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Dekevic G, Tertel T, Tasto L, Schmidt D, Giebel B, Czermak P, Salzig D. A Bioreactor-Based Yellow Fever Virus-like Particle Production Process with Integrated Process Analytical Technology Based on Transient Transfection. Viruses 2023; 15:2013. [PMID: 37896790 PMCID: PMC10612092 DOI: 10.3390/v15102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease that, while preventable through vaccination, lacks rapid intervention options for those already infected. There is an urgent need for passive immunization techniques using YF-virus-like particles (YF-VLPs). To address this, we successfully established a bioreactor-based production process for YF-VLPs, leveraging transient transfection and integrating Process Analytical Technology. A cornerstone of this approach was the optimization of plasmid DNA (pDNA) production to a yield of 11 mg/L using design of experiments. Glucose, NaCl, yeast extract, and a phosphate buffer showed significant influence on specific pDNA yield. The preliminary work for VLP-production in bioreactor showed adjustments to the HEK cell density, the polyplex formation duration, and medium exchanges effectively elevated transfection efficiencies. The additive Pluronic F-68 was neutral in its effects, and anti-clumping agents (ACA) adversely affected the transfection process. Finally, we established the stirred-tank bioreactor process with integrated dielectric spectroscopy, which gave real-time insight in relevant process steps, e.g., cell growth, polyplex uptake, and harvest time. We confirmed the presence and integrity of YF-VLP via Western blot, imaging flow cytometry measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The YF-VLP production process can serve as a platform to produce VLPs as passive immunizing agents against other neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Tobias Tertel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Lars Tasto
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Deborah Schmidt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45147 Essen, Germany; (T.T.); (B.G.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (G.D.); (L.T.); (D.S.); (P.C.)
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Beutler M, Harnischfeger J, Weber MHW, Hahnel SR, Quack T, Blohm A, Ueberall ME, Timm T, Lochnit G, Rennar GA, Gallinger TL, Houhou H, Rahlfs S, Falcone FH, Becker K, Schlitzer M, Haeberlein S, Czermak P, Salzig D, Grevelding CG. Identification and characterisation of the tegument-expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase SmALDH_312 of Schistosoma mansoni, a target of disulfiram. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115179. [PMID: 36948075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma and affects approximately 200 million people worldwide. Since Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug for schistosomiasis, alternatives are needed. By a biochemical approach, we identified a tegumentally expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) of S. mansoni, SmALDH_312. Molecular analyses of adult parasites showed Smaldh_312 transcripts in both genders and different tissues. Physiological and cell-biological experiments exhibited detrimental effects of the drug disulfiram (DSF), a known ALDH inhibitor, on larval and adult schistosomes in vitro. DSF also reduced stem-cell proliferation and caused severe tegument damage in treated worms. In silico-modelling of SmALDH_312 and docking analyses predicted DSF binding, which we finally confirmed by enzyme assays with recombinant SmALDH_312. Furthermore, we identified compounds of the Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) pathogen box inhibiting SmALDH_312 activity. Our findings represent a promising starting point for further development towards new drugs for schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Beutler
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Julie Harnischfeger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael H W Weber
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Steffen R Hahnel
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Quack
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Ariane Blohm
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Monique E Ueberall
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Timm
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Protein Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Georg A Rennar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, Germany, Germany
| | - Tom L Gallinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, Germany, Germany
| | - Hicham Houhou
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rahlfs
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus Liebig University, Germany
| | - Franco H Falcone
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus Liebig University, Germany
| | - Martin Schlitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps Universität Marburg, Germany, Germany
| | - Simone Haeberlein
- Institute of Parasitology, BFS, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
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Hausig-Punke F, Dekevic G, Sobotta FH, Solomun JI, Richter F, Salzig D, Traeger A, Brendel JC. Efficient Transfection via an Unexpected Mechanism by Near Neutral Polypiperazines with Tailored Response to Endosomal pH. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200517. [PMID: 36655803 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cationic pH-responsive polymers promise to overcome critical challenges in cellular delivery. Ideally, the polymers become selectively charged along the endosomal pathway disturbing only the local membrane and avoiding unintended interactions or cytotoxic side effects at physiological conditions. Polypiperazines represent a novel, hydrophilic class of pH-responsive polymers whose response can be tuned within the relevant pH range (5-7.4). The authors discovered that the polypiperazines are effectively binding plasmid DNA (pDNA) and demonstrate high efficiency in transfection. By design of experiments (DoE), a wide parameter space (pDNA and polymer concentration) is screened to identify the range of effective concentrations for transfection. An isopropyl modified polypiperazine is highly efficient over a wide range of concentrations outperforming linear polyethylenimine (l-PEI, 25 kDa) in regions of low N*/P ratios. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) surprisingly revealed that the pDNA within the piperazine-based polyplexes can be amplified in contrast to polyplexes based on l-PEI. The pDNA must therefore be more accessible and bound differently than for other known transfection polymers. Considering the various opportunities to further optimize their structure, polypiperazines represent a promising platform for designing effective soluble polymeric vectors, which are charge-neutral at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hausig-Punke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian H Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana I Solomun
