followed by the domains of the tip fibrillum, FimF-FimG-FimH. The domains are linked by non-covalent β-strands that must resist mechanical forces during attachment. Here, we use single-molecule force spectroscopy to measure the mechanical contribution of each domain to the stability of the pilus and monitor the oxidative folding mechanism of a single Fim domain assisted by periplasmic FimC and the oxidoreductase DsbA. We demonstrate that pilus domains bear high mechanical stability following a hierarchy by which domains close to the tip are weaker than those close to or at the pilus rod. During folding, this remarkable stability is achieved by the intervention of DsbA that not only forms strategic disulfide bonds but also serves as a chaperone assisting the folding of the domains. The pilus type 1 of uropathogenic E. coli must resist mechanical forces to remain attached to the epithelium. Here the authors use single-molecule force spectroscopy to demonstrate a hierarchy of mechanical stability among the pilus domains and show that the oxidoreductase DsbA also acts as a folding chaperone on the domains.
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6
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Krammer EM, de Ruyck J, Roos G, Bouckaert J, Lensink MF. Targeting Dynamical Binding Processes in the Design of Non-Antibiotic Anti-Adhesives by Molecular Simulation-The Example of FimH. Molecules 2018; 23:E1641. [PMID: 29976867 PMCID: PMC6099838 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Located at the tip of type I fimbria of Escherichia coli, the bacterial adhesin FimH is responsible for the attachment of the bacteria to the (human) host by specifically binding to highly-mannosylated glycoproteins located on the exterior of the host cell wall. Adhesion represents a necessary early step in bacterial infection and specific inhibition of this process represents a valuable alternative pathway to antibiotic treatments, as such anti-adhesive drugs are non-intrusive and are therefore unlikely to induce bacterial resistance. The currently available anti-adhesives with the highest affinities for FimH still feature affinities in the nanomolar range. A prerequisite to develop higher-affinity FimH inhibitors is a molecular understanding of the FimH-inhibitor complex formation. The latest insights in the formation process are achieved by combining several molecular simulation and traditional experimental techniques. This review summarizes how molecular simulation contributed to the current knowledge of the molecular function of FimH and the importance of dynamics in the inhibitor binding process, and highlights the importance of the incorporation of dynamical aspects in (future) drug-design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krammer
- Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Jerome de Ruyck
- Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Goedele Roos
- Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Marc F Lensink
- Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the University of Lille, 50 Avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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7
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Yamamoto K, Oyaizu M, Takahashi T, Watanabe Y, Shoji O. Inhibiting Aggregation of β-Amyloid by Folded and Unfolded Forms of Fimbrial Protein of Gram-Negative Bacteria. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Research Center for Materials Science; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Misa Oyaizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Research Center for Materials Science; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; School of Science and Technology; Gunma University; 1-5-1, Tenjin-cho, Kiryu Gunma 376-8515 Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Research Center for Materials Science; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science; Research Center for Materials Science; Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa; Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; 5 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
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8
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Touaibia M, Krammer EM, Shiao TC, Yamakawa N, Wang Q, Glinschert A, Papadopoulos A, Mousavifar L, Maes E, Oscarson S, Vergoten G, Lensink MF, Roy R, Bouckaert J. Sites for Dynamic Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions of O- and C-Linked Mannosides on the E. coli FimH Adhesin. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071101. [PMID: 28671638 PMCID: PMC6152123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonists of the Escherichia coli type-1 fimbrial adhesin FimH are recognized as attractive alternatives for antibiotic therapies and prophylaxes against acute and recurrent bacterial infections. In this study α-d-mannopyranosides O- or C-linked with an alkyl, alkene, alkyne, thioalkyl, amide, or sulfonamide were investigated to fit a hydrophobic substituent with up to two aryl groups within the tyrosine gate emerging from the mannose-binding pocket of FimH. The results were summarized into a set of structure-activity relationships to be used in FimH-targeted inhibitor design: alkene linkers gave an improved affinity and inhibitory potential, because of their relative flexibility combined with a favourable interaction with isoleucine-52 located in the middle of the tyrosine gate. Of particular interest is a C-linked mannoside, alkene-linked to an ortho-substituted biphenyl that has an affinity similar to its O-mannosidic analog but superior to its para-substituted analog. Docking of its high-resolution NMR solution structure to the FimH adhesin indicated that its ultimate, ortho-placed phenyl ring is able to interact with isoleucine-13, located in the clamp loop that undergoes conformational changes under shear force exerted on the bacteria. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that a subpopulation of the C-mannoside conformers is able to interact in this secondary binding site of FimH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Touaibia
