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Krishnaswami V, Sugumaran A, Perumal V, Manavalan M, Kondeti DP, Basha SK, Ahmed MA, Kumar M, Vijayaraghavalu S. Nanoformulations - Insights Towards Characterization Techniques. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1330-1344. [PMID: 35996238 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220822094248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-loaded novel nanoformulations are gaining importance due to their versatile properties compared to conventional pharmaceutical formulations. Nanomaterials, apart from their multifactorial benefits, have a wider scope in the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of cancer. Understanding the chemistry of drug-loaded nano-formulations to elicit its behaviour both at molecular and systemic levels is critical in the present scenario. Drug-loaded nanoformulations are controlled by their size, shape, surface chemistry, and release behavior. The major pharmaceutical drug loaded nanocarriers reported for anticancer drug delivery for the treatment of various forms of cancers such as lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, etc include nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanodispersions, nanocapsules, nanomicelles, cubosomes, nanoemulsions, liposomes and niosomes. The major objectives in designing anticancer drug-loaded nanoformulations are to manage the particle size/morphology correlating with the drug release to fulfil the specific objectives. Hence, nano characterizations are very critical both at in vitro and in vivo levels. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this review paper is to summarise the major characterization techniques used for the characterization of drug-loaded nanoformulations. Even though information on characterization techniques of various nano-formulations is available in the literature, it is scattered. The proposed review will provide a comprehensive understanding of nanocharacterization techniques. CONCLUSION To conclude, the proposed review will provide insights towards the different nano characterization techniques along with their recent updates, such as particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release studies (chromatographic HPLC, HPTLC, and LC-MS/MS analysis), EPR analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, rheometric, morphological analysis etc. Additionally, the challenges encountered by the nano characterization techniques will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwaran Krishnaswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abimanyu Sugumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatesan Perumal
- Center for Injury Biomechanics, Materials and Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Murugan Manavalan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Noorul Islam Center for Higher Education, Kumaracoil, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durga Prasad Kondeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Narayana College of Pharmacy, Nellore 524003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shaik Kamil Basha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Narayana College of Pharmacy, Nellore 524003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammed Akmal Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Narayana College of Pharmacy, Nellore 524003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Munish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, India
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Yurkov G, Koksharov Y, Fionov A, Taratanov N, Kolesov V, Kirillov V, Makeev M, Mikhalev P, Ryzhenko D, Solodilov V. Polymer Nanocomposite Containing Palladium Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3795. [PMID: 36145940 PMCID: PMC9503152 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Composite nanomaterials have been prepared through thermal decomposition of palladium diacetate. The composite contains palladium nanoparticles embedded in high-pressure polyethylene. The materials were studied by a number of different physico-chemical methods, such as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and EXAFS. The average size of the nanoparticles is 7.0 ± 0.5 nm. It is shown that with the decrease of metal content in the polymer matrix the average size of nanoparticles decreased from 7 to 6 nm, and the coordination number of palladium also decreased from 7 to 5.7. The mean size of palladium particles increases with the growing concentration of palladium content in the matrix. It is shown that the electrophysical properties of the material obtained depend on the filler concentration. The chemical composition of palladium components includes metallic palladium, palladium (III) oxide, and palladium dioxide. All samples have narrow lines (3-5 Oe) with a g factor of around two in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. It is shown that EPR lines have uneven boarding by saturation lines investigation. The relaxation component properties are different for spectral components. It leads to the spectrum line width depending on the magnetic field value. At first approximation, the EPR spectra can be described as a sum of two Lorentzian function graphs, corresponding to the following two paramagnetic centers: one is on the surface, and one is inside the palladium particles. Some of the experimental characteristics were measured for the first time. The data obtained indicate interesting properties of palladium-based nanocomposites, which will be useful for obtaining products based on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb Yurkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Structurally Sensitive Functional Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU, 2-nd Baumanskaya, 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Koksharov
- Faculty of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Fionov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Science, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolai Taratanov
- Ivanovo Institute of State Fire Service of Emercom of Russia, 153040 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kolesov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Science, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Kirillov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mstislav Makeev
