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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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2
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Mi X, Wang SC, Winters MA, Carta G. Protein adsorption on core-shell resins for flow-through purifications: Effect of protein molecular size, shape, and salt concentration. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3300. [PMID: 36101005 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work addresses the functional properties of the core-shell resins Capto Core 400 and 700 for a broad range of proteins spanning 66.5 to 660 kDa in molecular mass, including bovine serum albumin (BSA) in monomer and dimer form, fibronectin, thyroglobulin, and BSA conjugates with 10 and 30 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) chains. Negatively charged latex nanoparticles (NPs) with nominal diameters of 20, 40, and 100 nm are also studied as surrogates for bioparticles. Protein binding and its trends with respect to salt concentration depend on the protein size and are different for the two agarose-based multimodal resins. For the smaller proteins, the amount of protein bound over practical time scales is limited by the resin surface area and is larger for Capto Core 400 compared with Capto Core 700. For the larger proteins, diffusion is severely restricted in Capto Core 400, resulting in lower binding capacities than those observed for Capto Core 700 despite the larger surface area. Adding 500 mM NaCl reduces the local bound protein concentration and diffusional hindrance resulting in higher binding capacities for the large proteins in Capto Core 400 compared with low ionic strength conditions. The NPs are essentially completely excluded from the Capto Core 400 pores. However, 20 and 40 nm NPs bind significantly to Capto Core 700, further hindering protein diffusion. A model is provided to predict the dynamic binding capacities as a function of residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Vaccine Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Giorgio Carta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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3
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Mi X, Fuks P, Wang SC, Winters MA, Carta G. Protein Adsorption on Core-shell Particles: Comparison of Capto™ Core 400 and 700 Resins. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462314. [PMID: 34144396 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural and functional characteristics of the two core-shell resins Capto™ Core 400 and 700, which are useful for the flow-through purification of bioparticles such as viruses, viral vectors, and vaccines, are compared using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and thyroglobulin (Tg) as models for small and large protein contaminants. Both resins are agarose-based and contain an adsorbing core surrounded by an inert shell. Although shell thicknesses are comparable (3.6 and 4.2 µm for Capto Core 400 and 700, respectively), the two resins differ substantially in pore size (pore radii of 19 and 50 nm, respectively). Because of the smaller pores and higher surface area, the BSA binding capacity of Capto Core 400 is approximately double that of Capto Core 700. However, for the much larger Tg, the attainable capacity is substantially larger for Capto Core 700. Mass transfer in both resins is affected by diffusional resistances through the shell and within the adsorbing core. For BSA, core and shell effective pore diffusivities are about 0.25 × 10-7 and 0.6 × 10-7 cm2/s, respectively, for Capto Core 400, and about 1.6 × 10-7 and 2.6 × 10-7 cm2/s, respectively, for Capto Core 700. These values decrease dramatically for Tg to 0.022 × 10-7 and 0.088 × 10-7 cm2/s and to 0.13 × 10-7 and 0.59 × 10-7 cm2/s for Capto Core 400 and 700, respectively. Adsorbed Tg further hinders diffusion of BSA in both resins. Column measurements show that, despite the higher static capacity of Capto Core 400 for BSA, the dynamic binding capacity is greater for Capto Core 700 as a result of its faster kinetics. However, some of this advantage is lost if the feed is a mixture of BSA and Tg since, in this case, Tg binding leads to greater diffusional hindrance for BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Preston Fuks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccine Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael A Winters
- Vaccine Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Giorgio Carta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Lothert K, Dekevic G, Loewe D, Salzig D, Czermak P, Wolff MW. Upstream and Downstream Processes for Viral Nanoplexes as Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2183:217-248. [PMID: 32959247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing medical interest in viral nanoplexes, such as viruses or virus-like particles used for vaccines, gene therapy products, or oncolytic agents, raises the need for fast and efficient production processes. In general, these processes comprise upstream and downstream processing. For the upstream process, efficiency is mainly characterized by robustly achieving high titer yields, while reducing process times and costs with regard to the cell culture medium, the host cell selection, and the applied process conditions. The downstream part, on the other hand, should effectively remove process-related contaminants, such as host cells/cell debris as well as host cell DNA and proteins, while maintaining product stability and reducing product losses. This chapter outlines a combination of process steps to successfully produce virus particles in the controlled environment of a stirred tank bioreactor, combined with a platform-based purification approach using filtration-based clarification and steric exclusion chromatography. Additionally, suggestions for off-line analytics in terms of virus characterization and quantification as well as for contaminant estimation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.