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Petry F, Salzig D. The cultivation conditions affect the aggregation and functionality of β-cell lines alone and in coculture with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells. Eng Life Sci 2022; 22:769-783. [PMID: 36514533 PMCID: PMC9731603 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of viable and functional β-cell spheroids is required for diabetes cell therapy and drug testing. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are known to improve β-cell viability and functionality. We therefore investigated the aggregation behavior of three different β-cell lines (rat insulinoma-1 cell line [INS-1], mouse insulinoma-6 cell line [MIN6], and a cell line formed by the electrofusion of primary human pancreatic islets and PANC-1 cells [1.1B4]), two MSC types, and mixtures of β-cells and MSCs under different conditions. We screened several static systems to produce uniform β-cell and MSC spheroids, finding cell-repellent plates the most suitable. The three different β-cell lines differed in their aggregation behavior, spheroid size, and growth in the same static environment. We found no major differences in spheroid formation between primary MSCs and an immortalized MSC line, although both differed with regard to the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines. All spheroids showed a reduced viability due to mass transfer limitations under static conditions. We therefore investigated three dynamic systems (shaking multi-well plates, spinner flasks, and shaking flasks). In shaking flasks, there were no β-cell-line-dependent differences in aggregation behavior, resulting in uniform and highly viable spheroids. We found that the aggregation behavior of the β-cell lines changed in a static coculture with MSCs. The β-cell/MSC coculture conditions must be refined to avoid a rapid segregation into distinct populations under dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences MittelhessenGiessenGermany
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Barekzai J, Czermak P, Salzig D. Exosomes/EVs: CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF POTENT HMSC-DERIVED EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES IN A STIRRED TANK BIOREACTOR. Cytotherapy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-3249(22)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Petry F, Czermak P, Salzig D. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: PRODUCTION OF SIZE-CONTROLLED SPHEROIDS IN A FULLY CONTROLLED LARGE-SCALE STIRRED TANK BIOREACTOR FOR CELL THERAPY AND DRUG TESTING. Cytotherapy 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1465-3249(22)00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Käßer L, Rotter M, Coletta L, Salzig D, Czermak P. Process intensification for the continuous production of an antimicrobial peptide in stably-transformed Sf-9 insect cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1086. [PMID: 35058492 PMCID: PMC8776851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic resistance crisis has prompted research into alternative candidates such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the demand for such molecules can only be met by continuous production processes, which achieve high product yields and offer compatibility with the Quality-by-Design initiative by implementing process analytical technologies such as turbidimetry and dielectric spectroscopy. We developed batch and perfusion processes at the 2-L scale for the production of BR033, a cecropin-like AMP from Lucilia sericata, in stably-transformed polyclonal Sf-9 cells. This is the first time that BR033 has been expressed as a recombinant peptide. Process analytical technology facilitated the online monitoring and control of cell growth, viability and concentration. The perfusion process increased productivity by ~ 180% compared to the batch process and achieved a viable cell concentration of 1.1 × 107 cells/mL. Acoustic separation enabled the consistent retention of 98.5–100% of the cells, viability was > 90.5%. The recombinant AMP was recovered from the culture broth by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and gel filtration and was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli K12. These results demonstrate a successful, integrated approach for the development and intensification of a process from cloning to activity testing for the production of new biopharmaceutical candidates.
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Dekevic G, Tasto L, Czermak P, Salzig D. Statistical experimental designs to optimize the transient transfection of HEK 293 T cells and determine a transfer criterion from adherent cells to larger-scale cell suspension cultures. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Harnischfeger J, Beutler M, Salzig D, Rahlfs S, Becker K, Grevelding CG, Czermak P. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant schistosome tegumental protein SmALDH_312 produced in E. coli and baculovirus expression vector system. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology Wiesenstraße 14 35390 Giessen Germany
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11
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Eckhardt D, Dieken H, Loewe D, Grein TA, Salzig D, Czermak P. Purification of oncolytic measles virus by cation-exchange chromatography using resin-based stationary phases. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2021.1955267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Eckhardt
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen Germany
| | - Tanja A. Grein
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Department of cell culture technology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen Germany
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12
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Lothert K, Dekevic G, Loewe D, Salzig D, Czermak P, Wolff MW. Upstream and Downstream Processes for Viral Nanoplexes as Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2183:217-248. [PMID: 32959247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing medical interest in viral nanoplexes, such as viruses or virus-like particles used for vaccines, gene therapy products, or oncolytic agents, raises the need for fast and efficient production processes. In general, these processes comprise upstream and downstream processing. For the upstream process, efficiency is mainly characterized by robustly achieving high titer yields, while reducing process times and costs with regard to the cell culture medium, the host cell selection, and the applied process conditions. The downstream part, on the other hand, should effectively remove process-related contaminants, such as host cells/cell debris as well as host cell DNA and proteins, while maintaining product stability and reducing product losses. This chapter outlines a combination of process steps to successfully produce virus particles in the controlled environment of a stirred tank bioreactor, combined with a platform-based purification approach using filtration-based clarification and steric exclusion chromatography. Additionally, suggestions for off-line analytics in terms of virus characterization and quantification as well as for contaminant estimation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.
