Spray Film-Forming systems as promising topical in situ Systems: A review

Topical formulation for wound management in animals: A paradigm shifts from conventional to advance

Chronic wounds are a significant clinical problem for the healthcare system and require several intensive efforts to improve alternative drug delivery systems for wound care. Sometimes, this is insufficient to support the healing process. There are several obstacles to effective wound therapy, such as poor healing, off-targeting, non-compliance, and frequent dosage. Animal healthcare is a much-needed service for pet owners, farmers, and government agencies. However, the varied physiology of animals presents a challenge in producing effective medicines for animal health. To improve drug therapeutic performance, reduce animal stress, and minimize adverse effects, the industry focuses on current developments in technology for wound management in animals. The literature search utilized various reviews, research articles, clinical trials, case reports, etc. Search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were used to retrieve data. Various keywords such as "wound dressing and animals", "antimicrobials and animal wounds", "wound healing and animals" etc. were used to search the literature. Different formulation avenues are being explored, including hydrogels, wafers, and nanoemulsions. Therefore, further research is necessary to explore wound healing techniques. Utilising various advanced drug delivery systems for veterinary medicine has significantly reduced adverse effects, the frequency of doses, and stress on animals, resulting in increased profits for the industry. However, this also requires investment in research to ensure the safety, quality, and effectiveness of drugs, and delivery systems. This article reviews the various phases involved in wound healing, multiple factors affecting wound healing, different wound healing approaches, clinical trials, and case studies.

Serine-modified silver nanoparticle porous spray membrane: A novel approach to wound infection prevention and inflammation reduction

Traditional wound care preparations frequently face challenges such as complex care protocols, poor patient compliance, limited skin permeability, lack of aesthetics, and inconvenience, in addition to the risk of bacterial infection. We developed a spray film preparation containing nanocellulose and L-serine modified nanosilver, capable of rapidly forming a transparent film on the skin within minutes of application. The incorporation of nanocellulose imparted protective, moisturizing, and breathable properties to the film, allowing for easy removal after use. Moreover, our innovative application of L-serine as a precursor for synthesizing silver nanoparticles not only overcomed the limitations of current silver nanoparticle synthesis methods but also enhanced antibacterial efficacy by leveraging the inherent antimicrobial properties and bacterial targeting capability of L-serine. Specifically, the addition of nanocellulose to the spray film forming system enhanced air permeability and drug carrying capacity by creating a lightweight porous structure, while also ensuring the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory efficacy of serine modified silver nanoparticles. Mice treated with spray film formulations containing nanocellulose and silver nanoparticles demonstrated superior wound healing, normalization of keratin thickness, increased hair follicle count, and reduced inflammatory markers. In conclusion, our study developed a spray film that integrated excellent antimicrobial properties with user convenience. This research presented innovative strategies for clinical wound care, antibacterial infection management, and post laser cosmetic treatment, with the potential to substantially enhance wound care in practical application.

Development, Optimization, and Stability Study of a Yataprasen Film-Forming Spray for Musculoskeletal Pain Management

Yataprasen (YTPS) remedy ethanolic spray, one of the National Thai Traditional Medicine Formulary, is extensively employed in Thai traditional healthcare to manage musculoskeletal pain and inflammation. Despite its widespread use, the quality and stability of the YTPS formulation, critical to its efficacy, safety, and patient adherence, have not been comprehensively studied. This research developed and optimized a film-forming spray (FFS) formulation of YTPS ethanolic extract and conducted a 6-month stability evaluation. The FFS shares similarities with gel formulations, particularly in its ability to form a cohesive, semi-solid film upon application, enhancing localized drug delivery and prolonged contact time. Key physicochemical properties, including density (0.8450-0.9086 g/cm3), pH (4.72-4.95), spray angle (55.58-60.10°), evaporation time (1.04-1.27 min), and theoretical film thickness (7.72-13.97 µm), were analyzed across varying storage conditions. Active components β-amyrin and stigmasterol demonstrated retention rates of 96.78% and 68.22%, respectively, under refrigerated conditions, with degradation rates accelerating at higher temperatures. Significant variations in density, spray angle, film thickness, and stigmasterol concentration were observed. Additionally, the RP-HPLC method was validated for the accurate and precise quantification of the bioactive compounds such as β-amyrin and stigmasterol, demonstrating excellent linearity within a 10-100 µg/mL range for both compounds with excellent linearity R2 > 0.999. The results confirmed that YTPS-FFS exhibits good stability and that the validated HPLC method is reliable for routine quality control. These findings supported the potential of YTPS-FFS formulation as a standardized and effective dosage form for managing musculoskeletal conditions, advancing its role in modernized traditional medicine.

Strategies for Optimizing Acute Burn Wound Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

Recent advancements in acute burn wound therapy are transforming the management of burn injuries, with a focus on improving healing times, graft integration, and minimizing complications. However, current clinical treatments face significant challenges, including the difficulty of accurately assessing wound depth and tissue viability, which can lead to suboptimal treatment planning. Traditional closure methods often struggle with issues such as delayed wound closure, limited graft survival, inadequate tissue regeneration, and insufficient vascularization. Furthermore, managing infection and minimizing scarring remain persistent obstacles, impacting functional recovery and aesthetic outcomes. Key areas of innovation include advanced imaging techniques that enable more precise assessment of wound depth, size, and tissue viability, allowing for more accurate treatment planning. In addition, new closure strategies are being developed to accelerate wound closure, enhance graft survival, and address challenges such as tissue regeneration, vascularization, and infection prevention. These strategies aim to optimize both functional recovery and aesthetic outcomes, reducing scarring and improving the quality of life for burn patients. While promising, these emerging techniques require further research and clinical validation to refine their effectiveness and expand their accessibility. Together, these innovations represent a significant shift in acute burn care, offering the potential for more personalized, efficient, and effective treatments.