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | - Eva-Maria Krammer
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Tze C Shiao
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Nao Yamakawa
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Qingan Wang
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Anja Glinschert
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Alex Papadopoulos
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Leila Mousavifar
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Emmanuel Maes
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology (CSCB), University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Gerard Vergoten
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marc F Lensink
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam, Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, P. O. Box 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 du CNRS, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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9
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Popp D, Loh ND, Zorgati H, Ghoshdastider U, Liow LT, Ivanova MI, Larsson M, DePonte DP, Bean R, Beyerlein KR, Gati C, Oberthuer D, Arnlund D, Brändén G, Berntsen P, Cascio D, Chavas LMG, Chen JPJ, Ding K, Fleckenstein H, Gumprecht L, Harimoorthy R, Mossou E, Sawaya MR, Brewster AS, Hattne J, Sauter NK, Seibert M, Seuring C, Stellato F, Tilp T, Eisenberg DS, Messerschmidt M, Williams GJ, Koglin JE, Makowski L, Millane RP, Forsyth T, Boutet S, White TA, Barty A, Chapman H, Chen SL, Liang M, Neutze R, Robinson RC. Flow-aligned, single-shot fiber diffraction using a femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2017; 74:472-481. [PMID: 28574190 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A major goal for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) based science is to elucidate structures of biological molecules without the need for crystals. Filament systems may provide some of the first single macromolecular structures elucidated by XFEL radiation, since they contain one-dimensional translational symmetry and thereby occupy the diffraction intensity region between the extremes of crystals and single molecules. Here, we demonstrate flow alignment of as few as 100 filaments (Escherichia coli pili, F-actin, and amyloid fibrils), which when intersected by femtosecond X-ray pulses result in diffraction patterns similar to those obtained from classical fiber diffraction studies. We also determine that F-actin can be flow-aligned to a disorientation of approximately 5 degrees. Using this XFEL-based technique, we determine that gelsolin amyloids are comprised of stacked β-strands running perpendicular to the filament axis, and that a range of order from fibrillar to crystalline is discernable for individual α-synuclein amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Popp
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore
| | - N Duane Loh
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 117557, Singapore.,Centre for BioImaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Habiba Zorgati
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Umesh Ghoshdastider
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore
| | - Lu Ting Liow
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Pl, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Mårten Larsson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore
| | - Daniel P DePonte
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Richard Bean
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Kenneth R Beyerlein
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Cornelius Gati
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - David Arnlund
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Brändén
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Berntsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Leonard M G Chavas
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Joe P J Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computational Imaging Group, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ke Ding
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Lars Gumprecht
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Rajiv Harimoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France.,EPSAM/ISTM, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Aaron S Brewster
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Johan Hattne
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Marvin Seibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 24, Sweden
| | - Carolin Seuring
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Thomas Tilp
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - David S Eisenberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Garth J Williams
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Rick P Millane
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computational Imaging Group, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, 38000, France.,EPSAM/ISTM, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California, 94025
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Henry Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany.,Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Swaine L Chen
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138672, Singapore
| | - Mengning Liang
