Biopharmaceutical applications of nanogold

The Optimization of the One-Pot Synthesis of Au@SiO2Core-Shell Nanostructures: Modification with Dansyl Group and Their Fluorescent Properties

This work describes the optimization of the one-pot synthesis of fine core-shell nanostructures based on nanogold (Au NPs) and silica (SiO2). The obtained core-shell nanomaterials were characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM and by the method of spectroscopes such as UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). In addition, the measurement of the zeta potential and size of the obtained particles helped present a full characterization of Au@SiO2 nanostructures. The results show that the influence of reagents acting as reducers, stabilizers, or precursors of the silica shell affects the morphology of the obtained material. By controlling the effect of the added silica precursor, the thickness of the shell can be manipulated, the reducer has an effect on the shape and variety, and then the stabilizer affects their agglomeration. This work provides also a new approach for Au@SiO2core-shell nanostructure preparation by further modification with dansyl chloride (DNS-Cl). The results show that, by tuning the silica shell thickness, the intensity of the fluorescence spectrum of Au@SiO2-(CH2)3-NH-DNS nanocomposite is about 12 times higher than that of DNS-Cl.

Mycosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Penicillium tardochrysogenum as a therapeutic agent and their combination with infrared irradiation against Ehrlich carcinoma

Over the past years, the assessment of myco-fabricated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) properties, is still in its infancy. Herein, we have highly stable myco-synthesized SeNPs using molecularly identified soil-isolated fungus; Penicillium tardochrysogenum OR059437; (PeSeNPs) were clarified via TEM, EDX, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR and zeta potential. The therapeutic efficacy profile will be determined, these crystalline PeSeNPs were examined for antioxidant, antimicrobial, MIC, and anticancer potentials, indicating that, PeSeNPs have antioxidant activity of (IC50, 109.11 μg/mL) using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Also, PeSeNPs possess antimicrobial potential against Penicillium italicum RCMB 001,018 (1) IMI 193,019, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 4330 and Porphyromonas gingivalis RCMB 022,001 (1) EMCC 1699; with I.Z. diameters and MIC; 16 ± 0.5 mm and MIC 500 µg/ml, 11.9 ± 0.6 mm, 500 µg/ml and 15.9±0.6 mm, 1000 µg/ml, respectively. Additionally, TEM micrographs were taken for P. italicum treated with PeSeNPs, demonstrating the destruction of hyphal membrane and internal organelles integrity, pores formation, and cell death. PeSeNP alone in vivo and combined with a near-infrared physiotherapy lamp with an energy intensity of 140 mW/cm2 showed a strong therapeutic effect against cancer cells. Thus, PeSeNPs represent anticancer agents and a suitable photothermal option for treating different kinds of cancer cells with lower toxicity and higher efficiency than normal cells. The combination therapy showed a very large and significant reduction in tumor volume, the tumor cells showed large necrosis, shrank, and disappeared. There was also improvement in liver ultrastructure, liver enzymes, and histology, as well as renal function, urea, and creatinine.

Innovative utilization of silver nanoparticles localized surface plasmon resonance for green and sensitive spectrofluorimetric analysis of sildenafil and xipamide in pure forms and pharmaceutical preparations

A green, novel, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric approach was investigated and validated for the analysis of two important cardiovascular drugs namely; sildenafil citrate and xipamide using silver nanoparticles as a fluorescence probe (Ag-NPs). Silver nanoparticles were prepared through chemical reduction of silver nitrate using sodium borohydride in distilled water without using non-green organic stabilizer. These nanoparticles were stable, water soluble and had high fluorescence. After addition of the studied drugs, noticeable quenching of Ag-NPs fluorescence occurred. The intensity of Ag-NPs fluorescence was measured at 484 nm (λex 242 nm) before and after complex formation with these studied drugs. The difference between these values (ΔF) were linear with the concentrations in the following ranges (1.0-10.0 μg/mL), (0.5-5.0 μg/mL) for sildenafil and xipamide, respectively. The formed complexes did not need to be separated by solvent extraction before measurement. For proving the complex formation between the two studied drugs and silver nanoparticles, stern volmer method was applied. The suggested method was perfectly validated in compliance with the international conference on harmonization (ICH) Guidelines and the outcomes were acceptable. Furthermore, suggested technique was perfectly applied for the assay of each drug in its pharmaceutical dosage form. Eventually assessment of method greenness was performed using different tools and found that the suggested method was safe and eco-friendly.

Synthesis, characterization, and applications of iron oxide nanoparticles

Objective

The green synthesis method for nanoparticles is getting more attention globally, due to its lesser cost, non-hazardous, and eco-friendly nature. The novelty of the present work is to investigate the anti-bacterial and degradation activity of the green synthesized Iron Oxide NPs.