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5
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Production of Baculovirus and Stem Cells for Baculovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer into Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2183:367-390. [PMID: 32959254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the genome-editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 is revolutionizing the world of gene therapy and will extend the gene therapy product pipeline. While applying gene therapy products, the main difficulty is an efficient and effective transfer of the nucleic acids carrying the relevant information to their target destination, the nucleus of the cells. Baculoviruses have shown to be very suitable transport vehicles for this task due to, inter alia, their ability to transduce mammalian/human cells without being pathogenic. This property allows the usage of baculovirus-transduced cells as cell therapy products, thus, combining the advantages of gene and cell therapy. To make such pharmaceuticals available for patients, a successful production and purification is necessary. In this chapter, we describe the generation of a pseudotyped baculovirus vector, followed by downstream processing using depth and tangential-flow filtration. This vector is used subsequently to transduce human mesenchymal stem cells. The production of the cells and the subsequent transduction process are illustrated.
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6
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Komatsu Y, Kakuya Y, Tomonaga K. Production of high-titer transmission-defective RNA virus-based episomal vector using tangential flow filtration. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:602-609. [PMID: 32644225 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, viral vector based in vivo gene delivery strategies have achieved a significant success in the treatment of genetic diseases. RNA virus-based episomal vector lacking viral glycoprotein gene (ΔG-REVec) is a nontransmissive gene delivery system that enables long-term gene expression in a variety of cell types in vitro, yet in vivo gene delivery has not been successful due to the difficulty in producing high titer vector. The present study showed that tangential flow filtration (TFF) can be effectively employed to increase the titer of ΔG-REVec. Concentration and diafiltration of ΔG-REVec using TFF significantly increased its titer without loss of infectious activity. Importantly, intracranial administration of high titer vector enabled persistent transgene expression in rodent brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Komatsu
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoji Kakuya
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keizo Tomonaga
- Laboratory of RNA Viruses, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences (inFront), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Polysaccharide-based chromatographic adsorbents for virus purification and viral clearance. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:291-312. [PMID: 32292625 PMCID: PMC7104128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses still pose a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. In the fight against viral infections, high-purity viral stocks are needed for manufacture of safer vaccines. It is also a priority to ensure the viral safety of biopharmaceuticals such as blood products. Chromatography techniques are widely implemented at both academic and industrial levels in the purification of viral particles, whole viruses and virus-like particles to remove viral contaminants from biopharmaceutical products. This paper focuses on polysaccharide adsorbents, particulate resins and membrane adsorbers, used in virus purification/removal chromatography processes. Different chromatographic modes are surveyed, with particular attention to ion exchange and affinity/pseudo-affinity adsorbents among which commercially available agarose-based resins (Sepharose®) and cellulose-based membrane adsorbers (Sartobind®) occupy a dominant position. Mainly built on the development of new ligands coupled to conventional agarose/cellulose matrices, the development perspectives of polysaccharide-based chromatography media in this antiviral area are stressed in the conclusive part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
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8
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Petrova ID, Zaitsev BN, Taranov OS. Concentration of viruses and electron microscopy. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:276-283. [PMID: 33659809 PMCID: PMC7893147 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all lethal viral outbreaks in the past two decades were caused by newly emerging viruses. Viruses are often studied by electron microscopy (EM), which provides new high-resolution data on the structure of viral particles relevant to both fundamental virology and practical pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology. Electron microscopy is also applied to ecological studies to detect viruses in the environment, to analysis of technological processes in the production of vaccines and other biotechnological components, and to diagnostics. Despite the advances in more sensitive methods, electron microscopy is still in active use for diagnostics. The main advantage of EM is the lack of specificity to any group of viruses, which allows working with unknown materials. However, the main limitation of the method is the relatively high detection limit (107 particles/mL), requiring viral material to be concentrated. There is no most effective universal method to concentrate viruses. Various combinations of methods and approaches are used depending on the virus and the goal. A modern virus concentration protocol involves precipitation, centrifugation, filtration, and chromatography. Here we describe the main concentrating techniques exemplified for different viruses. Effective elution techniques are required to disrupt the bonds between filter media and viruses in order to increase recovery. The paper reviews studies on unique traps, magnetic beads, and composite polyaniline and carbon nanotubes, including those of changeable size to concentrate viral particles. It also describes centrifugal concentrators to concentrate viruses on a polyethersulfone membrane. Our review suggests that the method to concentrate viruses and other nanoparticles should be chosen with regard to objectives of the study and the equipment status of the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I D Petrova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - B N Zaitsev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
