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Huang M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Lin G, Wen X, Xu X, Hong S, Chen Y, Lin H, Yang Z, Zhao K, Liu J, Wang J, Wang H, Wang N, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Exposure of pregnant women to neonicotinoids in Wenzhou City, East China: A biomonitoring study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 189:108811. [PMID: 38870579 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China produces and consumes a large amount of neonicotinoids. A non-negligible exposure to neonicotinoids might occur for Chinese pregnant women, but relevant data remain limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the exposure to neonicotinoids by urinary biomonitoring in pregnant women from Wenzhou City, East China. METHODS We selected 432 pregnant women in Wenzhou City in 2022. A total of eight parent neonicotinoids and four metabolites were determined in single spot urine by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Basic characteristics, physical activity, pre-pregnant body mass index, and intake of drinking water and food were investigated by the questionnaire. Health risk was assessed by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on human safety thresholds derived from different health endpoints. RESULTS Neonicotinoids and their metabolites in urine had a detection frequency between 0 % and 80.1 %. At least one neonicotinoid or metabolite was detected in 93.5 % of urine samples. Except for clothianidin (51.2 %) and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (80.1 %), the detection frequencies of other neonicotinoids and metabolites ranged from 0 % to 43.8 %. The summed concentrations of all neonicotinoids and their metabolites ranged from < LOD to 222.83 μg/g creatinine with the median concentration of 2.58 μg/g creatinine. Maternal age, educational level, occupation, household income, screen time, and pre-pregnant body mass index were associated with detection frequencies or concentrations of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Pregnant women with higher consumption frequencies of wheat, fresh vegetable, shellfish, fresh milk, and powdered milk had higher detection frequencies of neonicotinoids and their metabolites. Both HQ and HI were less than one. CONCLUSIONS Overall, pregnant women in Wenzhou City showed a notable frequency of exposure to at least one neonicotinoid, although the exposure frequency for each specific neonicotinoid was generally low. Several food items derived from plants and animals were potential exposure sources. A low health risk was found based on current safety thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guankai Lin
- Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoting Wen
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sumiao Hong
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Na Wang
- The People's Hospital of Pingyang, Pingyang County, Wenzhou 325400, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Fischer L, Andersson M, Braegger C, Herter-Aeberli I. Iodine intake in the Swiss population 100 years after the introduction of iodised salt: a cross-sectional national study in children and pregnant women. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:573-587. [PMID: 38141138 PMCID: PMC10899291 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The Swiss voluntary salt iodisation programme has successfully prevented iodine deficiency for 100 years, but dietary habits are changing and today only one-third of processed foods contain iodised salt. We aimed to monitor the current iodine status in children and pregnant women. METHODS We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study in children (6-12 years) and pregnant women and measured the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples. We estimated the iodine intake using UIC and urinary creatinine concentration (UCC) and determined the prevalence of intakes below the average requirement (AR) using the SPADE method. We measured dried blood spot (DBS) thyroglobulin (Tg), TSH and total T4 in pregnant women. RESULTS The median UIC was 127 μg/L (bootstrapped 95% CI 119, 140, n = 362) in children and 97 μg/L (bootstrapped 95% CI 90, 106, n = 473) in pregnant women. The estimated prevalence of inadequate iodine intake (< 65 μg/day) was 5.4% (bootstrapped 95% CI 0.0, 14.6) in children. Half (47%) of the women consumed iodine-containing multivitamin and mineral supplements (≥ 150 μg/day). Compared to non-users, users had higher median UIC (129 vs. 81 μg/L, P < 0.001), lower prevalence of inadequacy (< 160 μg/day; 0.2 vs. 31%) and lower DBS-Tg (23 vs. 29 μg/L, P < 0.001). All women were euthyroid. CONCLUSIONS The Swiss diet and current salt fortification provides adequate iodine intake in children, but not in all pregnant women. Iodine supplements cover the dietary gap in pregnancy but are not universally consumed. Therefore, improved use of iodised salt in processed foods is desired to ensure adequate iodine intake in all population groups. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04524013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Fischer
- Nutrition Research Unit, Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich - Eleonore Foundation, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Maria Andersson
- Nutrition Research Unit, Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich - Eleonore Foundation, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Braegger
- Nutrition Research Unit, Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zurich - Eleonore Foundation, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Herter-Aeberli
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Gesang Y, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhao K, Liu J, Li C, Ouzhu L, Wang H, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Source and health risk of urinary neonicotinoids in Tibetan pregnant women. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140774. [PMID: 38016522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