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert C Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Rabbani S, Krammer EM, Roos G, Zalewski A, Preston R, Eid S, Zihlmann P, Prévost M, Lensink MF, Thompson A, Ernst B, Bouckaert J. Mutation of Tyr137 of the universal Escherichia coli fimbrial adhesin FimH relaxes the tyrosine gate prior to mannose binding. IUCRJ 2017; 4:7-23. [PMID: 28250938 PMCID: PMC5331462 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252516016675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The most prevalent diseases manifested by Escherichia coli are acute and recurrent bladder infections and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease. E. coli clinical isolates express the FimH adhesin, which consists of a mannose-specific lectin domain connected via a pilin domain to the tip of type 1 pili. Although the isolated FimH lectin domain has affinities in the nanomolar range for all high-mannosidic glycans, differentiation between these glycans is based on their capacity to form predominantly hydrophobic interactions within the tyrosine gate at the entrance to the binding pocket. In this study, novel crystal structures of tyrosine-gate mutants of FimH, ligand-free or in complex with heptyl α-d-O-mannopyranoside or 4-biphenyl α-d-O-mannopyranoside, are combined with quantum-mechanical calculations and molecular-dynamics simulations. In the Y48A FimH crystal structure, a large increase in the dynamics of the alkyl chain of heptyl α-d-O-mannopyranoside attempts to compensate for the absence of the aromatic ring; however, the highly energetic and stringent mannose-binding pocket of wild-type FimH is largely maintained. The Y137A mutation, on the other hand, is the most detrimental to FimH affinity and specificity: (i) in the absence of ligand the FimH C-terminal residue Thr158 intrudes into the mannose-binding pocket and (ii) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid interacts strongly with Glu50, Thr53 and Asn136, in spite of multiple dialysis and purification steps. Upon mutation, pre-ligand-binding relaxation of the backbone dihedral angles at position 137 in the tyrosine gate and their coupling to Tyr48 via the interiorly located Ile52 form the basis of the loss of affinity of the FimH adhesin in the Y137A mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Rabbani
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eva-Maria Krammer
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR8576 UGSF (Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle), 59000 Lille, France
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Goedele Roos
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR8576 UGSF (Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle), 59000 Lille, France
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adam Zalewski
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Preston
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sameh Eid
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Zihlmann
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martine Prévost
- Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc F. Lensink
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR8576 UGSF (Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle), 59000 Lille, France
| | - Andrew Thompson
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, l’Orme de Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP48, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Beat Ernst
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacy, Pharmacenter, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- University of Lille, CNRS UMR8576 UGSF (Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle), 59000 Lille, France
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11
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Moorthy S, Keklak J, Klein EA. Perspective: Adhesion Mediated Signal Transduction in Bacterial Pathogens. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010023. [PMID: 26901228 PMCID: PMC4810144 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the infection process, pathogenic bacteria undergo large-scale transcriptional changes to promote virulence and increase intrahost survival. While much of this reprogramming occurs in response to changes in chemical environment, such as nutrient availability and pH, there is increasing evidence that adhesion to host-tissue can also trigger signal transduction pathways resulting in differential gene expression. Determining the molecular mechanisms of adhesion-mediated signaling requires disentangling the contributions of chemical and mechanical stimuli. Here we highlight recent work demonstrating that surface attachment drives a transcriptional response in bacterial pathogens, including uropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), and discuss the complexity of experimental design when dissecting the specific role of adhesion-mediated signaling during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Moorthy
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Julia Keklak
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Eric A Klein
- Biology Department, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University-Camden, 200 Federal St., Suite 520, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Many receptors display conformational flexibility, in which the binding pocket has an open inactive conformation in the absence of ligand and a tight active conformation when bound to ligand. Here we study the bacterial adhesin FimH to address the role of the inactive conformation of the pocket for initiating binding by comparing two variants: a wild-type FimH variant that is in the inactive state when not bound to its target mannose, and an engineered activated variant that is always in the active state. Not surprisingly, activated FimH has a longer lifetime and higher affinity, and bacteria expressing activated FimH bound better in static conditions. However, bacteria expressing wild-type FimH bound better in flow. Wild-type and activated FimH demonstrated similar mechanical strength, likely because mechanical force induces the active state in wild-type FimH. However, wild-type FimH displayed a faster bond association rate than activated FimH. Moreover, the ability of different FimH variants to mediate adhesion in flow reflected the fraction of FimH in the inactive state. These results demonstrate a new model for ligand-associated conformational changes that we call the kinetic-selection model, in which ligand-binding selects the faster-binding inactive state and then induces the active state. This model predicts that in physiological conditions for cell adhesion, mechanical force will drive a nonequilibrium cycle that uses the fast binding rate of the inactive state and slow unbinding rate of the active state, for a higher effective affinity than is possible at equilibrium.