| | - O S Taranov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russia
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9
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Lothert K, Sprick G, Beyer F, Lauria G, Czermak P, Wolff MW. Membrane-based steric exclusion chromatography for the purification of a recombinant baculovirus and its application for cell therapy. J Virol Methods 2019; 275:113756. [PMID: 31644888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuously increasing potential of stem cell treatments for various medical conditions has accelerated the need for fast and efficient purification techniques for individualized cell therapy applications. Genetic stem cell engineering is commonly done with viral vectors like the baculovirus. The baculovirus is a safe and efficient gene transfer tool, that has been used for the expression of recombinant proteins for many years. Its purification has been based mainly on ion exchange matrices. However, these techniques impair process robustness, if different genetically modified virus particles are applied. Here, we evaluated the membrane-based steric exclusion chromatography for the purification of insect cell culture-derived recombinant Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolehydroviruses for an application in cell therapy. The method has already proven to be a powerful tool for the purification of Influenza A virus particles, using cellulose membranes. Aside from the aforementioned cellulose, we evaluated alternative stationary phases, such as glass fiber and polyamide membranes. The highest dynamic binding capacitiy was determined for cellulose with 5.08E + 07 pfu per cm² membrane. Critical process parameters were optimized, using a design of experiments (DoE) approach. The determined process conditions were verified by different production batches, obtaining a mean virus yield of 91% ± 6.5%. Impurity depletion was >99% and 85% for protein and dsDNA, without nuclease treatment. Due to the method's specificity, its application to other baculoviruses, with varying surface modifications, is conceivable without major process changes. The physiological buffer conditions enable a gentle handling of the virus particles without decreasing the transduction efficacy. The simple procedure with sufficient impurity removal enables the substitution of time-consuming ultra centrifugation steps and can serve as a first process unit operation to obtain higher purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gundula Sprick
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Beyer
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Guiliano Lauria
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany; Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Winchesterstr. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Ludwigstr. 23, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Wiesenstr. 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Joshi PU, Turpeinen DG, Weiss M, Escalante-Corbin G, Schroeder M, Heldt CL. Tie line framework to optimize non-enveloped virus recovery in aqueous two-phase systems. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1126-1127:121744. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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11
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Steppert P, Burgstaller D, Klausberger M, Tover A, Berger E, Jungbauer A. Quantification and characterization of virus-like particles by size-exclusion chromatography and nanoparticle tracking analysis. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:89-99. [PMID: 28110946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid quantification of enveloped virus-like particles (VLPs) requires orthogonal methods to obtain reliable results. Three methods-nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) with UV detection, and detection with multi-angle light scattering (MALS)-for quantification of enveloped VLPs have been compared, and the lower and upper limits of detection and quantification have been evaluated. NTA directly counts the enveloped VLPs, and a particle number is obtained with a lower limit of detection (LLOD) of 1.7×107part/mL and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 3.4×108part/mL. SE-HPLC with UV detection was calibrated with standards characterized by NTA, and a LLOD of 6.9×109part/mL and LLOQ of 2.1×1010part/mL were found. SE-HPLC with MALS does not require a pre-calibrated sample because with a spherical model based on the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye approximation, the particle concentration can be directly deduced from the scattered light. A LLOD of 4.8×108part/mL and LLOQ of 2.1×109part/mL were measured and substantially lower compared to the UV method. The absolute particle concentration measured by SE-HPLC-MALS is one order of magnitude lower compared to measurement by NTA, which is explained by the wide size distribution of an enveloped VLP suspension. The model used for evaluation of light scattering data assumes monodisperse, homogeneous, and spherical particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Steppert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Burgstaller
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam Klausberger
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria; ACIB GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Balasundaram G, Kwang TW, Wang S. cDNA microarray assays to evaluate immune responses following intracranial injection of baculoviral vectors in non-human primates. J Neurochem 2016; 140:320-333. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghayathri Balasundaram
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore
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13