Methods

In this study, the Iron Oxide NPs were synthesized through a green synthesis route from leaves of Ficus Palmata. UV-Vis confirmed Iron Oxide NP's peaks between (230-290 nm), while Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that several groups were involved in reduction and stabilization.

Results

Results indicated that the highest photo thermal activity was shown in light and it was almost 4 folds greater than the control. Similarly, Iron Oxide NPs showed excellent antimicrobial potential against bacterial species "Salmonella typhi" "Xanthomonas Oryzae" and "Lactobacillus" at low concentrations (150 μg/mL). Hemolytic assay results showed that the toxicity was lesser than 5% at both dark and light conditions. Moreover, we also evaluated the photo-catalytic potential of Iron Oxide NPs against methylene orange. Results indicated that almost complete degradation was noted after 90 min in the presence of continuous light. All tests were performed in triplicates. All the data was subjected to P-test (P < 0.5) using Excel and graph pad (V.5.0).

Conclusion

Iron Oxide NPs holds a promising future and could be used in treating diseases, and microbial pathogenesis and also could be used as a vector in drug delivery. Moreover, they can also eradicate persistent dyes and could be used as an alternative to remediate pollutants from the environment.

Nanoparticles coated by chloramphenicol in hydrogels as a useful tool to increase the antibiotic release and antibacterial activity in dermal drug delivery

BACKGROUND

Nanocarriers for antibacterial drugs became hopeful tools against the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. This work focuses on a comprehensive study of the applicability and therapeutic suitability of dermal carbopol-based hydrogels containing chloramphenicol carried by various nanoparticles (AuNPs and SiNPs).

METHODS

The different forms of carbopol-based drugs for dermal use were obtained. Five different concentrations of chloramphenicol and two types of nanoparticles (silica and gold) in carbopol-based ointments were tested. The influence of different carbopol formulations with nanocarriers on the rheological properties as well as the release profile of active substances and bacteriostatic activity on five reference strains were determined.

RESULTS

The properties of the obtained hydrogels were compared to a commercial formulation, and finally it was possible to obtain a formulation that allowed improved antimicrobial activity over a commercially available detreomycin ointment while reducing the concentration of the antibiotic.

CONCLUSION

The work indicates that it is possible to reduce the concentration of chloramphenicol by four times while maintaining its bacteriostatic activity, which can improve the patient's safety profile while increasing the effectiveness of the therapy.

Gold nanoparticles reduce tubule-interstitial injury and proteinuria in a murine model of subclinical acute kidney injury

Subclinical acute kidney injury (subAKI) is characterized by tubule-interstitial injury without significant changes in glomerular function. SubAKI is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases. Currently, therapeutic strategies to treat subAKI are limited. The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has shown promising benefits in different models of diseases. However, their possible effects on subAKI are still unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of AuNPs on a mouse model of subAKI. Animals with subAKI showed increased functional and histopathologic markers of tubular injury. There were no changes in glomerular function and structure. The animals with subAKI also presented an inflammatory profile demonstrated by activation of Th1 and Th17 cells in the renal cortex. This phenotype was associated with decreased megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis and expression of proximal tubular megalin. AuNP treatment prevented tubule-interstitial injury induced by subAKI. This effect was associated with a shift to an anti-inflammatory Th2 response. Furthermore, AuNP treatment preserved megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis in vivo and in vitro. AuNPs were not nephrotoxic in healthy mice. These results suggest that AuNPs have a protective effect in the tubule-interstitial injury observed in subAKI, highlighting a promising strategy as a future antiproteinuric treatment.

Innovative localized surface plasmon resonance sensing technique for a green spectrofluorimetric assay of ketoprofen, paracetamol and chlorzoxazone in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids

