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Corral-Pérez J, Martinez-Tellez B, Velázquez-Díaz D, Ponce-Gonzalez JG, Carbonell-Baeza A, Jiménez-Pavón D. Thermal resting pattern and acute skin temperature response to exercise in older adults: Role of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103678. [PMID: 37659343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared thermography is a growing area of interest in sports science due to the potential of skin temperature (Tsk) measurements to provide valuable information from rest to exercise. However, limited research exists on Tsk in older adults and the impact of factors such as sex and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on Tsk. This study aims to investigate Tsk at rest and after acute exercise in older adults and assess whether sex or CRF influences Tsk. METHODS Ninety-two participants (41 women, 68.48 ± 3.01 years) were examined with a thermographic camera in a conditioned room (23.02 ± 3.01 °C) at rest and after a graded protocol. The Tsk of 25 regions of interest (ROIs) were extracted and analysed. RESULTS Men had higher overall Tsk at rest in 76% of ROIs, showing significant differences (p < 0.010) in six specific ROIs, independent of CRF. Both sexes had similar Tsk responses after graded exercise, with increases in distal parts (1.06 ± 0.50 °C), decreases in proximal parts (-0.62 ± 0.42 °C), and stable central Tsk (0.23 ± 0.59 °C). Increases in lower limb Tsk were significantly associated with CRF in men and women (β = 0.438, p = 0.001, and β = 0.535, p < 0.001, respectively), explaining 17% and 27% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates a sex-specific effect on resting Tsk in older adults, suggesting that sex-specific Tsk patterns should be considered when analysing Tsk in this population. Additionally, the association between increases in lower limb Tsk and CRF suggests that Tsk could be a promising predictor of CRF in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Corral-Pérez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Crta. Alfacar S/n, Granada, 18071, Spain; Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicina, Leiden, 2333, ZA, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Velázquez-Díaz
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; Brain Aging & Cognitive Health Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Jesus Gustavo Ponce-Gonzalez
- ExPhy Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Carbonell-Baeza
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Moran-Cortes JF, Gómez-Martín B, Escamilla-Martínez E, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Gómez-Carrión Á, Martínez-Nova A. Thermoregulation in Two Models of Trail Run Socks with Different Fabric Separation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1768. [PMID: 37629624 PMCID: PMC10455639 DOI: 10.3390/life13081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trail running socks with the same fibers and design but with different separations of their three-dimensional waves could have different thermoregulatory effects. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temperatures reflected on the sole of the foot after a mountain race with the use of two models of socks with different wave separations. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a sample of 34 subjects (twenty-seven men and seven women), the plantar temperature was analyzed with the thermal imaging camera Flir E60bx® (Flir systems, Wilsonville, OR, USA) before and after running 14 km in mountainous terrain at a hot temperature of 27 °C. Each group of 17 runners ran with a different model of separation between the waves of the tissue (2 mm versus 1 mm). After conducting the post-exercise thermographic analysis, a Likert-type survey was conducted to evaluate the physiological characteristics of both types of socks. RESULTS There was a significant increase in temperature in all areas of interest (p < 0.001) after a 14 km running distance with the two models of socks. The hallux zone increased in temperature the most after the race, with temperatures of 8.19 ± 3.1 °C and 7.46 ± 2.1 °C for the AWC 2.2 and AWC 3, respectively. However, no significant differences in temperature increases were found in any of the areas analyzed between the two groups. Runners perceived significant differences in thermal sensation between AWC 2.2 socks with 4.41 ± 0.62 points and AWC 3 with 3.76 ± 1.03 points (p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Both models had a similar thermoregulatory effect on the soles of the feet, so they can be used interchangeably in short-distance mountain races. The perceived sensation of increased thermal comfort does not correspond to the temperature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Moran-Cortes
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Beatriz Gómez-Martín
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Elena Escamilla-Martínez
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
| | - Álvaro Gómez-Carrión
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez-Nova
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura (Centro Universitario de Plasencia), Avda. Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain (R.S.-R.); (A.M.-N.)