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Kwang TW, Zeng X, Wang S. Manufacturing of AcMNPV baculovirus vectors to enable gene therapy trials. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:15050. [PMID: 26858963 PMCID: PMC4729316 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, baculoviruses have become workhorse research tools for transient transgene expression. Although they have not yet been used directly as a gene therapy vector in the clinical setting, numerous preclinical studies have suggested the highly promising potential of baculovirus as a delivery vector for a variety of therapeutic applications including vaccination, tissue engineering, and cancer treatment. As such, there is growing interest in using baculoviruses as human gene therapy vectors, which has led to advances in baculovirus bioprocessing methods. This review provides an overview of the current approaches for scaled-up amplification, concentration, purification, and formulation of AcMNPV baculoviruses, and highlights the key regulatory requirements that must be met before gene therapy clinical trials can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shu Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
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14
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A flow-through chromatography process for influenza A and B virus purification. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Contreras-Gómez A, Sánchez-Mirón A, García-Camacho F, Molina-Grima E, Chisti Y. Protein production using the baculovirus-insect cell expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1-18. [PMID: 24265112 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system is widely used in producing recombinant proteins. This review is focused on the use of this expression system in developing bioprocesses for producing proteins of interest. The issues addressed include: the baculovirus biology and genetic manipulation to improve protein expression and quality; the suppression of proteolysis associated with the viral enzymes; the engineering of the insect cell lines for improved capability in glycosylation and folding of the expressed proteins; the impact of baculovirus on the host cell and its implications for protein production; the effects of the growth medium on metabolism of the host cell; the bioreactors and the associated operational aspects; and downstream processing of the product. All these factors strongly affect the production of recombinant proteins. The current state of knowledge is reviewed.
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Vijayaragavan KS, Zahid A, Young JW, Heldt CL. Separation of porcine parvovirus from bovine serum albumin using PEG–salt aqueous two-phase system. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 967:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mena JA, Kamen AA. Insect cell technology is a versatile and robust vaccine manufacturing platform. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1063-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Kiener TK, Premanand B, Kwang J. Immune responses to baculovirus-displayed enterovirus 71 VP1 antigen. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:357-64. [PMID: 23560917 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increased distribution and neurovirulence of enterovirus 71 is an important health threat for young children in Asia Pacific. Vaccine design has concentrated on inactivated virus with the most advanced undergoing Phase III clinical trials. By using a subunit vaccine approach, production costs could be reduced by lowering the need for biocontainment. In addition, novel mutations could be rapidly incorporated to reflect the emergence of new enterovirus 71 subgenogroups. To circumvent the problems associated with conventional subunit vaccines, the antigen can be displayed on a viral vector that conveys stability and facilitates purification. Additional advantages of viral-vectored subunit vaccines are their ability to stimulate the innate immune system by transducing cells and the possibility of oral or nasal delivery, which dispenses with the need for syringes and medical personnel. Baculovirus-displayed VP1 combines all these benefits with protection that is as efficient as inactivated virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja K Kiener
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
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19
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Gerster P, Kopecky EM, Hammerschmidt N, Klausberger M, Krammer F, Grabherr R, Mersich C, Urbas L, Kramberger P, Paril T, Schreiner M, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Jungbauer A. Purification of infective baculoviruses by monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1290:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Kamen AA, Aucoin MG, Merten OW, Alves P, Hashimoto Y, Airenne K, Hu YC, Mezzina M, van Oers MM. An initiative to manufacture and characterize baculovirus reference material. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S113-7. [PMID: 21784226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This letter to the editor brings to the attention of researchers an initiative to develop a baculovirus reference material repository. To be successful this initiative needs the support of a broad panel of researchers working with baculovirus vectors for recombinant protein production and gene delivery for either therapy or vaccination. First there is a need to reach a consensus on the nature of the reference material, the production protocols and the baculovirus characterization methods. It will also be important to define repository and distribution procedures so that the reference material is available to any researcher for calibrating experimental data and to compare experiments performed in the various laboratories. As more and more baculovirus-based products are licensed or in the final stages of development, the development of a repository of baculovirus reference material is timely. This letter describes the requirements for the reference material and for the project as a whole to be successful and calls for a partnership that would involve academic, industrial laboratories and governmental organizations to support this international initiative.