A green, quick and sensitive spectrofluorimetric technique was investigated and validated for the assay of three different drugs namely, ketoprofen (KPN), paracetamol (PAR), and chlorzoxazone (CLX). The method is based on fluorescence quenching of the fluorescence probe, silver nanoparticles (SNPs). The fluorescence quenching of SNPs may be attributed to the complexation between each of the studied drugs with SNPs. The fluorescence of SNPs alone or after complexation with the studied drugs were measured at 485 nm (λ _ex 242 nm) without the need to extract the formed complex. Chemical reduction was employed for preparing SNPs, where silver nitrate was reduced by sodium borohydride in deionized water without adding organic stabilizer. SNPs were found soluble in water, had high stability and had a narrow emission band. The studied drugs were found to decrease the fluorescence of SNPs significantly through static quenching according to Stern-Volmer equation. Factors affecting the reaction between the drugs and NPs were carefully examined and optimized. Using the optimum conditions, the difference in the fluorescence intensity of SNPs before and after complexation with the studied drugs was in a good linear relationship with the concentration of the studied drugs, where (R ² = 0.9998, 0.9998 and 0.9991) in the ranges of 0.5-5.0, 0.15-3.0 and 0.5-9.0 μg mL^-1 for KPN, PAR and CLX, respectively. Validity of the proposed method was investigated according to ICH recommendations. The proposed technique was also employed for the analysis of each of the three drugs in commercial or laboratory prepared tablets and in spiked human plasma with very good recoveries as well as high level of accuracy and precision. This method was intended to the analysis of the proposed drugs in their single formulation and single drug administration. The suggested technique is considered an eco-friendly method, as it uses water as the safest and least expensive solvent. Moreover, the recommended technique does not involve solvent extraction of the formed complexes. Greenness assessment of the suggested procedure was accomplished by applying the four standard assessment tools. Consequently, the recommended method can be used in the routine quality control analysis of the cited drugs with minimum harmful effect on the environment as well as the individuals.

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery through Tapered Stenosed Artery with Blood Based Non-Newtonian Fluid

Nanoparticles play an essential role in biomedical applications. A most promising area in nanomedicine is drug targeting which is done with the aid of magnetized nanoparticles. In this study, the hemodynamics of hybrid nanofluid flow with gold and copper nanoparticles suspended in it is investigated. This research primarily focuses on magnetic drug delivery which is propagated through a tapered stenosed artery under three situations, including converging, diverging, and non-tapering arteries. To explore the rheological characteristics of blood, a Sutterby fluid, which is a non-Newtonian fluid, is postulated. The energy equation also incorporates the effects of the magnetic field and joule heating, as well as the viscous dissipation function. Lubrication theory provides a mathematical framework for model formulation. The hypothesized modeling is simplified to a set of nonlinear differential equations that are then solved using a perturbation method up to the second order of approximation. Graphs are used to describe the outcomes of different evolving parameters. The Sutterby fluid parameter opposes the flow negligibly, whereas the Hartmann number and thermal Grashof number strengthen the flow field. Copper nanoparticles (in the absence of gold nanoparticles) are observed to deplete the thermal profile substantially more than gold nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the thermal profile is enhanced by the presence of both nanoparticles (hybrid nanofluids). For greater values of the Sutterby fluid parameter, the wall shear stress has been observed to rise considerably, whereas the inverse is true for the Hartmann number and the thermal Grashof number. The present results have been improved to give significant information for biomedical scientists who are striving to study blood flow in stenosis situations, as well as for those who will find the knowledge valuable in the treatment of different diseases.

Nanoformulations - Insights Towards Characterization Techniques

BACKGROUND

Drug-loaded novel nanoformulations are gaining importance due to their versatile properties compared to conventional pharmaceutical formulations. Nanomaterials, apart from their multifactorial benefits, have a wider scope in the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of cancer. Understanding the chemistry of drug-loaded nano-formulations to elicit its behaviour both at molecular and systemic levels is critical in the present scenario. Drug-loaded nanoformulations are controlled by their size, shape, surface chemistry, and release behavior. The major pharmaceutical drug loaded nanocarriers reported for anticancer drug delivery for the treatment of various forms of cancers such as lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, etc include nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanodispersions, nanocapsules, nanomicelles, cubosomes, nanoemulsions, liposomes and niosomes. The major objectives in designing anticancer drug-loaded nanoformulations are to manage the particle size/morphology correlating with the drug release to fulfil the specific objectives. Hence, nano characterizations are very critical both at in vitro and in vivo levels.

OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this review paper is to summarise the major characterization techniques used for the characterization of drug-loaded nanoformulations. Even though information on characterization techniques of various nano-formulations is available in the literature, it is scattered. The proposed review will provide a comprehensive understanding of nanocharacterization techniques.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, the proposed review will provide insights towards the different nano characterization techniques along with their recent updates, such as particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release studies (chromatographic HPLC, HPTLC, and LC-MS/MS analysis), EPR analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, rheometric, morphological analysis etc. Additionally, the challenges encountered by the nano characterization techniques will also be discussed.

Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles

In this study, we tried to enlighten the structure of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) obtained from Thymbra Spicata L. plant by using green synthesis method in various ways. Some properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles were determined by using the characterization methods that scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), fouirer transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) spectroscopy methods. The detected Zn nanoparticle sizes were determined to be between 6.5 nm and 7.5 nm. In addition to these studies, we investigated the antimicrobial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis against some pathogens. According to the results, it was seen that zinc oxide nanoparticles formed zones with a diameter of 16.3 mm, 10.25 mm, 13 mm and 10.2 mm, respectively, against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25952, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 bacteria and Candida albicans ATTC 90028 fungus, respectively. However, the radical quenching activity (DPPH) of the nanoparticles (Ts-ZnONP (79.67%)) was determined to be quite good compared to the positive control BHA. In addition, it is seen that the protective effect of ZnO NPs against DNA damage increases depending on the concentration. At a concentration of 100 mg/L, the DNA damage inhibitory effect was found to be maximum. In line with the comprehensive results, it was determined that the zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained with the green synthesis method have the potential of use in a wide variety of fields.

Combination of infra-red light with nanogold targeting macrophages in the treatment of Leishmania major infected BALB/C mice

PURPOSE

In the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), developing drug resistance, existing toxic effects of drugs and failure respond to treatment cause the need to try different treatment methods. We investigated the effect of gold-conjugated macrophage-specific antibody on amastigotes under infra-red light for the treatment of CL.

METHODS

Female BALB/c (4-8 weeks old, 20 ± 5 g weight) mice were used in the study. The L. major strain was inoculated on the soles of mice in amastigote form and subpassed. Nanogold (Au), Au + macrophage-specific antibody (MSA) modification and near infra-red (NIR) (5 seconds) were applied to mice groups that developed cutaneous leishmaniasis on their soles. On the 5th and 10th days of the treatment, the lesions were examined clinically and pathologically.

RESULTS

When the erythema values were examined, the highest decrease was calculated in the Au + MSA + NIR group in the measurements made on the 10^th day (p < 0.014). The best improvement in 10^th day measurements is in the NIR and Au + MSA + NIR groups when area values were examined (p = 0.011, p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of parasite load (PL) (p < 0.005) in pathological evaluation. According to PL grouping, the best result is NIR (p = 0.002). When both main titles (clinical and pathological) are examined, the Au + MSA + NIR group is thought to have an optimal therapeutical feature.

CONCLUSIONS

Au + MSA + NIR combination could be a new treatment approach for CL treatment.

Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization of Ecofriendly Production of Gold Nanoparticles Using Lemon Peel Extract

This study examines the importance of utilizing green synthesis using lemon peel for gold nanoparticles over other chemicals since it is environmentally friendly, available, and cheap. Several parameters were optimized to ensure the extraction of the GNPs concentration of lemon peels using HAuCl₄ and lemon peel extract having a ratio of 2 : 1. For the optimum result, the ratio used was 2 : 1. The gold nanoparticles fabrication happened in 10 minutes. The initial observation was the color change of the solution. The UV-visibility spectroscopic studies are performed to confirm the result. The experiments are done concurrently to ensure the solution is mixed on the proper ratio. The GNP is also characterized by the different techniques in their sizes and electronic transmission microscopy, essential in extracting gold nanoparticles. Other elements of the composition are removed by the EDAX methods, the FTIR method, and the TEM methods, all of which reveal the real reason behind the required extraction capacity. Most gold nanoparticles show a maximum absorption rate at the peak of 535 to 579 nm. The result obtained from the TEM and the SEM analysis revealed that the grain size is analogized to the average size of 6.67 nm. With a simple synthesis of the price, some processes show that the medically available nanoparticles are necessary. The used method in this paper to fabricate GNPs is cheap, easy, fast, and sustainable and it can be done with ease in any laboratory.

Green synthesis of Zno@GO nanocomposite and its' efficient antibacterial activity

Nanotechnologyapplications in the field of biomedicine like drug delivery, cell labeling, and bacterial inhibition are growing . New nano-materials having less toxicity and excellent antibacterial activity attract research interest. In the current study, while taking advantage of green synthesis we have decorated zinc oxide on the surface of grephene oxide forming Zno@GO nanocomposite. The Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study showed successfully synthesized trigonal small sizes ZnO on the surface of GO nanosheets. The as-synthesized ZnO@GO was used against MDR gram-negative pathogen E-coli (BL21 DE3) and showed excellent antibacterial activity killing about 95 % toxic bacteria within 5 h due to electrostatic interaction between cell membrane of E. coli (BL21 DE3) and ZnO@GO complex. Hence the nano composite subsequently penetrated into the cytoplasm by damaging the cell membrane of bacteria, as a result production of ROS into the cytoplasm led to imbalance of metabolic system in the cell. Moreover, the cell membrane damage of gram-negative bacteria verified through zeta potential and propidium iodide (PI) study. Thus, our study develops a way to solve the challenge of efficient design of a drug delivery system for dissolution enhancement according to the need for required drug release.