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Loewe D, Dieken H, Grein TA, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Opportunities to debottleneck the downstream processing of the oncolytic measles virus. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:247-264. [PMID: 31918573 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1709794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (including measles virus) offer an alternative approach to reduce the high mortality rate of late-stage cancer. Several measles virus strains infect and lyse cancer cells efficiently, but the broad application of this therapeutic concept is hindered by the large number of infectious particles required (108-1012 TCID50 per dose). The manufacturing process must, therefore, achieve high titers of oncolytic measles virus (OMV) during upstream production and ensure that the virus product is not damaged during purification by applying appropriate downstream processing (DSP) unit operations. DSP is currently a production bottleneck because there are no specific platforms for OMV. Infectious OMV must be recovered as intact, enveloped particles, and host cell proteins and DNA must be reduced to acceptable levels to meet regulatory guidelines that were developed for virus-based vaccines and gene therapy vectors. Handling such high viral titers and process volumes is technologically challenging and expensive. This review considers the state of the art in OMV purification and looks at promising DSP technologies. We discuss here the purification of other enveloped viruses where such technologies could also be applied to OMV. The development of DSP technologies tailored for enveloped viruses is necessary to produce sufficient titers for virotherapy, which could offer hope to millions of patients suffering from incurable cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja A Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
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Loewe D, Grein TA, Dieken H, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Tangential Flow Filtration for the Concentration of Oncolytic Measles Virus: The Influence of Filter Properties and the Cell Culture Medium. Membranes (Basel) 2019; 9:membranes9120160. [PMID: 31795406 PMCID: PMC6950090 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of oncolytic measles virus (MV) for cancer treatment requires >108 infectious MV particles per dose in a highly pure form. The concentration/purification of viruses is typically achieved by tangential flow filtration (TFF) but the efficiency of this process for the preparation of MV has not been tested in detail. We therefore investigated the influence of membrane material, feed composition, and pore size or molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) on the recovery of MV by TFF in concentration mode. We achieved the recovery of infectious MV particles using membranes with a MWCO ≤ 300 kDa regardless of the membrane material and whether or not serum was present in the feed. However, serum proteins in the medium affected membrane flux and promoted fouling. The severity of fouling was dependent on the membrane material, with the cellulose-based membrane showing the lowest susceptibility. We found that impurities such as proteins and host cell DNA were best depleted using membranes with a MWCO ≥ 300 kDa. We conclude that TFF in concentration mode is a robust unit operation to concentrate infectious MV particles while depleting impurities such as non-infectious MV particles, proteins, and host cell DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja A. Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (D.L.); (T.A.G.); (H.D.); (T.W.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-309-2551
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Loewe D, Häussler J, Grein TA, Dieken H, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Forced Degradation Studies to Identify Critical Process Parameters for the Purification of Infectious Measles Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080725. [PMID: 31394824 PMCID: PMC6723239 DOI: 10.3390/v11080725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic measles virus (MV) is a promising treatment for cancer but titers of up to 1011 infectious particles per dose are needed for therapeutic efficacy, which requires an efficient, robust, and scalable production process. MV is highly sensitive to process conditions, and a substantial fraction of the virus is lost during current purification processes. We therefore conducted forced degradation studies under thermal, pH, chemical, and mechanical stress to determine critical process parameters. We found that MV remained stable following up to five freeze–thaw cycles, but was inactivated during short-term incubation (< 2 h) at temperatures exceeding 35 °C. The infectivity of MV declined at pH < 7, but was not influenced by different buffer systems or the ionic strength/osmolality, except high concentrations of CaCl2 and MgSO4. We observed low shear sensitivity (dependent on the flow rate) caused by the use of a peristaltic pump. For tangential flow filtration, the highest recovery of MV was at a shear rate of ~5700 s−1. Our results confirm that the application of forced degradation studies is important to identify critical process parameters for MV purification. This will be helpful during the early stages of process development, ensuring the recovery of high titers of active MV particles after purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julian Häussler
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tanja A Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