High altitude could influence the level of exposure to neonicotinoids, but relevant data remain limited for people living in Tibet. We investigated 476 Tibetan pregnant women from Lhasa of Tibet, China in 2021 and measured eight neonicotinoids and four metabolites in urine. Food consumption was investigated by a food frequency questionnaire. Health risk was assessed by using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on acceptable daily dose or chronic reference dose. Neonicotinoids and metabolites were overall detected in 56.5% of urine samples with a median concentration being 0.73 μg g-1 creatinine. Four neonicotinoids or metabolites were detected in more than 10% of urine samples, including N-desmethyl-acetamiprid (47.5%), clothianidin (15.5%), thiamethoxam (16.0%), and imidacloprid (10.5%). Annual household income, family smoking, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were associated with the detection frequencies of neonicotinoids. Pregnant women with a higher consumption frequency of wheat, rice, fresh vegetable, fresh fruit, beef and mutton, fresh milk, yoghourt, candy and chocolate, or carbonated drinks had a higher detection frequency of neonicotinoids. Both HQ and HI were less than one. There was an evident exposure to neonicotinoids in Tibetan pregnant women with both plant- and animal-derived food items as exposure sources, but a low health risk was found based on current safety thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yangzong Gesang
- Department of Science and Education, Tibet Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Fukang Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Luobu Ouzhu
- Administrative Department, Fukang Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Nishihama Y, Nakayama SF, Isobe T, Kamijima M. Association between maternal urinary neonicotinoid concentrations and child development in the Japan Environment and Children's Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108267. [PMID: 37864904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported the effect of neonicotinoid (NEO) exposures on development in human. However, information about the risk of childhood development delays due to NEO exposures is limited. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to examine the association between NEO exposure and child development up to 4 years of age using data of the Japan Environment and Children's Study. METHODS The study employed urinary NEO and metabolite concentrations in the first and second or third trimesters; the Japanese translation of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (third edition; J-ASQ-3) scores on developmental delay in five domains, namely communication, gross motor skills, fine motor skills, problem solving, and personal-social characteristics from 6 months to 4 years of age; and self-reported questionnaire data. The associations between urinary NEO concentrations and J-ASQ-3 results were analysed using the treed distributed lag mixture model. A total of 8538 participants were included in statistical analyses. RESULTS The determination rates of urinary acetamiprid-N-desmethyl (dm-ACE), clothianidin (CLO), dinotefuran (DIN) and thiamethoxam (THX) were greater than 50%. Median urinary dm-ACE, CLO, DIN and THX concentrations were 0.34, 0.14, 0.22 and 0.05 ng/ml, respectively, in samples collected during gestational weeks < 23, and 0.28, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.04 ng/ml, respectively, in those collected during gestational weeks ≥ 23. The binomial scores divided by the cut-off values of the J-ASQ were used in the treed distributed lag mixture model. The highest percentage for a domain with a value less than the cut-off value was 'problem solving' at 6 months of age among all the J-ASQ-3 scores (10.5%). There was no statistically significant association between maternal urinary dm-ACE, CLO, DIN and THX concentrations during pregnancy and the J-ASQ-3 results up to 4 years of age. Objective assessment of child development in different populations may be warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nishihama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; Paediatric Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba. 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Japan Environment and Children's Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Michihiro Kamijima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
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Xu T, Guo W, Ren Z, Wei H, Tan L, Zhang W. Study on the Relationship Between Serum Iodine and Thyroid Dysfunctions: a Cross-Sectional Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3613-3625. [PMID: 36319829 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between serum iodine (SIC) and thyroid dysfunctions in adults is poorly understood, and this study aimed to explore their relationship. A total of 1320 participants were included in the final analysis. We collected basic demographic information, blood, and spot urine samples to determine serological indices and iodine nutritional status. The median (IQR) of urinary iodine (UIC)/urinary creatinine (UCr), UIC, SIC were 138.1 (91.1, 207.6) μg/g, 155.8 (94.5, 211.1) μg/L, and 70.6 (59.8, 83.9) μg/L, respectively. The 90% reference ranges for UIC/UCr and SIC were 66.5-349.8 mg/g and 49.3-97.1 μg/L. SIC was positively correlated with UIC and UIC/UCr. The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism in female was significantly higher than that in male (P = 0.02, P = 0.002). In male, subjects above the upper reference value of SIC (97.1 μg/L) had a higher risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism (OR = 4.46, 95% CI: 1.29, 12.8) and overt hypothyroidism (OR = 5.59, 95% CI: 1.88, 6.42). In female, subjects below the lower reference value of SIC (49.3 μg/L) had a higher risk of overt hypothyroidism (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.10, 4.06), TgAb positive (OR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.15, 3.32) and TPOAb positive (OR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.41, 4.26). In conclusion, serum iodine can be used as