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13
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Busch A, Phan G, Waksman G. Molecular mechanism of bacterial type 1 and P pili assembly. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2013.0153. [PMID: 25624519 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2013.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of adhesive surface structures called pili or fimbriae ('bacterial hair') is an important contributor towards bacterial pathogenicity and persistence. To fight often chronic or recurrent bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of the nanomachines assembling such pili. Here, we focus on the so far best-known pilus assembly machinery: the chaperone-usher pathway producing the type 1 and P pili, and highlight the most recently acquired structural knowledge. First, we describe the subunits' structure and the molecular role of the periplasmic chaperone. Second, we focus on the outer-membrane usher structure and the catalytic mechanism of usher-mediated pilus biogenesis. Finally, we describe how the detailed understanding of the chaperone-usher pathway at a molecular level has paved the way for the design of a new generation of bacterial inhibitors called 'pilicides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busch
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Gilles Phan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Gabriel Waksman
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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14
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Whitfield MJ, Luo JP, Thomas WE. Yielding elastic tethers stabilize robust cell adhesion. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003971. [PMID: 25473833 PMCID: PMC4256016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and eukaryotic cells express adhesive proteins at the end of tethers that elongate reversibly at constant or near constant force, which we refer to as yielding elasticity. Here we address the function of yielding elastic adhesive tethers with Escherichia coli bacteria as a model for cell adhesion, using a combination of experiments and simulations. The adhesive bond kinetics and tether elasticity was modeled in the simulations with realistic biophysical models that were fit to new and previously published single molecule force spectroscopy data. The simulations were validated by comparison to experiments measuring the adhesive behavior of E. coli in flowing fluid. Analysis of the simulations demonstrated that yielding elasticity is required for the bacteria to remain bound in high and variable flow conditions, because it allows the force to be distributed evenly between multiple bonds. In contrast, strain-hardening and linear elastic tethers concentrate force on the most vulnerable bonds, which leads to failure of the entire adhesive contact. Load distribution is especially important to noncovalent receptor-ligand bonds, because they become exponentially shorter lived at higher force above a critical force, even if they form catch bonds. The advantage of yielding is likely to extend to any blood cells or pathogens adhering in flow, or to any situation where bonds are stretched unequally due to surface roughness, unequal native bond lengths, or conditions that act to unzip the bonds. Cells adhere to surfaces and each other in the presence of forces that would easily overpower the individual noncovalent receptor-ligand bonds that mediate this adhesion, raising the question as to how these bonds cooperate to withstand such high forces. Here we show that cooperation and robust adhesion depends on the elastic properties of the bonds. A type of nonlinear elasticity referred to as elastic yielding ensures that the total force is distributed equally across the individual bonds regardless of geometry. In contrast, with linear or strain-hardening elasticity, the bonds that are stretched the most are exposed to higher forces, which cause them to fail sequentially. This work explains why elastic yielding is found in structurally and evolutionarily diverse adhesive complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt J. Whitfield
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathon P. Luo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Gouin SG, Roos G, Bouckaert J. Discovery and Application of FimH Antagonists. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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16
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Positively selected FimH residues enhance virulence during urinary tract infection by altering FimH conformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15530-7. [PMID: 24003161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315203110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-usher pathway pili are a widespread family of extracellular, Gram-negative bacterial fibers with important roles in bacterial pathogenesis. Type 1 pili are important virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which cause the majority of urinary tract infections (UTI). FimH, the type 1 adhesin, binds mannosylated glycoproteins on the surface of human and murine bladder cells, facilitating bacterial colonization, invasion, and formation of biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities. The mannose-binding pocket of FimH is invariant among UPEC. We discovered that pathoadaptive alleles of FimH with variant residues outside the binding pocket affect FimH-mediated acute and chronic pathogenesis of two commonly studied UPEC strains, UTI89 and CFT073. In vitro binding studies revealed that, whereas all pathoadaptive variants tested displayed the same high affinity for mannose when bound by the chaperone FimC, affinities varied when FimH was incorporated into pilus tip-like, FimCGH complexes. Structural studies have shown that FimH adopts an elongated conformation when complexed with FimC, but, when incorporated into the pilus tip, FimH can adopt a compact conformation. We hypothesize that the propensity of FimH to adopt the elongated conformation in the tip corresponds to its mannose binding affinity. Interestingly, FimH variants, which maintain a high-affinity conformation in the FimCGH tip-like structure, were attenuated during chronic bladder infection, implying that FimH's ability to switch between conformations is important in pathogenesis. Our studies argue that positively selected residues modulate fitness during UTI by affecting FimH conformation and function, providing an example of evolutionary tuning of structural dynamics impacting in vivo survival.