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Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Aeration and Shear Stress Are Critical Process Parameters for the Production of Oncolytic Measles Virus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:78. [PMID: 31058145 PMCID: PMC6478815 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic Measles virus is a promising candidate for cancer treatment, but clinical studies have shown that extremely high doses (up to 1011 TCID50 per dose) are required to effect a cure. Very high titers of the virus must therefore be achieved during production to ensure an adequate supply. We have previously shown that Measles virus can be produced in Vero cells growing on a Cytodex 1 microcarrier in serum-containing medium using a stirred-tank reactor (STR). However, process optimization and further process transfer or scale up requires the identification of critical process parameters, particularly because the use of STRs increases the risk of cell damage and lower product yields due to shear stress. Using a small-scale STR (0.5 L working volume) we found that Measles virus titers are sensitive to agitator-dependent shear, with shear stress ≥0.25 N m-2 reducing the titer by more than four orders of magnitude. This effect was observed in both serum-containing and serum-free medium. At this scale, virus of titers up to 1010 TCID50 mL-1 could be achieved with an average shear stress of 0.1 N m-2. We also found that the aeration method affected the virus titer. Aeration was necessary to ensure a sufficient oxygen supply to the Vero cells, and CO2 was also needed to regulate the pH of the sodium bicarbonate buffer system. Continuous gassing with air and CO2 reduced the virus titer by four orders of magnitude compared to head-space aeration. The manufacture of oncolytic Measles virus in a STR can therefore be defined as a shear-sensitive process, but high titers can nevertheless be achieved by keeping shear stress levels below 0.25 N m-2 and by avoiding extensive gassing of the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Project group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
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Loewe D, Grein T, Dieken H, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Developing of an efficient membrane based downstream processing for oncolytic measles viruses. N Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Zitzmann J, Schreiber C, Eichmann J, Bilz RO, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Single-cell cloning enables the selection of more productive Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells for recombinant protein expression. Biotechnol Rep (Amst) 2018; 19:e00272. [PMID: 29998071 PMCID: PMC6037645 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of monoclonal cell lines is an important early process development step for recombinant protein production. Although single-cell cloning is an established method in mammalian cell lines, straightforward protocols are not yet available for insect cells. We describe a new method for the generation of monoclonal insect cells without using fetal bovine serum and/or feeder cells pretreated by irradiation or exposure to mitomycin. Highly productive clones of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells were prepared in a two-step procedure, comprising the establishment of a polyclonal population and subsequent single cell isolation by limiting dilution. Necessary growth factors were provided by co-cultivation of single transformants with untransfected feeder cells, which were later removed by antibiotic selection. Enhanced expression of EGFP and two target peptides was confirmed by flow cytometry and dot/western blotting. Highly productive clones were stable, showed a uniform expression profile and typically a sixfold to tenfold increase in cell-specific productivity.
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Key Words
- AMP, antimicrobial peptide/protein
- BR021, Harmonia axyridis antimicrobial peptide BR021
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- D. melanogaster S2 cells
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GMP, good manufacturing practice
- GmGlv, Galleria mellonella antimicrobial peptide Gloverin
- Insect cell culture
- Monoclonal cell line
- OD600, optical density at 600nm
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- RMCE, recombinase mediated cassette exchange
- Recombinant protein expression
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SFM, serum free medium
- Sf9, clonal isolate of Spodoptera frugiperda Sf21 cells
- Single-cell cloning
- Stably transformed
- rS2, recombinant Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zitzmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Schreiber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joel Eichmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Roberto Otmar Bilz
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan KS, USA
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
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Loewe D, Dieken H, Grein T, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Membrane-based purification of Oncolytic Measles virus. Cytotherapy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Cover Image, Volume 115, Number 5, May 2018. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME); Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
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21
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Petry F, Salzig D, Czermak P. Co-cultivation set-ups for beta cells and mesenchymal stromal cells to enhance beta cell functionality in vitro. Cytotherapy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Dieken H, Loewe D, Grein T, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Purification of oncolytic measles virus using resin-based ion-exchange chromatography. Cytotherapy 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.02.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Petry F, Weidner T, Czermak P, Salzig D. Three-Dimensional Bioreactor Technologies for the Cocultivation of Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Beta Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:2547098. [PMID: 29731775 PMCID: PMC5872596 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2547098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prominent health problem caused by the failure of pancreatic beta cells. One therapeutic approach is the transplantation of functional beta cells, but it is difficult to generate sufficient beta cells in vitro and to ensure these cells remain viable at the transplantation site. Beta cells suffer from hypoxia, undergo apoptosis, or are attacked by the host immune system. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) can improve the functionality and survival of beta cells in vivo and in vitro due to direct cell contact or the secretion of trophic factors. Current cocultivation concepts with beta cells are simple and cannot exploit the favorable properties of hMSCs. Beta cells need a three-dimensional (3D) environment to function correctly, and the cocultivation setup is therefore more complex. This review discusses 3D cultivation forms (aggregates, capsules, and carriers) for hMSCs and beta cells and strategies for large-scale cultivation. We have determined process parameters that must be balanced and considered for the cocultivation of hMSCs and beta cells, and we present several bioreactor setups that are suitable for such an innovative cocultivation approach. Bioprocess engineering of the cocultivation processes is necessary to achieve successful beta cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Petry