Comprehensive developmental investigation on simvastatin enriched bioactive film forming spray using the quality by design paradigm: a prospective strategy for improved wound healing

The use of topical antimicrobials in wound healing presents challenges like risk of drug resistance and toxicity to local tissue. Simvastatin (SIM), a lipid-lowering agent which reduces the risk of cardiovascular events, is repurposed for its pleiotropic effect in wound healing. A bioactive bioadhesive polymer-based film forming spray (FFS) formulation of SIM was designed using chitosan, collagen, hyaluronic acid and optimised by employing the DoE approach. Optimised formulation demonstrated moderate viscosity (12.5 ± 0.3 cP), rapid film formation (231 ± 5.6 s), flexibility, tensile strength and sustained drug release (T80 - time for 80% drug release - 9.05 ± 0.7 h). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified uniformly dispersed drug within the composite polymer matrix. SIM FFS demonstrated antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. In vivo excision wound model studies in mice affirmed the beneficent role of bioactive polymers and the efficacy of SIM FFS in wound contraction and closure, tissue remodelling and re-epithelization in comparison to standard antimicrobial preparation. Cytokines TNF- alpha, IL-6 were downregulated and IL-10 was upregulated. Biochemical markers; hydroxyproline, hexosamine and histopathology were consistent with wound contraction observed. This is an exploratory effort in repurposing SIM for wound healing in a novel dosage form, underscoring its potential as an alternative to conventional topical antimicrobials.

An Overview of Film-Forming Emulsions for Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery

Drug delivery through the skin is a widely used therapeutic method for the treatment of local dermatologic conditions. Dermal and transdermal methods of drug delivery offer numerous advantages, but some of the most important aspects of drug absorption through the skin need to be considered. Film-forming systems (FFS) represent a new mode of sustained drug delivery that can be used to replace traditional topical formulations such as creams, ointments, pastes, or patches. They are available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and emulsions, and can be categorised as film-forming gels and film-forming emulsions. Film-forming emulsions (FFE) are designed as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions that form a film with oil droplets encapsulated in a dry polymer matrix, thus maintaining their dispersed nature. They offer several advantages, including improved solubility, bioavailability and chemical stability of lipophilic drugs. In addition, they could improve the penetration and diffusion of drugs through the skin and enhance their absorption at the target site due to the nature of the components used in the formulation. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date compilation of the technologies used in film-forming emulsions to support their development and availability on the market as well as the development of new pharmaceutical forms.

Preparation of Gel Forming Polymer-Based Sprays for First Aid Care of Skin Injuries

Currently, there are several types of materials for the treatment of wounds, burns, and other topical injuries available on the market. The most used are gauzes and compresses due to their fluid absorption capacity; however, these materials adhere to the surface of the lesions, which can lead to further bleeding and tissue damage upon removal. In the present study, the development of a polymer-based gel that can be applied as a spray provides a new vision in injury protection, respecting the requirements of safety, ease, and quickness of both applicability and removal. The following polymeric sprays were developed to further obtain gels based on different polymers: hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticizer. The developed sprays revealed suitable properties for use in topical injuries. A protective film was obtained when sprayed on a surface through a casting mechanism. The obtained films adhered to the surface of biological tissue (pig muscle), turning into a gel when the exudate was absorbed, and proved to be washable with saline solution and contribute to the clotting process. Moreover, biocompatibility results showed that all materials were biocompatible, as cell viability was over 90% for all the materials.

Optimizing Wound Healing: Examining the Influence of Biopolymers Through a Comprehensive Review of Nanohydrogel-Embedded Nanoparticles in Advancing Regenerative Medicine

Nanohydrogel wound healing refers to the use of nanotechnology-based hydrogel materials to promote the healing of wounds. Hydrogel dressings are made up of a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb and retain large amounts of water or other fluids. Nanohydrogels take this concept further by incorporating nanoscale particles or structures into the hydrogel matrix. These nanoparticles can be made of various materials, such as silver, zinc oxide, or nanoparticles derived from natural substances like chitosan. The inclusion of nanoparticles can provide additional properties and benefits to the hydrogel dressings. Nanohydrogels can be designed to release bioactive substances, such as growth factors or drugs, in a controlled manner. This allows for targeted delivery of therapeutics to the wound site, promoting healing and reducing inflammation. Nanoparticles can reinforce the structure of hydrogels, improving their mechanical strength and stability. Nanohydrogels often incorporate antimicrobial nanoparticles, such as silver or zinc oxide. These nanoparticles have shown effective antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacteria, fungi, and other pathogens. By incorporating them into hydrogel dressings, nanohydrogels can help prevent or reduce the risk of infection in wounds. Nanohydrogels can be designed to encapsulate and release bioactive substances, such as growth factors, peptides, or drugs, in a controlled and sustained manner. This targeted delivery of therapeutic agents promotes wound healing by facilitating cell proliferation, reducing inflammation, and supporting tissue regeneration. The unique properties of nanohydrogels, including their ability to maintain a moist environment and deliver bioactive agents, can help accelerate the wound healing process. By creating an optimal environment for cell growth and tissue repair, nanohydrogels can promote faster and more efficient healing of wounds.