Photodynamic Therapy and Hyperthermia in Combination Treatment-Neglected Forces in the Fight against Cancer

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in humans. Despite the progress in cancer treatment, and an increase in the effectiveness of diagnostic methods, cancer is still highly lethal and very difficult to treat in many cases. Combination therapy, in the context of cancer treatment, seems to be a promising option that may allow minimizing treatment side effects and may have a significant impact on the cure. It may also increase the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. Moreover, combination treatment can significantly increase delivery of drugs to cancerous tissues. Photodynamic therapy and hyperthermia seem to be ideal examples that prove the effectiveness of combination therapy. These two kinds of therapy can kill cancer cells through different mechanisms and activate various signaling pathways. Both PDT and hyperthermia play significant roles in the perfusion of a tumor and the network of blood vessels wrapped around it. The main goal of combination therapy is to combine separate mechanisms of action that will make cancer cells more sensitive to a given therapeutic agent. Such an approach in treatment may contribute toward increasing its effectiveness, optimizing the cancer treatment process in the future.

Utilization of plant-derived Myricetin molecule coupled with ultrasound for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles against breast cancer

Phytochemical mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has gained great interest in the field of cancer therapeutics. We attempted a simple and stable synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with Myricetin (Myr) adopting ultrasound-assisted method. Further, we evaluated anticancer activity of the synthesized nanoparticles. The physico-chemical properties of biosynthesized Myr-AuNPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and particle size analysis. The study reports of Myr-AuNPs showed spherical-shaped particles with a size of < 50 nm. Stability of the particles was increased in various physiological media. Furthermore, the graph theoretical network analysis of Myr-AuNPs indicated that the probable binding with the mTOR is an effective target for breast cancer cells. In silico molecular docking study of Myr-AuNPs in human mTOR kinase was found to be strong binding. The IC₅₀ value of Myr-AuNPs was calculated as 13 μg mL^-1 against MCF-7 cell line. The AO/EB and DAPI stainings confirmed the anticancer activity by Myr-AuNPs-treated cells showed a good proportion of dead cells evidenced with formation of pro-apoptotic bodies. In addition, Myr-AuNPs exhibited depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species. This study proves that Myr-AuNPs holds great promise to use against breast cancer as a potent anticancer drug. Graphical abstract A schematic representation for the biosynthesis of Myr-AuNPs.

Recent Advances of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles in Optical Sensing and Therapy

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Gold nanoparticles with special surface plasmon resonance have been widely used in sensing and therapy because of their easy preparation, unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, etc. The applications of gold nanoparticles in chemo/biosensing, imaging, and therapy reported in 2016-2019, are summarized in this review. Regarding the gold nanoparticle-based sensing or imaging, sensing mechanisms and strategies are provided to illustrate the concepts for designing sensitive and selective detection platforms. Gold nanoparticlemediated therapy is introduced by surface plasmon resonance-based therapy and delivery-based therapy. Beyond the sole therapeutic system, platforms through synergistic therapy are also discussed. In the end, discussion of the challenges and future trends of gold nanoparticle-based sensing and therapy systems is described.

Green Nanotechnology: Advancement in Phytoformulation Research

The ultimate goal of any scientific development is to increase well-being and human health. Novel strategies are required for the achievement of safe and effective therapeutic treatments beyond the conventional ones, and society needs new requirements for new technologies, moving towards clean and green technology development. Green nanotechnology is a branch of green technology that utilizes the concepts of green chemistry and green engineering. It reduces the use of energy and fuel by using less material and renewable inputs wherever possible. Green nanotechnology, in phytoformulations, significantly contributes to environmental sustainability through the production of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, without causing harm to human health or the environment. The rationale behind the utilization of plants in nanoparticle formulations is that they are easily available and possess a broad variability of metabolites, such as vitamins, antioxidants, and nucleotides. For instance, gold (Au) nanoparticles have attracted substantial attention for their controllable size, shape, and surface properties. A variety of copper (Cu) and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have also been synthesized from plant extracts. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are also important metal oxide nanomaterials that have been synthesized from a number of plant extracts. International and domestic laws, government and private-party programs, regulations and policies are being carefully reviewed and revised to increase their utility and nurture these nanoscale materials for commercialization. Inspiring debates and government initiatives are required to promote the sustainable use of nanoscale products. In this review, we will discuss the potential of the utilization of plant extracts in the advancement of nanotechnology.