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Abstract
Manufacturing of cell culture-derived virus particles for vaccination and gene therapy is a rapidly growing field in the biopharmaceutical industry. The process involves a number of complex tasks and unit operations ranging from selection of host cells and virus strains for the cultivation in bioreactors to the purification and formulation of the final product. For the majority of cell culture-derived products, efforts focused on maximization of bioreactor yields, whereas design and optimization of downstream processes were often neglected. Owing to this biased focus, downstream procedures today often constitute a bottleneck in various manufacturing processes and account for the majority of the overall production costs. For efficient production methods, particularly in sight of constantly increasing economic pressure within human healthcare systems, highly productive downstream schemes have to be developed. Here, we discuss unit operations and downstream trains to purify virus particles for use as vaccines and vectors for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Wolf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
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22
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Roldão A, Vicente T, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Quality control and analytical methods for baculovirus-based products. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S94-105. [PMID: 21784235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- António Roldão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Apartado 127, P-2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Lesch HP, Makkonen KE, Laitinen A, Määttä AM, Närvänen O, Airenne KJ, Ylä-Herttuala S. Requirements for baculoviruses for clinical gene therapy applications. J Invertebr Pathol 2011; 107 Suppl:S106-12. [PMID: 21784225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna P Lesch
- AI Virtanen Institute Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland/Kuopio, Finland
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Smrekar F, Ciringer M, Jančar J, Raspor P, Štrancar A, Podgornik A. Optimization of lytic phage manufacturing in bioreactor using monolithic supports. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2152-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Kato T, Suzuki F, Park EY. Purification of functional baculovirus particles from silkworm larval hemolymph and their use as nanoparticles for the detection of human prorenin receptor (PRR) binding. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:60. [PMID: 21635720 PMCID: PMC3118113 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baculovirus, which has a width of 40 nm and a length of 250-300 nm, can display functional peptides, receptors and antigens on its surface by their fusion with a baculovirus envelop protein, GP64. In addition, some transmembrane proteins can be displayed without GP64 fusion, using the native transmembrane domains of the baculovirus. We used this functionality to display human prorenin receptor fused with GFPuv (GFPuv-hPRR) on the surface of silkworm Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and then tested whether these baculovirus particles could be used to detect protein-protein interactions. Results BmNPV displaying GFPuv-hPRR (BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR) was purified from hemolymph by using Sephacryl S-1000 column chromatography in the presence of 0.01% Triton X-100. Its recovery was 86% and the final baculovirus particles number was 4.98 × 108 pfu. Based on the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 3.1% of the total proteins in BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR were GFPuv-hPRR. This value was similar to that calculated from the result of western blot by a densitometry (2.7%). To determine whether BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR particles were bound to human prorenin, ELISA results were compared with those from ELISAs using protease negative BmNPV displaying β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 fused with the gene encoding GFPuv (GGT2) (BmNPV-CP--GGT2) particles, which do not display hPRR on their surfaces. Conclusion The display of on the surface of the BmNPV particles will be useful for the detection of protein-protein interactions and the screening of inhibitors and drugs in their roles as nanobioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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26
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Chen CY, Lin CY, Chen GY, Hu YC. Baculovirus as a gene delivery vector: recent understandings of molecular alterations in transduced cells and latest applications. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:618-31. [PMID: 21550393 PMCID: PMC7126054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus infects insects in nature and is non-pathogenic to humans, but can transduce a broad range of mammalian and avian cells. Thanks to the biosafety, large cloning capacity, low cytotoxicity and non-replication nature in the transduced cells as well as the ease of manipulation and production, baculovirus has gained explosive popularity as a gene delivery vector for a wide variety of applications. This article extensively reviews the recent understandings of the molecular mechanisms pertinent to baculovirus entry and cellular responses, and covers the latest advances in the vector improvements and applications, with special emphasis on antiviral therapy, cancer therapy, regenerative medicine and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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27