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Hillen B, Andrés López D, Marzano-Felisatti JM, Sanchez-Jimenez JL, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM, Nägele M, Salvador-Palmer MR, Pérez-Soriano P, Schömer E, Simon P, Priego-Quesada JI. Acute physiological responses to a pyramidal exercise protocol and the associations with skin temperature variation in different body areas. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103605. [PMID: 37329763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the skin temperature (Tsk) variations in five regions of interest (ROI) to assess whether possible disparities between the ROI's Tsk could be associated with specific acute physiological responses during cycling. Seventeen participants performed a pyramidal load protocol on a cycling ergometer. We synchronously measured Tsk in five ROI with three infrared cameras. We assessed internal load, sweat rate, and core temperature. Reported perceived exertion and calves' Tsk showed the highest correlation (r = -0.588; p < 0.01). Mixed regression models revealed that the heart rate and reported perceived exertion were inversely related to calves' Tsk. The exercise duration was directly associated with the nose tip and calf Tsk but inversely related to the forehead and forearm Tsk. The sweat rate was directly related to forehead and forearm Tsk. The association of Tsk with thermoregulatory or exercise load parameters depends on the ROI. The parallel observation of the face and calf Tsk could indicate simultaneously the observation of acute thermoregulatory needs and individual internal load. The separate Tsk analyses of individual ROI appear more suitable to examine specific physiological response than a mean Tsk of several ROI during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barlo Hillen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.
| | - Daniel Andrés López
- Research Group of Computational Geometry, Institute of Computer Science, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, GIBD (Research Group in Sports Biomechanics), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Sanchez-Jimenez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, GIBD (Research Group in Sports Biomechanics), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Cibrián Ortiz de Anda
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, GIFIME (Biophysics and Medical Physics Group), University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maria Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, GIFIME (Biophysics and Medical Physics Group), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, GIBD (Research Group in Sports Biomechanics), University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Elmar Schömer
- Research Group of Computational Geometry, Institute of Computer Science, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sports Science, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, GIBD (Research Group in Sports Biomechanics), University of Valencia, Spain; Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, GIFIME (Biophysics and Medical Physics Group), University of Valencia, Spain.
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Querol-Martínez E, Crespo-Martínez A, Gómez-Martín B, Escamilla-Martínez E, Martínez-Nova A, Sánchez-Rodríguez R. Thermal Differences in the Plantar Surface Skin of the Foot after Using Three Different Lining Materials for Plantar Orthotics. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1493. [PMID: 37511868 PMCID: PMC10381173 DOI: 10.3390/life13071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The lining materials of plantar orthoses are chosen for their hardness, breathability, and moisture absorption, but without there being any clear scientific criterion. Thermographic analysis would provide information about the thermal response of the sole of the foot, and would thereby allow the choice to be adapted in accordance with this criterion. The objective of this study was to evaluate plantar temperatures after the use of three materials with different characteristics. Plantar temperatures were analyzed by using a FLIR E60BX thermographic camera on 36 participants (15 men and 21 women, 24.6 ± 8.2 years old, 67.1 ± 13.6 kg, and 1.7 ± 0.09 m). Measurements were made before and after (3 h) the use of three lining materials for plantar orthoses (Material 1: PE copolymer; Material 2: EVA; Material 3: PE-EVA copolymer) on different days. For Material 1 (PE), the temperature under the heel was significantly higher after exercise, increasing from 30.8 ± 2.9 °C to 31.9 ± 2.8 °C (p = 0.008), and negative correlations were found between room temperature and the pre/post temperature difference for the big toe (r = -0.342, p = 0.041) and the 1st metatarsal head (r = -0.334, p = 0.046). No significant pre/post temperature differences were found with the other materials. The three materials thermoregulated the plantar surface efficiently by maintaining the skin temperature at levels similar to those evaluated before exercise. If PE is used as a lining material, it should be avoided for the heel area in patients with hyperhidrosis or those with a tendency to suffer from skin pathologies due to excess moisture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alfonso Martínez-Nova
- Nursing Department, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Avda, Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
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Editorial: Advances in thermal imaging. J Therm Biol 2021; 102:103109. [PMID: 34863474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rojas-Valverde D, Tomás-Carús P, Timón R, Batalha N, Sánchez-Ureña B, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Olcina G. Short-Term Skin Temperature Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Systematic Review of Methods and Future Challenges in the Use of Infrared Thermography. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1286. [PMID: 34947817 PMCID: PMC8704093 DOI: 10.3390/life11121286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body temperature is often assessed in the core and the skin. Infrared thermography has been used to measure skin temperature (Tsk) in sport research and clinical practice. This study aimed to explore the information reported to date on the use of infrared thermography to detect short-term Tsk responses to endurance exercise and to identify the methodological considerations and knowledge gaps, and propose future directions. METHOD A web search (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) was conducted following systematic review guidelines, and 45 out of 2921 studies met the inclusion criteria (endurance sports, since 2000, English, full text available). RESULTS A total of 45 publications were extracted, in which most of the sample were runners (n = 457, 57.9%). Several differences between IRT imaging protocols and ROI selection could lead to potential heterogeneity of interpretations. These particularities in the methodology of the studies extracted are widely discussed in this systematic review. CONCLUSIONS More analyses should be made considering different sports, exercise stimuli and intensities, especially using follow-up designs. Study-derived data could clarify the underlying thermo physiological processes and assess whether Tsk could be used a reliable proxy to describe live thermal regulation in endurance athletes and reduce their risk of exertional heat illness/stroke. Also more in-depth analyses may elucidate the Tsk interactions with other tissues during exercise-related responses, such as inflammation, damage, or pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Pablo Tomás-Carús
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia-Universidade de Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Timón
- Grupo en Avances en el Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuno Batalha
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia-Universidade de Évora, 7000-727 Évora, Portugal
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Grupo en Avances en el Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
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da Silva W, Machado ÁS, Lemos AL, de Andrade CF, Priego-Quesada JI, Carpes FP. Relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness, pain thresholds, and skin temperature in men and women. J Therm Biol 2021; 100:103051. [PMID: 34503798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has gained popularity in sports medicine for determining whether changes in skin temperature relate to pain and muscle damage. Such a relationship would support IRT as a non-invasive method to monitor these physiological responses. However, the literature remains controversial. Here, we determine the relationship between exercise-induced muscle soreness (DOMS), pain, and skin temperature in men and women before and after exercise. Twenty-two physically active adults (10 men and 12 women) completed a squat exercise protocol to induce muscle damage. Skin temperature, DOMS, and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were assessed in the quadriceps pre, post-exercise, and 48 h post-exercise. DOMS increased similarly in men and women post-exercise and 48 h post-exercise. PPT was lower in women compared to men. PPT decreased 48 h post-exercise for men but did not differ between the moments for women. Skin temperature responses were sex-dependent. Mean and maximum temperatures increased post-exercise for men, and maximum temperature reduced 48 h post-exercise. In women, the minimum temperature increased 48 h post-exercise. DOMS was not predicted by skin temperature but showed a direct association between pre and 48 h post-exercise variation of maximum skin temperature and PPT. We conclude that there is a sex-dependent effect in analyzing skin temperature changes in response to exercise, something that seems to not have been addressed in previous studies. To date, inferences are generally assumed as similar for both men and women, which we show may not be the case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian da Silva
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Sosa Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lemes Lemos
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Camilla Ferreira de Andrade
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports and Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Salvador-Palmer R, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM, Pérez-Soriano P, Priego-Quesada JI. Footwear outsole temperature may be more related to plantar pressure during a prolonged run than foot temperature. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34186519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac0fbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The temperature of the sole of the foot has been suggested as an alternative to the measurement of plantar pressure during running despite the scarce evidence about their relationship. The temperature of the footwear outsole could also be representative of plantar pressure distribution due to its less multifactorial dependence. The aim of the study was to determine if plantar pressure during a prolonged run could be related to plantar temperature, either of the sole of the foot or the footwear outsole.Approach. Thirty recreational runners (15 males and 15 females) performed a 30 min running test on a treadmill. Thermographic images of the sole of the foot and the footwear outsole were taken before and immediately after the test, and dynamic plantar pressure was measured at the end of the test. Pearson correlations and stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed.Main results.Plantar pressure percentage was related to a moderate correlation with plantar temperature percentage in forefoot and rearfoot (P < 0.05), showing a greater relationship with the footwear outsole than with the sole of the foot (r = 0.52-0.73 versusr = 0.40-0.61, respectively). Moreover, moderate correlations were also observed between footwear outsole and sole of the foot temperature variables, especially in rearfoot.Significance. Footwear outsole temperature may be better related to plantar pressure distribution than sole of the foot temperature, in the forefoot and rearfoot. The midfoot is the most sensitive and variable region to analyze, as it does not seem to have any relationship with plantar pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, St: Gascó Oliag, 3, E-46010, Valencia, Spain.,Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Ave: Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, St: Gascó Oliag, 3, E-46010, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), University of Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia, 5, E-22001 Huesca, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Ave: Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Ma Cibrián Ortiz de Anda
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Ave: Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, St: Gascó Oliag, 3, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, St: Gascó Oliag, 3, E-46010, Valencia, Spain.,Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Ave: Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E-46010, Valencia, Spain
