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Influence of Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on Biochemical Values of Equine Plasma Subjected to Physical Exertion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010210. [PMID: 33467154 PMCID: PMC7829787 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Veterinarians can recommend milk thistle for the treatment of equine liver disease and laminitis. Milk thistle seed cakes were fed in the range of normal feed doses in this study. The milk thistle seed cakes were fed (twice a day) to the experimental group of the horses (n = 5) and biochemical blood markers (TP, Albumin, ALT (alanine transaminase), AST (aspartate transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase), Bilirubin, Cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), TAG (triacylglycerol), BHB (beta-hydroxybutyric acid), NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids), creatine kinase, creatinine, Urea, GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), TAS (total antioxidant status), lactate, glucose, cortisol, Ca, Pi) were monitored. The control group of horses (n = 5), bred and trained in the same conditions, was used for comparison. The control group received the entire feed dose as accepted by the horses in the experimental group before the beginning of the experiment. The aim was to find out whether the preparation of milk thistle seed cakes could have positive effects on the health of the horses. All ten horses received one feeding form before the beginning of the experimental monitoring. All horses were exposed to heavy physical exercise (regular combined driving training) after 56 days of milk thistle seed cakes feeding (up to 400 g/day). Three blood samples were taken (before physical exercise; about 15 min and 60 min after physical exercise). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were detected in the values of AST, NEFA, cortisol and Pi in the experimental group. The exercise effect was detected in the values of albumin, lactate, cortisol, NEFA, and calcium. Our results suggest that the feeding of milk thistle seed cakes could have a positive effect on the health of the horses.
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Muñoz D, Grijota FJ, Siquier-Coll J, Toro-Román V, Bartolomé I, Maynar-Mariño M. Effect of a maximal exercise test on serum and urinary concentrations of magnesium, phosphorous, rubidium and strontium in athletes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126572. [PMID: 32512477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to determine the changes induced by a maximal exercise test until exhaustion on the serum and urinary concentrations of Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorous (P), Rubidium (Rb) and Strontium (Sr) in athletes (AG) and sedentary students (SG). METHODS Fifty subjects participated in the study divided into two groups. In AG there were twenty-five male athletes and in SG there were twenty-five male sedentary students. Both groups performed an exercise test until exhaustion, starting at 8 or 10 km/h respectively, and increasing the speed at 1 km/h every 400 m. Serum and urine samples were obtained from all participants before and after the test. RESULTS Regarding the basal status, AG showed lower values of Mg in serum (p < 0.05) and urine (p < 0.01), but higher concentrations of serum P (p < 0.05) in comparison to SG. Comparing the pre and post-test values, corrected or non-corrected for hemoconcentration in serum and for creatinine in urine, AG showed a decrease in serum Mg (p < 0.05), in serum P (p < 0.01) and in urinary Sr (p < 0.01) while an increase was observed in urinary P (p < 0.05) and in urinary Rb (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that a treadmill test until exhaustion leads to changes in serum and urinary concentrations of minerals in both AG and SG males. This may reflect an adaptive response of the body to overcome the physical stress and, in some cases, to avoid loss of these elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Muñoz
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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Lozano Muñoz I, Díaz NF. Minerals in edible seaweed: health benefits and food safety issues. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1592-1607. [PMID: 33203217 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1844637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An adequate daily intake of minerals is essential for the prevention of chronic nutrition-related and degenerative diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. Seaweeds are marine aquatic vegetable that are rich in nutrients. They also have a natural and sustainable origin and clean and renewable sources when they come from marine aquaculture or controlled fisheries. Seaweeds have high nutritional value as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and especially minerals. They are known for their high mineral content, which is gathered from seawater depending on the seasonal variation and the environment. Seaweeds are consequently rich in macro-elements and trace elements, with a mineral content at least 10 times higher than terrestrial plants and reaching 20-50% of its dry weight. Therefore, seaweeds can make an important contribution to the daily intake of minerals and are a promising source of essential minerals for functional food, food supplements, and nutraceuticals. The aim of the present review is to compare the contents of essential minerals (K, Ca, Na, P, Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cr, and I) as well as potential toxic minerals (Hg, Pb, Cd, As, and Al) in 14 main edible seaweeds that have availability of biomass from harvest and aquaculture. Another goal is to establish their safety in foods and contributions to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Lozano Muñoz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson F Díaz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Perez-Quintero M, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Effects of exposure to high temperatures on serum, urine and sweat concentrations of iron and copper. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102536. [PMID: 32364981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the acute effect of a maximum test until exhaustion in normothermia and hyperthermia, and after repeated exposure to heat at high temperatures on the homeostasis of Fe and Cu. The sample was composed of twenty-nine male university students. The participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). All of them underwent an incremental test until exhaustion in normothermia and hyperthermia before and after the repeated exposure of EG to heat at high temperatures, consisting of 9 heat acclimatisation sessions in the sauna. Samples of urine and blood were taken before and after each test. Additionally, sweat samples were collected in the hyperthermia test. The samples were frozen at -80 °C for further analysis by ICP-MS. None of the metal concentrations in serum were affected by hyperthermia or exposure to heat. Urinary Fe increased in CG in the hyperthermia test before Heat exposure at High Temperature (HEHT)(p < 0.05) and in both groups after HEHT (p < 0.05). In EG there was an increase in the urinary excretion of Cu after HEHT (p < 0.01) in both trials. Fe suffered a decrease in sweat in EG after exposure to heat (p < 0.05). The concentrations of Fe and Cu in serum were not affected by acute exercise and exposure to high temperatures. However, there was a decrease in excretion of Fe in sweat due to HEHT, and an increase in urinary excretion in both. Therefore, we think that in conditions of high temperatures for long periods of time, attention should be paid to the body levels of these metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Pérez-Quintero M, Muñoz D, Robles MC, Maynar-Mariño M. Effect of exposure to high temperatures in the excretion of cadmium and lead. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102545. [PMID: 32364986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to observe the effect on urine and sweat excretion levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in healthy men in a maximum incremental test until exhaustion and repeated exposure to heat. METHODS twenty-nine adult men divided into control group (CG; n = 14) and experimental group (EG; n = 15) performing two maximum tests until exhaustion in normothermia (22 °C) and hyperthermia (42 °C). EG experienced 9 sessions of heat exposure at high temperatures (100 °C) (HEHT). After the nine sessions, the initial tests were repeated in both groups. Urine samples were collected before and after each test. After the hyperthermia tests, sweat samples were gathered. RESULTS Urinary Cd increased after initial tests in GC and in hyperthermia in EG (p < 0.05). Urinary excretion of Pb rose after HEHT (p < 0.05). Pb in sweat was higher in EG than in CG after HEHT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Heat exercise and constant exposure to heat can be a valid method to increase the excretion of toxic metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M C Robles
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Mariño MM, Grijota FJ, Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Román VT, Muñoz D. Influence of physical training on erythrocyte concentrations of iron, phosphorus and magnesium. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 31996219 PMCID: PMC6988285 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) and Phosphorous (P) of subjects with different levels of physical training living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain). METHODS Thirty sedentary subjects (24.34 ± 3.02 years) without sports practice and a less active lifestyle, formed the control group (CG); 24 non-professional subjects (23.53 ± 1.85 years), who perform between 4 and 6 h/week of moderate sports practice without any performance objective and without following systematic training formed the group of subjects with a moderate level of training (MTG), and 22 professional cyclists (23.29 ± 2.73 years) at the beginning of their sports season, who performed more than 20 h/week of training, formed the high-level training group (HTG). Erythrocyte samples from all subjects were collected and frozen at - 80 °C until analysis. Erythrocyte analysis of Fe, Mg and P was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All results are expressed in μg/g Hb. RESULTS The results showed that there were statistically significant lower concentrations of erythrocyte Fe, Mg and P in MTG and HTG than CG. All parameters (Fe, Mg and P concentrations in erythrocytes) correlated inversely with physical training. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise produces a decrease in erythrocyte concentrations of Fe, Mg and P. This situation could cause alterations in the performance of athletes given the importance of these elements. For this reason, we recommend an erythrocyte control at the beginning, and during the training period, to avoid harmful deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maynar Mariño
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Grijota
- Education Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Victor Toro Román
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Perez-Quintero M, Grijota FJ, Arroyo J, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Serum, erythrocyte and urinary concentrations of iron, copper, selenium and zinc do not change during an incremental test to exhaustion in either normothermic or hyperthermic conditions. J Therm Biol 2019; 86:102425. [PMID: 31789222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the performance of an incremental exercise test until exhaustion in normothermic and hyperthermic conditions on serum, erythrocyte and urine concentrations of Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn). METHODS Nineteen adult males (age: 22.58 ± 1.06 years) performed two maximum incremental exercise tests on a cycloergometer in normothermia (22 ± 2 °C) and hyperthermia (42±2 °C) separated by 48 h. Urine, serum and erythrocyte samples were collected before and after each test. RESULTS Serum Se (p < 0.01) and Cu (p < 0.05) levels were altered after each test, but the significance disappeared with the correction for haematocrit. The rest of the values did not undergo alterations in either condition. CONCLUSIONS It seems that a higher stimulus is necessary to obtain changes in these minerals. The study reveals the need to correct serum concentrations concerning possible changes in these volumes after an acute effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Perez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - J Arroyo
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Pérez-Quintero M, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Effect of heat exposure and physical exercise until exhaustion in normothermic and hyperthermic conditions on serum, sweat and urinary concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus. J Therm Biol 2019; 84:176-184. [PMID: 31466751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this survey was to ascertain the difference in the levels of Magnesium (Mg) and Phosphorus (P) after an exercise test in normothermia and hyperthermia before and after heat acclimation in comparison to their respective pre-test values. METHODS Twenty-nine male university students were divided into an Experimental Group (EG) (n = 15) and a Control Group (CG) (n = 14). All of them voluntarily participated in this investigation. Both groups performed an incremental test until exhaustion on a cycloergometer in normothermia (22 °C) and hyperthermia (42 °C). EG underwent 9 sessions of heat acclimation (100 °C) in a sauna (Harvia C105S Logix Combi Control; 3-15 W; Finland). Once the experimental period was completed, all initial measurements were carried out again under identical conditions. Urine and blood samples were obtained before and after each trial. Sweat samples were collected at the end of every test performed in hyperthermia. The samples were frozen at -80 °C until further analysis by ICP-MS. RESULTS Lower seric Mg levels were observed in both groups at the end of pre-acclimation tests. After acclimation, only EG experimented a decrease of Mg in serum after testing (p < .01). The urinary excretion was unaffected in the pre-acclimated period, but EG experimented an increase in Mg after trials in the post-acclimation evaluation (p < .01). Mg sweat loss decreased significantly after heat acclimation (p < .05). P did not undergo changes, except in its urinary excretion, which was elevated after the normothermia trial in the post-acclimation period (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS It seems that exercise in hyperthermia altered Mg status but not P homeostasis. Additionally, heat acclimation reduces Mg losses in sweat while increasing its loss in urine. Thus, Mg supplementation should be considered in unacclimated and acclimated subjects if physical exercise is going to be performed in hyperthermic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Siquier-Coll
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain.
| | - I Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - M Pérez-Quintero
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - F J Grijota
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, School of Teacher Training, University of Extremadura, Spain
| | - D Muñoz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - M Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Spain
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