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Segura MM, Kamen AA, Garnier A. Overview of current scalable methods for purification of viral vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 737:89-116. [PMID: 21590394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-095-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the growing interest in the use of viruses for gene therapy and vaccines, many virus-based products are being developed. The manufacturing of viruses poses new challenges for process developers and regulating authorities that need to be addressed to ensure quality, efficacy, and safety of the final product. The design of suitable purification strategies will depend on a multitude of variables including the vector production system and the nature of the virus. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the most commonly used purification methods for viral gene therapy vectors. Current chromatography options available for large-scale purification of γ-retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, baculovirus, and poxvirus vectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Segura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy (CBATEG), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Development and validation of a HPLC method for the quantification of baculovirus particles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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29
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Production of scFv-displaying BmNPV in silkworm larvae and its efficient purification. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2010; 57:63-9. [DOI: 10.1042/ba20100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Chen GY, Chen CY, Chang MDT, Matsuura Y, Hu YC. Concanavalin A affinity chromatography for efficient baculovirus purification. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 25:1669-77. [PMID: 19691120 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus has emerged as a novel gene delivery and vaccine vector, and the demand for purified baculovirus is rising due to the increasing in vivo applications. Since the baculoviral envelope protein gp64 is a glycoprotein, we aimed to develop a concanavalin A (Con A) chromatography process, which harnessed the possible affinity interaction between gp64 and Con A, for simple and effective baculovirus purification. Throughout the purification process the virus stability and recovery were assessed by quantifying the virus transducing titers [TT, defined as transducing units (TU) per milliliter] and viral particles (VP). We found that baculovirus stability was sensitive to buffer conditions and diafiltration with a tangential flow filtration system LabScale using 300 K membranes yielded recoveries of approximately 75% in TT and 82% in VP. The diafiltered baculovirus strongly bound to the Con A column as evidenced by the low virus losses to the flow through and wash fractions. The wash steps eliminated >99% of protein impurities and elution with 0.6 M alpha-D-methylmannoside at room temperature led to the recoveries of approximately 16% in VP and approximately 15.3% in TU. The resultant VP/TU ratio was as low as 41.4, attesting the high quality of the purified virus. Further elution with 1 M alpha-D-methylmannoside recovered another 6% virus TU, yielding a cumulative recovery of approximately 21.3% in TU. These data demonstrated for the first time that Con A chromatography is suitable for baculovirus purification, and may be used for the purification of other viruses with surface glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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31
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Ihalainen TO, Laakkonen JP, Paloheimo O, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ, Vihinen-Ranta M. Morphological characterization of baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Virus Res 2010; 148:71-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Kato T, Manoha SL, Tanaka S, Park EY. High-titer preparation of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) displaying recombinant protein in silkworm larvae by size exclusion chromatography and its characterization. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:55. [PMID: 19523201 PMCID: PMC2703641 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Budded baculoviruses are utilized for vaccine, the production of antibody and functional analysis of transmembrane proteins. In this study, we tried to produce and purify the recombinant Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (rBmNPV-hPRR) that displayed human (pro)renin receptor (hPRR) connected with FLAG peptide sequence on its own surface. These particles were used for further binding analysis of hPRR to human prorenin. The rBmNPV-hPRR was produced in silkworm larvae and purified from its hemolymph using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Results A rapid method of BmNPV titer determination in hemolymph was performed using quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). A correlation coefficient of BmNPV determination between end-point dilution and Q-PCR methods was found to be 0.99. rBmNPV-hPRR bacmid-injected silkworm larvae produced recombinant baculovirus of 1.31 × 108 plaque forming unit (pfu) in hemolymph, which was 2.8 × 104 times higher than transfection solution in Bm5 cells. Its purification yield