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17
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Observation of bacterial type I pili extension and contraction under fluid flow. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65563. [PMID: 23799025 PMCID: PMC3683016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I pili are proteinaceous tethers that mediate bacterial adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to surfaces and are thought to help bacteria resist drag forces imparted by fluid flow via uncoiling of their quaternary structure. Uncoiling and recoiling have been observed in force spectroscopy experiments, but it is not clear if and how this process occurs under fluid flow. Here we developed an assay to study the mechanical properties of pili in a parallel plate flow chamber. We show that pili extend when attached E. coli bacteria are exposed to increasing shear stresses, that pili can help bacteria move against moderate fluid flows, and characterize two dynamic regimes of this displacement. The first regime is consistent with entropic contraction as modeled by a freely jointed chain, and the second with coiling of the quaternary structure of pili. These results confirm that coiling and uncoiling happen under flow but the observed dynamics are different from those reported previously. Using these results and those from previous studies, we review the mechanical properties of pili in the context of other elastic proteins such as the byssal threads of mussels. It has been proposed that the high extensibility of pili may help recruit more pili into tension and lower the force acting on each one by damping changes in force due to fluid flow. Our analysis of the mechanical properties suggests additional functions of pili; in particular, their extensibility may reduce tension by aligning pili with the direction of flow, and the uncoiled state of pili may complement uncoiling in regulating the force of the terminal adhesin.
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18
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Dreux N, Denizot J, Martinez-Medina M, Mellmann A, Billig M, Kisiela D, Chattopadhyay S, Sokurenko E, Neut C, Gower-Rousseau C, Colombel JF, Bonnet R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Barnich N. Point mutations in FimH adhesin of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli enhance intestinal inflammatory response. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003141. [PMID: 23358328 PMCID: PMC3554634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are abnormally predominant on Crohn's disease (CD) ileal mucosa. AIEC reference strain LF82 adheres to ileal enterocytes via the common type 1 pili adhesin FimH and recognizes CEACAM6 receptors abnormally expressed on CD ileal epithelial cells. The fimH genes of 45 AIEC and 47 non-AIEC strains were sequenced. The phylogenetic tree based on fimH DNA sequences indicated that AIEC strains predominantly express FimH with amino acid mutations of a recent evolutionary origin - a typical signature of pathoadaptive changes of bacterial pathogens. Point mutations in FimH, some of a unique AIEC-associated nature, confer AIEC bacteria a significantly higher ability to adhere to CEACAM-expressing T84 intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, in the LF82 strain, the replacement of fimHLF82 (expressing FimH with an AIEC-associated mutation) with fimHK12 (expressing FimH of commensal E. coli K12) decreased the ability of bacteria to persist and to induce severe colitis and gut inflammation in infected CEABAC10 transgenic mice expressing human CEACAM receptors. Our results highlight a mechanism of AIEC virulence evolution that involves selection of amino acid mutations in the common bacterial traits, such as FimH protein, and leads to the development