Photophysicochemical and photodynamic therapy properties of metallophthalocyanines linked to gold speckled silica nanoparticles

This work reports on the linkage of 2(3),9(10),16(17),23(24) tetrakis [(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl phenoxy) phthalocyaninato] zinc(II) (1) and indium(III) chloride (2) to gold speckled silica (GSS) nanoparticles via gold to sulphur (Au-S) and gold to nitrogen (Au-N) self-assembly to form the conjugates: 1-GSS and 2-GSS. The formed conjugates were characterized using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, and the photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7 cells) were studied. The conjugates afforded decrease in fluorescence quantum yields with corresponding increase in triplet and singlet oxygen quantum yields when compared to phthalocyanines alone. Singlet oxygen is cytotoxic to cancer cells hence it is important for PDT. The in vitro dark toxicity of complex 2 and 2-GSS against MCF-7 cells showed ≥93% viable cells within concentration ranges of 10-160 μg/mL. 2-GSS showed enhanced PDT activity with less than 50% viable cells at 80 μg/mL as compared to 2 and GSS alone which showed >60% viable cells within 10-160 μg/mL. The observed improvements in the PDT activity of 2-GSS could be attributed to the high singlet oxygen generation of 2-GSS compared to 2 alone in addition to the phototoxicity of GSS.

Tannic acid-stabilized gold nano-particles are superior to native tannic acid in inducing ROS-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells via the p53/AKT axis

Tannic acid and AuNP-TA lead to death of colon cancer cells via the ROS/p53/Akt pathway, and AuNP-TA is more potent.

Label free localization of nanoparticles in live cancer cells using spectroscopic microscopy

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have become essential tools used in nanobiotechnology due to their tunable plasmonic properties and low toxicity in biological samples. Among the available approaches for imaging GNPs internalized by cells, hyperspectral techniques stand out due to their ability to simultaneously image and perform spectral analysis of GNPs. Here, we present a study utilizing a recently introduced hyperspectral imaging technique, live-cell PWS, for the imaging, tracking, and spectral analysis of GNPs in live cancer cells. Using principal components analysis, the extracellular or intracellular localization of the GNPs can be determined without the use of exogenous labels. This technique uses wide-field white light, assuring minimal toxicity and suitable signal-to-noise ratio for spectral and temporal resolution of backscattered signal from GNPs and local cellular structures. The application of live-cell PWS introduced here could make a great impact in nanomedicine and nanotechnology by giving new insights into GNP internalization and intracellular trafficking.

Design and biological activity of novel stealth polymeric lipid nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of hydrophobic photodynamic therapy drugs

Advances in in vivo stability and preferential tumor uptake of cancer nanomedicine are warranted for effective chemotherapy. Here, we describe a novel nanoformulation using an unconventional polymeric tubule-forming phospholipid, DC8,9PC. We report that DC8,9PC transitions to stable vesicles (LNPs) in the presence of PEGylated lipid (DSPE-PEG2000); the resulting DC8,9PC:DSPE-PEG2000 LNPs efficiently included a hydrophobic PDT drug, HPPH. Remarkably, these LNPs incorporated unusually high DSPE-PEG2000 concentrations; LNP10-HPPH and LNP20-HPPH (10 & 20 mol% PEGylated lipid, respectively) exhibited >90% serum stability at 37 °C. Increased PEGylation in the LNPs correlated with enhanced tumor accumulation in intravenously injected HT29 tumor mouse xenographs. Colon-26 bearing BALB/c mice, intravenously injected with LNP20-HPPH showed superior PDT efficacy and animal survival (no tumor recurrence up to 100 days) as compared to a formulation currently used in clinical trials. Taken together, we present a simple stealth binary lipid nanosystem with enhanced efficiency of tumor accumulation and superior therapeutic efficacy.

Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances

Nanotechnology manifests the progression in the arena of research and development, by increasing the efficacy of the product through delivery of innovative solutions. To overcome certain drawbacks associated with the traditional products, application of nanotechnology is escalating in the area of cosmeceuticals. Cosmeceuticals are regarded as the fastest growing segment of the personal care industry and the use has risen drastically over the years. Nanocosmeceuticals used for skin, hair, nail, and lip care, for conditions like wrinkles, photoaging, hyperpigmentation, dandruff, and hair damage, have come into widespread use. Novel nanocarriers like liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsion, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, and nanospheres have replaced the usage of conventional delivery system. These novel nanocarriers have advantages of enhanced skin penetration, controlled and sustained drug release, higher stability, site specific targeting, and high entrapment efficiency. However, nanotoxicological researches have indicated concern regarding the impact of increased use of nanoparticles in cosmeceuticals as there are possibilities of nanoparticles to penetrate through skin and cause health hazards. This review on nanotechnology used in cosmeceuticals highlights the various novel carriers used for the delivery of cosmeceuticals, their positive and negative aspects, marketed formulations, toxicity, and regulations of nanocosmeceuticals.