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Rojas-Valverde D, Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Sánchez-Ureña B, Gutiérrez-Vargas JC, Priego-Quesada JI. Relationship between Skin Temperature Variation and Muscle Damage Markers after a Marathon Performed in a Hot Environmental Condition. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080725. [PMID: 34440468 PMCID: PMC8398954 DOI: 10.3390/life11080725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of a marathon running at a hot environmental temperature on the baseline skin temperature (Tsk) of the posterior day and to analyze the relationship between Tsk response and muscle damage markers variation. The Tsk, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase of 16 marathon runners were assessed four times before (15 days and 45 min) and after (24 h and 6 days) a marathon in a hot environment (thermal stress index = 28.3 ± 3.3 °C and humidity ~81%). The Tsk of thirteen different body regions of both right and left lower limbs were analyzed. Higher values after the marathon were observed than 45 min before in creatine kinase (174.3 ± 136.4 UI/L < 1159.7 ± 699.7 UI/L, p < 0.01 and large effect size) and lactate dehydrogenase (362.6 ± 99.9 UI/L < 438 ± 115.5 UI/L, p = 0.02 and moderate effect size). Generally, Tsk was higher the day after the marathon than at the other three moments (e.g., rectus femoris region, 6 days before vs. the day after, 95% confidence interval of the difference (0.3, 1.6 °C), p = 0.04 and large effect size). No relationship or correlation was observed between the variation of Tsk and muscle damage markers (p > 0.05). In conclusion, performing a marathon in a hot environmental condition results in a higher Tsk the day after the marathon. This increase in Tsk could be because of the heat generated by the marathon and its subsequent physiological processes (e.g., increase in endothelial nitric oxide, glycogen resynthesis, or increase of systemic hormones), which would be reflected in the Tsk due to the peripheral vasodilation promoted by the hot environment. However, among these processes, muscle damage does not seem to be of great importance due to the lack of an observed relationship between Tsk and muscle damage markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica;
- Núcleo de Estudios en Alto Rendimiento Deportivo y Salud (NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (B.S.-U.); (J.C.G.-V.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (J.I.P.-Q.); Tel.: +506-88250219 (D.R.-V.)
| | - Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica;
- Núcleo de Estudios en Alto Rendimiento Deportivo y Salud (NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (B.S.-U.); (J.C.G.-V.)
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- Núcleo de Estudios en Alto Rendimiento Deportivo y Salud (NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (B.S.-U.); (J.C.G.-V.)
- Programa de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud (PROCESA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Núcleo de Estudios en Alto Rendimiento Deportivo y Salud (NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (B.S.-U.); (J.C.G.-V.)
- Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y Rehabilitación en Salud (CEDERSA), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Jose I. Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.R.-V.); (J.I.P.-Q.); Tel.: +506-88250219 (D.R.-V.)
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Gonzalez AE, Pineda Gutierrez A, Kern AM, Takahashi KZ. Association between foot thermal responses and shear forces during turning gait in young adults. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10515. [PMID: 33552710 PMCID: PMC7819117 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human foot typically changes temperature between pre and post-locomotion activities. However, the mechanisms responsible for temperature changes within the foot are currently unclear. Prior studies indicate that shear forces may increase foot temperature during locomotion. Here, we examined the shear-temperature relationship using turning gait with varying radii to manipulate magnitudes of shear onto the foot. METHODS Healthy adult participants (N = 18) walked barefoot on their toes for 5 minutes at a speed of 1.0 m s-1 at three different radii (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m). Toe-walking was utilized so that a standard force plate could measure shear localized to the forefoot. A thermal imaging camera was used to quantify the temperature changes from pre to post toe-walking (ΔT), including the entire foot and forefoot regions on the external limb (limb farther from the center of the curved path) and internal limb. RESULTS We found that shear impulse was positively associated with ΔT within the entire foot (P < 0.001) and forefoot (P < 0.001): specifically, for every unit increase in shear, the temperature of the entire foot and forefoot increased by 0.11 and 0.17 °C, respectively. While ΔT, on average, decreased following the toe-walking trials (i.e., became colder), a significant change in ΔT was observed between radii conditions and between external versus internal limbs. In particular, ΔT was greater (i.e., less negative) when walking at smaller radii (P < 0.01) and was greater on the external limb (P < 0.01) in both the entire foot and forefoot regions, which were likely explained by greater shear forces with smaller radii (P < 0.0001) and on the external limb (P < 0.0001). Altogether, our results support the relationship between shear and foot temperature responses. These findings may motivate studying turning gait in the future to quantify the relationship between shear and foot temperature in individuals who are susceptible to abnormal thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel E. Gonzalez
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska—Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Ana Pineda Gutierrez
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska—Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Kern
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska—Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Kota Z. Takahashi
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska—Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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Sanchis-Sanchis R, Priego-Quesada JI, Ribas-Garcia V, Carpes FP, Encarnacion-Martinez A, Perez-Soriano P. Effects of asymmetrical exercise demands on the symmetry of skin temperature in archers. Physiol Meas 2020; 41:114002. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/abc020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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