of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a genetically susceptible host. The analysis of fimH SNPs may be a useful method to predict the potential virulence of E. coli isolated from IBD patients for diagnostic or epidemiological studies and to identify new strategies for therapeutic intervention to block the interaction between AIEC and gut mucosa in the early stages of IBD. The etiology of inflammatory bowel diseases, in particular Crohn's disease (CD), involves disorders in host genetic factors and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are receiving increasing attention because they have been reported worldwide to be more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects. AIEC adhere to ileal enterocytes via type 1 pili, which recognize the CEACAM6 receptor, which is abnormally expressed in CD patients. The ability of AIEC to adhere to intestinal epithelial cells expressing CEACAM6 could be correlated with the presence of amino acid substitutions in the type 1 pili FimH adhesin subunit. AIEC strains express FimH protein variants with recently acquired amino acid mutations, which is a typical signature of pathoadaptive evolution of bacterial pathogens. AIEC-associated mutations in FimH confer on AIEC bacteria a significantly higher ability to adhere to CEACAM-expressing intestinal epithelial cells. Our results highlight a mechanism of AIEC pathogenic evolution that involves selection of FimH pathoadaptive mutations, which are required for AIEC gut colonization, which leads to the development of chronic inflammation in a genetically susceptible host. The analysis of fimH SNPs may be a useful method to predict the potential virulence of E. coli isolated from IBD patients in epidemiological studies and to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dreux
- M2iSH, UMR1071 Inserm, Université d'Auvergne, USC-INRA 2018, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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19
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FimA, FimF, and FimH are necessary for assembly of type 1 fimbriae on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3289-96. [PMID: 22778099 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00331-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a Gram-negative member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and is a common cause of bacterial food poisoning in humans. The fimbrial appendages are found on the surface of many enteric bacteria and enable the bacteria to bind to eukaryotic cells. S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbriae are characterized by mannose-sensitive hemagglutination and are assembled via the chaperone/usher pathway. S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbrial proteins are encoded by the fim gene cluster (fimAICDHFZYW), with fimAICDHF expressed as a single transcriptional unit. The structural components of the fimbriae are FimA (major subunit), FimI, FimH (adhesin), and FimF (adaptor). In order to determine which components are required for fimbrial formation in S. Typhimurium, mutations in fimA, fimI, fimH, and fimF were constructed and examined for their ability to produce surface-assembled fimbriae. S. Typhimurium SL1344ΔfimA, -ΔfimH, and -ΔfimF mutants were unable to assemble fimbriae, indicating that these genes are necessary for fimbrial production in S. Typhimurium. However, SL1344ΔfimI was able to assemble fimbriae. In Escherichia coli type 1 and Pap fimbriae, at least two adaptors are expressed in addition to the adhesins. However, E. coli type 1 and Pap fimbriae have been reported to be able to assemble fimbriae in the absence of these proteins. These results suggest differences between the S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbrial system and the E. coli type 1 and Pap fimbrial systems.