The photophysicochemical behavior of symmetric and asymmetric zinc phthalocyanines, surface assembled onto gold nanotriangles

The synthesis of a novel asymmetric ZnPc, (4-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenoxy)-2,10,17-tris(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenoxy)phthalocyaninatol)zinc(ii), complex3, is reported.

Phytofabricated gold nanoparticles and their biomedical applications

In a couple of decades, nanotechnology has become a trending technology owing to its integrated science collection that incorporates variety of fields such as chemistry, physics, medicine, catalytic processes, food processing industries, electronics and energy sectors. One of the emerging fields of nanotechnology that has gained momentous admiration is nano-biotechnology. Nano-biotechnology is an integrated combination of biology with nanotechnology that encompasses the tailoring, and synthesis of small particles that are less than 100nm in size and subsequent exploitation of these particles for their biological applications. Though the variety of physical techniques and chemical procedures are known for the nanoparticles synthesis, biological approach is considered to be the preferred one. Environmental hazards and concerns associated with the physical and chemical approaches of nanoparticles synthesis has added impetus and zenith to the biological approach involving the use of plants and microorganisms. The current review article is focused on the synthesis of plant-derived (phytochemical) gold nanoparticles alongside their scope in biomedical applications.

Nanomaterial Drug Products: Manufacturing and Analytical Perspectives

The increasing use of nanotechnology, including nanoparticles, in the preparation of drug products requires both manufacturing and analytical considerations in order to establish the quality metrics suitable for performance and risk assessment. A range of different nanoparticle systems exists including (but not limited to) nano-drugs, nano-additives, and nano-carriers. These systems generally require more complex production and characterization strategies than conventional pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advantage of using nanoparticle systems in pharmaceutical science is that the effective and desired function of the material can be designed through modern manufacturing processes. This paper offers a systematic nomenclature which allows for greater understanding of the drug product under evaluation based on available data from other nanoparticle reports. Analytical considerations of nano-drugs, nano-additives, and nano-carriers and the way in which they are measured are directly connected to quality control. Ultimately, the objective is to consider the entire nano-drug, nano-additive, and nano-carrier product life cycle with respect to its manufacture, use, and eventual fate. The tools and approaches to address the needs of these products exist; it should be the task of the pharmaceutical scientists and those in related disciplines to increase their understanding of nanomedicine and its novel products.

Enhancing the in vivo transdermal delivery of gold nanoparticles using poly(ethylene glycol) and its oleylamine conjugate

In this study, we investigated the effect of (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and PEG-oleylamine (OAm) functionalization on the skin permeation property of gold nanoparticles (GNS) in vivo. Chemisorption of polymers onto GNS was verified by a red shift in the ultraviolet-visible spectrum as well as by a change in the nanoparticle surface charge. The physicochemical properties of pristine and functionalized nanoparticles were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential analyzer, and transmission electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the interparticle distance between nanoparticles increased after GNS functionalization. Comparing the skin permeation profile of pristine and functionalized GNS, the follicular deposition of GNS increased twofold after PEG-OAm functionalization. Moreover, PEG- and PEG-OAm-functionalized nanoparticles were able to overcome the skin barrier and deposit in the deeper subcutaneous adipose tissue. These findings demonstrate the potential of PEG- and PEG-OAm-functionalized GNS in serving a multitude of applications in transdermal pharmaceuticals.

Gold nanoparticles promote osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are attractive materials for use in biomedicine due to their physical properties. Increasing evidence suggests that several nanoparticles induce the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes. In this study, we hypothesized that chitosan-conjugated AuNPs promote the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. For the evaluation of osteogenic differentiation, alizarin red staining, an alamarBlue(®) assay, and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were performed. In order to examine specific signaling pathways, immunofluorescence and a western blotting assay were performed. Our results demonstrate that chitosan-conjugated AuNPs increase the deposition of calcium content and the expression of marker genes related to osteogenic differentiation in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells at nontoxic concentrations. These results indicate that chitosan-conjugated AuNPs promote osteogenesis through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, chitosan-conjugated AuNPs can be used as a reagent for promoting bone formation.