by Sephacryl S-1000 SF column chromatography was 264 fold from larval hemolymph at 4 days post-injection (p.i.), but 35 or 39 fold at 4.5 or 5 days p.i., respectively. Protein patterns of rBmNPV-hPRR purified at 4 and 5 days were the same and ratio of envelope proteins (76, 45 and 35 kDa) to VP39, one of nucleocapsid proteins, increased at 5 days p.i. hPRR was detected in only purified rBmNPV-hPRR at 5 days p.i.. Conclusion The successful purification of rBmNPV-hPRR indicates that baculovirus production using silkworm larvae and its purification from hemolymph by Sephacryl S-1000 SF column chromatography can provide an economical approach in obtaining the purified BmNPV stocks with high titer for large-scale production of hPRR. Also, it can be utilized for further binding analysis and screening of inhibitors of hPRR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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33
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Purification of recombinant baculoviruses for gene therapy using membrane processes. Gene Ther 2009; 16:766-75. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Baculovirus is a promising gene delivery vector but its widespread application is impeded as it only mediates transient transgene expression in mammalian cells. To prolong the expression, we developed a dual baculovirus system whereby one baculovirus expressed FLP recombinase while the other harbored an Frt-flanking cassette encompassing the transgene and oriP/EBNA1 derived from Epstein-Barr virus. After cotransduction of cells, the expressed FLP cleaved the Frt-flanking cassette off the baculovirus genome and catalyzed circular episome formation, then oriP/EBNA1 within the cassette enabled the self-replication of episomes. The excision/recombination efficiency was remarkably enhanced by sodium butyrate, reaching 75% in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK293) cells, 85% in baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cells, 77% in primary chondrocytes, and 48% in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The hybrid baculovirus substantially prolonged the transgene expression to approximately 48 days without selection and >63 days with selection, thanks to the maintenance of replicons and transgene transcription. In contrast to the replicating episomes, the baculovirus genome was rapidly degraded. Furthermore, an osteoinductive growth factor gene was efficiently delivered into MSCs using this system, which not only prolonged the growth factor expression but also potentiated the osteogenesis of MSCs. These data collectively implicate the potential of this hybrid baculovirus system in gene therapy applications necessitating sustained transgene expression.
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35
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Vicente T, Peixoto C, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Virus production for clinical gene therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 542:447-70. [PMID: 19565917 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-561-9_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming increasingly relevant for the treatment of prominent human diseases. Viral vectors are currently used in more than 50% of the gene therapy clinical trials, most of them aimed at cancer diseases. Clearly, the increasing needs of high-quality viral preparations require the elimination of process bottlenecks, streamlining the development of a viral vector into a real-world clinical tool. Virus production for clinical gene therapy can be a limiting step because many virus generation protocols rely on labor-intensive, bench-scale methods; robust, cost-effective strategies for the delivery of clinical-grade viruses are thus essential for the future of gene therapy. A comprehensive picture of key aspects on the integration of upstream and downstream processing is addressed in this chapter, by describing the case study of recombinant budded baculoviruses for gene therapy; scalable methods are described in detail as well as mandatory characterization techniques for a proper and complete quality assessment of the viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vicente
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tenológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
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36
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Kaikkonen MU, Viholainen JI, Närvänen A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ. Targeting and purification of metabolically biotinylated baculovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2008; 19:589-600. [PMID: 18479188 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting viral entry is one of the major goals in the development of vectors for gene therapy. Ideally, the coupling of each new targeting motif would not require changes in vector structure. To achieve this, we developed novel metabolically biotinylated baculoviral vectors by displaying a small biotin acceptor peptide (BAP) fused either to different sites in the baculovirus glycoprotein gp64 or to the transmembrane anchor of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Baculoviral particles were biotinylated during vector production by coexpression of Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA). The insertion of BAP at amino acid position 283 of gp64 resulted in the most efficient biotin display. Unlike vectors with lower biotin display, these vectors also showed improved transduction when retargeted to transferrin, epidermal growth factor, and CD46 receptors overexpressed on rat glioma and human ovarian carcinoma cells. Biotinylated baculoviral vectors could also be concentrated by one-step magnetic particle-based capture to reach titers up to 10(10) plaque-forming units/ml. These results demonstrate the utility of metabolically biotinylated baculovirus for vector targeting and viral purification applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna U Kaikkonen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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37