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20
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Crespo MD, Puorger C, Schärer MA, Eidam O, Grütter MG, Capitani G, Glockshuber R. Quality control of disulfide bond formation in pilus subunits by the chaperone FimC. Nat Chem Biol 2012; 8:707-13. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Busch A, Waksman G. Chaperone-usher pathways: diversity and pilus assembly mechanism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:1112-22. [PMID: 22411982 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to eight different types of secretion systems, and several more subtypes, have been described in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we focus on the diversity and assembly mechanism of one of the best-studied secretion systems, the widespread chaperone-usher pathway known to assemble and secrete adhesive surface structures, called pili or fimbriae, which play essential roles in targeting bacterial pathogens to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Busch
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Malet Street, WC1E 7HX London, UK
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22
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Allen WJ, Phan G, Waksman G. Pilus biogenesis at the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:500-6. [PMID: 22402496 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pili belong to a broad class of bacterial surface structures that play a key role in infection and pathogenicity. The largest and best characterised pilus biogenesis system--the chaperone-usher pathway--is particularly remarkable in its ability to synthesise and display highly organised structures at the outer membrane without any input from endogenous energy sources. The past few years have heralded exciting new developments in our understanding of the structural biology and mechanism of pilus assembly, which are discussed in this review. Such knowledge will be particularly important in the future, as we approach an era of widespread resistance to common antibiotics and require new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Allen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, Malet Street, WC1E 7HX London, UK
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23
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Structural insights into the biogenesis and biofilm formation by the Escherichia coli common pilus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:3950-5. [PMID: 22355107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106733109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a variety of mechanisms for developing community-based biofilms. These bacterial aggregates are of clinical importance, as they are a major source of recurrent disease. Bacterial surface fibers (pili) permit adherence to biotic and abiotic substrates, often in a highly specific manner. The Escherichia coli common pilus (ECP) represents a remarkable family of extracellular fibers that are associated with both disease-causing and commensal strains. ECP plays a dual role in early-stage biofilm development and host cell recognition. Despite being the most common fimbrial structure, relatively little is known regarding its biogenesis, architecture, and function. Here we report atomic-resolution insight into the biogenesis and architecture of ECP. We also derive a structural model for entwined ECP fibers that not only illuminates interbacteria communication during biofilm formation but also provides a useful foundation for the design of novel nanofibers.
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24
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Kisiela DI, Kramer JJ, Tchesnokova V, Aprikian P, Yarov-Yarovoy V, Clegg S, Sokurenko EV. Allosteric catch bond properties of the FimH adhesin from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38136-38147. [PMID: 21795699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.237511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite sharing the name and the ability to mediate mannose-sensitive adhesion, the type 1 fimbrial FimH adhesins of Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia coli share only 15% sequence identity. In the present study, we demonstrate that even with this limited identity in primary sequence, these two proteins share remarkable similarity of complex receptor binding and structural properties. In silico simulations suggest that, like E. coli FimH, Salmonella FimH has a two-domain tertiary structure topology, with a mannose-binding pocket located on the apex of a lectin domain. Structural analysis of mutations that enhance S. Typhimurium FimH binding to eukaryotic cells and mannose-BSA demonstrated that they are not located proximal to the predicted mannose-binding pocket but rather occur in the vicinity of the predicted interface between the lectin and pilin domains of the adhesin. This implies that the functional effect of such mutations is indirect and probably allosteric in nature. By analogy with E. coli FimH, we suggest that Salmonella FimH functions as an allosteric catch bond adhesin, where shear-induced separation of the lectin and pilin domains results in a shift from a low affinity to a high affinity binding conformation of the lectin domain. Indeed, we observed shear-enhanced binding of whole bacteria expressing S. Typhimurium type 1 fimbriae. In addition, we observed that anti-FimH antibodies activate rather than inhibit S. Typhimurium FimH mannose binding, consistent with the allosteric catch bond properties of this adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara I Kisiela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jeremy J Kramer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Pavel Aprikian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Steven Clegg
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Evgeni V Sokurenko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
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25
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Leney AC, Phan G, Allen W, Verger D, Waksman G, Radford SE, Ashcroft AE. Second order rate constants of donor-strand exchange reveal individual amino acid residues important in determining the subunit specificity of pilus biogenesis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1214-1223. [PMID: 21953104 PMCID: PMC3252035 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