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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24
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Grein TA, Loewe D, Dieken H, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. High titer oncolytic measles virus production process by integration of dielectric spectroscopy as online monitoring system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1186-1194. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering Pharmaceutical Technology; University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Giessen Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry; Justus Liebig University; Giessen Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME); Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
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25
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Hoffmann D, Ebrahimi M, Gerlach D, Salzig D, Czermak P. Reassessment of inclusion body-based production as a versatile opportunity for difficult-to-express recombinant proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:729-744. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1398134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mehrdad Ebrahimi
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Gerlach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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26
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Ehlicke F, Köster N, Salzig D, Czermak P. Non-invasive Raman Spectroscopy and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Distinguish Among Undifferentiated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Redifferentiated Nucleus Pulposus Cells and Chondrocytes In Vitro. Open Biomed Eng J 2017; 11:72-84. [PMID: 28868091 PMCID: PMC5564017 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701711010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The most common cause of lower back pain is the pathological degeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP). Promising NP regeneration strategies involving human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) would require specific markers to confirm successful differentiation into the NP lineage and to distinguish the articular cartilage (AC). Objective: We sought specific NP mRNA markers that are upregulated in native NP cells but not in dedifferentiated NP cells, undifferentiated hMSCs or chondrocytes. We also considered the suitability of non-invasive Raman spectroscopy to distinguish among these classes of cells. Method: We used quantitative real-time PCR and Raman spectroscopy to analyse undifferentiated hMSCs in monolayers and embedded in hydrogels, and compared the results with dedifferentiated and redifferentiated human NP and AC cells. Results: The redifferentiation of NP cells induced the expression of annexin A3 (ANXA3), collagen type II (COL2) and proteoglycan mRNAs, whereas the redifferentiation of AC cells only induced proteoglycan expression. Redifferentiated NP cells expressed higher levels of ANXA3, COL2, paired box 1 (PAX1) and OCT4 mRNA than redifferentiated AC cells. Redifferentiated NP cells and undifferentiated hMSC-TERT cells expressed similar amount of OCT4 mRNA, indicating that only ANXA3, COL2 and PAX1 are promising markers for redifferentiated NP cells. Raman spectra clearly differed among the three cell types and highlighted their differentiation status. Conclusion: We recommend ANXA3, COL2 and PAX1 as markers to determine the success of hMSC-based differentiation to regenerate NP cells. Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine cell type and differentiation status especially in the context of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ehlicke
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.,Department Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Natascha Köster
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstr 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Ludwigstr. 23, 35390 Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, Winchesterstr. 3, 35394 Giessen, Germany
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27
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Sprick G, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Baculovirus-induced recombinant protein expression in human mesenchymal stromal stem cells: A promoter study. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:161-166. [PMID: 28830745 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are the current workhorses of regenerative medicine and gene therapy. The corresponding vectors are usually based on lentiviruses, adenoviruses, retroviruses or adeno-associated viruses, but recently they have been joined by baculoviruses, which are more widely known for their role in the development of pesticides and vaccines. Here we show that gene transfer to an immortalized human mesenchymal stroma cell line can be achieved by baculovirus transduction. We also compared the performance of five different constitutive promoters controlling GFP expression. The human elongation factor 1α promoter (EF1α) achieved the strongest GFP expression, whereas the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 promoter (PGK) was the weakest. The human EF1α promoter is therefore recommended for the regulation of genes introduced into hMSC-TERTs by baculovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Sprick
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project Group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany.