- Department of Structurally Sensitive Functional Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU, 2-nd Baumanskaya, 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Mikhalev
- Department of Structurally Sensitive Functional Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU, 2-nd Baumanskaya, 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Ryzhenko
- Department of Structurally Sensitive Functional Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, BMSTU, 2-nd Baumanskaya, 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Solodilov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Gerasimchuk N, Kivijarvi L, Noll B, Goudjil M, Khanra S, Ping Y, Pearson M, Röminger F. New Solids in As-O-Mo, As(P)-O-Mo(W) and As(P)-O-Nb(W) Systems That Exhibit Nonlinear Optical Properties. Molecules 2021; 26:1494. [PMID: 33803443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between well-mixed fine powders of As2O3, P2O5, MoO3, WO3 and Nb2O5 at different stoichiometry in quartz ampoules under vacuum at ~1000 °C in the presence of metallic molybdenum (or niobium), over several weeks, led to shiny dichroic crystalline materials being formed in cooler parts of the reaction vessel. An addition of small quantities of metals-Mo or Nb-was made with the aim of partially reducing their highly oxidized Mo(VI), W(VI) or Nb(V) species to corresponding Mo(V), W(V) and Nb(IV) centers, in order to form mixed valence solids. Sublimed crystals of four new compounds were investigated using a variety of techniques, with prime emphasis on the X-ray analysis, followed by spectroscopy (diffusion reflectance, IR, Raman and EPR), second harmonic generation (SHG), thermal analysis under N2 and air atmosphere, and single crystals electrical conductivity studies. The results evidenced the formation of new complex solids of previously unknown compositions and structures. Three out of four compounds crystallized in non-centrosymmetric space groups and represent layered 2D polymeric puckered structures that being stacked on each other form 3D lattices. All new solids exhibit strong second-harmonic-generation (SHG effect; based on YAG 1064 nm tests with detection of 532 nm photons), and a rare photosalient effect when crystals physically move in the laser beam. Single crystals' electrical conductivity of the four new synthesized compounds was measured, and the results showed their semiconductor behavior. Values of band gaps of these new solids were determined using diffusion reflectance spectroscopy in the visible region. Aspects of new solids' practical usefulness are discussed.
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Ramos P, Pilawa B. Free radical formation in chloramphenicol heated at different temperatures and the best thermal sterilization conditions - application of EPR spectroscopy and UV spectrophotometry. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 23:1016-1023. [PMID: 27882805 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1265555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals in thermally treated chloramphenicol were examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The parameters and shape of EPR spectra were analysed and free radical concentrations were obtained in the tested drug samples. Chloramphenicol was thermally sterilized at pharmacopeia conditions: 100 °C (120 min). Sterilization was also carried out at different conditions, 110 °C (60 min) and 120 °C (30 min), for comparison with pharmacopeia settings. Microbiological analysis was performed on the samples to confirm sterility. The aim of this work was to determine the concentration of free radicals in chloramphenicol following thermal sterilization at pharmacopeia conditions and compare this with other sets of conditions [110 °C (60 min) and 120 °C (30 min)]. The best conditions of thermal sterilization are determined as those that kill microorganisms and produce the lowest amounts of free radicals in this drug. It was concluded that the optimal temperatures and times for the thermal sterilization of chloramphenicol are 100 °C and 120 min and 110 °C and 60 min. A temperature of 120 °C coupled with a heating time of 30 min was rejected for thermal sterilization because of the high amount of free radicals produced by the drug samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Ramos
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- a Department of Biophysics , School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice , Sosnowiec , Poland
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Olczyk P, Komosinska-Vassev K, Ramos P, Mencner Ł, Olczyk K, Pilawa B. Interactions of short-acting, intermediate-acting and pre-mixed human insulins with free radicals--Comparative EPR examination. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:9-15. [PMID: 25975232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to examine insulins interactions with free radicals. Human recombinant DNA insulins of three groups were studied: short-acting insulin (Insuman Rapid); intermediate-acting insulins (Humulin N, Insuman Basal), and pre-mixed insulins (Humulin M3, Gensulin M50, Gensulin M40, Gensulin M30). The aim of an X-band (9.3GHz) study was comparative analysis of antioxidative properties of the three groups of human insulins. DPPH was used as a stable free radical model. Amplitudes of EPR lines of DPPH as the paramagnetic free radical reference, and DPPH interacting with the individual tested insulins were compared. For all the examined insulins kinetics of their interactions with free radicals up to 60 min were obtained. The strongest interactions with free radicals were observed for the short-acting insulin - Insuman Rapid. The lowest interactions with free radicals were characteristic for intermediate-acting insulin - Insuman Basal. The pre-mixed insulins i.e. Humulin M3 and Gensulin M50 revealed the fastest interactions with free radicals. The short acting, intermediate acting and premixed insulins have been found to be effective agents in reducing free radical formation in vitro and should be further considered as potential useful tools in attenuation of oxidative stress in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Olczyk
- Department of Community Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Komosinska-Vassev
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Paweł Ramos