an indicator to evaluate iodine nutritional status and thyroid dysfunctions. Higher serum iodine concentration was associated with an increased risk of subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism in men; lower serum iodine concentration was associated with an increased risk of overt hypothyroidism and positive TgAb and TPOAb in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenxing Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research On Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Center for International Collaborative Research On Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Gesang Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Zhao K, Han M, Li C, Ouzhu L, Wang J, Wang H, Jiang Q. Exposure of Tibetan pregnant women to antibiotics in China: A biomonitoring-based study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121439. [PMID: 36921657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan people are one Chinese ethnic minority living in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with an average altitude of more than 4500 m. High altitude could cause a different antibiotic exposure, but relevant information is limited in Tibetan people. We investigated 476 Tibetan pregnant women in Lhasa, Tibet in 2021 and measured 30 antibiotics from five categories in urine, including 13 veterinary antibiotics (VAs), five human antibiotics (HAs), and 12 human/veterinary antibiotics (H/VAs). Food consumption was investigated by a brief food frequency questionnaire. Health risk was assessed by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). All antibiotics were overall detected in 34.7% of urine samples with the 75th percentile concentration of 0.19 ng/mL (0.35 μg/g creatinine). HAs, VAs, and H/VAs were respectively detected in 5.3%, 13.0%, and 25.0% of urine samples, with the 95th percentiles of 0.01 ng/mL (0.01 μg/g creatinine), 0.50 ng/mL (0.99 μg/g creatinine), and 3.58 ng/mL (5.02 μg/g creatinine), respectively. Maternal age, smoking of family members, and housework time were associated with detection frequencies of HAs, VAs, or sum of all antibiotics. Pregnant women with a more frequent consumption of fresh milk, egg, yoghourt, poultry meat, and fish had a higher detection frequency of VAs or H/VAs. Only ciprofloxacin and tetracycline had a HQ of larger than one based on microbiological effect in 1.26% and 0.21% of pregnant women, respectively and a HI of larger than one was found in 1.47% of pregnant women. The findings suggested that there was an evident antibiotic exposure from various sources in Tibetan pregnant women with some basic characteristics of pregnant women as potential predictors and several animal-derived food items were important sources of exposure to antibiotic with a fraction of pregnant women in the health risk related to microbiological disruption of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G5Z3, Canada
| | - Yangzong Gesang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zichen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minghui Han
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Fukang Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Luobu Ouzhu
- Administrative Department, Fukang Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Chen CC, Wang YH, Wu CF, Hsieh CJ, Wang SL, Chen ML, Tsai HJ, Li SS, Liu CC, Tsai YC, Hsieh TJ, Wu MT. Benchmark dose in the presence of coexposure to melamine and diethylhexyl phthalate and urinary renal injury markers in pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114187. [PMID: 36037918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposures to mixtures of toxic chemicals have potential interaction effects that may lead to hazard index values exceeding one. However, current regulation levels, such as tolerable daily intake (TDI), are mostly based on experimental studies conducted with a single chemical compound. In this study, we assessed the relationships between melamine and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure and their coexposure with the early renal injury markers N-acetyl -D-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), and microalbuminuria in 1236 pregnant women. Various generalized linear models with interaction terms and Bayesian kernel machine regression models were used for the (co-)exposure response associations. We derived the benchmark dose (BMD) and the corresponding one-sided 95% confidence bound BMDL based on the estimated (covariate-adjusted) average daily intake of melamine and DEHP metabolites measured in spot urine of the women collected during the third trimester. Given a benchmark response of 0.1, the BMDL level of melamine (DEHP) exposure on NAG (ACR, microalbuminuria) was 2.67 (11.20, 4.45) μg/kg_bw/day, and it decreased to as low as 1.46 (3.83, 2.73) μg/kg_bw/day when considering coexposure to DEHP (melamine) up to the 90th percentile. Both the exposure threshold levels of melamine and DEHP for early renal injuries in pregnant women were several-fold to one order lower than the current recommended TDIs by the WHO and the US FDA and EPA and were even lower considering coexposure. Because of concurrent exposures in real-world environments, more stringent regulation levels are recommended in susceptible populations, such as pregnant women, due to potential synergistic mixture effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Chih Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Yin-Han Wang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; International Master Program of Translational Medicine, National United University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Hsieh
- Department of Public Health, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Wang
- National Environmental Health Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lien Chen
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tsai
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Syuan Li
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Liu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Tsai
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.