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28
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Jérôme V, Thoring L, Salzig D, Kubick S, Freitag R. Comparison of cell-based versus cell-free mammalian systems for the production of a recombinant human bone morphogenic growth factor. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:1097-1107. [PMID: 32624737 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (hBMP2) is a glycoprotein, which induces de novo bone formation. Here, recombinant production in stably transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells is compared to transient expression in Human Embryo Kidney (HEK) cells and cell-free synthesis in CHO cell lysates containing microsomal structures as sites of post-translational processing. In case of the stably transfected cells, growth rates and viabilities were similar to those of the parent cells, while entry into the death phase of the culture was delayed. The maximum achievable rhBMP2 concentration in these cultures was 153 pg/mL. Up to 280 ng/mL could be produced in the transient expression system. In both cases the rhBMP-2 was found to interact with the producer cells, which presumably contributed to the low yields. In the cell-free system, hBMP2 yields could be increased to almost 40 μg/mL, reached within three hours. The cell-free system thus approached productivities for the active (renatured) protein previously only recorded for bacterial hosts, while assuring comprehensive post-translational processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Jérôme
- Chair for Process Biotechnology University of Bayreuth Germany
| | - Lena Thoring
- Department of Cell-free and Cell-based Bioproduction, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB) Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Chair for Process Biotechnology University of Bayreuth Germany
| | - Stefan Kubick
- Department of Cell-free and Cell-based Bioproduction, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses Potsdam-Golm (IZI-BB) Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process Biotechnology University of Bayreuth Germany
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Leber J, Barekzai J, Blumenstock M, Pospisil B, Salzig D, Czermak P. Microcarrier choice and bead-to-bead transfer for human mesenchymal stem cells in serum-containing and chemically defined media. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Schreiber C, Müller H, Birrenbach O, Klein M, Heerd D, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. A high-throughput expression screening platform to optimize the production of antimicrobial peptides. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:29. [PMID: 28193216 PMCID: PMC5307881 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates for the development of novel antibiotics, but it is difficult to produce sufficient quantities for preclinical and clinical studies due to their toxicity towards microbial expression hosts. To avoid laborious trial-and-error testing for the identification of suitable expression constructs, we have developed a small-scale expression screening platform based on a combinatorial plasmid library. Results The combinatorial library is based on the Golden Gate cloning system. In each reaction, six donor plasmids (each containing one component: a promoter, fusion partner 1, fusion partner 2, protease cleavage site, gene of interest, or transcriptional terminator) were combined with one acceptor plasmid to yield the final expression construct. As a proof of concept, screening was carried out in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris to study the expression of three different model AMPs with challenging characteristics, such as host toxicity or multiple disulfide bonds. The corresponding genes were successfully cloned in 27 E. coli and 18 P. pastoris expression plasmids, each in a one-step Golden Gate reaction. After transformation, small-scale expression screening in microtiter plates was followed by AMP quantification using a His6 tag-specific ELISA. Depending on the plasmid features and the expression host, the protein yields differed by more than an order of magnitude. This allowed the identification of high producers suitable for larger-scale protein expression. Conclusions The optimization of recombinant protein production is best achieved from first principles by initially optimizing the genetic construct. The unrestricted combination of multiple plasmid features yields a comprehensive library of expression strains that can be screened for optimal productivity. The availability of such a platform could benefit all laboratories working in the field of recombinant protein expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0637-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schreiber
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hagen Müller
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Oliver Birrenbach
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz Klein
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Heerd
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Peter Czermak
- University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources, Giessen, Germany. .,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA.
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Grein TA, Schwebel F, Kress M, Loewe D, Dieken H, Salzig D, Weidner T, Czermak P. Screening different host cell lines for the dynamic production of measles virus. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:989-997. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja A. Grein
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Felix Schwebel
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Marco Kress
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Hauke Dieken
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology; Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Fraunhofer Inst. for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Fraunhofer Inst. for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Project group Bioresources; Giessen Germany
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Live Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS 66506
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Bolouri Moghaddam MR, Tonk M, Schreiber C, Salzig D, Czermak P, Vilcinskas A, Rahnamaeian M. The potential of the Galleria mellonella innate immune system is maximized by the co-presentation of diverse antimicrobial peptides. Biol Chem 2016; 397:939-45. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are ubiquitous components of the insect innate immune system. The model insect Galleria mellonella has at least 18 AMPs, some of which are still uncharacterized in terms of antimicrobial activity. To determine why G. mellonella secretes a repertoire of distinct AMPs following an immune challenge, we selected three different AMPs: cecropin A (CecA), gallerimycin and cobatoxin. We found that cobatoxin was active against Micrococcus luteus at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 120 μm, but at 60 μm when co-presented with 4 μm CecA. In contrast, the MIC of gallerimycin presented alone was 60 μm and the co-presentation of CecA did not affect this value. Cobatoxin and gallerimycin were both inactive against Escherichia coli at physiological concentrations, however gallerimycin could potentiate the sublethal dose of CecA (0.25 μm) at a concentration of 30 μm resulting in 100% lethality. The ability of gallerimycin to potentiate the CecA was investigated by flow cytometry, revealing that 30 μm gallerimycin sensitized E. coli cells by inducing membrane depolarization, which intensified the otherwise negligible effects of 0.25 μm CecA. We therefore conclude that G. mellonella maximizes the potential of its innate immune response by the co-presentation of different AMPs that become more effective at lower concentrations when presented simultaneously.