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Mencner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pilawa
- Department of Biophysics, School of Pharmacy and Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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Jagadeesh M, Lavanya M, Kalangi SK, Sarala Y, Ramachandraiah C, Varada Reddy A. Spectroscopic characterization, antioxidant and antitumour studies of novel bromo substituted thiosemicarbazone and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 135:180-184. [PMID: 25064500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.06.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new, slightly distorted octahedral complex of copper(II), square planar complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II) with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone thiosemicarbazone (DBAPTSC) are synthesized. The ligand and the complexes are characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman, powder X-ray diffraction studies. The IR and Raman data are correlated for the presence of the functional groups which specifically helped in the confirmation of the compounds. In addition, the free ligand is unambiguously characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy while the copper(II) complex is characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The g values for the same are found to be 2.246 (g1), 2.012 (g2) and 2.005 (g3) which suggested rhombic distortions. The HOMO-LUMO band gap calculations for these compounds are found to be in between 0.5 and 4.0 eV and these compounds are identified as semiconducting materials. The synthesized ligand and its copper(II), nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes are subjected to antitumour activity against the HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cell lines. Among all the compounds, nickel(II) complex is found to exert better antitumour activity with 57.6% of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jagadeesh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP 517502, India
| | - M Lavanya
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP 517502, India
| | - Suresh K Kalangi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, AP 500046, India
| | - Y Sarala
- Chemical Engineering Department, CBIT, JNTU, Hyderabad, 500072, India
| | - C Ramachandraiah
- Department of Chemistry, Srikalahasteeswara Institute of Technology (SKIT), Srikalahasti, AP 517640, India
| | - A Varada Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP 517502, India.
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Chavan SS, Sawant VA, Jadhav AN. Copper(II) complexes of N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-substituted)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide ligands and heterocyclic coligands. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 117:360-365. [PMID: 24001977 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Some copper(II) complexes of the type [Cu(L1-3)(phen]·CH2Cl2 (1a-3a) and [Cu(L1-3) (bipy)]·CH2Cl2 (1b-3b) (where L1=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide, L2=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-bromo)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide, L3=N-(2-{[(2E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-(5-methoxy)-benzylidene)-hydrazino]carbonyl}phenyl)benzamide; phen=1,10-phenanthroline, bipy=2,2'-bipyridine) have been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis and EPR spectral studies. IR spectra indicate that the ligand L1-3 exists in the keto form in the solid state, while at the time of complexation, it tautomerises into enol form. The single crystal X-ray diffraction study of the representative complex [Cu(L1) (phen)]·CH2Cl2 (1a) reveals the distorted square pyramidal geometry around copper(II). Crystal data of (1a): space group=P21/n, a=11.5691(16) Å, b=11.0885(15) Å, c=24.890(4) Å, V=3166.2(8) Å(3), Z=4. The electrochemical behavior of all the complexes indicate that the phen complexes appears at more positive potential as compared to those for bipy complexes, as a consequence of its stronger π acidic character. All the complexes exhibit blue-green emission as a result of the fluorescence from the intra-ligand (π→π(*)) emission excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Chavan
- Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, MS, India.
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Shebl M, Ibrahim MA, Khalil SME, Stefan SL, Habib H. Binary and ternary copper(II) complexes of a tridentate ONS ligand derived from 2-aminochromone-3 carboxaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide: synthesis, spectral studies and antimicrobial activity. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2013; 115:399-408. [PMID: 23860404 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A tridentate ONS donor ligand, HL, was synthesized by the condensation of 2-aminochromone-3-carboxaldehyde with thiosemicarbazide. The structure of the ligand was elucidated by elemental analyses, IR, (1)H and (13)C NMR, electronic and mass spectra. Reaction of the ligand with several copper(II) salts, including AcO(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), Cl(-), Br(-) and ClO4(-) afforded different metal complexes that reflect the non-coordinating or weakly coordinating power of the ClO4(-) and Br(-) anions as compared to the strongly coordinating power of AcO(-), SO4(2-), Cl(-) and NO3(-) anions. Also, the ligand was allowed to react with Cu(II) ion in the presence of a secondary ligand (L') [N,O-donor; 8-hydroxyquinoline or N,N-donor; 1,10-phenanthroline]. Characterization and structure elucidation of the prepared complexes were achieved by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, electronic, mass and EPR spectra as well as conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The EPR spin Hamiltonian parameters of some complexes were calculated. The metal complexes exhibited octahedral and square planar geometrical arrangements depending on the nature of the anion. The ligand and most of its metal complexes showed antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli), yeast (Candida albicans) and fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdy Shebl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Roxy, Cairo, Egypt.
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