P pili are hair-like adhesive structures that are assembled on the outer membrane (OM) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli by the chaperone-usher pathway. In this pathway, chaperone-subunit complexes are formed in the periplasm and targeted to an OM assembly platform, the usher. Pilus subunits display a large groove caused by a missing β-strand which, in the chaperone-subunit complex, is provided by the chaperone. At the usher, pilus subunits are assembled in a mechanism termed "donor-strand exchange (DSE)" whereby the β-strand provided by the chaperone is exchanged by the incoming subunit's N-terminal extension (Nte). This occurs in a zip-in-zip-out fashion, starting with a defined residue, P5, in the Nte inserting into a defined site in the groove, the P5 pocket. Here, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been used to measure DSE rates in vitro. Second order rate constants between the chaperone-subunit complex and a range of Nte peptides substituted at different residues confirmed the importance of the P5 residue of the Nte in determining the rate of DSE. In addition, residues either side of the P5 residue (P5 + 1 and P5 - 1), the side-chains of which are directed away from the subunit groove, also modulate the rates of DSE, most likely by aiding the docking of the Nte into the P5 pocket on the accepting subunit prior to DSE. The ESI-MS approach developed is applicable to the measurement of rates of DSE in pilus biogenesis in general and demonstrates the scope of ESI-MS in determining biomolecular processes in molecular detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneika C. Leney
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Gilles Phan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - William Allen
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Denis Verger
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Gabriel Waksman
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck College, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX UK
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Alison E. Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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26
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Aprikian P, Interlandi G, Kidd BA, Le Trong I, Tchesnokova V, Yakovenko O, Whitfield MJ, Bullitt E, Stenkamp RE, Thomas WE, Sokurenko EV. The bacterial fimbrial tip acts as a mechanical force sensor. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1000617. [PMID: 21572990 PMCID: PMC3091844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subunits that constitute the bacterial adhesive complex located at the tip of the fimbria form a hook-chain that acts as a rapid force-sensitive anchor at high flow. There is increasing evidence that the catch bond mechanism, where binding becomes stronger under tensile force, is a common property among non-covalent interactions between biological molecules that are exposed to mechanical force in vivo. Here, by using the multi-protein tip complex of the mannose-binding type 1 fimbriae of Escherichia coli, we show how the entire quaternary structure of the adhesive organella is adapted to facilitate binding under mechanically dynamic conditions induced by flow. The fimbrial tip mediates shear-dependent adhesion of bacteria to uroepithelial cells and demonstrates force-enhanced interaction with mannose in single molecule force spectroscopy experiments. The mannose-binding, lectin domain of the apex-positioned adhesive protein FimH is docked to the anchoring pilin domain in a distinct hooked manner. The hooked conformation is highly stable in molecular dynamics simulations under no force conditions but permits an easy separation of the domains upon application of an external tensile force, allowing the lectin domain to switch from a low- to a high-affinity state. The conformation between the FimH pilin domain and the following FimG subunit of the tip is open and stable even when tensile force is applied, providing an extended lever arm for the hook unhinging under shear. Finally, the conformation between FimG and FimF subunits is highly flexible even in the absence of tensile force, conferring to the FimH adhesin an exploratory function and high binding rates. The fimbrial tip of type 1 Escherichia coli is optimized to have a dual functionality: flexible exploration and force sensing. Comparison to other structures suggests that this property is common in unrelated bacterial and eukaryotic adhesive complexes that must function in dynamic conditions. Noncovalent biological interactions are commonly subjected to mechanical force, particularly when they are involved in adhesion or cytoskeletal movements. While one might expect mechanical force to break these interactions, some of them form so-called catch bonds that lock on harder under force, like a nanoscale finger-trap. In this study, we show that the catch-bond forming adhesive protein FimH, which is located at the tip of E. coli fimbriae, allows bacteria to bind to urinary epithelial cells in a shear-dependent manner; that is, they bind at high but not at low flow. We show that isolated fimbrial tips, consisting of elongated protein complexes with FimH at the apex, reproduce this behavior in vitro. Our molecular dynamics simulations of the fimbrial tip structure show that FimH is shaped like a hook that is normally rigid but opens under force, causing structural changes that lead to firm anchoring of the bacteria on the surface. In contrast, the more distal adaptor proteins of the fimbrial tip create a flexible connection of FimH to the rigid fimbria, enhancing the ability of the adhesin to move into position and form bonds with mannose on the surface. We suggest that the entire tip complex forms a hook-chain, ideal for rapid and stable anchoring in flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Aprikian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gianluca Interlandi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Kidd
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Isolde Le Trong
- Departments of Biological Structure and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronika Tchesnokova
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Olga Yakovenko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matt J. Whitfield
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald E. Stenkamp
- Departments of Biological Structure and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendy E. Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EVS); (WET)
| | - Evgeni V. Sokurenko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EVS); (WET)
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