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Jérôme V, Thoring L, Salzig D, Kubick S, Freitag R. Investigation of Factors Influencing Recombinant Human BMP2 Expression in Mammalian cells. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201650256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Leber J, Barekzai J, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Bead-to-bead transfer as scale-up strategy for human mesenchymal stem cell expansion in serum-containing and chemically defined media. N Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.06.766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Schreiber C, Weidner T, Salzig D, Czermak P. Expression screening in Escherichia coli using a Golden Gate based modular plasmid library. N Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.06.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Köster N, Schmiermund A, Grubelnig S, Leber J, Ehlicke F, Czermak P, Salzig D. Single-Step RNA Extraction from Different Hydrogel-Embedded Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2016; 22:552-60. [PMID: 27094052 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2015.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many tissue engineering applications, cells such as human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) must be embedded in hydrogels. The analysis of embedded hMSCs requires RNA extraction, but common extraction procedures often produce low yields and/or poor quality RNA. We systematically investigated four homogenization methods combined with eight RNA extraction protocols for hMSCs embedded in three common hydrogel types (alginate, agarose, and gelatin). We found for all three hydrogel types that using liquid nitrogen or a rotor-stator produced low RNA yields, whereas using a microhomogenizer or enzymatic/chemical hydrogel digestion achieved better yields regardless of which extraction protocol was subsequently applied. The hot phenol extraction protocol generally achieved the highest A260 values (representing up to 40.8 μg RNA per 10(6) cells), but the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method produced RNA of better quality, with A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios and UV spectra similar to the pure RNA control. The RNA produced by this method was also suitable as a template for endpoint and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), achieving low Ct values of ∼20. The prudent choice of hydrogel homogenization and RNA extraction methods can ensure the preparation of high-quality RNA that generates reliable endpoint and quantitative RT-PCR data. We therefore propose a universal method that is suitable for the extraction of RNA from cells embedded in all three hydrogel types commonly used for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Köster
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schmiermund
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Grubelnig
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Leber
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
| | - Franziska Ehlicke
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany .,2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas.,3 Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Giessen , Giessen, Germany .,4 Project Group Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology an Applied Ecology IME , Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- 1 Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen , Giessen, Germany
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Eisenhardt M, Dobler D, Schlupp P, Schmidts T, Salzig M, Vilcinskas A, Salzig D, Czermak P, Keusgen M, Runkel F. Development of an insect metalloproteinase inhibitor drug carrier system for application in chronic wound infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1481-91. [PMID: 26105518 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The insect metalloproteinase inhibitor (IMPI) represents the first peptide capable of inhibiting virulence-mediating microbial M4-metalloproteinases and is promising as a therapeutic. The purpose of this study was to develop a suitable drug carrier system for the IMPI drug to enable treatment of chronic wound infections. Specifically, we studied on poloxamer 407 hydrogels, examining the influence of several additives and preservatives on the rheological parameters of the hydrogels, the bioactivity and release of IMPI. METHODS The rheological characterisation of the hydrogel was performed by oscillatory measurements. The bioactivity of IMPI was evaluated in a Casein fluoresence quenching assay. KEY FINDINGS In this study, a suitable application form for the dermal treatment of chronic wound infections with IMPI was designed. The influences of poloxamer 407 concentration and various additives on the viscoelastic properties and preservation of a thermosensitive hydrogel were investigated. The incorporation of the precursor drug IMPI-gluthathione-s-transferase (GST) in the hydrogel had no influence on the rheological characteristics and will be released. The bioactivity of IMPI-GST is not influenced by the hydrogel and remains constant over 4 weeks of storage. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the development of a poloxamer hydrogel as a suitable carrier system for the application of IMPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eisenhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dorota Dobler
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peggy Schlupp
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mark Salzig
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bio-Resources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Frank Runkel
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
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Kuhn J, Müller H, Salzig D, Czermak P. A rapid method for an offline glycerol determination during microbial fermentation. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Druzinec D, Salzig D, Kraume M, Czermak P. Micro-bubble aeration in turbulent stirred bioreactors: Coalescence behavior in Pluronic F68 containing cell culture media. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Weiss K, Gerstenberger J, Salzig D, Mühlebach MD, Cichutek K, Pörtner R, Czermak P. Oncolytic measles viruses produced at different scales under serum‐free conditions. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Weiss
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Jarrid Gerstenberger
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
| | - Michael D. Mühlebach
- Oncolytic Measles Viruses and Vectored VaccinesPaul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Klaus Cichutek
- Division of Medical BiotechnologyPaul‐Ehrlich‐Institut Langen Germany
| | - Ralf Pörtner
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyMittelhessen University of Applied Sciences Giessen Germany
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKansas State University Manhattan KS USA
- Faculty of Biology and ChemistryJustus‐Liebig‐University of Giessen Germany
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Müller H, Salzig D, Czermak P. Considerations for the process development of insect-derived antimicrobial peptide production. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:1-11. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hagen Müller