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Pregnant Dutch Women Have Inadequate Iodine Status and Selenium Intake. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193936. [PMID: 36235589 PMCID: PMC9572179 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine and selenium are essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. Iodine and selenium interact. Pregnancy increases the maternal iodine requirement. We previously reported inadequate iodine status in pregnant Dutch women. Since little is known about their selenium intake, we investigated the iodine status and selenium intake in relation to iodine and selenium supplement use during pregnancy. Iodine status was established in 201 apparently healthy pregnant women as 24 h iodine excretion (24H-UIE; sufficient if median ≥225 µg), iodine concentration (24H-UIC; ≥150 µg/L) and iodine/creatinine ratio (24H-UICR; ≥150 µg/g). Selenium intake was calculated from 24 h selenium excretion. Iodine status in pregnancy proved insufficient (medians: 24H-UIE 185 µg; 24H-UIC 95 µg/L; 24H-UICR 141 µg/g). Only women taking 150 µg iodine/day were sufficient (median 24H-UIE 244 µg). Selenium intake was below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR; 49 µg/day) in 53.8%, below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA; 60 µg/day) in 77.4% and below the Adequate Intake (AI; 70 µg/day) in 88.7%. Combined inadequate iodine status and selenium intake <RDA was found in 61%. Women who want to become pregnant should, consistently with WHO and ETA recommendations, be advised to use a 150 µg iodine-containing supplement. Concomitant selenium supplementation should be added to this advice, at least in The Netherlands.
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Evaluation of iodine nutritional status during pregnancy by estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion: population variation range and individual accuracy. Public Health Nutr 2021; 25:237-247. [PMID: 34380579 PMCID: PMC8883787 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the accuracy of estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIEest) in assessing iodine nutritional status. Design: Fasting venous blood, 24-h and spot urine samples were collected during the day. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and urinary creatinine concentration (UCrC) were measured, and the urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Cr), 24-h UIEest, and 24-h urinary iodine excretion (24-h UIE) were calculated. At the population level, correlation and consistency between UIC, UI/Cr, 24-h UIEest and 24-h UIE were assessed using correlation analysis and Bland–Altman plots. At the individual level, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyse the accuracy of the above indicators for evaluating insufficient and excessive iodine intake. The reference interval of 24-h UIEest was established based on percentile values. Setting: Indicator can accurately evaluate individual iodine nutrition during pregnancy remains controversial. Participants: Pregnant women (n 788). Results: Using 24-h UIE as standard, the correlation coefficients of 24-h UIEest from different periods of the day ranged from 0·409 to 0·531, and the relative average differences ranged from 4·4 % to 10·9 %. For diagnosis of insufficient iodine intake, the area under the ROC curve of 24-h UIEest was 0·754, sensitivity and specificity were 79·6 % and 65·4 %, respectively. For diagnosis of excessive iodine intake, the area of 24-h UIEest was 0·771, sensitivity and specificity were 66·7 % and 82·0 %, respectively. The reference interval of 24-h UIEest was 58·43–597·65 μg. Conclusions: Twenty-four-hour UIEest can better indicate iodine nutritional status at a relatively large sample size in a given population of pregnant women. It can be used for early screening at the individual level to obtain more lead time for pregnant women.
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