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Pedro L, Soares S, Ferreira G. Purification of Bionanoparticles. Chem Eng Technol 2008; 31:815-825. [PMID: 32313384 PMCID: PMC7162033 DOI: 10.1002/ceat.200800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent demand for nanoparticulate products such as viruses, plasmids, protein nanoparticles, and drug delivery systems have resulted in the requirement for predictable and controllable production processes. Protein nanoparticles are an attractive candidate for gene and molecular therapy due to their relatively easy production and manipulation. These particles combine the advantages of both viral and non-viral vectors while minimizing the disadvantages. However, their successful application depends on the availability of selective and scalable methodologies for product recovery and purification. Downstream processing of nanoparticles depends on the production process, producer system, culture media and on the structural nature of the assembled nanoparticle, i.e., mainly size, shape and architecture. In this paper, the most common processes currently used for the purification of nanoparticles, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Pedro
- IBB‐Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - S. S. Soares
- IBB‐Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - G. N. M. Ferreira
- IBB‐Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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38
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Aucoin MG, Perrier M, Kamen AA. Critical assessment of current adeno-associated viral vector production and quantification methods. Biotechnol Adv 2008; 26:73-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Wu C, Soh KY, Wang S. Ion-exchange membrane chromatography method for rapid and efficient purification of recombinant baculovirus and baculovirus gp64 protein. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:665-72. [PMID: 17604565 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2007.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress in the application of baculoviral vectors for gene delivery into mammalian cells calls for the development of powerful methods for virus purification and concentration. We report here a novel and efficient method based on membrane chromatography to prepare baculoviral stocks. On a strong cation-exchange membrane unit, baculovirus in insect cell culture supernatants was captured at a flow rate of 3 ml/min and efficiently eluted at the same flow rate with a physiological buffer containing 150 mM NaCl as a desorption reagent. The procedure allowed for a final recovery of 78% of infective viral particles from the original supernatant and 30-fold enrichment. The high purity of the viral preparation was demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. Baculovirus gp64 proteins could be purified by the same method, indicating the importance of the protein in mediating the binding of baculovirus to the cation-exchange membrane. The method developed should be suitable for preparing baculoviral stocks, and probably other gp64-pseudotyped viral vectors, for gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore
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40
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Laakkonen JP, Kaikkonen MU, Ronkainen PHA, Ihalainen TO, Niskanen EA, Häkkinen M, Salminen M, Kulomaa MS, Ylä-Herttuala S, Airenne KJ, Vihinen-Ranta M. Baculovirus-mediated immediate-early gene expression and nuclear reorganization in human cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:667-81. [PMID: 18042259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Baculovirus, Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), has the ability to transduce mammalian cell lines without replication. The general objective of this study was to detect the transcription and expression of viral immediate-early genes in human cells and to examine the interactions between viral components and subnuclear structures. Viral capsids were seen in large, discrete foci in nuclei of both dividing and non-dividing human cells. Concurrently, the transcription of viral immediate-early transregulator genes (ie-1, ie-2) and translation of IE-2 protein were detected. Quantitative microscopy imaging and analysis showed that virus transduction altered the size of promyelocytic leukaemia nuclear bodies, which are suggested to be involved in replication and transcription of various viruses. Furthermore, altered distribution of the chromatin marker Draq5 and histone core protein (H2B) in transduced cells indicated that the virus was able to induce remodelling of the host cell chromatin. To conclude, this study shows that the non-replicative insect virus, baculovirus and its proteins can induce multiple changes in the cellular machinery of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna P Laakkonen
- NanoScience Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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