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Inst. of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen; Wiesenstrasse 14 Giessen 35390 Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry; Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen; Germany
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Kansas State University; Manhattan KS USA
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME); Project group “Bioresources”, Winchesterstrasse 3; Giessen 35394 Germany
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Druzinec D, Salzig D, Kollewe C, Kraume M, Vilcinskas A, Czermak P. PAT-basierte Charakterisierung hydrodynamischer Einflussgrößen auf insektenzellbasierte Systeme im mikroblasenbegasten Rührreaktor. CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201450537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Druzinec D, Weiss K, Elseberg C, Salzig D, Kraume M, Pörtner R, Czermak P. Process analytical technology (PAT) in insect and mammalian cell culture processes: dielectric spectroscopy and focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1104:313-341. [PMID: 24297424 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern bioprocesses demand for a careful definition of the critical process parameters (CPPs) already during the early stages of process development in order to ensure high-quality products and satisfactory yields. In this context, online monitoring tools can be applied to recognize unfavorable changes of CPPs during the production processes and to allow for early interventions in order to prevent losses of production batches due to quality issues. Process analytical technologies such as the dielectric spectroscopy or focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) are possible online monitoring tools, which can be applied to monitor cell growth as well as morphological changes. Since the dielectric spectroscopy only captures cells with intact cell membranes, even information about dead cells with ruptured or leaking cell membranes can be derived. The following chapter describes the application of dielectric spectroscopy on various virus-infected and non-infected cell lines with respect to adherent as well as suspension cultures in common stirred tank reactors. The adherent mammalian cell lines Vero (African green monkey kidney cells) and hMSC-TERT (telomerase-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells) are thereby cultured on microcarrier, which provide the required growth surface and allow the cultivation of these cells even in dynamic culture systems. In turn, the insect-derived cell lines S2 and Sf21 are used as examples for cells typically cultured in suspension. Moreover, the FBRM technology as a further monitoring tool for cell culture applications has been included in this chapter using the example of Drosophila S2 insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Druzinec
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
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Salzig D, Schmiermund A, P. Grace P, Elseberg C, Weber C, Czermak P. Enzymatic detachment of therapeutic mesenchymal stromal cells grown on glass carriers in a bioreactor. Open Biomed Eng J 2013; 7:147-58. [PMID: 24478807 PMCID: PMC3905350 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701307010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapies require the in vitro expansion of adherent cells such as mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) in bioreactor systems or other culture environments, followed by cell harvest. As hMSCs are strictly adherent cells, cell harvest requires cell detachment. The use of hMSCs for cell therapy requires GMP production in accordance with the guidelines for advanced therapeutic medical products. Therefore, several GMP-conform available proteolytic enzymes were investigated for their ability to promote hMSC detachment. An allogeneic hMSC cell line (hMSC-TERT) that is used in clinical trials in the form of alginate cell capsules was chosen as a model. This study investigated the influence of several factors on the outcome of proteolytic hMSC-TERT detachment. Therefore, hMSC-TERT detachment was analyzed in different cultivation systems (static, dynamic) and in combination with further cell processing including encapsulation. Only two of the commercially available enzymes (AccutaseTM, TrypZeanTM) that fulfill all process requirements (commercial availability, cost, GMP conditions during manufacturing and non-animal origin) are found to be generally suitable for detaching hMSC-TERT. Combining cell detachment with encapsulation demonstrated a high impact of the experimental set up on cell damage. It was preferable to reduce the temperature during detachment and limit the detachment time to a maximum of 20 minutes. Cell detachment in static systems was not comparable with detachment in dynamic systems. Detachment yields in dynamic systems were lower and cell damage was higher for the same experimental conditions. Finally, only TrypZeanTM seemed to be suitable for the detachment of hMSC-TERT from dynamic reactor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schmiermund
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Pablo P. Grace
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Elseberg
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Gebauer E, Goßla E, Kwas C, Salzig D, Schmiermund A, Czermak P, Fuchsbauer HL. Identification of Transglutaminase Substrates from Porcine Nucleus Pulposus as Potential Amplifiers in Cross-Linking Cell Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1564-71. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400188r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gebauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Elke Goßla
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Carolin Kwas
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess
Engineering
and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen,
Germany
| | - Alexandra Schmiermund
- Institute of Bioprocess
Engineering
and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen,
Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess
Engineering
and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen,
Germany
| | - Hans-Lothar Fuchsbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 12, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
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Weiss K, Salzig D, Mühlebach M, Cichutek K, Pörtner R, Czermak P. Entwicklung eines Produktionsprozesses zur Herstellung von Masernviren für die Krebstherapie. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Cierpka K, Salzig D, Mika N, Zorn H, Czermak P. Optimierung der Zellablösung von hMSC im Expansionsprozess. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Druzinec D, Salzig D, Czermak P, Kraume M, Vilcinskas A. Prozessentwicklung für die Produktion des Peptides Gloverin aus Galleria mellonella in Insektenzellen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201250149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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