Microbial mediated preparation, characterization and optimization of gold nanoparticles

The need for eco-friendly and cost effective methods for nanoparticles synthesis is developing interest in biological approaches which are free from the use of toxic chemicals as byproducts. This study aimed to biosynthesize and optimize the size of gold nanoparticles which produced by biotechnological method using Penicillium crustosum isolated from soil. Initially, Penicillium crustosum was grown in fluid czapek dox broth on shaker at 28 °C and 200 rpm for ten days and then the supernatant was separated from the mycelia to convert AuCl₄ solution into gold nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles in the optimum conditions were formed with fairly well-defined dimensions and good monodispersity. The characterizations were done by using different methods (UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fluorescence, FT-IR, AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering). The bioconversion was optimized by Box-Behnken experimental design. The results show that the effective factors in this process were concentration of AuCl₄, pH of medium and temperature of shaker incubator. The R² value was calculated to be 0.9999 indicating the accuracy and ability of the polynomial model. It can be concluded that the use of multivariate analysis facilitated to find out the optimum conditions for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles induced by Penicillium crustosum in a time and cost effective process. The current approach suggested that rapid synthesis of gold nanoparticles would be suitable for developing a biological process for mass scale production of formulations.

Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant derivatives and their new avenues in pharmacological applications - An updated report

The field of nanotechnology mainly encompasses with biology, physics, chemistry and material sciences and it develops novel therapeutic nanosized materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. The biological syntheses of nanoparticles are being carried out by different macro-microscopic organisms such as plant, bacteria, fungi, seaweeds and microalgae. The biosynthesized nanomaterials have been effectively controlling the various endemic diseases with less adverse effect. Plant contains abundant natural compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional compounds. These natural products are derived from various parts of plant such as leaves, stems, roots shoots, flowers, barks, and seeds. Recently, many studies have proved that the plant extracts act as a potential precursor for the synthesis of nanomaterial in non-hazardous ways. Since the plant extract contains various secondary metabolites, it acts as reducing and stabilizing agents for the bioreduction reaction to synthesized novel metallic nanoparticles. The non-biological methods (chemical and physical) are used in the synthesis of nanoparticles, which has a serious hazardous and high toxicity for living organisms. In addition, the biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is inexpensive, single step and eco-friendly methods. The plants are used successfully in the synthesis of various greener nanoparticles such as cobalt, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide and magnetite. Also, the plant mediated nanoparticles are potential remedy for various diseases such as malaria, cancer, HIV, hepatitis and other acute diseases.

Applications of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles - a review

We present a comprehensive review of the applications of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles (NPs). The biosynthesis of metallic NPs is the subject of a number of recent reviews, which focus on the various "bottom-up" biofabrication methods and characterization of the final products. Numerous applications exploit the advantages of biosynthesis over chemical or physical NP syntheses, including lower capital and operating expenses, reduced environmental impacts, and superior biocompatibility and stability of the NP products. The key applications reviewed here include biomedical applications, especially antimicrobial applications, but also imaging applications, catalytic applications such as reduction of environmental contaminants, and electrochemical applications including sensing. The discussion of each application is augmented with a critical review of the potential for continued development.

Preparation of nanosilver and nanogold based on dog rose aqueous extract

This paper describes a process of obtaining nanosilver and nanogold based on chemical reduction using substances contained in the aqueous extract of dog rose (Rosa canina). The resulting products were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis (UV-Vis), and testing of the nanoparticles' size and suspension stability was carried out by measuring the electrokinetic potential, ζ, via dynamic light scattering (DLS). Solid samples were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained data were given to statistical analysis in order to illustrate the properties of the suspension depending on the values of the input parameters: metal salts concentration, pH of the reaction mixture, and process temperature. In the course of the work, samples of nanosilver and nanogold were obtained, which were stable for over two months and which had a monomodal particle size distribution.

Phoenix dactylifera L. leaf extract phytosynthesized gold nanoparticles; controlled synthesis and catalytic activity

A green synthesis route was reported to explore the reducing and capping potential of Phoenix dactylifera extract for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The processes of nucleation and growth of gold nanoparticles were followed by monitoring the absorption spectra during the reaction. The size and morphology of these nanoparticles was typically imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size ranged between 32 and 45 nm and are spherical in shape. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis suggests that the synthesized gold nanoparticles might be stabilized through the interactions of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic acids present in P. dactylifera. The as-synthesized Au colloids exhibited good catalytic activity for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol.

Gold Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites in Clinical Diagnostics Using Electrochemical Methods

Progress and development in clinical diagnostics certainly focus upon the advances in the nanomaterials, particularly gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that offer promise to solve the biocompatible and sensitive detection systems. This paper focuses on the recent application of AuNPs in clinical diagnosis. Various important methods of AuNPs synthesis and their application in clinical detection of various biomolecules using electrochemical detection methods have been described. AuNPs alone and in various composites are also described based on the various biosensors design recently published for the detection of cancer biomarkers, proteins, bacteria, and cancer cells. The effect of AuNPs type and size in clinical detection has also been briefly illustrated.